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This gamma ray may be thought of as a sort of "internal bremsstrahlung" that arises as the emitted beta particle (electron) interacts with the charge of the proton in an electromagnetic way. In this process, some of the decay energy is carried away as photon energy. Gamma rays produced in this way are also a minor feat... | Free neutron decay | Wikipedia | 423 | 51503872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20neutron%20decay | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
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... | Free neutron decay | Wikipedia | 426 | 51503872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20neutron%20decay | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
The shannon (symbol: Sh) is a unit of information named after Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory. IEC 80000-13 defines the shannon as the information content associated with an event when the probability of the event occurring is . It is understood as such within the realm of information theory, and is c... | Shannon (unit) | Wikipedia | 400 | 41465868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Information | Basics and measurement |
The hartley, a seldom-used unit, is named after Ralph Hartley, an electronics engineer interested in the capacity of communications channels. Although of a more limited nature, his early work, preceding that of Shannon, makes him recognized also as a pioneer of information theory. Just as the shannon describes the maxi... | Shannon (unit) | Wikipedia | 376 | 41465868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Information | Basics and measurement |
For instance, in the above example, a 16-bit channel could be said to have a channel capacity of 16 Sh, but when connected to a particular information source that only sends one of 8 possible messages, one would compute the entropy of its output as no more than 3 Sh. And if one already had been informed through a side ... | Shannon (unit) | Wikipedia | 157 | 41465868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | Information | Basics and measurement |
Rare-earth barium copper oxide (ReBCO) is a family of chemical compounds known for exhibiting high-temperature superconductivity (HTS). ReBCO superconductors have the potential to sustain stronger magnetic fields than other superconductor materials. Due to their high critical temperature and critical magnetic field, th... | Rare-earth barium copper oxide | Wikipedia | 425 | 57687117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth%20barium%20copper%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
The resulting cell has an orthorhombic structure, unlike other superconducting cuprates that generally have a tetragonal structure. All the corner sites of the unit cell are occupied by copper, which has two different coordinates, Cu(1) and Cu(2), with respect to oxygen. It offers four possible crystallographic sites f... | Rare-earth barium copper oxide | Wikipedia | 283 | 57687117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth%20barium%20copper%20oxide | Physical sciences | Ceramic compounds | Chemistry |
Ribose is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the linear-form composition H−(C=O)−(CHOH)4−H. The naturally occurring form, , is a component of the ribonucleotides from which RNA is built, and so this compound is necessary for coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. It has ... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 231 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Like most sugars, ribose exists as a mixture of cyclic forms in equilibrium with its linear form, and these readily interconvert especially in aqueous solution. The name "ribose" is used in biochemistry and biology to refer to all of these forms, though more specific names for each are used when required. In its linea... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 469 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Ribose can be synthesized chemically, but commercial production relies on fermentation of glucose. Using genetically modified strains of B. subtilis, 90 g/liter of ribose can be produced from 200 g of glucose. The conversion entails the intermediacy of gluconate and ribulose.
Ribose has been detected in meteorites.
... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 399 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
In closed ring riboses, the observed flexibility mentioned above is not observed because the ring cycle imposes a limit on the number of torsion angles possible in the structure. Conformers of closed form riboses differ in regards to how the lone oxygen in the molecule is positioned respective to the nitrogenous base (... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 485 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
In an "exo" pucker, the major displacement of atoms is on the α-face, on the opposite side of the ring. The major forms of ribose are the 3'-endo pucker (commonly adopted by RNA and A-form DNA) and 2'-endo pucker (commonly adopted by B-form DNA). These ring puckers are developed from changes in ring torsion angles; the... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 118 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Functions
ATP is derived from ribose; it contains one ribose, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. ATP is created during cellular respiration from adenosine diphosphate (ATP with one less phosphate group).
Signaling pathways
Ribose is a building block in secondary signaling molecules such as cyclic adenosine... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 406 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Nucleotide biosynthesis
Nucleotides are synthesized through salvage or de novo synthesis. Nucleotide salvage uses pieces of previously made nucleotides and re-synthesizes them for future use. In de novo, amino acids, carbon dioxide, folate derivatives, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) are used to synthesize nucl... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 419 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
Similar to the 2' modifications in nature, a synthetic modification of ribose includes the addition of fluorine at the 2' position. This fluorinated ribose acts similar to the methylated ribose because it is capable of suppressing immune stimulation depending on the location of the ribose in the DNA strand. The big dif... | Ribose | Wikipedia | 490 | 61981357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribose | Biology and health sciences | Carbohydrates | Biology |
In geometry, an object has symmetry if there is an operation or transformation (such as translation, scaling, rotation or reflection) that maps the figure/object onto itself (i.e., the object has an invariance under the transform). Thus, a symmetry can be thought of as an immunity to change. For instance, a circle rota... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 477 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
In one dimension, there is a point of symmetry about which reflection takes place; in two dimensions, there is an axis of symmetry (a.k.a., line of symmetry), and in three dimensions there is a plane of symmetry. An object or figure for which every point has a one-to-one mapping onto another, equidistant from and on op... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 493 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Such a "reflection" preserves orientation if and only if is an even number. This implies that for = 3 (as well as for other odd ), a point reflection changes the orientation of the space, like a mirror-image symmetry. That explains why in physics, the term P-symmetry (P stands for parity) is used for both point refle... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 486 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
In 2D, a glide reflection symmetry (also called a glide plane symmetry in 3D, and a transflection in general) means that a reflection in a line or plane combined with a translation along the line or in the plane, results in the same object (such as in the case of footprints). The composition of two glide reflections re... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 500 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Three main classes of helical symmetry can be distinguished, based on the interplay of the angle of coiling and translation symmetries along the axis: | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 32 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Infinite helical symmetry: If there are no distinguishing features along the length of a helix or helix-like object, the object will have infinite symmetry much like that of a circle, but with the additional requirement of translation along the long axis of the object—to return it to its original appearance. A helix-li... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 484 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Non-repeating helical symmetry: This is the case in which the angle of rotation θ required to observe the symmetry is irrational. The angle of rotation never repeats exactly, no matter how many times the helix is rotated. Such symmetries are created by using a non-repeating point group in two dimensions. DNA, with appr... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 90 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
Double rotation symmetry
In 4D, a double rotation symmetry can be generated as the composite of two orthogonal rotations. It is similar to 3D screw axis which is the composite of a rotation and an orthogonal translation.
Non-isometric symmetries
A wider definition of geometric symmetry allows operations from a large... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 386 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
A more subtle form of scale symmetry is demonstrated by fractals. As conceived by Benoît Mandelbrot, fractals are a mathematical concept in which the structure of a complex form looks similar at any degree of magnification, well seen in the Mandelbrot set. A coast is an example of a naturally occurring fractal, since i... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 467 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
A model geometry is called maximal if G is maximal among groups acting smoothly and transitively on X with compact stabilizers, i.e. if it is the maximal group of symmetries. Sometimes this condition is included in the definition of a model geometry.
A geometric structure on a manifold M is a diffeomorphism from M to... | Symmetry (geometry) | Wikipedia | 194 | 44362809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry%20%28geometry%29 | Mathematics | Other | null |
In seismology, the mainshock is the largest earthquake in a sequence, sometimes preceded by one or more foreshocks, and almost always followed by many aftershocks.
Foreshock
A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic event (the mainshock) and is related to it in both time and space. The designat... | Mainshock | Wikipedia | 226 | 57718573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainshock | Physical sciences | Seismology | Earth science |
AlphaGo is a computer program that plays the board game Go. It was developed by the London-based DeepMind Technologies, an acquired subsidiary of Google. Subsequent versions of AlphaGo became increasingly powerful, including a version that competed under the name Master. After retiring from competitive play, AlphaGo Ma... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 463 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
After the match between AlphaGo and Ke Jie, DeepMind retired AlphaGo, while continuing AI research in other areas. The self-taught AlphaGo Zero achieved a 100–0 victory against the early competitive version of AlphaGo, and its successor AlphaZero was perceived as the world's top player in Go by the end of the 2010s.
H... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 473 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
AlphaGo played South Korean professional Go player Lee Sedol, ranked 9-dan, one of the best players at Go, with five games taking place at the Four Seasons Hotel in Seoul, South Korea on 9, 10, 12, 13, and 15 March 2016, which were video-streamed live. Out of five games, AlphaGo won four games and Lee won the fourth g... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 412 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
In June 2016, at a presentation held at a university in the Netherlands, Aja Huang, one of the Deep Mind team, revealed that they had patched the logical weakness that occurred during the 4th game of the match between AlphaGo and Lee, and that after move 78 (which was dubbed the "divine move" by many professionals), it... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 186 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
On 29 December 2016, a new account on the Tygem server named "Magister" (shown as 'Magist' at the server's Chinese version) from South Korea began to play games with professional players. It changed its account name to "Master" on 30 December, then moved to the FoxGo server on 1 January 2017. On 4 January, DeepMind con... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 463 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
After these games were completed, the co-founder of DeepMind, Demis Hassabis, said in a tweet, "we're looking forward to playing some official, full-length games later [2017] in collaboration with Go organizations and experts" | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 54 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Go experts were impressed by the program's performance and its nonhuman play style; Ke Jie stated that "After humanity spent thousands of years improving our tactics, computers tell us that humans are completely wrong... I would go as far as to say not a single human has touched the edge of the truth of Go."
Future of... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 505 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Versions
An early version of AlphaGo was tested on hardware with various numbers of CPUs and GPUs, running in asynchronous or distributed mode. Two seconds of thinking time was given to each move. The resulting Elo ratings are listed below. In the matches with more time per move higher ratings are achieved.
In May 201... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 447 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Style of play
Toby Manning, the match referee for AlphaGo vs. Fan Hui, has described the program's style as "conservative". AlphaGo's playing style strongly favours greater probability of winning by fewer points over lesser probability of winning by more points. Its strategy of maximising its probability of winning is ... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 313 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
When compared with Deep Blue or Watson, AlphaGo's underlying algorithms are potentially more general-purpose and may be evidence that the scientific community is making progress towards artificial general intelligence. Some commentators believe AlphaGo's victory makes for a good opportunity for society to start prepari... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 457 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Go community
Go is a popular game in China, Japan and Korea, and the 2016 matches were watched by perhaps a hundred million people worldwide. Many top Go players characterized AlphaGo's unorthodox plays as seemingly-questionable moves that initially befuddled onlookers, but made sense in hindsight: "All but the very be... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 377 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
After game two, Lee said he felt "speechless": "From the very beginning of the match, I could never manage an upper hand for one single move. It was AlphaGo's total victory." Lee apologized for his losses, stating after game three that "I misjudged the capabilities of AlphaGo and felt powerless." He emphasized that the... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 427 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Greg Kohs, the director of the film, said "The complexity of the game of Go, combined with the technical depth of an emerging technology like artificial intelligence seemed like it might create an insurmountable barrier for a film like this. The fact that I was so innocently unaware of Go and AlphaGo actually proved to... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 447 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Fan Hui, a professional Go player, and former player with AlphaGo said that "DeepMind had trained AlphaGo by showing it many strong amateur games of Go to develop its understanding of how a human plays before challenging it to play versions of itself thousands of times, a novel form of reinforcement learning which had ... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 429 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Murray Shanahan, a professor of cognitive robotics at Imperial College London, critics that "Go is an extraordinary game but it represents what we can do with AI in all kinds of other spheres," says Murray Shanahan, professor of cognitive robotics at Imperial College London and senior research scientist at DeepMind, sa... | AlphaGo | Wikipedia | 415 | 49242352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo | Technology | Artificial Intelligence | null |
Halszkaraptor (; meaning "Halszka's seizer") is a genus of waterfowl-like dromaeosaurid dinosaurs from Mongolia that lived during the Late Cretaceous period. It contains only one known species, Halszkaraptor escuilliei.
The type specimen (holotype) has been compared to the bones of extant crocodilians and aquatic bird... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 504 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The type species Halszkaraptor escuilliei was in 2017 named and described by Andrea Cau, Vincent Beyrand, Dennis F. A. E. Voeten, Vincent Fernandez, Paul Tafforeau, Koen Stein, Rinchen Barsbold, Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar, Philip John Currie, and Pascal Godefroit. The generic name combines a reference to the late Polish pa... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 433 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Furthermore, a unique combination is present of traits that in themselves are not unique. The external bony nostril is situated behind the main body of the premaxilla, the point where it connects to the front branch of the maxilla. The descending branch of the postorbital bone is rod-shaped. The number of vertebrae of ... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 459 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Postcranial skeleton
The vertebral column of Halszkaraptor contains ten neck vertebrae, twelve back vertebrae and six sacral vertebrae. The preserved tail vertebrae include the first twenty caudals and a series of six from the middle tail. The neck is very elongated. It equals 290% of the skull length and 150% of the... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 495 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Classification
Halszkaraptor was placed in the Dromaeosauridae in 2017. A new clade Halszkaraptorinae was coined, containing Halszkaraptor and its close relatives Hulsanpes and Mahakala. The cladogram below is based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2017 by Cau etal. using updated data from the Theropod Worki... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 462 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Other researchers have either disagreed with or merely followed Cau's interpretation. In 2019, Brownstein argued that the features noted for Halszkaraptor do not directly support its ability to swim. He also suggested that this dinosaur may be a basal dromaeosaur with transitional features, although Cau rebutted his cl... | Halszkaraptor | Wikipedia | 327 | 55984460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halszkaraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The southern giraffe (Giraffa giraffa), also known as two-horned giraffe, is a species of giraffe native to Southern Africa. However, the IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.
Southern giraffes have rounded or blotched spots, some with star-like extensions on a light tan backgrou... | Southern giraffe | Wikipedia | 464 | 51556830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20giraffe | Biology and health sciences | Giraffidae | Animals |
Disodium helide (Na2He) is a compound of helium and sodium that is stable at high pressures above . It was first predicted using the USPEX crystal structure prediction algorithm and then synthesised in 2016.
Synthesis
Na2He was predicted to be thermodynamically stable over 160 GPa and dynamically stable over 100 GPa.... | Disodium helide | Wikipedia | 491 | 53120575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20helide | Physical sciences | Noble gas compounds | Chemistry |
Swift is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language created by Chris Lattner in 2010 for Apple Inc. and maintained by the open-source community. Swift compiles to machine code and uses an LLVM-based compiler. Swift was first released in June 2014 and the Swift toolchain has shipped in X... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 483 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Swift 5.5, officially announced by Apple at the 2021 WWDC, significantly expands language support for concurrency and asynchronous code, notably introducing a unique version of the actor model.
Swift 5.9, was released in September 2023 and includes a macro system, generic parameter packs, and ownership features like t... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 502 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
On December 3, 2015, the Swift language, supporting libraries, debugger, and package manager were open-sourced under the Apache 2.0 license with a Runtime Library Exception, and Swift.org was created to host the project. The source code is hosted on GitHub, where it is easy for anyone to get the code, build it themselv... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 492 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Swift was designed to be safe and friendly to new programmers while not sacrificing speed. By default Swift manages all memory automatically and ensures variables are always initialized before use. Array accesses are checked for out-of-bounds errors and integer operations are checked for overflow. Parameter names allow... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 474 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
print(playerMessage) // Prints "You are a top player!"Control flow in Swift is managed with if-else, guard, and switch statements, along with while and for-in loops.
The statements take a Boolean parameter and execute the body of the statement if the condition is true, otherwise it executes the optional body. synt... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 363 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
print(mathOperation(21)) // Prints "42" statements require that the given condition is true before continuing on past the statement, otherwise the body of the provided clause is run. The clause must exit control of the code block in which the statement appears. statements are useful for ensuring that certain requi... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 453 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
// Prints "42 is greater than 9."for-in loops iterate over a sequence of values:let names = ["Will", "Anna", "Bart"]
for name in names {
print(name)
}
// Prints:
// Will
// Anna
// Bartwhile loops iterate as long as the given Boolean condition evaluates to true:// Add together all the numbers from 1 to 5.
var i = 1... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 500 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
// With trailing closure syntax, and implicit return:
foo { 1 }
Starting from version 5.3, Swift supports multiple trailing closures:
// This function passes the return of the first closure as the parameter of the second,
// and returns the second closure's result:
func foo(bar: () -> Int, baz: (Int) -> Int) -> Int ... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 494 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
var someString = "Hello,"
someString += " world!"String interpolation allows for the creation of a new string from other values and expressions. Values written between parentheses preceded by a will be inserted into the enclosing string literal:
var currentScore = 980
print("Your score is \(currentScore).")
// Print... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 505 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
let myValue = anOptionalInstance!.someMethod()
In this case, the ! operator unwraps anOptionalInstance to expose the instance inside, allowing the method call to be made on it. If anOptionalInstance is nil, a null-pointer error occurs, terminating the program. This is known as force unwrapping. Optionals may be safely... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 472 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Both concepts have their advantages and disadvantages. Objects are useful when the data is large, like the description of a window or the contents of a document. In these cases, access to that data is provided by copying a 32- or 64-bit value, versus copying an entire data structure. However, smaller values like intege... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 409 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Extensions
Extensions add new functionality to an existing type, without the need to subclass or even have access to the original source code. Extensions can add new methods, initializers, computed properties, subscripts, and protocol conformances. An example might be to add a spell checker to the base String type, wh... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 512 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
// Bool now conforms to Printable, and inherits the printDetails() implementation above.
extension Bool: Printable {
var description: String {
return "An instance of Bool with value: \(self)"
}
}
In Swift, like many modern languages supporting interfaces, protocols can be used as types, which means va... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 500 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Concurrency
Swift 5.5 introduced structured concurrency into the language. Structured concurrency uses Async/await syntax similar to Kotlin, JavaScript, and Rust. An async function is defined with the async keyword after the parameter list. When calling an async function the await keyword must be written before the fu... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 510 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
let directory = Directory()
// Code suspends until other tasks finish accessing the actor.
await directory.add(name: "Tucker")
print(await directory.names)
Libraries, runtime, development
On Apple systems, Swift uses the same runtime as the extant Objective-C system, but requires iOS 7 or macOS 10.9 or higher. It al... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 502 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
On non-Apple systems, Swift does not depend on an Objective-C runtime or other Apple system libraries; a set of Swift "Corelib" implementations replace them. These include a "swift-corelibs-foundation" to stand in for the Foundation Kit, a "swift-corelibs-libdispatch" to stand in for the Grand Central Dispatch, and an ... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 461 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
class Home {
let address: String
var owner: Person?
init(address: String, owner: Person?) {
self.address = address
self.owner = owner
}
deinit { print("De-initialized \(address)") }
}
var stacy: Person? = Person(name: "Stacy")
var house21b: Home? = Home(address: "21b Baker... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 342 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Comparisons to other languages
Swift is considered a C family programming language and is similar to C in various ways:
Most operators in C also appear in Swift, although some operators such as + have slightly different behavior. For example, in Swift, + traps on overflow, whereas &+ is used to denote the C-like beha... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 250 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Differences from Objective-C include:
Statements need not end with semicolons (;), though these must be used to allow more than one statement on one line.
No header files.
Uses type inference.
Generic programming.
Functions are first-class objects.
Enumeration cases can have associated data (algebraic data types)... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 475 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Development and other implementations
Because Swift can run on Linux, it is sometimes also used as a server-side language. Some web frameworks have already been developed, such as IBM's Kitura (now discontinued), Perfect, Vapor, and Hummingbird.
.
An official "Server APIs" work group has also been started by Apple, w... | Swift (programming language) | Wikipedia | 149 | 42946389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift%20%28programming%20language%29 | Technology | Programming languages | null |
Discord is an instant messaging and VoIP social platform which allows communication through voice calls, video calls, text messaging, and media. Communication can be private or take place in virtual communities called "servers". A server is a collection of persistent chat rooms and voice channels which can be accessed ... | Discord | Wikipedia | 444 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Discord was publicly released in May 2015 under the domain name discordapp.com. According to Citron, they made no specific moves to target any specific audience, but some gaming-related subreddits quickly began to replace their IRC links with Discord links. Discord became widely used by esports and LAN tournament gamer... | Discord | Wikipedia | 343 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In March 2021, Discord announced it had hired its first finance chief, former head of finance for Pinterest Tomasz Marcinkowski. An inside source called this one of the first steps for the company towards a potential initial public offering, though co-founder and chief executive officer Jason Citron had stated earlier ... | Discord | Wikipedia | 431 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In September 2021, Google sent cease and desist notices to the developers of two of the most popular music bots used on Discord–Groovy and Rythm–which were used on an estimated 36million servers in total. These bots allowed users to request and play songs in a voice channel, taking the songs from YouTube ad-free. Two w... | Discord | Wikipedia | 506 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Discord is centered around managing communities. Communication tools such as voice and video calls, persistent chat rooms, and integrations with other gamer-focused services along with the general ability to send direct messages and create personal groups are present.
Servers
Discord communities are organized into di... | Discord | Wikipedia | 510 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Discord launched Media Channels in June 2023. Media Channels are restricted to videos and images only.
User profiles
Users register for Discord with an email address and must create a username. Until mid-2023, to allow multiple users to use the same username, each user was assigned a four-digit number called a "discr... | Discord | Wikipedia | 398 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Digital distribution
In August 2018, Discord launched a games storefront beta, allowing users to purchase a curated set of games through the service. This will include a "First on Discord" featured set of games that their developers attest to Discord's help in getting launched, giving these games 90 days of exclusivit... | Discord | Wikipedia | 424 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Bots are community-made tools to automate tasks. When installed by server owners, they may aid in moderation, host mini games, and perform myriad of other automated tasks. there are around 430,000 total bots active in estimated 30% of all servers. Discord provides official bot APIs which allow custom elements such as ... | Discord | Wikipedia | 486 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Monetization
While the software itself comes at no cost, the developers investigated ways to monetize it, with potential options including paid customization options such as emoji or stickers.
In January 2017, the first paid subscription and features were released with "Discord Nitro Classic" (originally released as ... | Discord | Wikipedia | 424 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Discord began testing digital stickers on its platform in October 2020 for users in Canada. Most stickers cost between $1.50 and $2.25 and are part of Discord's monetization strategy. Discord Nitro subscribers received a free "What's Up Wumpus" sticker pack focused on Discord's mascot, Wumpus. In May 2023, Discord made... | Discord | Wikipedia | 470 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Cyberbullying and moderation
Discord has had problems with hostile behavior and abuse within chats, with some communities of chat servers being "raided" (a large number of users joining a server) by other communities. This includes flooding chats with controversial topics related to race, religion, politics, and porno... | Discord | Wikipedia | 439 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Following the violent events that occurred during the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 12, 2017, it was found that Discord had been used to plan and organize the white nationalist rally. This included participation by Richard Spencer and Andrew Anglin, high-level figures in the movement. Di... | Discord | Wikipedia | 427 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In May 2022, Payton S. Gendron was named as the suspect in a race-driven mass shooting in Buffalo, New York, that killed ten people. It was reported that Gendron used a private Discord server as a diary for weeks as he prepared for the attack. Approximately 30 minutes before the shooting, several users were invited by ... | Discord | Wikipedia | 489 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Bans
On January 27, 2021, Discord banned the r/WallStreetBets server during the GameStop short squeeze, citing "hateful and discriminatory content", which users found contentious. One day later, Discord allowed another server to be created and began assisting with moderation on it.
Censorship
In September 2024, accor... | Discord | Wikipedia | 199 | 49271581 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Solar phenomena are natural phenomena which occur within the atmosphere of the Sun. They take many forms, including solar wind, radio wave flux, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, coronal heating and sunspots.
These phenomena are believed to be generated by a helical dynamo, located near the center of the Sun's mas... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 381 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on spectral class, and it is informally designated as a yellow dwarf because its visible radiation is most intense in the yellow-green portion of the spectrum. It is actually white, but from the Earth's surface, it appears yellow because of atmospheric scattering of bl... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 456 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Coronal mass ejections often appear with other forms of solar activity, most notably solar flares, but no causal relationship has been established. Most weak flares do not have CMEs; however, most powerful ones do. Most ejections originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as sunspot groupings associated w... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 482 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
A solar proton event (SPE), or "proton storm", occurs when particles (mostly protons) emitted by the Sun become accelerated either close to the Sun during a flare or in interplanetary space by CME shocks. The events can include other nuclei such as helium ions and HZE ions. These particles cause multiple effects. They ... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 399 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Sunspots are relatively dark areas on the Sun's radiating 'surface' (photosphere) where intense magnetic activity inhibits convection and cools the Photosphere. Faculae are slightly brighter areas that form around sunspot groups as the flow of energy to the photosphere is re-established and both the normal flow and the... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 509 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The solar wind is divided into the slow solar wind and the fast solar wind. The slow solar wind has a velocity of about , a temperature of 2 K and a composition that is a close match to the corona. The fast solar wind has a typical velocity of 750 km/s, a temperature of 8 K and nearly matches the photosphere's. The slo... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 461 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Most auroras occur in a band known as the auroral zone, which is typically 3° to 6° wide in latitude and observed at 10° to 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all longitudes, but often most vividly around the spring and autumn equinoxes. The charged particles and solar wind are directed into the atmosphere by the Earth'... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 495 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
A sudden ionospheric disturbance (SID) is an abnormally high ionization/plasma density in the D region of the ionosphere caused by a solar flare. The SID results in a sudden increase in radio-wave absorption that is most severe in the upper medium frequency (MF) and lower high frequency (HF) ranges, and as a result, of... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 440 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Solar activity and related events have been regularly recorded since the time of the Babylonians. Early records described solar eclipses, the corona and sunspots.
Soon after the invention of telescopes, in the early 1600s, astronomers began observing the Sun. Thomas Harriot was the first to observe sunspots, in 1610. O... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 353 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
The Sun was, until the 1990s, the only star whose surface had been resolved. Other major achievements included understanding of:
X-ray-emitting loops (e.g., by Yohkoh)
Corona and solar wind (e.g., by SoHO)
Variance of solar brightness with level of activity, and verification of this effect in other solar-type stars ... | Solar phenomena | Wikipedia | 245 | 47490358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20phenomena | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation have been a main driver of climate change over the millions to billions of years of the geologic time scale.
Evidence that this is the case comes from analysis on many timescales and from many sources, including: direct observations; composites from baskets of different... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 440 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the Sun's energy output increased and the composition of the Earth atmosphere changed. The Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration of the atmosphere. Over the next five billion years, the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a ... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 438 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
One historical long-term correlation between solar activity and climate change is the 1645–1715 Maunder minimum, a period of little or no sunspot activity which partially overlapped the "Little Ice Age" during which cold weather prevailed in Europe. The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries.... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 476 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Another line of evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed. Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere, but cooling of the stratosphere. Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratosp... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 417 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
In 2002, Lean et al. stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absenc... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 400 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
Benestad and Schmidt concluded that "the most likely contribution from solar forcing a global warming is 7 ± 1% for the 20th century and is negligible for warming since 1980." This paper disagreed with Scafetta and West, who claimed that solar variability has a significant effect on climate forcing. Based on correlatio... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 227 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
The oppositely-directed trends highlighted by Lockwood and Fröhlich in 2007, with global mean temperatures continuing to rise while solar activity fell, have continued and become even more pronounced since then. In 2007 the difference in the trends was apparent after about 1987 and that difference has grown and accele... | Solar activity and climate | Wikipedia | 480 | 47491846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20activity%20and%20climate | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
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