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Suckling pig, a piglet slaughtered for its tender meat
Feeder pig, a weaned gilt or barrow weighing between and at 6 to 8 weeks of age that is sold to be finished for slaughter
Porker, market pig between and about dressed weight
Baconer, a market pig between and dressed weight. The maximum weight can vary between... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 339 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Feces and waste often spread to surrounding neighborhoods, polluting air and water with toxic waste particles. Waste from swine on these farms carry a host of pathogens and bacteria as well as heavy metals. These toxins can leach down through the soil into groundwater, polluting local drinking water supplies. Pathogens... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 447 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Toxic gases including hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide are produced as a result of the decomposition of pig feces and these gases become highly concentrated in enclosed spaces of pig barns which can be hazardous to health when inhaled. Carbon monoxide is another commonly associated toxic gas that c... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 460 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
OSHA requires that toxic gas and particulate matter be measured at least twice yearly preferably in the autumn months and again in the winter when natural ventilation is the most reduced. Workers are also advised to wear N-95 respirators and eye protection when inside of pig barns to prevent the inhalation of toxic gas... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 412 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Parasites
Toxoplasmosis is a constant pressure on pig farming. Worldwide, the percentage of pigs harboring viable Toxoplasma gondii parasites has been measured to be 3% to 71.43%. Surveys of seroprevalence (T. gondii antibodies in blood) are more common, and such measurements are indicative of the high relative seropre... | Pig farming | Wikipedia | 331 | 15929223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20farming | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causing the death of these hosts. Different species specialise in hosts from differe... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 474 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Parasitoid wasps range from some of the smallest species of insects to wasps about an inch long. Most females have a long, sharp ovipositor at the tip of the abdomen, sometimes lacking venom glands, and almost never modified into a sting.
Parasitoids can be classified in a variety of ways. They can live within their h... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 470 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Host size is important for the development of the parasitoid, as the host is its entire food supply until it emerges as an adult; small hosts often produce smaller parasitoids. Some species preferentially lay female eggs in larger hosts and male eggs in smaller hosts, as the reproductive capabilities of males are limit... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 403 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Polydnaviruses are a unique group of insect viruses that have a mutualistic relationship with some parasitic wasps. The polydnavirus replicates in the oviducts of an adult female parasitoid wasp. The wasp benefits from this relationship because the virus provides protection for the parasitic larvae inside the host, (i)... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 441 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Hosts can kill endoparasitoids by sticking haemocytes to the egg or larva in a process called encapsulation. In aphids, the presence of a particular species of γ-3 Pseudomonadota makes the aphid relatively immune to their parasitoid wasps by killing many of the eggs. As the parasitoid's survival depends on its ability ... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 223 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Based on genetic and fossil analysis, parasitoidism has evolved only once in the Hymenoptera, during the Permian, leading to a single clade. All parasitoid wasps are descended from this lineage. The narrow-waisted Apocrita emerged during the Jurassic. The Aculeata, which includes bees, ants, and parasitoid spider was... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 462 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The parasitoid wasps are paraphyletic since the ants, bees, and non-parasitic wasps such as the Vespidae are not included, and there are many members of mainly parasitoidal families which are not themselves parasitic. Listed are Hymenopteran families where most members have a parasitoid lifestyle.
Symphyta:
Orussidae... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 492 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Commercially, there are two types of rearing systems: short-term seasonal daily output with high production of parasitoids per day, and long-term year-round low daily output with a range in production of 4–1000 million female parasitoids per week, to meet demand for suitable parasitoids for different crops.
In culture... | Parasitoid wasp | Wikipedia | 180 | 5457188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid%20wasp | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Harvester ant is a common name for any of the species or genera of ants that collect seeds (called seed predation), or mushrooms as in the case of Euprenolepis procera, which are stored in the nest in communal chambers called granaries. They are also referred to as agricultural ants. Seed harvesting by some desert ant... | Harvester ant | Wikipedia | 481 | 2155942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
Colonies may vary in the relation between humidity and foraging activity. Colonies differ consistently from year to year in how often they forage at all and most colonies forage on days with high humidity and high food availability, such as those just after a rain when flooding has exposed a layer of seeds in the soil.... | Harvester ant | Wikipedia | 320 | 2155942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The Australorp is an Australian breed of dual-purpose utility chicken. It derives from the British Black Orpington, and was selectively bred for egg-laying performance; some hens lay more than 300 eggs per year. It achieved world-wide popularity in the 1920s after the breed broke numerous world records for number of eg... | Australorp | Wikipedia | 283 | 2156142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australorp | Biology and health sciences | Chickens | Animals |
The origin of the name "Australorp" seems to be shrouded in as much controversy as the attempts to obtain agreement between the States over a suitable national Standard. The earliest claim to the name was made by one of poultry fancy's institutions, Wiliam Wallace Scott, before the First World War. From 1925 Wal Scott ... | Australorp | Wikipedia | 502 | 2156142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australorp | Biology and health sciences | Chickens | Animals |
The egg-laying performance of Australorps attracted attention when in 1922–1923, a team of six hens set a world record by laying 1857 eggs for an average of 309.5 eggs per hen during a 365 consecutive day trial. These figures were achieved without the lighting regimens of the modern intensive shed. Such performances ha... | Australorp | Wikipedia | 161 | 2156142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australorp | Biology and health sciences | Chickens | Animals |
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception. In the absence of treatment such as corrective eyewear, assistive devices, and medical treatment, visual impairment may cause the individual difficulties with normal daily tasks, including reading and walking. The terms low ... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 459 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
In 2010, the WHO definition for visual impairment was changed and now follows the ICD-11. The previous definition which used "best corrected visual acuity" was changed to "presenting visual acuity". This change was made as newer studies showed that best-corrected vision overlooks a larger proportion of the population w... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 470 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
In practice, the definition depends on individuals' visual acuity and the extent to which their field of vision is restricted. The Department of Health identifies three groups of people who may be classified as severely visually impaired.
Those below 3/60 (equivalent to 20/400 in US notation) Snellen (most people belo... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 510 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Temporary vision impairment
Vision impairment for a few seconds, or minutes, may occur due to any of a variety of causes, some serious and requiring medical attention.
Health effects
General functioning
Visual impairments may take many forms and be of varying degrees. Visual acuity alone is not always a good predic... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 442 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Physical activity is a useful predictor of overall well-being, and routine physical activity reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases and disability. Older adults with visual impairment (including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy) have decreased physical activity as measured w... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 445 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Those with worsening sight and the prognosis of eventual blindness are at comparatively high risk of suicide and thus may be in need of supportive services. Many studies have demonstrated how rapid acceptance of the serious visual impairment has led to a better, more productive compliance with rehabilitation programs. ... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 411 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Among working-age adults who are newly blind in England and Wales the most common causes in 2010 were:
Hereditary retinal disorders (20.2%)
Diabetic retinopathy (14.4%)
Optic atrophy (14.1%)
Glaucoma (5.9%)
Congenital abnormalities (5.1%)
Disorders of the visual cortex (4.1%)
Cerebrovascular disease (3.2%)
Dege... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 404 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is an eye disease often characterized by increased pressure within the eye or intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma causes visual field loss as well as severs the optic nerve. Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in patients is imperative because glaucoma is triggered by non-specific levels of IOP... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 466 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Cortical blindness results from injuries to the occipital lobe of the brain that prevent the brain from correctly receiving or interpreting signals from the optic nerve. Symptoms of cortical blindness vary greatly across individuals and may be more severe in periods of exhaustion or stress. It is common for people with... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 435 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Other
Amblyopia: is a category of vision loss or visual impairment that is caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting ocular diseases. Amblyopia is the condition when a child's visual systems fail to mature normally because the child either has been born premature, measles, congenital rubella syndr... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 449 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Uveitis: is a group of 30 intraocular inflammatory diseases caused by infections, systemic diseases, organ-specific autoimmune processes, cancer or trauma. That is, uveitis refers to a complex category of ocular diseases that can cause blindness if either left untreated or improperly diagnosed. The current challenge of... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 306 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Diagnosis
It is important that people be examined by someone specializing in low vision care prior to other rehabilitation training to rule out potential medical or surgical correction for the problem and to establish a careful baseline refraction and prescription of both normal and low vision glasses and optical aids... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 428 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
A small number of people employ guide dogs to assist in mobility. These dogs are trained to navigate around various obstacles, and to indicate when it becomes necessary to go up or down a step. However, the helpfulness of guide dogs is limited by the inability of dogs to understand complex directions. The human half of... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 485 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Closed-circuit televisions, equipment that enlarges and contrasts textual items, are a more high-tech alternative to traditional magnification devices.
There are also over 100 radio reading services throughout the world that provide people with vision impairments with readings from periodicals over the radio. The Inte... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 309 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Blind people may use talking equipment such as thermometers, watches, clocks, scales, calculators, and compasses. They may also enlarge or mark dials on devices such as ovens and thermostats to make them usable. Other techniques used by blind people to assist them in daily activities include:
Adaptations of coins and ... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 464 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
In adults with low vision there is no conclusive evidence supporting one form of reading aid over another. In several studies stand-mounted devices allowed faster reading than hand-held or portable optical aids. While electronic aids may allow faster reading for individuals with low vision, portability, ease of use, an... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 445 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
By age: Visual impairment is unequally distributed across age groups. More than 82% of all people who are blind are 50 years of age and older, although they represent only 19% of the world's population. Due to the expected number of years lived in blindness (blind years), childhood blindness remains a significant probl... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 464 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
In Greek myth, Tiresias was a prophet famous for his clairvoyance. According to one myth, he was blinded by the gods as punishment for revealing their secrets, while another holds that he was blinded as punishment after he saw Athena naked while she was bathing. In the Odyssey, the one-eyed Cyclops Polyphemus captures ... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 502 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
H. G. Wells' story "The Country of the Blind" explores what would happen if a sighted man found himself trapped in a country of blind people to emphasise society's attitude to blind people by turning the situation on its head.
José Saramago's novel Blindness describes a sudden mass blindness epidemic, and the main sto... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 409 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Metaphorical uses
The word "blind" (adjective and verb) is often used to signify a lack of knowledge of something. For example, a blind date is a date in which the people involved have not previously met; a blind experiment is one in which information is kept from either the experimenter or the participant to mitigate ... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 423 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
Statements that certain species of mammals are "born blind" refers to them being born with their eyes closed and their eyelids fused together; the eyes open later. One example is the rabbit. In humans, the eyelids are fused for a while before birth, but open again before the normal birth time; however, very premature b... | Visual impairment | Wikipedia | 172 | 2158298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20impairment | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
The Port of Hamburg (, ) is a seaport on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, from its mouth on the North Sea.
Known as Germany's "Gateway to the World" (), it is the country's largest seaport by volume. In terms of TEU throughput, Hamburg is the third-busiest port in Europe (after Rotterdam and Antwerp) and 15th-larg... | Port of Hamburg | Wikipedia | 495 | 2158876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Hamburg | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
The Speicherstadt, one of Hamburg's architectural icons today, is a large wharf area of 350,000 m2 floor area on the northern shore of the river, built in the 1880s as part of the free port and to cope with the growing quantity of goods stored in the port.
Hamburg shipyards lost fleets twice after World War I and Worl... | Port of Hamburg | Wikipedia | 410 | 2158876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Hamburg | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
Hamburg is a major cruise destination and one of Europe's largest ports of call for cruise passengers traveling the Atlantic, or the Norwegian and Baltic Seas. The port is also a major location for shipbuilder and shipyards, designing, building and reconditioning yachts and cruise liners. Hamburg has three passenger te... | Port of Hamburg | Wikipedia | 281 | 2158876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Hamburg | Technology | Specific piers and ports | null |
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, health care, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual well-being during all stages of their life. Sexual and reproductive health is more commonly defined as sexual and reproductive health and rights, to en... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 413 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The critical Guttmacher- Lancet Commission on Sexual and reproductive health and rights states state Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) are essential for sustainable development because of their links to gender equality and women’s wellbeing, their impact on maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 358 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Adolescent health creates a major global burden and has a great deal of additional and diverse complications compared to adult reproductive health such as early pregnancy and parenting issues, difficulties accessing contraception and safe abortions, lack of healthcare access, and high rates of HIV, sexually transmitted... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 396 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
95% of maternal deaths occur in low income contexts and countries, and in 25 years, the maternal mortality globally dropped to 44%. Statistically, a woman's chance of survival during childbirth is closely tied to her social-economic status, access to healthcare, where she lives geographically, and cultural norms. To co... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 330 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
There is a significant relationship between the quality of maternal services made available and the greater financial standings of a country. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia exemplify this as these regions are significantly deprived of medical staff and affordable health
opportunities. Most countries provide for thei... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 335 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
LGBT+ sexual and reproductive health
The sexual and reproductive health of LGBT+ people face challenges through issues like the ongoing HIV pandemic, binary organization of "men" and "women"'s reproductive health, alongside stigma and repression that limit LGBT+ people from accessing the healthcare they need. Sexual h... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 471 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The fact that the law allows certain reproductive health services, does not necessarily ensure that such services are actually in use by the people. The availability of contraception, sterilization, and abortion is dependent on laws, as well as social, cultural, and religious norms. Some countries have liberal laws reg... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 437 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
There are many objections to the use of birth control, both historically and in the present day. One argument against birth control usage states that there is no need for birth control, to begin with. This argument was levied in 1968 when Richard Nixon was elected president, and the argument stated that since birth rat... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 511 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
There are 1 million new infections a day and more than 20 million new cases within the United States. In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs: chlamydia (129 million), gonorrhoea (82 million), syphilis (7.1 million) and trichomoniasis (156 million). More than 490 million people were estimate... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 460 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Young African American women are at a higher risk for STIs, including HIV. A recent study published outside of Atlanta, Georgia collected data (demographic, psychological, and behavioral measures) with a vaginal swab to confirm the presence of STIs. They found a profound difference that those women who had graduated fr... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 503 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The Maputo Protocol, which was adopted by the African Union in the form of a protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, states at Article 14 (Health and Reproductive Rights) that: "(2). States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to: [...] c) protect the reproductive rights of women by authori... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 490 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
In 2008, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, a group comprising members from 47 European countries, has adopted a resolution calling for the decriminalization of abortion within reasonable gestational limits and guaranteed access to safe abortion procedures. The nonbinding resolution was passed on Apri... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 437 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The second primary argument to uphold legalized abortion and creating better access to it is the necessity of abortion and the health and safety of pregnant women. There are two events that largely changed the course of public opinion about abortion in the U.S. The first is Sherry Finkbine, who was denied access to an ... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 463 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital circumcision or cutting, is the traditional, non-medical practice of altering or injuring the female reproductive organs, often by removing all or parts of the external genitalia. It is mostly practiced in 30 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, a... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 373 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
There are no health benefits of FGM, as it interferes with the natural functions of a woman's and girls' bodies, such as causing severe pain, shock, hemorrhage, tetanus or sepsis (bacterial infection), urine retention, open sores in the genital region and injury to nearby genital tissue, recurrent bladder and urinary t... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 462 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
International Conference on Population and Development, 1994
The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was held in Cairo, Egypt, from 5 to 13 September 1994. Delegations from 179 States took part in negotiations to finalize a Programme of Action on population and development for the next 20 yea... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 508 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Sustainable Development Goals
Half of the development goals put on by the United Nations started in 2000 to 2015 with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Reproductive health was Goal 5 out of 8. To monitor the progress, the UN agreed to four indicators:
Contraceptive prevalence rates
Adolescent birth rate
Antena... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 377 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
AfricaHIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS in Africa is a major public health problem. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst affected region with the disease especially affecting the young female population. According to the National Library of Medicine, "Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) is occupied by 12% of the global population, bu... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 164 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The reasons for the high spread of HIV/AIDS can be broken down into 7 main subsections: poverty, inadequate medical care, lack of prevention and education, taboo and stigma, sexual behavior, prostitution, and sexual violence against women. With a high population of individuals living in extreme poverty, condoms, HIV te... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 468 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Similarly, gender roles within many African countries contribute to this, as "in much of sub-Saharan Africa, women are a subordinate group who are expected to become pregnant, bear children, and fulfill the sexual desires of their husbands without hesitation".Fertility rates and contraceptivesIn most African countries,... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 497 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Contraceptive accessibilityThe updated contraceptive guidelines in South Africa attempt to improve accessibility by providing special service delivery and prompting awareness for adolescents, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex people, disabled people, chronically ill people, women who are perimenopausal, sex... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 179 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Accessibility has also been hindered as a result of inadequate quantities of properly trained medical personnel. According to the African Journal of Reproductive Health, "Shortage of the medical attendant...is a challenge, we are not able to attend to a big number of clients, also we do not have enough education which ... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 298 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
In regards to spousal and gendered dynamics, many women often have faced pressure from their spouse or family members to use avoid birth control which resulted in them using it secretly. This is also one of the many reasons women frequently preferred undetectable contraceptive methods which can lead to less effective c... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 493 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
"It is possible that the invisibility of transgender people in epidemiological data from Africa is related to the criminalization of same-sex behaviour in many countries," representative of how traditional attitudes shape one's ability to participate similarly in society. Further research conducted among transgender wo... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 96 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Individuals identifying as part of the LGBTQ+ community, in a study conducted by BMC International Health and Human Rights, resulted all in facing some sort of discrimination by healthcare providers based on their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Violations took four distinct forms: availability, accessibilit... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 487 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Workplace substances that affect female workers and their pregnancies can also harm their families. Without knowing it, workers can bring home harmful substances that can affect the health of other family members—both adults and children. For example, lead brought home from the workplace on a worker's skin, hair, cloth... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 481 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Disruption of the menstrual cycle and hormone production
High levels of physical or emotional stress or exposure to chemicals such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organic solvents and carbon disulfide, may disrupt the balance between the brain, pituitary gland, and ovaries. This disruption can result ... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 508 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Birth defects
A birth defect is a physical abnormality present at birth, though it may not be detected until later. About 2% to 3% of babies are born with a major birth defect. In most cases, the cause of the birth defect is unknown. The first 3 months of the pregnancy is a very sensitive time of development because t... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 509 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
Exposure to occupational hazards can impact:
Number of sperm. Some reproductive hazards can stop or slow the actual production of sperm. This means that there will be fewer sperm present to fertilize an egg; if no sperm are produced, the man is sterile. If the hazard prevents sperm from being made, sterility is perma... | Sexual and reproductive health | Wikipedia | 421 | 2159778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20and%20reproductive%20health | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | null |
The snow pea is an edible-pod pea with flat pods and thin pod walls. It is eaten whole, with both the seeds and the pod, while still unripened.
Names
The common name snow pea seems to be a misnomer as the planting season of this pea is no earlier than that of other peas. Another common name, Chinese pea, is probably ... | Snow pea | Wikipedia | 482 | 11737869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20pea | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Nitrogen fixers
As with most legumes, snow peas host beneficial bacteria, rhizobia, in their root nodules, which fix nitrogen in the soil—this is called a mutualistic relationship—and are therefore a useful companion plant, especially useful to grow intercropped with green, leafy vegetables that benefit from high nitr... | Snow pea | Wikipedia | 144 | 11737869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow%20pea | Biology and health sciences | Pulses | Plants |
Peak demand on an electrical grid is the highest electrical power demand that has occurred over a specified time period (Gönen 2008). Peak demand is typically characterized as annual, daily or seasonal and has the unit of power.
Peak demand, peak load or on-peak are terms used in energy demand management describing a p... | Peak demand | Wikipedia | 462 | 11738757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak%20demand | Technology | Concepts | null |
Off-peak
Peak demand is considered to be the opposite to off-peak hours when power demand is usually low. There are off-peak time-of-use rates. Sometimes, there are 3 time-of-use zones: peak, shoulder and offpeak. Shoulder is often the time between peak and offpeak in weekdays. Weekends are often just peak and offpeak... | Peak demand | Wikipedia | 322 | 11738757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak%20demand | Technology | Concepts | null |
Planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) is a secondary distance indicator used in astronomy. It makes use of the [O III] λ5007 forbidden line found in all planetary nebula (PNe) which are members of the old stellar populations (Population II).
It can be used to determine distances to both spiral and elliptical ga... | Planetary nebula luminosity function | Wikipedia | 397 | 13256745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20nebula%20luminosity%20function | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
Physics behind process
The PNLF method is unbiased by metallicity. This is because oxygen is a primary nebular coolant; any drop in its concentration raises the plasma's electron temperature and raises the amount of collisional excitations per ion. This compensates for having a smaller number of emitting ions in the ... | Planetary nebula luminosity function | Wikipedia | 355 | 13256745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20nebula%20luminosity%20function | Physical sciences | Basics | Astronomy |
Utahraptor (meaning "Utah's predator") is a genus of large dromaeosaurid (a group of feathered carnivorous theropods) dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous period from around 135 to 130 million years ago in what is now the United States. The genus was described in 1993 by American paleontologist James Kirklan... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 383 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
The first specimens of Utahraptor were found in 1975 by Jim Jensen in the Dalton Wells Quarry of Utah, near the town of Moab, but did not receive much attention. After a find of a large claw by Carl Limone in October 1991, James Kirkland, Robert Gaston and Donald Burge uncovered further remains of Utahraptor in 1991 in... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 394 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2000, the specific name was emended by George Olshevsky to the plural genitive ostrommaysorum. However, Thiago Vernaschi V. Costa and Normand David in 2019 criticized the use of the species name U. ostrommaysorum, since it has no clear justification or explanation. Although this spelling has been largely used by oth... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 428 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Although feathers have never been found in association with Utahraptor specimens, there is strong phylogenetic evidence suggesting that all dromaeosaurids had them. The feathered genus Microraptor is one of the oldest-known dromaeosaurids and is phylogenetically more primitive than Utahraptor. Since Microraptor and ot... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 450 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Classification
Utahraptor is a member of the family Dromaeosauridae, a clade of theropod dinosaurs commonly known as "raptors". Utahraptor is the largest known genus in the family and belongs to the same clade of other notable dinosaurs such as Velociraptor, Deinonychus, or Dromaeosaurus. It is classified in the subfam... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 444 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Social behavior
In 2001, Kirkland et al. pursued a graduate student's discovery of a bone protruding from a 9-ton fossil block of sandstone in eastern Utah. It was determined to contain the bones of at least seven individuals, including an adult measuring about , four juveniles, and a hatchling about long. Also fossil... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 358 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Paleoenvironment
Utahraptor lived in the lower part of the Cedar Mountain Formation, a bed known as the Yellow Cat Member. According to the authors of its description, Utahraptor had an important ecological role as a major carnivore of the paleofauna of the present-day Arches region during the Early Cretaceous, and cou... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 489 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
Paleofauna that were contemporaneous with the dromaeosaurid in the upper Yellow Cat Member included numerous dinosaurs, such as the medium-sized iguanodonts Hippodraco and Cedrorestes, the smaller theropods Martharaptor and Nedcolbertia, the nodosaurid Gastonia, and the sauropods Cedarosaurus and Moabosaurus. The only ... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 408 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
In 2018, it was proposed by a 10-year-old elementary school student, Kenyon Roberts, that Utahraptor be the Utah state dinosaur, an act that was approved by the Senate. Initially Utahraptor would have replaced another dinosaur, Allosaurus, as the state's official fossil, but it was decided that Utahraptor would be anot... | Utahraptor | Wikipedia | 122 | 569684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utahraptor | Biology and health sciences | Theropods | Animals |
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give ri... | Semi-arid climate | Wikipedia | 504 | 569881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid%20climate | Physical sciences | Climates | Earth science |
Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia. In Australia, a large portion of the Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. In South Asia, both India and parts of Pakistan experience the seasonal effects of monsoons and feature s... | Semi-arid climate | Wikipedia | 418 | 569881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid%20climate | Physical sciences | Climates | Earth science |
Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and tend to feature major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold sem... | Semi-arid climate | Wikipedia | 204 | 569881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid%20climate | Physical sciences | Climates | Earth science |
The Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus), also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. They are distinctive among the cranes: adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight, and with two breeding popul... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 440 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Grus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. In the resulting rearrangement to create monophyletic genera, the Siberian crane was moved to the resurrected genus Leucogeranus. The genus Leucogeranus had been introduced by the French biologist Charles Luci... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 325 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Distribution and habitat
The breeding area of the Siberian crane formerly extended between the Urals and Ob river south to the Ishim and Tobol rivers and east to the Kolyma region. The populations declined with changes in landuse, the draining of wetlands for agricultural expansion and hunting on their migration routes... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 407 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Feeding
These cranes are omnivorous with a tendency to plant matter. In the summer grounds they feed on a range of plants including the roots of hellebore (Veratrum misae), seeds of Empetrum nigrum as well as small rodents like lemmings and voles, earthworms, and fish. They were earlier thought to be predominantly fish... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 407 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Migration
This species breeds in two disjunct regions in the arctic tundra of Russia; the western population along the Ob, Yakutia, and western Siberia. It is a long distance migrant and among the cranes, makes one of the longest migrations. The eastern population winters on the Yangtze River and Lake Poyang in China,... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 409 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Satellite telemetry was used to track the migration of a flock that wintered in Iran. They were noted to rest on the eastern end of the Volga Delta. Satellite telemetry was also used to track the migration of the eastern population in the mid-1990s, leading to the discovery of new resting areas along the species' flywa... | Siberian crane | Wikipedia | 177 | 570029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20crane | Biology and health sciences | Gruiformes | Animals |
Action at a distance is the concept in physics that an object's motion can be affected by another object without the two being in physical contact; that is, it is the concept of the non-local interaction of objects that are separated in space. Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation are based on action ... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 472 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
One role is as a summary of physical phenomena, independent of any understanding of the cause of such an action. For example, astronomical tables of planetary positions can be compactly summarized using Newton's law of universal gravitation, which assumes the planets interact without contact or an intervening medium. A... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 490 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Metaphysical scientists of the early 1700s strongly objected to the unexplained action-at-a-distance in Newton's theory. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz complained that the mechanism of gravity was "invisible, intangible, and not mechanical". Moreover, initial comparisons with astronomical data were not favorable. As mathema... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 488 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Michael Faraday was the first who suggested that action at a distance was inadequate as an account of electric and magnetic forces, even in the form of a (mathematical) potential field. Faraday, an empirical experimentalist, cited three reasons in support of some medium transmitting electrical force: 1) electrostatic i... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 394 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
In distinguishing between different kinds of action Faraday suggested three criteria: 1) do additional material objects alter the action?, 2) does the action take time, and 3) does it depend upon the receiving end? For electricity, Faraday knew that all three criteria were met for electric action, but gravity was thoug... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 512 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
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