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With overhead transmission lines, the propagation of lightning and switching surges can cause insulation failures into substation equipment. Line entrance surge arrestors are used to protect substation equipment accordingly. Insulation Coordination studies are carried out extensively to ensure equipment failure (and as... | Substation | Wikipedia | 386 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Underneath a substation, a mat or grid of conductors laid around underground provides grounding. This grid, which is typically copper although it may be galvanized iron in some countries, is used to ground circuits that are being worked on to prevent accidental re-energization while workers are in contact with a de-e... | Substation | Wikipedia | 409 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Outdoor, above-ground substation structures include wood pole, lattice metal tower, and tubular metal structures, although other variants are available. Where space is plentiful and appearance of the station is not a factor, steel lattice towers provide low-cost supports for transmission lines and apparatus. Low-profil... | Substation | Wikipedia | 191 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Switchgear
High-voltage circuit breakers are commonly used to interrupt the flow of current in substation equipment. At the time of interruption, current could be normal, too high due to excessive load, unusual due to a fault, or tripped by protective relays prior to anticipated trouble. The most common technologies ... | Substation | Wikipedia | 502 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Vacuum is a better insulator than air but less than gas or oil. Vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) are smaller than air circuit breakers and are commonly used in distribution and other switchgear under 35kv.
Mixed, including both gas and air insulation. Although it’s the least common option it can be useful when an air-insu... | Substation | Wikipedia | 87 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Reclosers are similar to breakers, and can be cheaper because they do not require separate protective relays. Often used in distribution, they often are programmed to trip when the amps exceed a certain amount over a period of time. Reclosers will attempt to re-energize the circuit after a delay. If unsuccessful for a ... | Substation | Wikipedia | 510 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Maintenance
Maintenance of substations involves inspections, data collection and analysis, and routine scheduled work. Using methods such as infrared scanning and dissolved gas analysis, it can be predicted when the substation will need maintenance and predict dangers before they materialize. Infrared technology finds ... | Substation | Wikipedia | 323 | 320217 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substation | Technology | Electricity transmission and distribution | null |
Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic (vermicide) properties and was formerly important as ... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 421 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
When dissolved in water, the dye has a blue-violet colour with an absorbance maximum at 590 nm and an extinction coefficient of 87,000 M−1 cm−1. The colour of the dye depends on the acidity of the solution. At a pH of +1.0, the dye is green with absorption maxima at 420 nm and 620 nm, while in a strongly acidic solutio... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 419 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
Science
When conducting DNA gel electrophoresis, crystal violet can be used as a nontoxic DNA stain as an alternative to fluorescent, intercalating dyes such as ethidium bromide. Used in this manner, it may be either incorporated into the agarose gel or applied after the electrophoresis process is finished. Used at a ... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 395 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
Medical
Gentian violet has antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antitrypanosomal, antiangiogenic, and antitumor properties. It is used medically for these properties, in particular for dentistry, and is also known as "pyoctanin" (or "pyoctanine"). It is commonly used for:
Marking the skin for surgery preparation... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 459 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
Gentian violet
The name "gentian violet" (or Gentianaviolett in German) is thought to have been introduced by the German pharmacist Georg Grübler, who in 1880 started a company in Leipzig that specialized in the sale of staining reagents for histology. The gentian violet stain marketed by Grübler probably contained a m... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 499 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
Precautions
One study in mice demonstrated dose-related carcinogenic potential at several different organ sites. The Food and Drug Administration in the US (FDA) has determined that gentian violet has not been shown by adequate scientific data to be safe for use in animal feed. Use of gentian violet in animal feed caus... | Crystal violet | Wikipedia | 279 | 1506024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20violet | Physical sciences | Organic salts | Chemistry |
In biology, the epigenome of an organism is the collection of chemical changes to its DNA and histone proteins that affects when, where, and how the DNA is expressed; these changes can be passed down to an organism's offspring via transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Changes to the epigenome can result in changes ... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 425 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Methylation sites
CoRSIVs are Correlated Regions of Systemic Interindividual Variation in DNA methylation. They span only 0.1% of the human genome, so they are very rare; they can be inter-correlated over long genomic distances (>50 kbp). CoRSIVs are also associated with genes involved in a lot of human disorders, inc... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 373 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Factors affecting methylation pattern
Quantification of the heritable basis underlying population epigenomic variation is also important to delineate its cis- and trans-regulatory architecture. In particular, most studies state that inter-individual differences in DNA methylation are mainly determined by cis-regulator... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 436 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The percentage of DNA methylation is different in oocytes and in sperm: the mature oocyte has an intermediate level of DNA methylation (72%), instead the sperm has high level of DNA methylation (86%). Demethylation in paternal genome occurs quickly after fertilisation, whereas the maternal genome is quite resistant at ... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 506 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
The study made by Onuchic et al. was aimed to construct the maps of allelic imbalances in DNA methylation, gene transcription, and also of histone modifications. 36 cell and tissue types from 13 participant donors were used to examine 71 epigenomes. The results of WGBS tested on 49 methylomes revealed CpG methylation i... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 441 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Non-coding RNA gene silencing
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) gene silencing involves various types of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). These RNA molecules can modulate gene expression by various mechanisms, including mRNA degradation, inhibition... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 475 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Secondly, boundary regions block heterochromatin spreading, thus preventing the loss of useful genetic informations. This information derives from the observation that the heterochromatin mark H3K9me3 sequences clearly interrupts near boundary sequences.
Thirdly, transcription start sites (TSS), housekeeping genes and... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 472 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Aging
The idea that DNA damage drives aging by compromising transcription and DNA replication has been widely supported since it was initially developed the 1980s. In recent decades, evidence has accumulated supporting the additional idea that DNA damage and repair elicit widespread epigenome alterations that also con... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 327 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
Histone Modifications – Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) identifies genome wide patterns of histone modifications using antibodies against the modifications.
DNA Methylation – Whole Genome Bisulfite-Seq, Reduced Representation Bisulfite-Seq (RRBS), Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (MeDI... | Epigenome | Wikipedia | 236 | 1506087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenome | Biology and health sciences | Genetics | Biology |
In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. However, a set of four or more distinct points will, in general, not lie in a ... | Coplanarity | Wikipedia | 512 | 1508434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Geometric shapes
A skew polygon is a polygon whose vertices are not coplanar. Such a polygon must have at least four vertices; there are no skew triangles.
A polyhedron that has positive volume has vertices that are not all coplanar. | Coplanarity | Wikipedia | 54 | 1508434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity | Mathematics | Two-dimensional space | null |
Magnetostatics is the study of magnetic fields in systems where the currents are steady (not changing with time). It is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics, where the charges are stationary. The magnetization need not be static; the equations of magnetostatics can be used to predict fast magnetic switching events t... | Magnetostatics | Wikipedia | 489 | 1509289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostatics | Physical sciences | Magnetism | null |
This technique works well for problems where the medium is a vacuum or air or some similar material with a relative permeability of 1. This includes air-core inductors and air-core transformers. One advantage of this technique is that, if a coil has a complex geometry, it can be divided into sections and the integral e... | Magnetostatics | Wikipedia | 364 | 1509289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostatics | Physical sciences | Magnetism | null |
The black turtle bean is a small, shiny variety of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) especially popular in Latin American cuisine, though it can also be found in the Cajun and Creole cuisines of south Louisiana. Like all varieties of the common bean, it is native to the Americas, but has been introduced around the w... | Black turtle bean | Wikipedia | 477 | 1509614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20turtle%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
It is also common to keep the boiled water of these beans (which acquires a black coloring) and consume it as a soup with other ingredients for seasoning (known as sopa negra, black soup, or as sopa de frijoles, bean soup), as a broth (caldo de frijol, bean broth) or to season or color other dishes (aforementioned gall... | Black turtle bean | Wikipedia | 121 | 1509614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20turtle%20bean | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
A Bering Strait crossing is a hypothetical bridge or tunnel that would span the relatively narrow and shallow Bering Strait between the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. The crossing would provide a connection linking the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
With the two Diomede ... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 482 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
A Nazi plan to create a wide-gauge railroad called the Breitspurbahn was mooted to connect the cities of Europe, India, China and ultimately North America via the Bering Strait. The railroad was never built.
Interest was renewed during World War II with the completion in 19421943 of the Alaska Highway, linking the rem... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 357 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
Several American entrepreneurs have also advanced private-sector proposals, such as an Alaska-based limited-liability company InterBering founded in 2010 to lobby for a cross-straits connection, and a 2018 cryptocurrency offering to fund the construction of a tunnel. In 2005, investor Neil Bush, younger brother of U.S.... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 511 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
Likely route and expenses
Bridge option
If the crossing is chosen as a bridge, it would probably connect Wales, Alaska, to a location south of Uelen. The bridge would also likely be divided by the Diomede Islands, which are at the middle of the Bering Strait.
In 1994, Lin estimated the cost of a bridge to be "a few ... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 500 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
Another complicating factor is the different track gauges in use. Mainline rail in the US, Canada, China, and the Koreas uses standard gauge of 1435 millimeters. Russia uses the slightly broader Russian gauge of 1520 mm. Solutions to this break of gauge include:
To have all cargo in containers, which are fairly easil... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 464 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
In late August 2011, at a conference in Yakutsk in eastern Russia, the plan was backed by some of President Dmitry Medvedev's top officials, including Aleksandr Levinthal, the deputy federal representative for the Russian Far East. Supporters of the idea believed that it would be a faster, safer, and cheaper way to mov... | Bering Strait crossing | Wikipedia | 471 | 1510249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering%20Strait%20crossing | Technology | Multi-modal crossings | null |
Picea glauca (Moench) Voss., the white spruce, is a species of spruce native to the northern temperate and boreal forests in Canada and United States, North America.
Picea glauca is native from central Alaska all through the east, across western and southern/central Canada to the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland, Que... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 486 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Each seed is clasped by a thin wing 2 to 4 times as long as the seed. Seed and wing are appressed to the cone scale. Embryo and megagametophyte are soft and translucent at first; later the endosperm becomes firm and milky white, while the embryo becomes cream-coloured or light yellow. At maturity, the testa darkens rap... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 405 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The root system of white spruce is highly variable and adaptable, responding to a variety of edaphic factors, especially soil moisture, soil fertility, and mechanical impedance. On soils that limit rooting depth, the root system is plate-like, but it is a common misconception to assume that white spruce is genetically ... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 420 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Several geographical varieties have been described, but are not accepted as distinct by all authors. These comprise, from east to west:
Picea glauca var. glauca (typical or eastern white spruce): from Newfoundland west to eastern Alberta, on lowland plains.
Picea glauca var. densata (Black Hills white spruce): The Blac... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 205 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
White spruce has a transcontinental range in North America. In Canada, its contiguous distribution encompasses virtually the whole of the Boreal, Subalpine, Montane, Columbia, Great Lakes–St. Lawrence, and Acadian Forest Regions, extending into every province and territory. On the west coast of Hudson Bay, it extends t... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 477 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The southern edge of the zone in which white spruce forms 60% or more of the total stand corresponds more or less to the July isotherm of around the Great Lakes; in the Prairie Provinces its limit is north of this isotherm. During the summer solstice, day length values range from 17 hours at its southern limits to 24 ... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 262 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The range of white spruce extends westwards from Newfoundland and Labrador, and along the northern limit of trees to Hudson Bay, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and into northwestern Alaska. Across western Canada and Alaska, white spruce occurs further north than black spruce, and, while poplar (Populus), willow, and bir... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 410 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The southern limit of distribution of white spruce is more complex. From east of the main range of coastal mountains in British Columbia, the southern continuous limit of white spruce is the forest/prairie interface through Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the northern parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, central Michigan... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 463 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
White spruce is a climax canopy tree in the boreal forests of Canada and Alaska. It generally occurs on well-drained soils in alluvial and riparian zones, although it also occurs in soils of glacial and lacustrine origin. The understory is dominated by feather mosses (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 390 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
White spruce occurs on a wide variety of soils, including soils of glacial, lacustrine, marine, and alluvial origins; overlying basic dolomites, limestones and acidic Precambrian and Devonian granites and gneisses; and Silurian sedimentary schists, shales, slates, and conglomerates. The wide range of textures accommoda... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 422 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
On dry, deep, outwash deposits in northern Ontario, both white spruce and aspen grow slowly. But, broadly, white spruce is able to tolerate considerable droughtiness of sites that are fertile, and no fertile site is too moist unless soil moisture is stagnant. Soil fertility holds the key not just to white spruce growth... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 348 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
A considerable range of soil pH is tolerated by white spruce. Thrifty stands of white spruce in Manitoba have developed on soils of pH 7.6 at only 10 cm below the surface, and pH 8.4 at 43 cm below the surface; rooting depth in those soils was at least 81 cm. An abundant calcium supply is common to most white spruce lo... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 474 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Especially important in determining the response of white spruce to low temperatures is the physiological state of the various tissues, notably the degree of "hardening" or dormancy. A natural progression of hardening and dehardening occurs in concert with the seasons. While different tissues vary in ability to tolerat... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 448 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Neiland and Viereck noted that “the slow establishment and growth of spruce under birch stands [in Alaska] may be partially due to effects of shading and general competition for water and nutrients, but may also be more directly related to the birch itself. Heikinheimo found that birch ash inhibited white spruce seedli... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 194 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The White Spruce Cover Type may include other species in small numbers. In Alaska, associates include paper birch, trembling aspen, balsam poplar, and black spruce; in western Canada, additional associates are subalpine fir, balsam fir, Douglas-fir, jack pine, and lodgepole pine. Seral species giving way to white spruc... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 420 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
White spruce is an associated species in the following Eastern Forest cover types, by the Society of American Foresters; in the Boreal Forest Region: (1) jack pine, (5) balsam fir, (12) black spruce, (16) aspen, (18) paper birch, and (38) tamarack; in the Northern Forest Region: (15) red pine, (21) eastern white pine, ... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 460 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The fall and spring feeding group includes the dash-lined looper (Protoboarmia porcelaria indicataria), the diamond-backed looper (Hypagyrtis piniata), the fringed looper (Campaea perlata), and the false loopers (Syngrapha species). The summer feeding group includes the false hemlock looper (Nepytia canosaria Walker), ... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 487 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
The wood is also exported to Japan where, known as "shin-kaya", it is used to make go boards as a substitute for the rare kaya wood. Additionally, Picea glauca var. densata is used for bonsai.
White spruce is the provincial tree of Manitoba and the state tree of South Dakota.
The new growth or tips of white spruce is... | Picea glauca | Wikipedia | 99 | 1511050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20glauca | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Picea engelmannii, with the common names Engelmann spruce, white spruce, mountain spruce, and silver spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America. Highly prized for producing distinctive tone wood for acoustic guitars and other instruments, it is mostly a high-elevation mountain tree but also appears ... | Picea engelmannii | Wikipedia | 435 | 1511315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20engelmannii | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
It appears in the canyons of the Idaho Panhandle and more limitedly in the northeastern Olympic Mountains, which features some exceptionally large specimens, including one in diameter and tall. It can be found in the Cascade Range, mostly on the eastern slopes, from elevations of and liberally in the Rocky Mountains... | Picea engelmannii | Wikipedia | 413 | 1511315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20engelmannii | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Two geographical subspecies (treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others) occur:
Picea engelmannii subsp. engelmannii (Engelmann spruce). All of the range except as below.
Picea engelmannii subsp. mexicana (Mexican spruce). Two isolated populations on high mountains in northern Mexico, on th... | Picea engelmannii | Wikipedia | 311 | 1511315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea%20engelmannii | Biology and health sciences | Pinaceae | Plants |
Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene, . Astrapotheres were large, rhinoceros-like animals and have been called one of the most bizarre orders of mammals with an enigmatic evolutionary history.
The taxonomy of this or... | Astrapotheria | Wikipedia | 494 | 14411152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrapotheria | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Three families are recognized: Eoastrapostylopidae from the late Paleocene, Trigonostylopidae from the Paleocene-Eocene, and Astrapotheriidae from the Eocene-Miocene. The Brazilian, Itaboraian Tetragonostylops and the Argentinian, Riochican Eoastrapostylops are the oldest astrapotheres. The latter, with its low-crowned... | Astrapotheria | Wikipedia | 432 | 14411152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrapotheria | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Astrapotheriidae
Albertogaudrya
Antarctodon
Astraponotus
Astrapothericulus
Astrapotherium
Comahuetherium
Granastrapotherium
Hilarcotherium
Liarthrus
Maddenia
Parastrapotherium
Scaglia
Uruguaytherium
Xenastrapotherium
Eoastrapostylopidae
Eoastrapostylops
Trigonostylopidae
Shecenia
Te... | Astrapotheria | Wikipedia | 99 | 14411152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrapotheria | Biology and health sciences | Mammals: General | Animals |
Eczema herpeticum is a rare but severe and contagious disseminated infection that generally occurs at sites of skin damage produced by, for example, atopic dermatitis, burns, long-term usage of topical steroids or eczema. It is also known as Kaposi varicelliform eruption, Pustulosis varioliformis acute and Kaposi–Juliu... | Eczema herpeticum | Wikipedia | 427 | 4086303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eczema%20herpeticum | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Strix is a genus of owls in the typical owl family (Strigidae), one of the two generally accepted living families of owls, with the other being Tytonidae. Common names are earless owls or wood owls, though they are not the only owls without ear tufts, and "wood owl" is also used as a more generic name for forest-dwelli... | Strix (bird) | Wikipedia | 302 | 4093158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Strigiformes | Animals |
Species
The genus contains 22 species:
Spotted wood owl, S. seloputo
Mottled wood owl, S. ocellata
Brown wood owl, S. leptogrammica
Tawny owl, S. aluco
Maghreb owl, S. mauritanica
Himalayan owl, S. nivicolum
Desert owl, S. hadorami
Omani owl, S. butleri
Spotted owl, S. occidentalis
Barred owl, S. varia
Ci... | Strix (bird) | Wikipedia | 487 | 4093158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Strigiformes | Animals |
"Strix" ignota (Middle Miocene of Sansan, France) is sometimes erroneously considered a nomen nudum, but this assumption is based on what appears to be a lapsus or misprint in a 1912 source. It may well belong into the present genus, but this requires confirmation.
"Strix" perpasta (Late Miocene – Early Pliocene of Ga... | Strix (bird) | Wikipedia | 277 | 4093158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strix%20%28bird%29 | Biology and health sciences | Strigiformes | Animals |
An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generall... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 467 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Early designs
In 1863, two sail-driven tankers were built on England's River Tyne. These were followed in 1873 by the first oil-tank steamer, Vaderland (Fatherland), which was built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company for Belgian owners. The vessel's use was curtailed by US and Belgian authorities citing safety co... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 434 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
In 1883, oil tanker design took a large step forward. Working for the Nobel company, British engineer Colonel Henry F. Swan designed a set of three Nobel tankers. Instead of one or two large holds, Swan's design used several holds which spanned the width, or beam, of the ship. These holds were further subdivided into p... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 511 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
With facilities prepared in Jakarta, Singapore, Bangkok, Saigon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Kobe, the fledgling Shell company was ready to become Standard Oil's first challenger in the Asian market. On August 24, 1892, Murex became the first tanker to pass through the Suez Canal. By the time Shell merged with Royal Dutch... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 501 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Seawise Giant was renamed Happy Giant in 1989, Jahre Viking in 1991, and Knock Nevis in 2004 (when she was converted into a permanently moored storage tanker). In 2009 she was sold for the last time, renamed Mont, and scrapped.
As of 2011, the world's two largest working supertankers are the s TI Europe and TI Oceania... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 512 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Smaller tankers, ranging from well under 10,000 DWT to 80,000 DWT Panamax vessels, generally carry refined petroleum products, and are known as product tankers. The smallest tankers, with capacities under 10,000 DWT generally work near-coastal and inland waterways. Although they were in the past, ships of the smaller A... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 492 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
One of the key aspects of any charter party is the freight rate, or the price specified for carriage of cargo. The freight rate of a tanker charter party is specified in one of four ways: by a lump sum rate, by rate per ton, by a time charter equivalent rate, or by Worldscale rate. In a lump sum rate arrangement, a fix... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 421 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
From 2003, the demand for new ships started to grow, resulting in 2007 in a record breaking order backlog for shipyards, exceeding their capacity with rising newbuilding prices as a result. This resulted in a glut of ships when demand dropped due to a weakened global economy and dramatically reduced demand in the Unite... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 495 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
The main loading ports in 2005 were located in Western Asia, Western Africa, North Africa, and the Caribbean, with 196.3, 196.3, 130.2 and 246.6 million metric tons of cargo loaded in these regions. The main discharge ports were located in North America, Europe, and Japan with 537.7, 438.4, and 215.0 million metric ton... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 408 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Ships are generally removed from the fleet through a process known as scrapping. Ship-owners and buyers negotiate scrap prices based on factors such as the ship's empty weight (called light ton displacement or LDT) and prices in the scrap metal market. In 1998, almost 700 ships went through the scrapping process at shi... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 511 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
A major component of tanker architecture is the design of the hull or outer structure. A tanker with a single outer shell between the product and the ocean is said to be "single-hulled". Most newer tankers are "double hulled", with an extra space between the hull and the storage tanks. Hybrid designs such as "double-bo... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 483 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Inert gas system
An oil tanker's inert gas system is one of the most important parts of its design. Fuel oil itself is very difficult to ignite, but its hydrocarbon vapors are explosive when mixed with air in certain concentrations. The purpose of the system is to create an atmosphere inside tanks in which the hydrocar... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 431 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Pre-transfer preparation
Prior to any transfer of cargo, the chief officer must develop a transfer plan detailing specifics of the operation such as how much cargo will be moved, which tanks will be cleaned, and how the ship's ballasting will change. The next step before a transfer is the pretransfer conference. The pr... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 467 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
The process of moving oil off of a tanker is similar to loading, but has some key differences. The first step in the operation is following the same pretransfer procedures as used in loading. When the transfer begins, it is the ship's cargo pumps that are used to move the product ashore. As in loading, the transfer sta... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 346 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
After a tank is cleaned, provided that it is going to be prepared for entry, it will be purged. Purging is accomplished by pumping inert gas into the tank until hydrocarbons have been sufficiently expelled. Next the tank is gas freed which is usually accomplished by blowing fresh air into the space with portable air po... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 477 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
In practice, the flexibility which the OBO design allows has gone largely unused, as these ships tend to specialize in either the liquid or dry bulk trade. Also, these ships have endemic maintenance problems. On one hand, due to a less specialized design, an OBO suffers more from wear and tear during dry cargo onload t... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 443 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers can be a threat to the environment. As discussed above, a VLCC tanker can carry of crude oil. This is about eight times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped of oil into the ocean in March 198... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 474 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which excluded single-hull tank vessels of 5,000 gross tons or more from US waters from 2010 onward, apart from those with a double bottom or double sides, which may be permitted to trade to the United States through 2015... | Oil tanker | Wikipedia | 183 | 15923603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20tanker | Technology | Naval transport | null |
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection.
Many people have no symptoms during an initial infection. For others, symptoms may appear 30 to 180 days after becoming infected and can inc... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 225 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. In areas where the disease is common, infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people's blood during childhood are the most frequent methods by which hepatitis B is acquired. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous dru... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 505 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
An estimated 296 million people, or 3.8% of the global population, had chronic hepatitis B infections as of 2019. Another 1.5 million developed acute infections that year, and 820,000 deaths occurred as a result of HBV. Cirrhosis and liver cancer are responsible for most HBV-related deaths. The disease is most prevalen... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 401 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Symptoms outside of the liver are present in 1–10% of HBV-infected people and include serum-sickness–like syndrome, acute necrotizing vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa), membranous glomerulonephritis, and papular acrodermatitis of childhood (Gianotti–Crosti syndrome). The serum-sickness–like syndrome occurs in the setti... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 501 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
virus (HBV) is a member of the hepadnavirus family. The virus particle (virion) consists of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedral nucleocapsid core composed of core protein. These virions are 30–42 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity.... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 226 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The genome of HBV is made of circular DNA, but it is unusual because the DNA is not fully double-stranded. One end of the full length strand is linked to the HBV DNA polymerase. The genome is 3020–3320 nucleotides long (for the full-length strand) and 1700–2800 nucleotides long (for the short length-strand). The negati... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 505 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The function of the protein coded for by gene X is not fully understood but it is associated with the development of liver cancer. It stimulates genes that promote cell growth and inactivates growth regulating molecules.
Pathogenesis
The life cycle of virus is complex. is one of a few known pararetroviruses: non-re... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 483 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Genotypes differ by at least 8% of their sequence and were first reported in 1988 when six were initially described (A–F). Two further types have since been described (G and H). Most genotypes are now divided into subgenotypes with distinct properties.
Mechanisms
virus primarily interferes with the functions of the ... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 401 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The surface antigen (HBsAg) is most frequently used to screen for the presence of this infection. It is the first detectable viral antigen to appear during infection. However, early in an infection, this antigen may not be present and it may be undetectable later in the infection as it is being cleared by the host. Th... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 404 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Individuals who remain HBsAg positive for at least six months are considered to be carriers. Carriers of the virus may have chronic hepatitis B, which would be reflected by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and inflammation of the liver, if they are in the immune clearance phase of chronic infection... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 446 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Tenofovir given in the second or third trimester can reduce the risk of mother to child transmission by 77% when combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin and the hepatitis B vaccine, especially for pregnant women with high hepatitis B virus DNA levels. However, there is not sufficient evidence that the administration o... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 455 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Acute infection does not usually require treatment and most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Early antiviral treatment may be required in fewer than 1% of people, whose infection takes a very aggressive course (fulminant hepatitis) or who are immunocompromised. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infectio... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 507 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
It seems unlikely that the disease will be eliminated by 2030, the goal set in 2016 by WHO. However, progress is being made in developing therapeutic treatments. In 2010, the Hepatitis B Foundation reported that 3 preclinical and 11 clinical-stage drugs were under development, based on largely similar mechanisms. In 20... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 364 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Reactivation
virus DNA remains in the body after infection, and in some people, including those that do not have detectable HBsAg, the disease recurs. Although rare, reactivation is seen most often following alcohol or drug use, or in people with impaired immunity. HBV goes through cycles of replication and non-replic... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 498 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Countries with low HBV prevalence include Australia (0.9%), those in the WHO European Region (which average 1.5%), and most countries in North and South America (which average 0.28%).
In the United States, an estimated 0.26% of the population was living with HBV infection as of 2018.
History
Findings of HBV DNA in anc... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 506 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
The virus was not discovered until 1966 when Baruch Blumberg, then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered the Australia antigen (later known to be surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Aboriginal Australian people. Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by Frederi... | Hepatitis B | Wikipedia | 178 | 15925628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis%20B | Biology and health sciences | Viral diseases | Health |
Pig farming, pork farming, or hog farming is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as livestock, and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally for food (e.g. pork: bacon, ham, gammon) and skins.
Pigs are amenable to many different styles of farming: intensive commercial units, commercial free ra... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 315 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Pigs are farmed in many countries, though the countries mainly consuming them are in Asia, meaning there is a significant international and even intercontinental trade in live and slaughtered pigs. Despite having the world's largest herd, China is a net importer of pigs as China consumes about 50% of global pork produ... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 499 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Negative interactions
Many negative interactions with pigs arise from stock-people dealing with large numbers of pigs. Because of this, many handlers can become complacent about animal welfare and fail to ensure positive interactions with pigs. Negative interactions include overly heavy tactile interactions (slaps, pun... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 509 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Other probable causes of death include vitamin deficiency, mycotoxins in feed, high density diets or abdominal issues. Iowa's Pork Industry Center collects mortality data in collaboration with the National Pork Board to collect data from over 400,000 sows from 16 U.S. states. The farms range in size and facility types.... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 386 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
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