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One Chinese name for the Great Wall is the "Ten-Thousand-Li Long Wall" (). As in Greek, the number "ten thousand" is used figuratively in Chinese to mean any "immeasurable" value and this title has never provided a literal distance of 10,000 li (). The actual length of the modern Great Wall is around 42,000 li (), over... | Li (unit) | Wikipedia | 497 | 1495421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
In South Korea, the ri currently in use is a unit taken from the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) li. It has a value of approximately 392.72 meters, or one tenth of the ri. The Aegukga, the national anthem of South Korea, and the Aegukka, the national anthem of North Korea, both mention 3,000 ri, which roughly corresponds t... | Li (unit) | Wikipedia | 158 | 1495421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20%28unit%29 | Physical sciences | East Asian | Basics and measurement |
Picea rubens, commonly known as red spruce, is a species of spruce native to eastern North America, ranging from eastern Quebec and Nova Scotia, west to the Adirondack Mountains and south through New England along the Appalachians to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. This species is also known as yellow spr... | Picea rubens | Wikipedia | 448 | 1495725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20rubens | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Uses
Red spruce is used for Christmas trees and is an important wood used in making paper pulp. It is also an excellent tonewood and is used in many higher-end acoustic guitars and violins, as well as sound boards. The sap can be used to make spruce gum. Leafy red spruce twigs are boiled with sugar and flavoring to ma... | Picea rubens | Wikipedia | 478 | 1495725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20rubens | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Conservation
The red spruce has low genetic diversity as well as a narrow ecological niche, meaning the tree is easily susceptible to changes within its environment. The Central Appalachian Spruce Restoration Initiative seeks to unite diverse partners with the goal of restoring historic red spruce ecosystems across th... | Picea rubens | Wikipedia | 325 | 1495725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20rubens | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
A funnel cloud is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets, associated with a rotating column of wind and extending from the base of a cloud (usually a cumulonimbus or towering cumulus cloud) but not reaching the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud is usually visible as a cone-shaped or needle like protu... | Funnel cloud | Wikipedia | 449 | 1499520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel%20cloud | Physical sciences | Clouds | Earth science |
In cloud nomenclature, any funnel- or inverted-funnel-shaped cloud descending from cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds is technically described as an accessory feature called tuba. The terms tuba and funnel cloud are nearly but not exactly synonymous; a wall cloud, for example, is also a form of tuba. Funnel clouds associat... | Funnel cloud | Wikipedia | 461 | 1499520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel%20cloud | Physical sciences | Clouds | Earth science |
On July 29, 2013, a cold-core funnel cloud touched down as an EF0 tornado in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, causing extensive damage in the form of downed trees on a golf course. No advance weather watches or warnings were issued by Environment Canada, and the tornado was spawned from one of the few non-severe storm clouds m... | Funnel cloud | Wikipedia | 338 | 1499520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel%20cloud | Physical sciences | Clouds | Earth science |
Toxodon (meaning "bow tooth" in reference to the curvature of the teeth) is an extinct genus of large ungulate native to South America from the Pliocene to the end of the Late Pleistocene. Toxodon is a member of Notoungulata, an order of extinct South American native ungulates distinct from the two living ungulate orde... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 392 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Charles Darwin, who was in South America as part of the second voyaging expedition of HMS Beagle, was one of the first to collect Toxodon fossils. In September–October 1832 and October 1833, Darwin collected several isolated teeth as well as a mandible from various localities in northern Argentina. On November 26, 1833... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 489 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Analysis of collagen sequences obtained from Toxodon as well as from Macrauchenia, a member of another indigenous South American ungulate order, Litopterna, found that notoungulates and litopterns were closely related to each other, and form a sister group to perissodactyls (which contains equids, rhinoceroses and tapi... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 385 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
The species Toxodon chapalmalensis is known from the Pliocene (Montehermosan-Chapadmalalan) of Argentina, while Toxodon platensis, the type species, is known from the Pleistocene. The validity of other potential species like Toxodon darwini Burmeister, 1866, and Toxodon ensenadensis Ameghino, 1887 from the Early Pleist... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 303 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
The skull of Toxodon is proportionally large, and triangular in shape when viewed from above. All of the teeth in the jaws are high-crowned (hypsodont). Like other toxodontids, the upper and lower first incisors (I1 and i1) are large and protrude, with the second upper incisors (I2) and lower third incisors (i3) being ... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 468 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Distribution
Toxodon had a widespread distribution in South America east of the Andes, ranging from northern Argentina and Bolivia to the western Amazon on the Peru-Brazil border, to Northeast Brazil. Although some authors suggest that the distribution of Toxodon extended into Venezuela, other authors suggest that the... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 476 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Extinction
Toxodon became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene around 12,000 years as part of the end-Pleistocene extinction event alongside almost all other large animals in South America. Previous mid-Holocene dates are now thought to be in error. These extinctions followed the first arrival of humans in the A... | Toxodon | Wikipedia | 356 | 2145666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodon | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
CRISPR () (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. Each sequence within an individual prokaryotic cell is derived from a DNA fragment of a bacteriophage that had previously infected... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 502 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Francisco Mojica at the University of Alicante in Spain studied the function of repeats in the archaeal species Haloferax and Haloarcula. Mojica's supervisor surmised that the clustered repeats had a role in correctly segregating replicated DNA into daughter cells during cell division, because plasmids and chromosomes ... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 497 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
In 2005, three independent research groups showed that some CRISPR spacers are derived from phage DNA and extrachromosomal DNA such as plasmids. In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA gathered from viruses that previously attacked the cell. The source of the spacers was a sign that the CRISPR-cas system could have... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 197 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Experimental work by several groups revealed the basic mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas immunity. In 2007, the first experimental evidence that CRISPR was an adaptive immune system was published. A CRISPR region in Streptococcus thermophilus acquired spacers from the DNA of an infecting bacteriophage. The researchers manipulat... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 353 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
A simpler CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes relies on the protein Cas9. The Cas9 endonuclease is a four-component system that includes two small molecules: crRNA and trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA). In 2012, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier re-engineered the Cas9 endonuclease into a more manage... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 429 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been shown to make effective gene edits in Human tripronuclear zygotes, as first described in a 2015 paper by Chinese scientists P. Liang and Y. Xu. The system made a successful cleavage of mutant Beta-Hemoglobin (HBB) in 28 out of 54 embryos. Four out of the 28 embryos were successfully reco... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 313 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
These differences may give Cas12a some advantages over Cas9. For example, Cas12a's small crRNAs are ideal for multiplexed genome editing, as more of them can be packaged in one vector than can Cas9's sgRNAs. The sticky 5′ overhangs left by Cas12a can also be used for DNA assembly that is much more target-specific than ... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 496 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Repeats and spacers
The CRISPR array is made up of an AT-rich leader sequence followed by short repeats that are separated by unique spacers. CRISPR repeats typically range in size from 28 to 37 base pairs (bps), though there can be as few as 23 bp and as many as 55 bp. Some show dyad symmetry, implying the formation ... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 501 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Spacer acquisition
When a microbe is invaded by a bacteriophage, the first stage of the immune response is to capture phage DNA and insert it into a CRISPR locus in the form of a spacer. Cas1 and Cas2 are found in both types of CRISPR-Cas immune systems, which indicates that they are involved in spacer acquisition. Mu... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 382 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Bioinformatic analysis of regions of phage genomes that were excised as spacers (termed protospacers) revealed that they were not randomly selected but instead were found adjacent to short (3–5 bp) DNA sequences termed protospacer adjacent motifs (PAM). Analysis of CRISPR-Cas systems showed PAMs to be important for typ... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 449 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Multiple CRISPRs contain many spacers to the same phage. The mechanism that causes this phenomenon was discovered in the type I-E system of E. coli. A significant enhancement in spacer acquisition was detected where spacers already target the phage, even mismatches to the protospacer. This 'priming' requires the Cas pr... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 453 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
CrRNAs associate with Cas proteins to form ribonucleotide complexes that recognize foreign nucleic acids. CrRNAs show no preference between the coding and non-coding strands, which is indicative of an RNA-guided DNA-targeting system. The type I-E complex (commonly referred to as Cascade) requires five Cas proteins boun... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 454 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The cas genes in the adaptor and effector modules of the CRISPR-Cas system are believed to have evolved from two different ancestral modules. A transposon-like element called casposon encoding the Cas1-like integrase and potentially other components of the adaptation module was inserted next to the ancestral effector m... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 453 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
The basic model of CRISPR evolution is newly incorporated spacers driving phages to mutate their genomes to avoid the bacterial immune response, creating diversity in both the phage and host populations. To resist a phage infection, the sequence of the CRISPR spacer must correspond perfectly to the sequence of the targ... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 450 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
CRISPR evolution was studied in chemostats using S. thermophilus to directly examine spacer acquisition rates. In one week, S. thermophilus strains acquired up to three spacers when challenged with a single phage. During the same interval, the phage developed single-nucleotide polymorphisms that became fixed in the pop... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 490 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
Use by phages
Another way for bacteria to defend against phage infection is by having chromosomal islands. A subtype of chromosomal islands called phage-inducible chromosomal island (PICI) is excised from a bacterial chromosome upon phage infection and can inhibit phage replication. PICIs are induced, excised, replica... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 472 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
CRISPR gene editing is a revolutionary technology that allows for precise, targeted modifications to the DNA of living organisms. Developed from a natural defense mechanism found in bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 is the most commonly used system, that allows "cutting" of DNA at specific locations and either delete, modify, or i... | CRISPR | Wikipedia | 118 | 2146034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR | Technology | Biotechnology | null |
SN 1572 (Tycho's Star, Tycho's Nova, Tycho's Supernova), or B Cassiopeiae (B Cas), was a supernova of Type Ia in the constellation Cassiopeia, one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It appeared in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many individuals.
Its supernova r... | SN 1572 | Wikipedia | 478 | 2146163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
In Ming dynasty China, the star became an issue between Zhang Juzheng and the young Wanli Emperor: in accordance with the cosmological tradition, the emperor was warned to consider his misbehavior, since the new star was interpreted as an evil omen.
The more reliable contemporary reports state that the new star itself... | SN 1572 | Wikipedia | 503 | 2146163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
Initial radio detection
The search for a supernova remnant was futile until 1952, when Robert Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard reported a radio detection at 158.5 MHz, obtained at the Jodrell Bank Observatory. This was confirmed, and its position more accurately measured in 1957 by Baldwin and Edge using the Cambridge Ra... | SN 1572 | Wikipedia | 468 | 2146163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
Companion star
In October 2004, a letter in Nature reported the discovery of a G2 star, similar in type to our own Sun and named Tycho G. It is thought to be the companion star that contributed mass to the white dwarf that ultimately resulted in the supernova. A subsequent study, published in March 2005, revealed furth... | SN 1572 | Wikipedia | 415 | 2146163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN%201572 | Physical sciences | Notable transient events | Astronomy |
Reptiliomorpha (meaning reptile-shaped; in PhyloCode known as Pan-Amniota) is a clade containing the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians). It was defined by Michel Laurin (2001) and Vallin and Laurin (2004) as the largest clade ... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 348 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
As the exact phylogenetic position of Lissamphibia within Tetrapoda remains uncertain, it also remains controversial which fossil tetrapods are more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians, and thus, which ones of them were reptiliomorphs in any meaning of the word. The two major hypotheses for lissamphibian... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 338 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
Changing definitions
The name Reptiliomorpha was coined by Professor Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh in 1934 to designate amniotes and various types of late Paleozoic tetrapods that were more closely related to amniotes than to living amphibians. In his view, the amphibians had evolved from fish twice, with one group composed o... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 403 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
Michael Benton (2000, 2004) made it the sister-clade to Lepospondyli, containing "anthracosaurs" (in the strict sense, i.e. Embolomeri), seymouriamorphs, diadectomorphs and amniotes. Subsequently, Benton included lepospondyls in Reptiliomorpha as well. However, when considered in a Linnean framework, Reptiliomorpha is ... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 474 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
Characteristics
Gephyrostegids, seymouriamorphs and diadectomorphs were land-based, reptile-like amphibians, while embolomeres were aquatic amphibians with long body and short limbs. Their anatomy falls between the mainly aquatic Devonian labyrinthodonts and the first reptiles. University of Bristol paleontologist Prof... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 337 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
The vertebrae showed the typical multi-element construction seen in labyrinthodonts. According to Benton, in the vertebrae of "anthracosaurs" (i.e. Embolomeri) the intercentrum and pleurocentrum may be of equal size, while in the vertebrae of seymouriamorphs the pleurocentrum is the dominant element and the intercentru... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 446 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
During the Carboniferous and Permian periods, some tetrapods started to evolve towards a reptilian condition. Some of these tetrapods (e.g. Archeria, Eogyrinus) were elongate, eel-like aquatic forms with diminutive limbs, while others (e.g. Seymouria, Solenodonsaurus, Diadectes, Limnoscelis) were so reptile-like that u... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 435 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
Fully terrestrial life was achieved with the development of the amniote egg, where a number of membranous sacks protect the embryo and facilitate gas exchange between the egg and the atmosphere. The first to evolve was probably the allantois, a sack that develops from the gut/yolk-sack. This sack contains the embryo's ... | Reptiliomorpha | Wikipedia | 443 | 2149536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptiliomorpha | Biology and health sciences | Reptiliomorphs | Animals |
Quantifier elimination is a concept of simplification used in mathematical logic, model theory, and theoretical computer science. Informally, a quantified statement " such that " can be viewed as a question "When is there an such that ?", and the statement without quantifiers can be viewed as the answer to that questi... | Quantifier elimination | Wikipedia | 491 | 2150441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier%20elimination | Mathematics | Model theory | null |
Various model-theoretic ideas are related to quantifier elimination, and there are various equivalent conditions.
Every first-order theory with quantifier elimination is model complete. Conversely, a model-complete theory, whose theory of universal consequences has the amalgamation property, has quantifier elimination... | Quantifier elimination | Wikipedia | 496 | 2150441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier%20elimination | Mathematics | Model theory | null |
The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. Its range extends throughout tropical and subtropical seas around the world, with two distinct popu... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 441 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Taxonomy
The green sea turtle is a member of the tribe Cheloniini. A 1993 study clarified the status of genus Chelonia with respect to the other marine turtles. The carnivorous Eretmochelys (hawksbill), Caretta (loggerhead) and Lepidochelys (ridley) were assigned to the tribe Carettini. Herbivorous Chelonia warranted t... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 401 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Its appearance is that of a typical sea turtle. C. mydas has a dorsoventrally flattened body, a beaked head at the end of a short neck, and paddle-like arms well-adapted for swimming. Adult green turtles grow to long. The average weight of mature individuals is and the average carapace length is . They are considered... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 429 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The range of the green sea turtle extends throughout tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. The two major subpopulations are the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific subpopulations. Each population is genetically distinct, with its own set of nesting and feeding grounds within the population's known range. One of the g... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 441 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
In the Caribbean, major nesting sites have been identified on Aves Island, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Costa Rica. In recent years, there are signs of increased nesting in the Cayman Islands. One of the region's most important nesting grounds is in Tortuguero in Costa Rica. In fact... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 499 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
In the Philippines, green turtles nest in the Turtle Islands along with closely related hawksbill turtles.
In December 2007, fishermen using a hulbot-hulbot (a type of fish net) accidentally caught an , long and wide turtle off Barangay Bolong, Zamboanga City, Philippines. December is breeding season near the Bolong... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 332 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The population that has often been known as the Galápagos green turtle have been recorded and observed in the Galápagos as far back as the 17th century by William Dampier. Not much attention has been paid to them due to the overwhelming research done on the Galápagos giant tortoises. Only over the last 30 years have ex... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 496 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Green sea turtles move across three habitat types, depending on their life stage. They lay eggs on beaches. Mature turtles spend most of their time in shallow, coastal waters with lush seagrass beds. Adults frequent inshore bays, lagoons, and shoals with lush seagrass meadows. Entire generations often migrate between o... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 367 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Diet
The diet of green turtles changes with age. Juveniles are carnivorous, but as they mature they become omnivorous. Young sea turtles eat fish and their eggs, sea hare eggs, hydrozoans, bryozoans, molluscs, jellyfish, small invertebrates, echinoderms, tunicates, insects, worms, sponges, algae, sea grasses, leaves, ... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 405 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Green sea turtles have a variety of parasites including barnacles, leeches, protozoans, cestodes, and nematodes. Barnacles attach to the carapace, and leeches to the flippers and skin of the turtles, causing damage to the soft tissues and leading to blood loss. Protozoans, cestodes and nematodes lead to many turtle dea... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 340 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Sea turtles return to the beaches on which they were born to lay their own eggs. The reason for returning to native beaches may be that it guarantees the turtles an environment that has the necessary components for their nesting to be successful. These include a sandy beach, easy access for the hatchlings to get to the... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 328 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The eggs are round and white, and about in diameter. The hatchlings remain buried for days until they all emerge together at night. The temperature of the nest determines the sex of the turtles at around the 20–40 day mark. Green Sea Turtles are type 1a, meaning males develop at cooler temperatures while females are p... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 490 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Green sea turtles tend to have good vision, well adapted to a life at sea. The turtles can see many colors, but are most sensitive to light from violet to yellow or wavelengths of 400 to 600 nanometers. They do not see many colors in the orange to red portion of the light spectrum. On land, however, the sea turtles are... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 301 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Natal homing is an animal's ability to return to its birthplace in order to reproduce. Natal homing is found in all species of sea turtles and in other animals such as salmon. How these turtles are able to return to their birthplace is an interesting phenomenon. Many researchers believe that sea turtles use a process c... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 366 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Green sea turtles can reach up to 40 miles per hour when swimming, making them the fastest sea turtle. The green sea turtles exhibit sex differences by their development and appearance. As adult turtles, males are easily distinguishable from the females by having a longer tail (visibly extending past the shell) and lon... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 455 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
In Java, Indonesia, sea turtle eggs were a popular delicacy. However, the turtle's flesh is regarded as ḥarām or "unclean" under Islamic law (Islam is Java's primary religion). In Bali, turtle meat was a prominent feature at ceremonial and religious feasts. Turtles were harvested in the remotest parts of the Indonesian... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 436 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
A ki'i pōhaku (petroglyph) of a green sea turtle (or honu) can be found on the Big Island of Hawaii in the Pu'u Loa lava fields. The green sea turtle has always held a special meaning for Hawaiians and this petroglyph shows its importance; it may date to when the Hawaiian Islands first became populated. The turtle symb... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 236 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Threats
Human action presents both intentional and unintentional threats to the species' survival. Intentional threats include continued hunting, poaching and egg harvesting. More dangerous are unintentional threats, including boat strikes, fishermen's nets that lack turtle excluder devices, pollution and habitat destr... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 305 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Pacific green turtles' foraging habitats are poorly understood and mostly unknown. These foraging grounds are most likely along the coast of Baja California, Mexico and southern California, in which these turtles have a high risk of incidental capture by coastal fisheries. The main mortality factor for these turtles is... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 454 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
In 2004, the IUCN reclassified C. mydas as endangered under the EN A2bd criteria, which essentially states the wild populations face a high risk of extinction because of several factors. These factors include a probable population reduction of more than 50% over the past decade as estimated from abundance indices and b... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 504 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
In the State of Hawaii, specifically on the Island of Hawai'i (Hawaii County), state representative Faye Hanohano, a Native Hawaiian rights activist, pressed for a measure to delist C. mydas from protected status so that Native Hawaiians could legally harvest the turtles and possibly their eggs as well. The bill, HCR14... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 466 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The Hawaiian subpopulation has made a remarkable comeback and is now one focus of ecotourism and has become something of a state mascot. Students of Hawaii Preparatory Academy on the Big Island have tagged thousands of specimens since the early 1990s.
In the United Kingdom the species is protected by a Biodiversity Ac... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 281 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Cayman Turtle Farm located in Grand Cayman in the northwest Caribbean Sea is the first farm to have achieved the second generation of green sea turtles bred, laid, hatched, and raised in captivity. Since its beginning in 1968, the farm has released over 31,000 turtles into the wild, and each year more captive-bred turt... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 502 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
, a project called "The Turtle Cooling Project" is being undertaken by scientists from the World Wildlife Fund Australia, University of Queensland, Deakin University and the Queensland Government. It is looking at the effect of global warming on northern green turtle breeding, in particular the effect of producing more... | Green sea turtle | Wikipedia | 110 | 2150513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
A circumferentor, or surveyor's compass, is an instrument used in surveying to measure horizontal angles. It was superseded by the theodolite in the early 19th century.
A circumferentor consists of a circular brass box containing a magnetic needle, which moves freely over a brass circle, or compass divided into 360 d... | Circumferentor | Wikipedia | 509 | 5431281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferentor | Technology | Surveying tools | null |
Then move the instrument to C; turn the sights to measure D, and measure CD as before. In the same manner, proceed to D, E, F, G, H, and lastly to K; still noting the degrees of every bearing, or angle, and the distances of every side. This will result in a table of the following form:
From this table, the field is to... | Circumferentor | Wikipedia | 430 | 5431281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferentor | Technology | Surveying tools | null |
Additional considerations include the number of times the circumferentor must be set up and aligned. With the first method, the instrument must be set up at each point with a compass. With the second method, the initial set up is at "center." After that, for example at point B, the instrument can be set up by aligning ... | Circumferentor | Wikipedia | 158 | 5431281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferentor | Technology | Surveying tools | null |
The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of computer science that explores artificial intelligence and its implications for knowledge and understanding of intelligence, ethics, consciousness, epistemology, and free will. Furthermore, the technology is concerned ... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 433 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Can a machine display general intelligence?
Is it possible to create a machine that can solve all the problems humans solve using their intelligence? This question defines the scope of what machines could do in the future and guides the direction of AI research. It only concerns the behavior of machines and ignores the... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 504 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
One criticism of the Turing test is that it only measures the "humanness" of the machine's behavior, rather than the "intelligence" of the behavior. Since human behavior and intelligent behavior are not exactly the same thing, the test fails to measure intelligence. Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig write that "aerona... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 507 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Even AI's harshest critics (such as Hubert Dreyfus and John Searle) agree that a brain simulation is possible in theory.
However, Searle points out that, in principle, anything can be simulated by a computer; thus, bringing the definition to its breaking point leads to the conclusion that any process at all can technic... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 425 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
In 1931, Kurt Gödel proved with an incompleteness theorem that it is always possible to construct a "Gödel statement" that a given consistent formal system of logic (such as a high-level symbol manipulation program) could not prove. Despite being a true statement, the constructed Gödel statement is unprovable in the gi... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 473 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig agree that Gödel's argument does not consider the nature of real-world human reasoning. It applies to what can theoretically be proved, given an infinite amount of memory and time. In practice, real machines (including humans) have finite resources and will have difficulty proving many t... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 475 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Hubert Dreyfus argued that human intelligence and expertise depended primarily on fast intuitive judgements rather than step-by-step symbolic manipulation, and argued that these skills would never be captured in formal rules.
Dreyfus's argument had been anticipated by Turing in his 1950 paper Computing machinery and i... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 485 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
This is a philosophical question, related to the problem of other minds and the hard problem of consciousness. The question revolves around a position defined by John Searle as "strong AI":
A physical symbol system can have a mind and mental states.
Searle distinguished this position from what he called "weak AI":
A ... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 361 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
The words "mind" and "consciousness" are used by different communities in different ways. Some new age thinkers, for example, use the word "consciousness" to describe something similar to Bergson's "élan vital": an invisible, energetic fluid that permeates life and especially the mind. Science fiction writers use the w... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 459 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Neurobiologists believe all these problems will be solved as we begin to identify the neural correlates of consciousness: the actual relationship between the machinery in our heads and its collective properties; such as the mind, experience and understanding. Some of the harshest critics of artificial intelligence agre... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 440 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Gottfried Leibniz made essentially the same argument as Searle in 1714, using the thought experiment of expanding the brain until it was the size of a mill. In 1974, Lawrence Davis imagined duplicating the brain using telephone lines and offices staffed by people, and in 1978 Ned Block envisioned the entire population ... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 144 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Responses to the Chinese room emphasize several different points.
The systems reply and the virtual mind reply: This reply argues that the system, including the man, the program, the room, and the cards, is what understands Chinese. Searle claims that the man in the room is the only thing which could possibly "have a... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 398 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
A related question is whether "consciousness" (as Searle understands it) exists. Searle argues that the experience of consciousness cannot be detected by examining the behavior of a machine, a human being or any other animal. Daniel Dennett points out that natural selection cannot preserve a feature of an animal that h... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 464 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
If "emotions" are defined only in terms of their effect on behavior or on how they function inside an organism, then emotions can be viewed as a mechanism that an intelligent agent uses to maximize the utility of its actions. Given this definition of emotion, Hans Moravec believes that "robots in general will be quite ... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 490 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
This question (like many others in the philosophy of artificial intelligence) can be presented in two forms. "Hostility" can be defined in terms function or behavior, in which case "hostile" becomes synonymous with "dangerous". Or it can be defined in terms of intent: can a machine "deliberately" set out to do harm? Th... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 497 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Some have suggested a need to build "Friendly AI", a term coined by Eliezer Yudkowsky, meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane.
Can a machine imitate all human characteristics?
Turing said "It is customary ... to offer a g... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 492 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
The transcripts of conversations between scientists and LaMDA reveal that the AI system excels at this, providing answers to challenging topics about the nature of emotions, generating Aesop-style fables on the moment, and even describing its alleged fears. Pretty much all philosophers doubt LaMDA's sentience.
Views o... | Philosophy of artificial intelligence | Wikipedia | 196 | 2958015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20artificial%20intelligence | Technology | Artificial intelligence concepts | null |
Acacia, commonly known as wattles or acacias, is a genus of about of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa, South America, and Australasia, but is now reserved for species mainly from Australia, with others from New G... | Acacia | Wikipedia | 453 | 2959226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
The origin of "wattle" may be an Old Teutonic word meaning "to weave". From around 700 AD, was used in Old English to refer to the flexible woody vines, branches, and sticks which were interwoven to form walls, roofs, and fences. Since about 1810 it has been used as the common name for the Australian legume trees and ... | Acacia | Wikipedia | 426 | 2959226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
In 2003, Anthony Orchard and Bruce Maslin filed a proposal to conserve the name Acacia with a different type, in order to retain the Australasian group of species in the genus Acacia. Following a controversial decision to choose a new type for Acacia in 2005, the Australian component of Acacia s.l. now retains the name... | Acacia | Wikipedia | 446 | 2959226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts. In drier woodlands or forests they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the Brigalow Belt, Myall woodlands and the eremaean Mulga woodlan... | Acacia | Wikipedia | 511 | 2959226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
The gum of some species may be used as a substitute for gum arabic, known as Australian gum or wattle gum.
Cultivation
Some species of acacia – notably Acacia baileyana, A. dealbata and A. pravissima – are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication Useful Native Plants of Australia describes various ... | Acacia | Wikipedia | 69 | 2959226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia | Biology and health sciences | Fabales | Plants |
The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secrete... | Epidermis (botany) | Wikipedia | 499 | 2959657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis%20%28botany%29 | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
The epidermal tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots.
Trichomes or... | Epidermis (botany) | Wikipedia | 336 | 2959657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis%20%28botany%29 | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
The guard cells are bean-shaped in surface view, while the epidermal cells are irregular in shape
The guard cells contain chloroplasts, so they can manufacture food by photosynthesis (The epidermal cells of terrestrial plants do not contain chloroplasts)
Guard cells are the only epidermal cells that can make sugar. A... | Epidermis (botany) | Wikipedia | 483 | 2959657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis%20%28botany%29 | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Expression of the gene MIXTA, or its analogue in other species, later in the process of cellular differentiation will cause the formation of conical cells over trichomes. MIXTA is a transcription factor.
Stomatal patterning is a much more controlled process, as the stoma affects the plant's water retention and respira... | Epidermis (botany) | Wikipedia | 428 | 2959657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis%20%28botany%29 | Biology and health sciences | Plant tissues | null |
Liquid oxygen, sometimes abbreviated as LOX or LOXygen, is a clear cyan liquid form of dioxygen . It was used as the oxidizer in the first liquid-fueled rocket invented in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an application which is ongoing.
Physical properties
Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: ... | Liquid oxygen | Wikipedia | 497 | 314402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
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