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As of 2017 lithium was marketed under many brand names worldwide, including Cade, Calith, Camcolit, Carbolim, Carbolit, Carbolith, Carbolithium, Carbolitium, Carbonato de Litio, Carboron, Ceglution, Contemnol, Efadermin (Lithium and Zinc Sulfate), Efalith (Lithium and Zinc Sulfate), Elcab, Eskalit, Eskalith, Frimania, ... | Lithium (medication) | Wikipedia | 421 | 39923620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20%28medication%29 | Biology and health sciences | Psychiatric drugs | Health |
Pnictogen hydrides or hydrogen pnictides are binary compounds of hydrogen with pnictogen ( or ; from "to choke" and -gen, "generator") atoms (elements of group 15: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and moscovium) covalently bonded to hydrogen.
Pnictogen trihydrides
The simplest series has the chemical... | Pnictogen hydride | Wikipedia | 388 | 51367694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen%20hydride | Physical sciences | Hydrogen compounds | Chemistry |
Ammonia is produced industrially on the largest scale among all compounds. Like water, hydrogen bonding results in a high melting and boiling point compared to the other pnictogen hydrides, although 26% is lost on melting, another 7% as the liquid is heated to boiling, and the remaining 67% upon boiling. Other effects ... | Pnictogen hydride | Wikipedia | 286 | 51367694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen%20hydride | Physical sciences | Hydrogen compounds | Chemistry |
Arsine, stibine, and bismuthine are highly toxic, thermally unstable, and colourless gases. No appreciable hydrogen bonding is found in phosphine, arsine, stibine or bismuthine, and there is no appreciable tendency to dissociate like ammonia to and (M = P, As, Sb, Bi). The pnictogen hydrides become denser down the gr... | Pnictogen hydride | Wikipedia | 284 | 51367694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen%20hydride | Physical sciences | Hydrogen compounds | Chemistry |
A domesticated quail is a domestic form of the quail, a collective name which refers to a group of several small species of fowl. Thousands of years of breeding and domestication have guided the bird's evolution. Humans domesticated quails for meat and egg production; additionally, quails can be kept as pets. Domestica... | Domesticated quail | Wikipedia | 457 | 49037459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated%20quail | Biology and health sciences | Galliformes | Animals |
Coturnix (Japanese) quail feather coloring
Pharaoh - Rusty brown presented underbelly and an original brown color on the head and upper body.
English White - White all over in both males and females.
Manchurian Golden - Light rusty all over with a pattern. Males have a darker rusty color presented on the head while ... | Domesticated quail | Wikipedia | 338 | 49037459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated%20quail | Biology and health sciences | Galliformes | Animals |
Biblical mile () is a unit of distance on land, or linear measure, principally used by Jews during the Herodian dynasty to ascertain distances between cities and to mark the Sabbath limit, equivalent to about ⅔ of an English statute mile, or what was about four furlongs (four stadia). The basic Jewish traditional unit ... | Biblical mile | Wikipedia | 488 | 54241771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical%20mile | Physical sciences | Other | Basics and measurement |
Divergent methods
Nearly two thousand years of Jewish exile from the Land of Israel have given rise to disputes over the precise length of the biblical mile observed by the ancients. Some hold the biblical mile to be 1,152 m, while others hold it to be 960 m, depending on the length they prescribe to each cubit. Origin... | Biblical mile | Wikipedia | 281 | 54241771 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical%20mile | Physical sciences | Other | Basics and measurement |
In seismology, a seismic zone or seismic belt is an area of seismicity potentially sharing a common cause. It can be referred to as an earthquake belt as well. It may also be a region on a map for which a common areal rate of seismicity is assumed for the purpose of calculating probabilistic ground motions. An obsolete... | Seismic zone | Wikipedia | 268 | 57557247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20zone | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determine... | Infectious diseases (medical specialty) | Wikipedia | 395 | 41347987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20diseases%20%28medical%20specialty%29 | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
Western innovations for treating infectious diseases originated in Ancient Greece, and before infectious disease was even conceptualized, a Greek Physician named Hippocrates formed the Hippocratic Corpus. Included in this collection of 70 documents was a text that contained illness-causing infectious diseases. This te... | Infectious diseases (medical specialty) | Wikipedia | 407 | 41347987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20diseases%20%28medical%20specialty%29 | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
Investigations
When diagnosing, a medical professional must first determine if a patient has an infectious disease or another condition not caused by infection but exhibits similar symptoms. Once the illness is confirmed to be caused by an infection, Infectious diseases specialists employ a variety of diagnostic tests ... | Infectious diseases (medical specialty) | Wikipedia | 430 | 41347987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20diseases%20%28medical%20specialty%29 | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
Nucleic acid-base tests are used to detect genetic material. For pathogens that can't be cultured, ID specialists can identify them by looking for specific DNA or RNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a type of nucleic acid-base test, is similar to culture tests in that genes from the pathogen are duplicated. This meth... | Infectious diseases (medical specialty) | Wikipedia | 263 | 41347987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious%20diseases%20%28medical%20specialty%29 | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
The KBC Void (or Local Hole) is an immense, comparatively empty region of space, named after astronomers Ryan Keenan, Amy Barger, and Lennox Cowie, who studied it in 2013. The existence of a local underdensity has been the subject of many pieces of literature and research articles.
The underdensity is proposed to be r... | Local Hole | Wikipedia | 430 | 54258215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Hole | Physical sciences | Notable patches of universe | Astronomy |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and has also been called human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 or hCoV-... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 463 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Terminology
During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, various names were used for the virus; some names used by different sources included "the coronavirus" or "Wuhan coronavirus". In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV) as the provisional name for the vi... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 503 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The degree to which the virus is infectious during the incubation period is uncertain, but research has indicated that the pharynx reaches peak viral load approximately four days after infection or in the first week of symptoms and declines thereafter. The duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding is generally between 3 and ... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 490 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Reinfection
There is uncertainty about reinfection and long-term immunity. It is not known how common reinfection is, but reports have indicated that it is occurring with variable severity.
The first reported case of reinfection was a 33-year-old man from Hong Kong who first tested positive on 26 March 2020, was disc... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 328 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
The first known infections from SARS‑CoV‑2 were discovered in Wuhan, China. The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event. Because many of the early infectees were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market, it has been sug... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 462 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Bats are considered the most likely natural reservoir of SARS‑CoV‑2. Differences between the bat coronavirus and SARS‑CoV‑2 suggest that humans may have been infected via an intermediate host; although the source of introduction into humans remains unknown.
Although the role of pangolins as an intermediate host was in... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 368 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Like the SARS-related coronavirus implicated in the 2003 SARS outbreak, SARS‑CoV‑2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (beta-CoV lineage B). Coronaviruses undergo frequent recombination. The mechanism of recombination in unsegmented RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 is generally by copy-choice replication, in which g... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 425 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Viral genetic sequence data can provide critical information about whether viruses separated by time and space are likely to be epidemiologically linked. With a sufficient number of sequenced genomes, it is possible to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree of the mutation history of a family of viruses. By 12 January 2020, f... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 511 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Several notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2020. The World Health Organization has currently declared five variants of concern, which are as follows:
Alpha: Lineage B.1.1.7 emerged in the United Kingdom in September 2020, with evidence of increased transmissibility and virulence. Notable mutations include ... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 333 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Each SARS-CoV-2 virion is in diameter; its mass within the global human populace has been estimated as being between 0.1 and 10 kilograms. Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins; the N protein holds the RNA ge... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 280 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
SARS-CoV-2 has a linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome about 30,000 bases long. Its genome has a bias against cytosine (C) and guanine (G) nucleotides, like other coronaviruses. The genome has the highest composition of U (32.2%), followed by A (29.9%), and a similar composition of G (19.6%) and C (18.3%).... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 471 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Initial spike protein priming by transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for entry of SARS‑CoV‑2. The host protein neuropilin 1 (NRP1) may aid the virus in host cell entry using ACE2. After a SARS‑CoV‑2 virion attaches to a target cell, the cell's TMPRSS2 cuts open the spike protein of the virus, exposi... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 494 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
A meta-analysis from November 2020 estimated the basic reproduction number () of the virus to be between 2.39 and 3.44. This means each infection from the virus is expected to result in 2.39 to 3.44 new infections when no members of the community are immune and no preventive measures are taken. The reproduction number ... | SARS-CoV-2 | Wikipedia | 295 | 62786585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
Kepler-452b (sometimes quoted to be an Earth 2.0 or Earth's Cousin based on its characteristics; also known by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI-7016.01) is a candidate super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the inner edge of the habitable zone of the sun-like star Kepler-452 and is the only planet in the sy... | Kepler-452b | Wikipedia | 426 | 47318223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-452b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
The host star, Kepler-452, is a G-type and has about the same mass as the sun, only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757 K, nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K. The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.5 billion years older ... | Kepler-452b | Wikipedia | 445 | 47318223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-452b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
"Delayed" runaway greenhouse effect
However, due to the planet Kepler-452b being 50 percent bigger in terms of size, it is likely to have an estimated mass of 5 , which could allow it to hold on to any oceans it may have for a longer period, preventing Kepler-452b from succumbing to runaway greenhouse effect for anothe... | Kepler-452b | Wikipedia | 482 | 47318223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-452b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
SETI targeting
Scientists with the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute) have already begun targeting Kepler-452b, the first near-Earth-size world found in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. SETI Institute researchers are using the Allen Telescope Array, a collection of 6-meter (20 feet) telesco... | Kepler-452b | Wikipedia | 202 | 47318223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler-452b | Physical sciences | Notable exoplanets | Astronomy |
Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough. Some of these pressures are beyond the reach of diamond anvil cells, and are thus theoretical predictions. N... | Metallization pressure | Wikipedia | 129 | 64179842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallization%20pressure | Physical sciences | Phase transitions | Physics |
Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area. Biodiversity loss means that there is a reduction in biological diversity in a given area. The decrease can be temporary or permanent. It is tem... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 476 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The current rate of global biodiversity loss is estimated to be 100 to 1000 times higher than the (naturally occurring) background extinction rate, faster than at any other time in human history, and is expected to grow in the upcoming years. The fast-growing extinction trends of various animal groups like mammals, bir... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 495 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
There are many different biodiversity indexes. These investigate different scales and time spans. Biodiversity has various scales and subcategories (e.g. phylogenetic diversity, species diversity, genetic diversity, nucleotide diversity).
The question of net loss in confined regions is often a matter of debate.
Obse... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 429 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Some pesticides, like insecticides, likely play a role in reducing the populations of specific bird species. According to a study funded by BirdLife International, 51 bird species are critically endangered and eight could be classified as extinct or in danger of extinction. Nearly 30% of extinction is due to hunting an... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 489 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Marine biodiversity encompasses any living organism that resides in the ocean or in estuaries. By 2018, approximately 240,000 marine species had been documented. But many marine species—estimates range between 178,000 and 10 million oceanic species—remain to be described. It is therefore likely that a number of rare sp... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 499 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The direct effects of urban growth on habitat loss are well understood: building construction often results in habitat destruction and fragmentation. This leads to selection for species that are adapted to urban environments. Small habitat patches cannot support the level of genetic or taxonomic diversity they formerly... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 410 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Air pollution adversely affects biodiversity. Pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels and biomass, for example. Industrial and agricultural activity releases the pollutants sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Once sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are introduced into the atmosphere, th... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 465 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term applies to natural resources such as water aquifers, grazing pastures and forests, wild medicinal plants, fish stocks and other wildlife.
Overfishing
A 2019 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 471 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The term invasive is poorly defined and often very subjective. The European Union defines invasive alien species as those outside their natural distribution area that threaten biological diversity. Biotic invasion is considered one of the five top drivers of global biodiversity loss and is increasing because of tourism... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 430 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
"There is now unequivocal evidence that biodiversity loss reduces the efficiency by which ecological communities capture biologically essential resources, produce biomass, decompose and recycle biologically essential nutrients"; and
"Impacts of diversity loss on ecological processes might be sufficiently large to r... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 461 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Medicinal and aromatic plants are widely used in traditional medicine as well as in cosmetic and food industries. The WHO estimated in 2015 that about "60,000 species are used for their medicinal, nutritional and aromatic properties". There is a global trade in plants for medicinal purposes.
Biodiversity contributes t... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 469 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Following this, the leaders of 64 nations and the European Union pledged to halt environmental degradation and restore the natural world. The pledge was not signed by leaders from some of the world's biggest polluters, namely China, India, Russia, Brazil and the United States. Some experts contend that the United State... | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 488 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Nearly three-quarters of bird species, two thirds of mammals and more than half of hard corals have been recorded at World Heritage Sites, even though they cover less than 1% of the planet. Countries with World Heritage Sites can include them in their national biodiversity strategies and action plans. | Biodiversity loss | Wikipedia | 57 | 52968860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20loss | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Seismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales, which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible sh... | Seismic intensity scales | Wikipedia | 396 | 55865352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20intensity%20scales | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
The intensity of local ground-shaking depends on several factors besides the magnitude of the earthquake, one of the most important being soil conditions. For instance, thick layers of soft soil (such as fill) can amplify seismic waves, often at a considerable distance from the source. At the same time, sedimentary bas... | Seismic intensity scales | Wikipedia | 487 | 55865352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20intensity%20scales | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
Paleotempestology is the study of past tropical cyclone activity by means of geological proxies as well as historical documentary records. The term was coined by American meteorologist Kerry Emanuel.
The usual approach in paleotempestology is the identification of deposits left by storms. Most commonly, these are over... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 449 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Information about past tropical cyclone occurrences can be used to constrain how their occurrences may change in the future, or about how they respond to large-scale climate modes, such as sea surface temperature changes, or to check the accuracy of climate models. In general, the origin and behaviour of tropical cyclo... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 371 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Several techniques have been applied to separate out storm overwash deposits from other sediments:
Compared to the normal sedimentation processes in such places, tropical cyclone deposits are rougher and can be detected with sieving, laser-dependent technologies or x-ray fluorescence techniques.
In sediment cores, de... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 343 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Generally, sites suitable for obtaining paleotempestology records are not found along the entire length of the coastline, and depending on the properties of the site such as vegetation cover, they might only track storms approaching from a certain direction. Prerequisites for successful correlation of overwash deposits... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 416 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Beach ridges are common on the deltaic shores of China, and are indicative of increased typhoon activity. They have also been found on the Australian coast facing the Great Barrier Reef and are formed from reworked corals. The height of each ridge appears to correlate with the intensity of the storm that produced it, a... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 395 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Speleothems, deposits formed in caves through the dissolution and redeposition of dolomite and limestone, can store isotope signatures associated with tropical cyclones, especially in fast growing speleothems, areas with thin soils and speleothems which have undergone little alteration. Such deposits have a high tempor... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 496 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Other techniques:
Rhythmites in river mouths. These are formed when storms resuspend sediments; the sediments when the storm wanes fall out and form the deposits, especially in places with high sediment supplies. Carbon isotope and chemical data can be used to distinguish them from non-storm sedimentation.
Sand dunes... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 467 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
A database of tropical cyclones going back to 6,000 BC has been compiled for the western North Atlantic Ocean. In the Gulf of Mexico, records go back five millennia but only a few typhoon records go back 5,000–6,000 years. In general, tropical cyclone records do not go farther back than 5,000–6,000 years ago when the H... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 512 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
However, it has also been found that the occurrence rates of tropical cyclone measured with instrumental data over historical time can be significantly different from the actual occurrent rate. In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 369 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
In the Atlantic Ocean, the so-called "Bermuda High" hypothesis stipulates that changes in the position of this anticyclone can cause storm paths to alternate between landfalls on the East Coast and the Gulf Coast but also Nicaragua. Paleotempestological data support this theory although additional findings on Long Isla... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 484 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Among the known climate modes that influence tropical cyclone activity in paleotempestological records are ENSO phase variations, which influence tropical cyclone activity in Australia and the Atlantic, but also their path as has been noted for typhoons. More general global correlations have been found, such as a negat... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 496 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
A correlation between hurricane strikes and subsequent wildfire activity and vegetation changes has been noted in the Alabamian and Cuban paleotempestological record. In St. Catherines Island, cultural activity ceased at the time of increased storm activity, and both Taino settlement of the Bahamas and Polynesian expan... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 501 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Not all of the world has been investigated with paleotempestological methods; among the places thus researched are Belize, the Carolinas of North America, northern coasts of the Gulf of Mexico, the northeastern United States, (in a lesser measure) the South Pacific islands and tropical Australia. Conversely China, Cuba... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 482 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
Paleotempestological research has been mostly carried out in low-latitude regions but research in past storm activity has been conducted in the British Isles, France and the Mediterranean. Increases in storm activity on the European Atlantic coast have been noted AD 1350–1650, AD 250–850, AD 950–550, 1550–1350 BC, 3550... | Paleotempestology | Wikipedia | 239 | 60705059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleotempestology | Physical sciences | Paleoclimate | Earth science |
A repeating firearm or repeater is any firearm (either a handgun or long gun) that is designed for multiple, repeated firings before the gun has to be reloaded with new ammunition.
Unlike single-shot firearms, which can only hold and fire a single round of ammunition, a repeating firearm can store multiple cartridges ... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 345 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Although repeating flintlock breechloading firearms (e.g. the Lorenzóni repeater, Cookson repeater, and Kalthoff repeater) had been invented as early as the 17th century, the first repeating firearms that received widespread use were revolvers and lever-action repeating rifles in the latter half of the 19th century. Th... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 278 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Early repeaters
Multiple-barrel firearm
Revolver (15th century)
Superposed load (1558)
Volley gun (1570s)
Breechloader (16th century)
Kalthoff repeater (about 1630)
Cookson repeater (about 1650)
Blowback and Recoil operation (1663)
Chelembron system (1668)
Lagatz rifle: a modification of the Lorenzoni System... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 431 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Lepage guns: In 1819 a French gunsmith called Lepage invented and presented at the French industrial exposition of that year percussion 2-shot and 4-shot turn-over rifles. In 1823 he exhibited a volley rifle that fired 7 rifled barrels simultaneously as well as a turn-over carbine. In 1827, the same inventor exhibited ... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 439 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Osterried guns: In 1835 it was mentioned in a French newspaper that an Osterried of Bavaria had invented a rifle and 3 different kinds of pistols, the first of which had 2 barrels and 4 hammers for firing 4 successive shots, the second of which had one barrel and 6 'mouths', no hammer and was actuated by the trigger an... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 470 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Jennings Magazine rifle: in 1847 Walter Hunt patented in Britain a repeating rifle he called "the Volitional Repeater". He would patent it again in the United States in 1849. This rifle featured a tubular magazine beneath the barrel and a lever mechanism to raise cartridges into the chamber. Unable to finance the bui... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 481 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Bertonnet self-loading firearm: It is mentioned in Hunt's Handbook to the Official Catalogues of the Great Exhibition of 1851 that a French inventor called Bertonnet demonstrated a self-loading firearm in 1851 at the Great Exhibition though no details are provided.
Dixon self-loading and self-priming gun: A repeating ... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 291 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Mechanisms
Manual
In a manually operated repeating firearm (or "manual repeater" for short), the user needs to manually apply force to the action to operate it, either directly to a handle on the bolt or an external hammer, or indirectly through a linkage connected to a lever or slide.
Revolver action
Revolvers us... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 512 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Revolver cannon
A revolver cannon is a large-caliber gun (cannon) that uses a revolver-like cylinder to speed up the loading-firing-ejection cycle. Unlike a rotary cannon, a revolver cannon has only a single gun barrel. An early precursor was the Puckle gun of 1718, a large manually-operated flintlock gun, whose desi... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 345 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
It was not until the mid-1940s that the first practical modern revolver cannon emerged. The archetypal revolver cannon is the Mauser MK 213, from which almost all current revolver cannons are derived. In the immediate post-war era, Mauser engineers spread out from Germany and developed similar weapons around the world.... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 465 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
In a classic Henry–Winchester type lever-action firearm, cartridges are loaded tandemly into a tubular magazine below the barrel. A short bolt is manipulated via linkage to a pivoted cocking lever. Once closed, an over-center toggle action helps locking the bolt in place and prevents the breech from opening accidentall... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 447 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Most bolt-action firearms use a rotating-bolt ("turn-and-pull") design. When the bolt is closed against the breech end of the gun barrel, it is locked onto the receiver via protruded lugs (usually on the bolt head) and occasionally also aided by the bolt handle that fits into a notch. To unlock the bolt, the handle mus... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 479 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Self-loading (or autoloading) repeating firearms can use some of the excess energy released from propellant combustion to cycle its action and facilitate loading of subsequent rounds of ammunition into the chamber, without needing the user to do any extra loading work with his hands. Depending on whether the action can... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 483 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The first blow-forward firearm was the Mannlicher M1894 pistol and protected under . The principle has been used in a few other weapons, including Schwarzlose Model 1908, Hino Komuro M1908, HIW VSK, Mk 20 Mod 0 grenade launcher, Pancor Jackhammer and Howa Type 96.
Recoil-operated
In a recoil-operated firearm, the br... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 479 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
One of the main reasons for the resurgence of these electrically/hydraulically powered multiple-barrel guns is the system's inherent tolerance for continuous high rates of fire. For example, 1000 rounds per minute of continuous fire from a conventional single-barrel weapon ordinarily results in rapid barrel overheating... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 319 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
The earliest rotary-barrel firearm is the Gatling gun, invented by Richard Jordan Gatling in 1861, and patented on 4 November 1862. The Gatling gun operated by a hand-crank mechanism, with six barrels revolving around a central shaft (although some models had as many as ten). Each barrel fires once per revolution at ab... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 433 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Gatling guns were used by the U.S. Army during both the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. A four-gun battery of Colt-made Model 1895 ten-barrel Gatling guns in .30 Army was formed into a separate detachment led by Lt. John "Gatling Gun" Parker. The detachment proved very effective, supporting the ad... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 376 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
After the original Gatling gun was replaced in service by newer recoil-/gas-operated machine guns, the approach of using multiple rotating barrels fell into disuse for many decades. However, some prototypes were developed during the interwar years, but rarely used. During World War I, Imperial Germany worked on the Fok... | Repeating firearm | Wikipedia | 493 | 65681263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating%20firearm | Technology | Mechanisms_2 | null |
Diagnostic microbiology is the study of microbial identification. Since the discovery of the germ theory of disease, scientists have been finding ways to harvest specific organisms. Using methods such as differential media or genome sequencing, physicians and scientists can observe novel functions in organisms for more... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 386 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Incubation follows a growth curve variable for every microorganism. Cultures follow a lag, log, stationary, and finally death phase. The lag phase is not well known in microbiology, but it is speculated that this phase consists of the microorganism adjusting to its environment by synthesizing proteins specific for the... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 494 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Staining used in microbiology identification include: Gram stain, Acid-fast stain, Giemsa stain, India ink stain, Ziehl–Neelsen stain.
Wet Prep
Rapid antigen tests
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence is performed by the production of anti-antibodies with a fluorescent molecule attached, making it a chemiluminesc... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 493 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Acetate utilization
The acetate utilization test is used primarily to differentiate between Escherichia coli from members of the genus Shigella. Many of the Escherichia coli strains have the capability of the utilization of acetate for a sole carbon and energy source, while Shigella does not. Since acetate utilizatio... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 460 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
A CAMP test is used to differentiate between Streptococcus agalactiae and other species of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus. This biochemical test uses the fact that Streptococcus agalactiae excretes a CAMP substance, making it slightly more hemolytic, which can be observed on blood agar media.
Catalase
The catalase tes... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 485 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Gelatin
The gelatin test is used to analyze whether a microbe can hydrolyze gelatin with the enzyme gelatinase. The gelatin makes the agar solid, so if an organism can produce gelatinase and consume gelatin as an energy and carbon source, the agar will become liquid during growth.
Gonocheck II
The Gonochek II test,... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 473 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Indole butyrate disk
An indole butyrate disc is used to differentiate between Neisseria gonorrhoeae (negative result) and Moraxella catarrhalis (positive result). This test involves a butyrate disk, which when smeared with a culture, will change color for a positive result after 5 minutes of incubation. A blue color... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 475 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Phenylalanine deaminase
The phenylalanine deaminase test is used to tell whether an organism can produce the enzyme deaminase. Deaminase is the enzyme that can deaminate the amino acid phenylalanine into the products ammonia and phenylpyruvic acid. The test is performed by adding phenylalanine to the growth medium and... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 502 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
The urease agar slant is used to measure an organism’s ability to produce urease, an enzyme capable to digesting urea in carbon dioxide and ammonia through hydrolysis. Because ammonia is alkaline, the media contains phenol red, an indicator that changes from orange to pink when a pH increases above 8.1. When ammonia i... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 507 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Methods with electrophoretic outputs
Gel electrophoresis is a technique to separate macromolecules by taking advantage of the charge on many of the molecules found in nucleic acids and protein. This is also the key method for Sanger sequencing. Fluorescent-labeled DNA fragments move through a polymer and are separated... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 490 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
Genotypic identifications
For bacterial identifications, microbiologists sequence the 16S rRNA gene and for fungal identifications, sequence the ITS regions. Both regions are part of the ribosomal operon so they are well-conserved but provide enough variation to allow for speciation. Accurate identifications require h... | Diagnostic microbiology | Wikipedia | 218 | 52970582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic%20microbiology | Biology and health sciences | Diagnostics | Health |
The green iguana (Iguana iguana), also known as the American iguana or the common green iguana, is a large, arboreal, mostly herbivorous species of lizard of the genus Iguana. Usually, this animal is simply called the iguana. The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area; it is native from southern Brazil and P... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 318 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Naturalists once classified the Central American iguanas as a separate subspecies (I. i. rhinolopha), but this classification was later found to be invalid based on mitochondrial DNA, and iguanas with similar nose projections appeared randomly in other populations and interbred freely with those that do not share this ... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 377 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
The native range of the green iguana extends from southern Mexico to central Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia and the Caribbean; specifically Grenada, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Trinidad and Tobago, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Montserrat, Saba and Útila. They have been introduced to Grand Cayman, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (in the... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 465 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
While they may often be found in trees, these animals are well-known burrowers. The size of their burrow can range from deep, with a diameter of . They have been observed burrowing in canals, levees, and dikes and along seawalls in southern Florida. If individuals do not dig their own, they may even use gopher tortois... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 473 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Green iguanas possess a row of spines along their backs and tails, which helps to protect them from predators. Their whip-like tails can be used to deliver painful strikes, and like many other lizards, when grabbed by the tail, iguanas can allow it to break, so they can escape and eventually regenerate a new one. In a... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 406 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Primarily herbivorous, green iguanas are presented with a special problem for osmoregulation; plant matter contains more potassium and as it has less dense nutritional content, more must be eaten to meet metabolic needs. As green iguanas are not capable of creating liquid urine more concentrated than their bodily fluid... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 462 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Juveniles stay in familial groups for the first year of their lives. Male green iguanas in these groups often use their own bodies to shield and protect females from predators, and it appears to be the only species of reptile to do this.
Behavior
When frightened by a predator, green iguanas attempt to flee, and if n... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 463 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Some debate exists as to whether captive green iguanas should be fed animal protein. Some evidence shows wild iguanas eating grasshoppers and tree snails, usually as a byproduct of eating plant material. Wild adult green iguanas have been observed eating birds' eggs and chicks. They occasionally eat a small amount of c... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 489 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
Fiji
The green iguana is present as an invasive species on some of the islands of Fiji, where it is known as the American iguana. It poses a threat to the native iguanas through the potential spread of disease and to humans by spreading Salmonella. They were initially brought to Qamea in 2000 by an American who wanted... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 492 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
In January 2008, large numbers of iguanas established in Florida dropped from the trees in which they lived, due to unseasonably cold nights that put them in a state of torpor and caused them to lose their grip on the tree branches. Though no specific numbers were provided by local wildlife officials, local media descr... | Green iguana | Wikipedia | 433 | 42814957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20iguana | Biology and health sciences | Reptiles | null |
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