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Air forces have long recognized the strategic importance of liquid oxygen, both as an oxidizer and as a supply of gaseous oxygen for breathing in hospitals and high-altitude aircraft flights. In 1985, the USAF started a program of building its own oxygen-generation facilities at all major consumption bases.
In rocket ... | Liquid oxygen | Wikipedia | 414 | 314402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
History
By 1845, Michael Faraday had managed to liquefy most gases then known to exist. Six gases, however, resisted every attempt at liquefaction and were known at the time as "permanent gases". They were oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitric oxide.
In 1877, Louis Paul Cailletet in France an... | Liquid oxygen | Wikipedia | 120 | 314402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20oxygen | Physical sciences | Group 16 | Chemistry |
In lunar astronomy, libration is the cyclic variation in the apparent position of the Moon that is perceived by observers on the Earth observers and caused by changes between the orbital and rotational planes of the moon. It causes an observer to see slightly different hemispheres of the surface at different times. It ... | Libration | Wikipedia | 330 | 314494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
The following are the three types of lunar libration:
Optical libration, the combined libration of longitudinal and latitudinal libration produces a movement of the sub-Earth point and a wobbling view between the temporarily visible parts of the Moon, during a lunar orbit. This is not to be confused with the change of... | Libration | Wikipedia | 441 | 314494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
Diurnal libration is the small daily libration and oscillation from Earth's rotation, which carries an observer first to one side and then to the other side of the straight line joining Earth's and the Moon's centers, allowing the observer to look first around one side of the Moon and then around the other—since the ob... | Libration | Wikipedia | 191 | 314494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
Physical libration
Also called real libration, as opposed to the optical libration of longitudinal, latitudinal and diurnal types, the orientation of the Moon exhibits small oscillations of the pole direction in space and rotation about the pole.
This libration can be differentiated between forced and free libration.... | Libration | Wikipedia | 423 | 314494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
Free physical libration
A free physical libration is similar to the solution of the reduced equation for linear differential equations. The periods of the free librations can be calculated, but their amplitudes must be measured. Lunar Laser Ranging provides the determinations. The two largest free librations were disc... | Libration | Wikipedia | 199 | 314494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libration | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
The dire wolf (Aenocyon dirus ) is an extinct canine. The dire wolf lived in the Americas during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs (125,000–9,500 years ago). A putative, controversial fossil was recently reported from northeast China, but other researchers questioned the taxonomic attribution of this speci... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 450 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
From the 1850s, the fossil remains of extinct large wolves were being found in the United States, and it was not immediately clear that these all belonged to one species. The first specimen of what would later become associated with Aenocyon dirus was found in mid-1854 in the bed of the Ohio River near Evansville, Indi... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 254 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In 1876 the zoologist Joel Asaph Allen discovered the remains of Canis mississippiensis (Allen 1876) and associated these with C.dirus (Leidy 1858) and Canis indianensis (Leidy 1869). As so little was found of these three specimens, Allen thought it best to leave each specimen listed under its provisional name until mo... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 475 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In 2021, a DNA study found the dire wolf to be a highly divergent lineage when compared with the extant wolf-like canines, and this finding is consistent with the previously proposed taxonomic classification of the dire wolf as genus Aenocyon (Ancient Greek: "terrible wolf") as proposed by Merriam in 1918.
Evolution
I... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 416 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In 1974 Robert A. Martin proposed that the large North American wolf C. armbrusteri (Armbruster's wolf) was C. lupus. Nowak, Kurtén, and Annalisa Berta proposed that C. dirus was not derived from C. lupus. In 1987, a new hypothesis proposed that a mammal population could give rise to a larger form called a hypermorph d... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 487 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
C. dirus lived in the Late Pleistocene to the early Holocene, 125,000–10,000 YBP (years before present), in North and South America. The majority of fossils from the eastern C. d. dirus have been dated 125,000–75,000 YBP, but the western fossils are not only smaller in size but more recent; thus it has been proposed t... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 469 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In South America, C. dirus specimens dated to the Late Pleistocene were found along the north and west coasts, but none have been found in Argentina, an area that was inhabited by Canis gezi and Canis nehringi. Given their similarities and timeframes, it is proposed that C. gezi was the ancestor of Canis nehringi. One ... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 420 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In 2021, researchers sequenced the nuclear DNA (from the cell nucleus) taken from five dire wolf fossils dating from 13,000 to 50,000 years ago. The sequences indicate the dire wolf to be a highly divergent lineage which last shared a most recent common ancestor with the wolf-like canines 5.7 million years ago. The stu... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 346 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Radiocarbon dating
The age of most dire wolf localities is determined solely by biostratigraphy, but biostratigraphy is an unreliable indicator within asphalt deposits. Some sites have been radiocarbon dated, with dire wolf specimens from the LaBrea pits dated in calendar years as follows: 82 specimens dated 13,000–14,... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 418 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Geographic differences in dire wolves were not detected until 1984, when a study of skeletal remains showed differences in a few cranio-dental features and limb proportions between specimens from California and Mexico (A.d.guildayi) and those found from the east of the Continental Divide (A.d.dirus). A comparison of li... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 475 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Ecological factors such as habitat type, climate, prey specialization, and predatory competition have been shown to greatly influence gray wolf craniodental plasticity, which is an adaptation of the cranium and teeth due to the influences of the environment. Similarly, the dire wolf was a hypercarnivore, with a skull a... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 290 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Coastal southern California from 60,000YBP to the end of the Last Glacial Maximum was cooler and with a more balanced supply of moisture than today. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the mean annual temperature decreased from down to degrees, and annual precipitation had decreased from down to . This region was unaff... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 319 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
A range of animal and plant specimens that became entrapped and were then preserved in tar pits have been removed and studied so that researchers can learn about the past. The Rancho LaBrea tar pits located near Los Angeles in Southern California are a collection of pits of sticky asphalt deposits that differ in deposi... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 457 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
A study of isotope data of La Brea dire wolf fossils dated 10,000YBP provides evidence that the horse was an important prey species at the time, and that sloth, mastodon, bison, and camel were less common in the dire wolf diet. This indicates that the dire wolf was not a prey specialist, and at the close of the Late Pl... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 497 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
A study of the cranial measurements and jaw muscles of dire wolves found no significant differences with modern gray wolves in all but 4 of 15 measures. Upper dentition was the same except that the dire wolf had larger dimensions, and the P4 had a relatively larger, more massive blade that enhanced slicing ability at t... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 471 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The difference between the male and female of a species apart from their sex organs is called sexual dimorphism, and in this regard little variance exists among the canids. A study of dire wolf remains dated 15,360–14,310YBP and taken from one pit that focused on skull length, canine tooth size, and lower molar length ... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 495 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Tooth breakage is related to a carnivore's behavior. A study of nine modern carnivores found that one in four adults had suffered tooth breakage and that half of these breakages were of the canine teeth. The most breakage occurred in the spotted hyena that consumes all of its prey including the bone; the least breakage... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 452 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
A later La Brea pits study compared tooth breakage of dire wolves in two time periods. One pit contained fossil dire wolves dated 15,000YBP and another dated 13,000YBP. The results showed that the 15,000YBP dire wolves had three times more tooth breakage than the 13,000YBP dire wolves, whose breakage matched those of n... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 475 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
The results of a study of dental microwear on tooth enamel for specimens of the carnivore species from LaBrea pits, including dire wolves, suggest that these carnivores were not food-stressed just before their extinction. The evidence also indicated that the extent of carcass utilization (i.e., amount consumed relative... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 470 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Dire wolf information based on skull measurements
!scope="col"| Variable
!scope="col"| 28,000 YBP
!scope="col"| 26,100 YBP
!scope="col"| 17,900 YBP
!scope="col"| 13,800 YBP
|-
!scope="row"| Body size
| largest
| large
| smallest
| medium/small
|-
!scope="row"| Tooth br... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 402 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Specimens that have been identified by morphology as Beringian wolves (C.lupus) and radiocarbon dated 25,800–14,300 YBP have been found in the Natural Trap Cave at the base of the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming, in the western United States. The location is directly south of what would at that time have been a division b... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 378 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In the United States, dire wolf fossils have been reported in Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, and Nevada. The identity of fossils reported farther north than... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 371 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In South America, dire wolves have been dated younger than 17,000 YBP and have been reported from six localities: Muaco in the western Falcón state of Venezuela, Talara Province in Peru, Monagas state in eastern Venezuela, the Tarija Department in Bolivia, Atacama Desert of Chile, and Ecuador. If the dire wolf originat... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 463 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
Ancient DNA and radiocarbon data indicate that local genetic populations were replaced by others within the same species or by others within the same genus. Both the dire wolf and the Beringian wolf went extinct in North America, leaving only the less carnivorous and more gracile form of the wolf to thrive, which may h... | Dire wolf | Wikipedia | 477 | 314510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire%20wolf | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
In geometry, an octagon () is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.
A regular octagon has Schläfli symbol {8} and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, {16}. A 3D analog of the octagon can be the rhombicuboctahedro... | Octagon | Wikipedia | 462 | 314575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
where S is the span of the octagon, or the second-shortest diagonal; and a is the length of one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if one takes an octagon, draws a square around the outside (making sure that four of the eight sides overlap with the four sides of the square) and then takes the corner triangle... | Octagon | Wikipedia | 418 | 314575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be constructed as follows:
Draw a circle and a diameter AOE, where O is the center and A, E are points on the circumcircle.
Draw another diameter GOC, perpendicular to AOE.
(Note in passing that A,C,E,G are vertices of a square).
Draw the bisectors of the right angles GOA a... | Octagon | Wikipedia | 457 | 314575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
A skew octagon is a skew polygon with eight vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an octagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag octagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.
A regular skew octagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In three dimensi... | Octagon | Wikipedia | 435 | 314575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
The octagonal shape is used as a design element in architecture. The Dome of the Rock has a characteristic octagonal plan. The Tower of the Winds in Athens is another example of an octagonal structure. The octagonal plan has also been in church architecture such as St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Basilica of San V... | Octagon | Wikipedia | 240 | 314575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
A pebble is a clast of rock with a particle size of based on the Udden-Wentworth scale of sedimentology. Pebbles are generally considered larger than granules ( in diameter) and smaller than cobbles ( in diameter). A rock made predominantly of pebbles is termed a conglomerate. Pebble tools are among the earliest know... | Pebble | Wikipedia | 378 | 314610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
Beach pebbles form gradually over time as the ocean water washes over loose rock particles. The result is a smooth, rounded appearance. The typical size range is from 2 mm to 50 mm. The colors range from translucent white to black, and include shades of yellow, brown, red and green. Some of the more plentiful pebble ... | Pebble | Wikipedia | 499 | 314610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in temperature; it should not be confused with decorated objects in "painted enamel", where vitreous enamel is applied with brushes and fired in a kiln. The... | Enamel paint | Wikipedia | 364 | 314650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel%20paint | Technology | Artist's and drafting tools | null |
Enamels paints can also refer to nitrocellulose based paints, one of the first modern commercial paints of the 20th century. They have since been superseded by new synthetic coatings like alkyd, acrylic and vinyl, due to toxicity, safety, and conservation (tendency to age yellow) concerns. In art has been used also by ... | Enamel paint | Wikipedia | 301 | 314650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel%20paint | Technology | Artist's and drafting tools | null |
Uses and categories
Floor enamel – May be used for concrete, stairs, basements, porches, and patios.
Fast dry enamel – Can dry within 10–15 minutes of application. Ideal for refrigerators, counters, and other industrial finishes.
High-temp enamel – May be used for engines, brake calipers, exhaust pipe and BBQs.
Enamel ... | Enamel paint | Wikipedia | 233 | 314650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamel%20paint | Technology | Artist's and drafting tools | null |
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tracts of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus. It also formerly included an important cause of diarr... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 403 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
The genus, as traditionally defined, contains many organisms not closely related to its type species. The issue was originally illustrated in full detail by a rRNA phylogeny from Collins 1994, which split the traditional genus (now corresponding to a large slice of Clostridia) into twenty clusters, with cluster I conta... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 506 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
There is a commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test kit (Bactotype) for the detection of C. perfringens and other pathogenic bacteria.
Biology and pathogenesis
Clostridium species are readily found inhabiting soils and intestinal tracts. Clostridium species are also a normal inhabitant of the health... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 381 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
The vegetative cells of clostridia are heat-labile and are killed by short heating at temperatures above . The thermal destruction of Clostridium spores requires higher temperatures (above , for example in an autoclave) and longer cooking times (20 min, with a few exceptional cases of more than 50 min recorded in the l... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 262 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
Use
Clostridium thermocellum can use lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in production of ethanol fuel. It also has no oxygen requirement and is thermophilic, which reduces cooling cost.
Clostridium acetobutylicum was first used by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 494 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
Nonpathogenic strains of Clostridium may help in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Research shows that Clostridium can selectively target cancer cells. Some strains can enter and replicate within solid tumors. Clostridium could, therefore, be used to deliver therapeutic proteins to tumours. This use of Clostrid... | Clostridium | Wikipedia | 130 | 314788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium | Biology and health sciences | Gram-positive bacteria | Plants |
Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing. Unlike ocean liners, which are used for transport, cruise ships typically embark on round-trip voyages to various ports of call, where passengers may go on tours known as "shore excursions".
Modern cruise ships tend to have less hull strength, speed, ... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 507 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
P&O first introduced passenger-cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind. P&O Cruises is the world's oldest cruise line. The company later introduced... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 441 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
With the advent of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers switched from ships to planes, sending the ocean liner trade into a terminal decline. Certain characteristics of older ocean liners made them unsuitable for cruising duties, such as high fuel consumption, deep draught preventing th... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 451 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Contemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such as the which broke the size record held for decades by Norway, showed characteristics of size once reserved for ocean liners. The Sovereign-class ships were the first "megaships" to be built specifically for the mass cruising market. They also were the ... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 427 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
In two short decades (1988–2009), the largest class cruise ships have grown a third longer (), doubled their widths (), nearly tripled the total passenger count (2,744 to 7,600), and more than tripled in volume (73,000 to 248,000 GT). Also, the "megaships" went from a single deck with verandas to all decks with veranda... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 410 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
A wave of failures and consolidations in the 1990s led to many cruise lines being bought by much larger holding companies and continue to operate as "brands" or subsidiaries of the holding company. Brands continue to be maintained partly because of the expectation of repeat customer loyalty, and also to offer different... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 332 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Some cruise lines have specialties; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over 50 years old aboard their ships, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar Cruises only operate tall ships. Regent Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels—smaller than the "megaships" of Carn... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 296 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Dining on almost all cruise ships is included in the cruise price. Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining, and passengers are allocated a set dining time for the entire cruise; a recent trend is to allow diners to dine whenever they want. Having two dinn... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 466 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Other on-board facilities
Modern cruise ships typically have aboard some or all of the following facilities:
Buffet restaurant
Card room
Casino – Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws
Child care facilities
Cinema
Clubs
Fitness center
Hot tub
Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool wit... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 479 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Business model
Most cruise lines since the 2000s have to some extent priced the cruising experience à la carte, as passenger spending aboard generates significantly more than ticket sales. The passenger's ticket includes the stateroom accommodation, room service, unlimited meals in the main dining room (or main restaur... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 488 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Cruise ship utilization
Cruise ships and former liners sometimes find use in applications other than those for which they were built. Due to slower speed and reduced seaworthiness, as well as being largely introduced after several major wars, cruise ships have also been used as troop transport vessels. By contrast, oce... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 497 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
The number of cruise tourists worldwide in 2005 was estimated at some 14 million. The main region for cruising was North America (70% of cruises), where the Caribbean islands were the most popular destinations.
The second most popular region was continental Europe (13%), where the fastest growing segment is cruises in... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 507 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Alaskan cruising industry
2016 was the most recent year of CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) studies conducted around the cruise industry specifically in the US and more specifically Alaska. In 2016, Alaskan cruises generated nearly 5 million passenger and crew visits, 20.3% of all passenger and crew visit... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 509 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by three European companies and one Asian company:
Chantiers de l’Atlantique of France.
Fincantieri of Italy with:
Ancona shipyards (located at Ancona)
Marghera shipyards (located at Marghera, Venice)
Monfalcone shipyards (located at Monfalcone, Gorizia)
Sest... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 441 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Crime on-board
Passengers entering the cruise ship are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosives trace-detection portal machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"), to prevent weapons, drugs and other contraband on board. Security has been considerably tightened since ... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 451 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Overboard drownings
Passengers and crew sometimes drown after going overboard in what the industry calls man-overboard incidents (MOBs). From 2000 to 2018 more than 300 people fell off cruise ships or large ferries, which is an average of about 1.5 people each month. Of those, only about 17 to 25 percent were rescued. ... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 506 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Norovirus outbreaks are often perceived to be associated with cruise ships. According to the United States CDC, the factors that cause norovirus to be associated with cruise ships include the closer tracking and faster reporting of illnesses on cruise ships compared to those on land; the closer living quarters that inc... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 456 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is a form of E. coli and the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea in the developing world, as well as the most common cause of diarrhea for travelers to those areas. Since 2008 there has been at least one reported incident each year of E. coli on i... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 488 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by diesel generators, although an increasing number of new ships are fueled by liquified natural gas (LNG). When docked, ships must run their generators continuously to power on-board facilities, unless they are capable of using onshore power, where available. So... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 461 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
: caught fire and sank on 24 October 1961, one dead.
: caught fire and sank on 11 October 1980, with no fatalities.
: accidentally hit a rock 16 February 1986, one dead.
: sank on 21 October 1988 after accidentally colliding with the cargo ship Adige, 4 dead.
: accidentally sunk on 4 August 1991 after suffering unc... | Cruise ship | Wikipedia | 270 | 314855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Oryx ( ) is a genus consisting of four large antelope species called oryxes. Their pelage is pale with contrasting dark markings in the face and on the legs, and their long horns are almost straight. The exception is the scimitar oryx, which lacks dark markings on the legs, only has faint dark markings on the head, ha... | Oryx | Wikipedia | 410 | 314907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Scimitar oryx
The scimitar oryx, also called the scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah), of North Africa used to be listed as extinct in the wild, but it is now declared as endangered. Unconfirmed surviving populations have been reported in central Niger and Chad, and a semi-wild population currently inhabiting a fenced na... | Oryx | Wikipedia | 369 | 314907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
At one time, numbers of oryx in New Mexico were estimated to be around 6,000 (original release numbers were less than 100). Today, numbers have been held around the 2,000 mark through managed hunting efforts. The success of the oryx in New Mexico is due in part to the abundance of food. In Africa, they eat grasses, for... | Oryx | Wikipedia | 481 | 314907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Oryxes in popular culture
The oryx is the national animal of Namibia, the State of Qatar, and the company Qatar Airways has an oryx as its logo.
The main boss of the MMO game Realm of the Mad God is Oryx the Mad God, named after the creator of the original sprite sheets, Oryx. His four direct subordinates also bear th... | Oryx | Wikipedia | 378 | 314907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryx | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Myxozoa (etymology: Greek: μύξα myxa "slime" or "mucus" + thematic vowel o + ζῷον zoon "animal") is a subphylum of aquatic cnidarian animals – all obligate parasites. It contains the smallest animals ever known to have lived. Over 2,180 species have been described and some estimates have suggested at least 30,000 undis... | Myxozoa | Wikipedia | 357 | 314911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa | Biology and health sciences | Cnidarians | Animals |
Only about 100 life cycles have been resolved and it is suspected that there may be some exclusively terrestrial. The mechanism of infection occurs through valve spores that have many forms, but their main morphology is the same: one or two sporoplasts, which are the real infectious agent, surrounded by a layer of flat... | Myxozoa | Wikipedia | 388 | 314911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa | Biology and health sciences | Cnidarians | Animals |
Relationships between myxosporeans and their hosts are often highly evolved and do not usually result in severe diseases of the natural host. Infection in fish hosts can be extremely long-lasting, potentially persisting for the lifetime of the host. However, an increasing number of myxosporeans have become pathogens wi... | Myxozoa | Wikipedia | 364 | 314911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa | Biology and health sciences | Cnidarians | Animals |
Myxozoans have secondarily lost epithelial structures, a nervous system, gut, and cilia. Most lack muscles, though these are retained in some members of malacosporea. Those who have lost their muscles move around inside the host using other forms of locomotion, such as the use of filopodia, spore valve contractions, am... | Myxozoa | Wikipedia | 434 | 314911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa | Biology and health sciences | Cnidarians | Animals |
Further testing resolved the genetic conundrum by sourcing the first three previously identified discrepant HOX genes (Myx1-3) to the bryozoan Cristatella mucedo and the fourth (Myx4) to northern pike, the respective hosts of the two corresponding Myxozoa samples. This explained the confusion: the original experiments ... | Myxozoa | Wikipedia | 293 | 314911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxozoa | Biology and health sciences | Cnidarians | Animals |
An aquatic animal is any animal, whether vertebrate or invertebrate, that lives in a body of water for all or most of its lifetime. Aquatic animals generally conduct gas exchange in water by extracting dissolved oxygen via specialised respiratory organs called gills, through the skin or across enteral mucosae, although... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 470 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Aquatic animals can be separated into four main groups according to their positions within the water column.
Neustons ("floaters"), more specifically the zooneustons, inhabit the surface ecosystem and use buoyancy to stay at the water surface, sometimes with appendages hanging from the underside for foraging (e.g. Por... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 307 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Benthos ("bottom dwellers") inhabit the benthic zone at the floor of water bodies, which include both shallow sea (coastal, littoral and neritic) and deep sea communities. These animals include sessile organisms (e.g. sponges, sea anemones, corals, sea pens, sea lilies and sea squirts, some of which are reef-builders c... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 233 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Aquatic animals (especially freshwater animals) are often of special concern to conservationists because of the fragility of their environments. Aquatic animals are subject to pressure from overfishing/hunting, destructive fishing, water pollution, acidification, climate change and competition from invasive species. Ma... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 319 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Air-breathing aquatic animals
In addition to water-breathing animals (e.g. fish, most molluscs, etc.), the term "aquatic animal" can be applied to air-breathing tetrapods who have evolved for aquatic life. The most proliferative extant group are the marine mammals, such as Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises, with... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 398 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Amphibians, while still requiring access to water to inhabit, are separated into their own ecological classification. The majority of amphibians — except the order Gymnophiona (caecilians), which are mainly terrestrial burrowers — have a fully aquatic larval form known as tadpoles, but those from the order Anura (frogs... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 438 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
As a food source
Aquatic animals are important to humans as a source of food (i.e. seafood) and as raw material for fodders (e.g. feeder fish and fish meal), pharmaceuticals (e.g. fish oil, krill oil, cytarabine and bryostatin) and various industrial chemicals (e.g. chitin and bioplastics, formerly also whale oil). Th... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 502 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Where sex-disaggregated data are available, approximately 24 percent of the total workforce were women; of these, 53 percent were employed in the sector on a full-time basis, a great improvement since 1995, when only 32 percent of women were employed full time.
Aquatic animal are highly perishable and several chemical... | Aquatic animal | Wikipedia | 361 | 314928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20animal | Biology and health sciences | General classifications | Animals |
Yellowjacket or yellowjacket is the common name in North America for predatory social wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Members of these genera are known simply as "wasps" in other English-speaking countries. Most of these are black and yellow like the eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons) and the ae... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 322 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Yellowjackets have lance-like stingers with small barbs, and typically sting repeatedly, though occasionally a stinger becomes lodged and pulls free of the wasp's body; the venom, like most bee and wasp venoms, is primarily dangerous to only those humans who are allergic or are stung many times. All species have yellow... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 434 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
From this time until her death in the autumn, the queen remains inside the nest, laying eggs. The colony then expands rapidly, reaching a maximum size of 4,000–5,000 workers and a nest of 10,000–15,000 cells in late summer. The species V. squamosa, in the southern part of its range, may build much larger perennial colo... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 384 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Notable species
Two of the European yellowjacket species, the German wasp (Vespula germanica), and the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) were originally native to Europe, but are now established as invasives in southern Africa, New Zealand, eastern Australia, and South America.
The North American yellowjacket (Vespula al... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 390 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The German yellowjacket (V. germanica) first appeared in Ohio in 1975, and has now become the dominant species over the eastern yellowjacket. It is bold and aggressive and can sting repeatedly and painfully. It will mark aggressors and pursue them. It is often confused with Polistes dominula, another invasive species i... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 485 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The Marvel Comics character Yellowjacket, who is based on the insect, is one of the various identities adopted by Hank Pym, who is most commonly known as Ant-Man. In addition to being able to fly, emit bio-electrictry inspired by a yellowjacket's sting, and shrink down to insect size, Yellowjacket can also control the ... | Yellowjacket | Wikipedia | 188 | 314968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowjacket | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The ricefishes are a family (Adrianichthyidae) of small ray-finned fish that are found in fresh and brackish waters from India to Japan and out into the Malay Archipelago, most notably Sulawesi (where the Lake Poso and Lore Lindu species are known as buntingi). The common name ricefish derives from the fact that some s... | Ricefish | Wikipedia | 488 | 315245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricefish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Reproduction
As with most fish, ricefish typically spawn their eggs, which are fertilised externally. However, some species, including the Japanese ricefish, are known to fertilise the eggs internally, carrying them inside the body as the embryo develops. The female then lays the eggs just before they hatch. Several ot... | Ricefish | Wikipedia | 81 | 315245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricefish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
A blade is the sharp, cutting portion of a tool, weapon, or machine, specifically designed to puncture, chop, slice, or scrape surfaces or materials. Blades are typically made from materials that are harder than those they are intended to cut. This includes early examples made from flaked stones like flint or obsidian,... | Blade | Wikipedia | 494 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
The angle at which the faces meet is important as a larger angle will make for a duller blade while making the edge stronger. A stronger edge is less likely to dull from fracture or have the edge roll out of shape.
The shape of the blade is also important. A thicker blade will be heavier and stronger and stiffer than ... | Blade | Wikipedia | 340 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
A serrated edge, such as on a saw or a bread knife, concentrates force onto the tips of the serrations which increases pressure as well as allowing soft or fibrous material (like wood, rope, bread, and vegetables) to expand into the spaces between serrations. Whereas pushing any knife, even a bread knife, down onto a b... | Blade | Wikipedia | 446 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
Materials
Typically blades are made from a material that is about as hard, though usually harder, than the material to be cut. Insufficiently hard blades will be unable to cut a material or will wear away quickly as hardness is related to a material's ability to resist abrasion. However, blades must also be tough enoug... | Blade | Wikipedia | 273 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
Prehistorically, and in less technologically advanced cultures even into modern times, tool and weapon blades have been made from wood, bone, and stone. Most woods are exceptionally poor at holding edges and bone and stone suffer from brittleness making them suffer from fracture when striking or struck. In modern times... | Blade | Wikipedia | 487 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
Various alloys of steel can be made which offer a wide range of physical and chemical properties desirable for blades. For example, surgical scalpels are often made of stainless steel so that they remain free of rust and largely chemically inert; tool steels are hard and impact resistant (and often expensive as retaini... | Blade | Wikipedia | 509 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
The more acute the blade, the more easily it will dull. As the blade near the edge is thinner, there is little material to remove before the edge is worn away to a thicker section. Thin edges can also roll over when force is applied it them, forming a section like the bottom part of a letter "J". For this reason, strai... | Blade | Wikipedia | 499 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
S3 A drop point blade has a convex curve of the back towards the point. It handles much like the clip-point, though with a stronger point typically less suitable for piercing. Swiss army pocket knives often have drop-points on their larger blades.
S4 A clip-point blade is like a normal blade with the back "clipped". T... | Blade | Wikipedia | 466 | 315320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade | Technology | Rigid components | null |
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