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Thus the aether model, initially so very different from action at a distance, slowly changed to
resemble simple empty space.
In 1905, Poincaré proposed gravitational waves, emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light, as being required by the Lorentz transformations and suggested that, in analogy to ... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 431 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Albert Einstein wrote to Max Born about issues in quantum mechanics in 1947 and used a phrase translated as "spooky action at a distance", and in 1964, John Stewart Bell proved that quantum mechanics predicted stronger statistical correlations in the outcomes of certain far-apart measurements than any local theory poss... | Action at a distance | Wikipedia | 339 | 570922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20at%20a%20distance | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
Kale (), also called leaf cabbage, belongs to a group of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cultivars primarily grown for their edible leaves; it has also been used as an ornamental plant.
Description
Kale plants have green or purple leaves, and the central leaves do not form a head (as with headed cabbage). The stems can b... | Kale | Wikipedia | 456 | 571106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Classification by leaf type:
Curly-leaf (Scots kale, blue curled kale)
Bumpy-leaf (black cabbage, better known by its Italian translation 'cavolo nero', and also known as Tuscan Cabbage, Tuscan Kale, lacinato and dinosaur kale)
Sparkly-leaf (shiny and glossy)
Plain-leaf (flat-leaf types like red Russian and white R... | Kale | Wikipedia | 507 | 571106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Phytochemicals
Kale is a source of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin. As with broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, kale contains glucosinolate compounds, such as glucoraphanin, which contributes to the formation of sulforaphane, a compound under preliminary research for its potential to affect human health b... | Kale | Wikipedia | 492 | 571106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
Asia
In Sri Lanka, it is known as kola gova or ela gova. It is cultivated for edible use. A dish called 'kale mallung' is served almost everywhere on the island, along with rice.
United States
For most of the 20th century, kale was primarily used in the U.S. for decorative purposes; it became more popular as an edib... | Kale | Wikipedia | 231 | 571106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kale | Biology and health sciences | Brassicales | null |
In mathematics, a Dirichlet problem asks for a function which solves a specified partial differential equation (PDE) in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on the boundary of the region.
The Dirichlet problem can be solved for many PDEs, although originally it was posed for Laplace's equation. ... | Dirichlet problem | Wikipedia | 159 | 571109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20problem | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
The Dirichlet problem goes back to George Green, who studied the problem on general domains with general boundary conditions in his Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism, published in 1828. He reduced the problem into a problem of constructing what we now call Gr... | Dirichlet problem | Wikipedia | 498 | 571109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20problem | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
Existence
The Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions always has a solution, and that solution is unique, when the boundary is sufficiently smooth and is continuous. More precisely, it has a solution when
for some , where denotes the Hölder condition.
Example: the unit disk in two dimensions
In some simple case... | Dirichlet problem | Wikipedia | 507 | 571109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20problem | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
As one can easily check by substitution, the solution fulfilling the first condition is
Additionally we want
Substituting
we get the condition of self-similarity
where
It is fulfilled, for example, by the composite function
with
thus in general
where is a periodic function with a period :
... | Dirichlet problem | Wikipedia | 59 | 571109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20problem | Mathematics | Differential equations | null |
Serenoa repens, commonly known as saw palmetto, is a small palm, growing to a maximum height around .
Taxonomy
It is the sole species in the genus Serenoa. The genus name honors American botanist Sereno Watson.
Distribution and habitat
It is endemic to the subtropical and tropical Southeastern United States as well... | Serenoa | Wikipedia | 480 | 571215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenoa | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Ethnobotany
Indigenous names are reported to include: or ("palmetto's uncle") in Choctaw; (Timucua); (Koasati); ("big palm", Alabama); ("big palm", Creek); ("big palm", Mikasuki); and (Taíno, possibly). Saw palmetto fibers have been found among materials from indigenous people as far north as Wisconsin and New... | Serenoa | Wikipedia | 168 | 571215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenoa | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin. More recently, chemical libr... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 430 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Discovering drugs that may be a commercial success, or a public health success, involves a complex interaction between investors, industry, academia, patent laws, regulatory exclusivity, marketing, and the need to balance secrecy with communication. Meanwhile, for disorders whose rarity means that no large commercial s... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 459 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Gertrude Elion, working mostly with a group of fewer than 50 people on purine analogues, contributed to the discovery of the first anti-viral; the first immunosuppressant (azathioprine) that allowed human organ transplantation; the first drug to induce remission of childhood leukemia; pivotal anti-cancer treatments; an... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 420 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The process of finding a new drug against a chosen target for a particular disease usually involves high-throughput screening (HTS), wherein large libraries of chemicals are tested for their ability to modify the target. For example, if the target is a novel GPCR, compounds will be screened for their ability to inhibit... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 426 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Amongst the physicochemical properties associated with drug absorption include ionization (pKa), and solubility; permeability can be determined by PAMPA and Caco-2. PAMPA is attractive as an early screen due to the low consumption of drug and the low cost compared to tests such as Caco-2, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) a... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 403 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
There is also a paradigm shift in the drug discovery community to shift away from HTS, which is expensive and may only cover limited chemical space, to the screening of smaller libraries (maximum a few thousand compounds). These include fragment-based lead discovery (FBDD) and protein-directed dynamic combinatorial che... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 427 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Despite the rise of combinatorial chemistry as an integral part of lead discovery process, natural products still play a major role as starting material for drug discovery. A 2007 report found that of the 974 small molecule new chemical entities developed between 1981 and 2006, 63% were natural derived or semisynthetic... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 500 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Salicylic acid (SA), a phytohormone, was initially derived from willow bark and has since been identified in many species. It is an important player in plant immunity, although its role is still not fully understood by scientists. They are involved in disease and immunity responses in plant and animal tissues. They hav... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 379 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Marine environments are potential sources for new bioactive agents. Arabinose nucleosides discovered from marine invertebrates in 1950s, demonstrated for the first time that sugar moieties other than ribose and deoxyribose can yield bioactive nucleoside structures. It took until 2004 when the first marine-derived drug ... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 503 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
The first is sometimes referred to as random collection and screening of material, but the collection is far from random. Biological (often botanical) knowledge is often used to identify families that show promise. This approach is effective because only a small part of the earth's biodiversity has ever been tested fo... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 471 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Artemisinin, an antimalarial agent from sweet wormtree Artemisia annua, used in Chinese medicine since 200BC is one drug used as part of combination therapy for multiresistant Plasmodium falciparum.
Additionally, since machine learning has become more advanced, virtual screening is now an option for drug developers. A... | Drug discovery | Wikipedia | 442 | 571274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20discovery | Biology and health sciences | General concepts_2 | Health |
Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes over 260 species worldwide, many of which are parasitic. Diverse variants of cordyceps have had more than 1,500 years of use in Chinese medicine. Most Cordyceps species are endoparasitoids, parasitic mainly on insects and other arthropods (they are th... | Cordyceps | Wikipedia | 469 | 571490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyceps | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
Biology
When Cordyceps attacks a host, the mycelium invades and eventually replaces the host tissue, while the elongated fruit body (ascocarp) may be cylindrical, branched, or of complex shape. The ascocarp bears many small, flask-shaped perithecia containing asci. These, in turn, contain thread-like ascospores, which ... | Cordyceps | Wikipedia | 419 | 571490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyceps | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
In similar vein, Cordyceps causes a pandemic that wipes out most of humanity in Mike Carey's 2014 postapocalyptic novel The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation. In this case, an infected person becomes a "hungry", a zombie thirsting for blood. In the fiction, Dr. Caldwell explains that the human-infect... | Cordyceps | Wikipedia | 138 | 571490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordyceps | Biology and health sciences | Edible fungi | Plants |
A muscle cell, also known as a myocyte, is a mature contractile cell in the muscle of an animal. In humans and other vertebrates there are three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac (cardiomyocytes). A skeletal muscle cell is long and threadlike with many nuclei and is called a muscle fiber. Muscle cells develop from e... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 491 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
A striated muscle fiber contains myofibrils consisting of long protein chains of myofilaments. There are three types of myofilaments: thin, thick, and elastic that work together to produce a muscle contraction. The thin myofilaments are filaments of mostly actin and the thick filaments are of mostly myosin and they sli... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 494 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
The cell membrane of a cardiac muscle cell has several specialized regions, which may include the intercalated disc, and transverse tubules. The cell membrane is covered by a lamina coat which is approximately 50 nm wide. The laminar coat is separable into two layers; the lamina densa and lamina lucida. In between the... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 417 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with wide middles, and tapering ends. They have a single nucleus and range from 30 to 200 micrometers in length. This is thousands of times shorter than skeletal muscle fibers. The diameter of their cells is also much smaller which removes the need for T-tubules found in striated ... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 406 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Skeletal muscle contraction
When contracting, thin and thick filaments slide concerning each other by using adenosine triphosphate. This pulls the Z discs closer together in a process called the sliding filament mechanism. The contraction of all the sarcomeres results in the contraction of the whole muscle fiber. Thi... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 437 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
There are four main types of muscle contraction: isometric, isotonic, eccentric and concentric. Isometric contractions are skeletal muscle contractions that do not cause movement of the muscle. and isotonic contractions are skeletal muscle contractions that do cause movement. Eccentric contraction is when a muscle mov... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 275 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Schmid & Seipel (2005) argue that the origin of muscle cells is a monophyletic trait that occurred concurrently with the development of the digestive and nervous systems of all animals, and that this origin can be traced to a single metazoan ancestor in which muscle cells are present. They argue that molecular and morp... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 349 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
The origin of true muscle cells is argued by other authors to be the endoderm portion of the mesoderm and the endoderm. However, Schmid & Seipel (2005) counter skepticism – about whether the muscle cells found in ctenophores and cnidarians are "true" muscle cells – by considering that cnidarians develop through a medus... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 275 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
In contrast to this argument for a single origin of muscle cells, Steinmetz, Kraus, et al. (2012) argue that molecular markers such as the myosin II protein used to determine this single origin of striated muscle predate the formation of muscle cells. They use an example of the contractile elements present in the Porif... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 494 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
vectensis having this striated muscle marker present in the smooth muscle of the digestive tract. Thus, they argue that the pleisiomorphic trait of the separated orthologues of much cannot be used to determine the monophylogeny of muscle, and additionally argue that the presence of a striated muscle marker in the smoot... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 91 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Steinmetz, Kraus, et al. (2012) further argue for multiple origins of striated muscle in the metazoans by explaining that a key set of genes used to form the troponin complex for muscle regulation and formation in bilaterians is missing from the cnidarians and ctenophores, and 47 structural and regulatory proteins obse... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 464 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
In their paper, Andrikou & Arnone (2015) argue that to truly understand the evolution of muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators must be understood in the context of other external and internal interactions. Through their analysis, Andrikou & Arnone found that there were conserved orthologues of the gen... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 498 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
Invertebrate muscle cell types
The properties used for distinguishing fast, intermediate, and slow muscle fibers can be different for invertebrate flight and jump muscle. To further complicate this classification scheme, the mitochondrial content, and other morphological properties within a muscle fiber, can change in... | Muscle cell | Wikipedia | 68 | 571549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20cell | Biology and health sciences | Muscular system | null |
The muskrat or common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent native to North America and an introduced species in parts of Europe, Asia, and South America.
The muskrat is found in wetlands over various climates and habitats. It has crucial effects on the ecology of wetlands, and is a resour... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 498 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Similarly, its specific name zibethicus means "musky", being the adjective of zibethus "civet musk; civet". The genus name comes from the Huron word for the animal, ondathra, and entered Neo-Latin as Ondatra via French.
Description
An adult muskrat is about long, half of that length being the tail, and weighs . Tha... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 491 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Their populations naturally cycle; in areas where they become abundant, they can remove much of the vegetation in wetlands. They are thought to play a major role in determining the vegetation of prairie wetlands in particular. They also selectively remove preferred plant species, thereby changing the abundance of plant... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 498 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Invasiveness status
In Europe, the muskrat has been included in the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (the Union list) since August 2, 2017. This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Un... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 502 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Muskrats provide an important food resource for many other animals, including mink, red and gray foxes, cougars, coyotes, wolves, boreal lynxe, Canada lynx bobcats, raccoons, brown and black bears, wolverines, eagles, hawks, large owls, snakes, alligators, and bull sharks. Otters, snapping turtles, heron,s bullfrogs, l... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 470 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Muskrats have sometimes been a food resource for North Americans. In the southeastern portion of Michigan, a longstanding dispensation allows Catholics to consume muskrat as their Friday penance, on Ash Wednesday, and on Lenten Fridays (when the eating of flesh, except for fish, is prohibited); this tradition dates bac... | Muskrat | Wikipedia | 345 | 571662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskrat | Biology and health sciences | Rodents | null |
Sabal is a genus of New World palms (or fan-palms). Currently, there are 17 recognized species of Sabal, including one hybrid species.
Distribution
The species are native to the subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, from the Gulf Coast/South Atlantic states in the Southeastern United States, south through... | Sabal | Wikipedia | 273 | 571727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
In 1990, Scott Zona outlined key morphological and anatomical characters that he used to analyze species relationships of Sabal. Through this analysis of characters, Zona produced a cladogram that portrays evolutionary relationships amongst 15 species of Sabal. Based on the distribution of species within his cladogram,... | Sabal | Wikipedia | 316 | 571727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
In 2016 Heyduk, Trapnell, Barrett, and Leebens-Mack conducted a new study on Sabal that analyzed molecular (e.g. nuclear, plastid) data from 15 species of the group. This study incorporated plastid and nuclear sequence data that together were used to estimate the relatedness between the species of Sabal. The results of... | Sabal | Wikipedia | 508 | 571727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Ecology
Sabal species are used as food sources by several species of birds (including Mimus polyglottos, Turdus migratorius, Dendroica coronata, Corvus ossifragus, and Drycopus pileatus) as well as insects, such as Caryobruchus and various species of Hymenoptera. American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons (P... | Sabal | Wikipedia | 269 | 571727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
Campylobacter jejuni is a species of pathogenic bacteria that is commonly associated with poultry, and is also often found in animal feces. This species of microbe is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in Europe and in the US, with the vast majority of cases occurring as isolated events rather than mass ou... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 271 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
C. jejuni is commonly associated with poultry, and is also commonly found in animal feces. Campylobacter is a helical-shaped, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, microaerophilic, nonfermenting motile bacterium with a single flagellum at one or both poles, which are also oxidase-positive and grow optimally at 37 to 42 °C.... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 476 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Metabolism
C. jejuni is unable to use sugars as a carbon source, primarily using amino acids for growth instead. The main reason C. jejuni lacks glycolytic capabilities is a lack of glucokinase and a lack of the 6-phosphofructokinase enzyme to employ the EMP pathway. The four main amino acids C. jejuni takes in are se... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 497 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
If other sources of carbon are exhausted, C. jejuni can also use acetate and lactate as carbon sources. Acetate is a normal secreted byproduct of C. jejuni metabolism stemming from the recycling of CoA, and the absence of other carbon sources can cause C. jejuni to "switch" this reaction to take in acetate for the conv... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 449 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
While oxygen is mainly used as a terminal electron acceptor, C. jejuni can use nitrate, nitrite, sulfur oxides (such as dimethyl sulfoxide or trimethylamine N-oxide), or fumarate as terminal electron acceptors as well to survive as a microaerophilic bacterium. Due to oxygen-limited conditions in the common areas of col... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 509 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Transmission
C. jejuni is a zoonotic disease meaning it is more commonly spread from animals to people than in between humans. People most often contract it by touching something that has been in contact with raw or undercooked chicken in addition to eating or touching poultry that is raw or undercooked. Additionally,... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 380 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
To initiate infection, C. jejuni must penetrate the gut enterocytes. C. jejuni releases several different toxins, mainly enterotoxin and cytotoxins, which vary from strain to strain and correlate with the severity of the enteritis (inflammation of the small intestine). During infection, levels of all immunoglobulin cla... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 300 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
One of the most important virulence factors of C. jejuni are flagella. The flagellar protein FlaA has been proven to be one of the abundant proteins in the cell. Flagella are required for motility, biofilm formation, host cell interactions and host colonization. The flagella in C. jejuni can also aid in the secretion i... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 463 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
DNA repair
In the intestines, bile functions as a defensive barrier against colonization by C. jejuni. When C. jejuni is grown in a medium containing the bile acid deoxycholic acid, a component of bile, the DNA of C. jejuni is damaged by a process involving oxidative stress. To survive, C. jejuni cells repair this DNA ... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 401 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Neutrophil granulocytes use phagocytosis to combat C. jejuni infection, releasing antimicrobial proteins and proinflammatory substances. However, C. jejuni can influence the differentiation process of specific types of neutrophil granulocytes, triggering hypersegmentation and increased reactivity, which leads to delaye... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 321 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Sources
Campylobacter jejuni is commonly associated with poultry, and it naturally colonises the digestive tract of many bird species. All types of poultry and wild birds can become colonized with campylobacter. One study found that 30% of European starlings in farm settings in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, were carrie... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 412 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Complications
Local complications of campylobacter infections occur as a result of direct spread from the gastrointestinal tract and can include cholecystitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, and massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Extraintestinal manifestations of campylobacter infection are quite rare and may include me... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 402 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
United States
An estimated 2 million cases of campylobacter enteritis occur annually, accounting for 5–7% of cases of gastroenteritis. Campylobacter has a large animal reservoir, with up to 100% of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl, having asymptomatic intestinal infections. The major reservoirs of C... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 484 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Age
Campylobacter infections can occur in all age groups. Studies show a peak incidence in children younger than 1 year and in people aged 15–29 years. The age-specific attack rate is highest in young children. In the United States, the highest incidence of Campylobacter infection in 2010 was in children younger tha... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 439 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Antibiotic treatment
Antibiotic treatment for Campylobacter infections is usually not required nor recommended. Antibiotics are limited for treating high-risk patients including immunocompromised and older individuals. Severe cases exhibiting symptoms such as bloody stools, fever, severe abdominal pain, pregnancy, inf... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 244 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Antibiotic resistance
Fluoroquinolones were first approved as a treatment for campylobacter infections in 1986, and were later U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in 1996, so as to control infections in poultry flocks. The CDC began monitoring campylobacter in 1997 in the National Antimicrobial Resistance... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 492 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Under light microscopy, C. jejuni has a characteristic "sea-gull" shape as a consequence of its helical form. Campylobacter is grown on specially selective "CAMP" agar plates at 42 °C, the normal avian body temperature, rather than at 37 °C, the temperature at which most other pathogenic bacteria are grown. Since the c... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 427 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Natural genetic transformation
C. jejuni is naturally competent for genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombina... | Campylobacter jejuni | Wikipedia | 102 | 571816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20jejuni | Biology and health sciences | Gram-negative bacteria | Plants |
Tencent QQ (), also known as QQ, is an instant messaging software service and web portal developed by the Chinese technology company Tencent. QQ offers services that provide online social games, music, shopping, microblogging, movies, and group and voice chat software. As of March 2023, there were 597 million monthly a... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 381 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Membership
In 2002, Tencent stopped its free membership registration, requiring all new members to pay a fee. In 2003, however, this decision was reversed due to pressure from other instant messaging services such as Windows Live Messenger and Sina UC.
Tencent currently offers a premium membership scheme, where premium... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 494 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2009, QQ began to expand its services internationally with its QQ International client for Windows distributed through a dedicated English-language portal.
QQ International offers non-Mandarin speakers the opportunity to use most of the features of its Chinese counterpart to get in touch with other QQ users via cha... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 436 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Social network website
In 2009, Tencent launched Xiaoyou (校友, 'schoolmate'), its first social network website. In mid-2010, Tencent changed direction and replaced Xiaoyou with Pengyou (朋友, 'friends'), trying to establish a more widespread network, to which extant QQ users could be easily redirected, hence giving Pengyo... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 444 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Related characteristics
The accounts of QQ are purely a combination of numbers. The account numbers provided for the registered users are selected randomly by the system user registration. In 1995, the registered QQ accounts had only 5 digits, while currently, the digital numbers used for QQ accounts has reached 12. T... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 413 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
In 2010, Chinese anti-virus company, Qihoo 360, analyzed the QQ protocol and accused QQ of automatically scanning users' computers and uploading their personal information to QQ's servers without the users' consent. In response, Tencent called 360 a malware and denied users of installing 360 access to some of the QQ's ... | Tencent QQ | Wikipedia | 374 | 571903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent%20QQ | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
Cottontail rabbits are in the Sylvilagus genus, which is in the Leporidae family. They are found in the Americas. Most Sylvilagus species have stub tails with white undersides that show when they retreat, giving them their characteristic name. However, this feature is not present in all Sylvilagus, nor is it unique to ... | Cottontail rabbit | Wikipedia | 476 | 571933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontail%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Eating mechanics
In contrast to rodents (squirrels, etc.), which generally sit on their hind legs and hold food with their front paws while feeding, cottontail rabbits eat while on all fours. Cottontail rabbits typically only use their nose to move and adjust the position of the food that it places directly in front o... | Cottontail rabbit | Wikipedia | 301 | 571933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontail%20rabbit | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Pointing dogs, sometimes called bird dogs, are a type of gundog typically used in finding game. Gundogs are traditionally divided into three classes: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. The name pointer comes from the dog's instinct to point, by stopping and aiming its muzzle towards game. This demonstrates... | Pointing dog | Wikipedia | 509 | 571970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
Pointers (and setters) include the following breeds:
English Setter
Gordon Setter
Irish Red and White Setter
Irish Setter
Pointer
The following breeds are also considered versatile hunting dogs:
Ariège Pointer
Bracco Italiano
Braque d'Auvergne
Braque du Bourbonnais
Braque Dupuy (extinct)
Braque Français (... | Pointing dog | Wikipedia | 182 | 571970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing%20dog | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
A hairbrush is a brush with rigid (hard or inflexible) or light and soft spokes used in hair care for smoothing, styling, and detangling human hair, or for grooming an animal's fur. It can also be used for styling in combination with a curling iron or hair dryer.
A brush is normally used for detangling hair, for examp... | Hairbrush | Wikipedia | 466 | 572393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairbrush | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
Materials
Common materials used for the handle are ebony, rosewood, New Guinea rosewood, beech, ABS plastic and polyacetal. Common materials used for bristles include boar bristle, horsehair, nylon, stainless steel and goat hair.
United States history
The earliest U.S. patent for a modern hairbrush was by Hugh Rock in... | Hairbrush | Wikipedia | 131 | 572393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairbrush | Biology and health sciences | Hygiene products | Health |
The vicuña (Lama vicugna) or vicuna (both , very rarely spelled vicugna, its former genus name) is one of the two wild South American camelids, which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes; the other camelid is the guanaco, which lives at lower elevations. Vicuñas are relatives of the llama, and are now believed to... | Vicuña | Wikipedia | 369 | 572518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
Description
The vicuña is considered more delicate and gracile than the guanaco and smaller. A key distinguishing element of morphology is the better-developed incisor roots for the guanaco. The vicuña's long, woolly coat is tawny brown on the back, whereas the hair on the throat and chest is white and quite long. Its ... | Vicuña | Wikipedia | 426 | 572518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
The behavior of vicuñas is similar to that of the guanacos. They are timid animals and are easily aroused by intruders due, among other things, to their extraordinary hearing. Like the guanacos, they frequently lick calcareous stones and rocks, which, together with salt water, is its source of salt. Vicuñas are clean a... | Vicuña | Wikipedia | 379 | 572518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
To cooperate on the conservation of the vicuña, the governments of Bolivia and Peru signed the Convention for the Conservation of the Vicuña on 16 August 1969 in La Paz, explicitly leaving the treaty open to accession by Argentina and Chile. Ecuador acceded on 11 February 1976. The Convention prohibited their internati... | Vicuña | Wikipedia | 462 | 572518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
In 2015, French luxury group LVMH said that "Loro Piana saved the species." The Italian company has been criticized for underpaying local communities collecting the wool. In 2022, the Argentine government's National Council for Scientific and Technical Investigation estimated that "Andean communities receive around 3% ... | Vicuña | Wikipedia | 217 | 572518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a | Biology and health sciences | Artiodactyla | null |
A physical disability is a limitation on a person's physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. Other physical disabilities include impairments which limit other facets of daily living, such as respiratory disorders, blindness, epilepsy and sleep disorders.
Causes
Prenatal disabilities are acquired before b... | Physical disability | Wikipedia | 459 | 573313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20disability | Biology and health sciences | Disability | null |
{{DISPLAYTITLE: C3 carbon fixation}}
carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being and CAM. This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the followin... | C3 carbon fixation | Wikipedia | 442 | 573489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3%20carbon%20fixation | Biology and health sciences | Metabolic processes | Biology |
The isotopic signature of plants shows higher degree of 13C depletion than the plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types. Specifically, plants do not have PEP carboxylase like plants, allowing them to only utilize ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase... | C3 carbon fixation | Wikipedia | 386 | 573489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3%20carbon%20fixation | Biology and health sciences | Metabolic processes | Biology |
Instead of optimizing specific enzymes on the PR pathway for glycolate degradation, South et al. decided to bypass PR altogether. In 2019, they transferred Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glycolate dehydrogenase and Cucurbita maxima malate synthase into the chloroplast of tobacco (a model organism). These enzymes, plus the ... | C3 carbon fixation | Wikipedia | 219 | 573489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3%20carbon%20fixation | Biology and health sciences | Metabolic processes | Biology |
Culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics. In animal breeding, it is removing or segregating animals from a breeding stock based on a specific trait. This is done to exaggerate desirable characteristics, or to remove undesirable characteristics by alt... | Culling | Wikipedia | 433 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Tandem method
The tandem method is a form of selective breeding where a breeder addresses one characteristic of the animal at a time, thus selecting only animals that measure above a certain threshold for that particular trait while keeping other traits constant. Once that level of quality in the single trait is achiev... | Culling | Wikipedia | 489 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Total score method
The total score method is a selection method where the breeder evaluates and selects breeding stock based on a weighted table of characteristics. The breeder selects qualities that are most important to them and assigns them a weight. The weights of all the traits should add up to 100. When evaluatin... | Culling | Wikipedia | 505 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
With dairy cattle, culling may be practised by inseminating cows—considered to be inferior—with beef breed semen and by selling the produced offspring for meat production.
Approximately half of the chicks of egg-laying chickens are males who would grow up to be roosters. These individuals have little use in an industr... | Culling | Wikipedia | 464 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Arguments against wildlife culling
Culling acts as a strong selection force and can therefore impact the population genetics of a species. For example, culling based on specific traits, such as size, can enforce directional selection and remove those traits from the population. This can have long-term effects on the ge... | Culling | Wikipedia | 437 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Shark culling occurs in four locations : New South Wales, Queensland, KwaZulu-Natal and Réunion. Between 1950 and 2008, 352 tiger sharks and 577 great white sharks were killed in the nets in New South Wales—also during this period, a total of 15,135 marine animals were caught and killed in the nets, including whales, t... | Culling | Wikipedia | 427 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
The effectiveness of these deer culls has been debated and often criticized as only a temporary fix to the larger problem of deer overpopulation and argue that the use of culling will increase fertility of remaining deer by reducing competition. Those in favor of the culls argue that they can be used to combat the sele... | Culling | Wikipedia | 503 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Culling has been criticized on animal rights grounds as speciesist—it has been argued that killing animals for any reason is cruel and unethical, and that animals have a right to live.
Some argue that culling is necessary when biodiversity is threatened. However, the protection of biodiversity argument has been questi... | Culling | Wikipedia | 437 | 2980973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culling | Technology | Animal husbandry | null |
Sea apple is the common name for the colorful and somewhat round sea cucumbers of the genus Pseudocolochirus, found in Indo-Pacific waters. Sea apples are filter feeders with tentacles, ovate bodies, and tube-like feet. As with many other holothurians, they can release their internal organs or a toxin into the water wh... | Sea apple | Wikipedia | 422 | 2981932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20apple | Biology and health sciences | Echinoderms | Animals |
Starvation
Sea apples often starve to death in display aquaria. Levels of plankton in aquaria are often lower than optimal, and sea apples are often seen attempting to feed not only at night, as in their natural habitat, but also in the daytime. With only low levels of food available, these sea apples often starve, be... | Sea apple | Wikipedia | 200 | 2981932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20apple | Biology and health sciences | Echinoderms | Animals |
Transform, clipping, and lighting (T&L or TCL) is a term used in computer graphics.
Overview
Transformation is the task of producing a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional scene. Clipping means only drawing the parts of the scene that will be present in the picture after rendering is completed. Lighting is the... | Transform, clipping, and lighting | Wikipedia | 497 | 6961053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%2C%20clipping%2C%20and%20lighting | Technology | Computer science | null |
Usefulness
Hardware T&L did not have broad application support in games at the time (mainly due to Direct3D games transforming their geometry on the CPU and not being allowed to use indexed geometries), so critics contended that it had little real-world value. Initially, it was only somewhat beneficial in a few OpenGL-... | Transform, clipping, and lighting | Wikipedia | 454 | 6961053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%2C%20clipping%2C%20and%20lighting | Technology | Computer science | null |
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