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A Schwarz triangle is a spherical triangle that can be used to tile a sphere.
Tessellations in non-Euclidean geometries
It is possible to tessellate in non-Euclidean geometries such as hyperbolic geometry. A uniform tiling in the hyperbolic plane (that may be regular, quasiregular, or semiregular) is an edge-to-edge... | Tessellation | Wikipedia | 481 | 321671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation | Mathematics | Geometry | null |
In manufacturing
Tessellation is used in manufacturing industry to reduce the wastage of material (yield losses) such as sheet metal when cutting out shapes for objects such as car doors or drink cans.
Tessellation is apparent in the mudcrack-like cracking of thin films – with a degree of self-organisation being obse... | Tessellation | Wikipedia | 467 | 321671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation | Mathematics | Geometry | null |
Tessellations have given rise to many types of tiling puzzle, from traditional jigsaw puzzles (with irregular pieces of wood or cardboard) and the tangram, to more modern puzzles that often have a mathematical basis. For example, polyiamonds and polyominoes are figures of regular triangles and squares, often used in ti... | Tessellation | Wikipedia | 222 | 321671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation | Mathematics | Geometry | null |
Microsoft Paint (commonly known as MS Paint or Paint for short) is a simple raster graphics editor that has been included with all versions of Microsoft Windows. The program opens, modifies and saves image files in Windows bitmap (BMP), JPEG, GIF, PNG, and single-page TIFF formats. The program can be in color mode or t... | Microsoft Paint | Wikipedia | 503 | 321796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
Paint was later superseded by Paintbrush in Windows 3.0, with a redesigned user interface, true color support, and support for the BMP and PCX file formats. This version was also based on a newer licensed version of PC Paintbrush by ZSoft.
Windows 9x
Microsoft shipped an updated version of Paint with Windows 95 and W... | Microsoft Paint | Wikipedia | 392 | 321796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
The version of Paint in Windows 7 and later features a ribbon in its user interface. It also features "artistic" brushes composed of varying shades of gray and some degree of transparency that give a more realistic result. To add to the realism, the oil and watercolor brushes can only paint for a small distance before ... | Microsoft Paint | Wikipedia | 452 | 321796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
In March 2021, with the release of Windows 10 Insider build 21332 to the Dev Channel, Microsoft removed Paint 3D from clean installations of the build, in addition to the 3D Objects app. In April 2021, Microsoft released Windows 10 Insider build 21354, which made Paint (along with Snipping Tool) updatable from the Micr... | Microsoft Paint | Wikipedia | 461 | 321796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
To crop whitespace or eliminate parts of a graphic, the blue handle in the lower right corner can be dragged to increase canvas size or crop a graphic. Users can also draw perfect shapes (which have a width equal to the height) using any shape tool by holding down the while dragging.
Older versions of Paint, such as ... | Microsoft Paint | Wikipedia | 342 | 321796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Technology | Multimedia_2 | null |
The fibula (: fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the ti... | Fibula | Wikipedia | 497 | 321814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Head
The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia.
On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued beh... | Fibula | Wikipedia | 512 | 321814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
The postero-lateral border is prominent; it begins above at the apex, and ends below in the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. It is directed lateralward above, backward in the middle of its course, backward, and a little medialward below, and gives attachment to an aponeurosis which separates the peronaei on t... | Fibula | Wikipedia | 501 | 321814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Function
The fibula does not carry any significant load (weight) of the body. It extends past the lower end of the tibia and forms the outer part of the ankle providing stability to this joint. It has grooves(a depression) for certain ligaments which gives them leverage and multiplies the muscle force. It provides atta... | Fibula | Wikipedia | 473 | 321814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Other animals
Because the fibula bears relatively little weight in comparison with the tibia, it is typically narrower in all but the most primitive tetrapods. In many animals, it still articulates with the posterior part of the lower extremity of the femur, but this feature is frequently lost (as it is in humans). In ... | Fibula | Wikipedia | 119 | 321814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical ... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 511 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
In 1972, Nasir Ahmed proposed the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which he developed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1973. The DCT is the most widely used lossy compression algorithm, the basis for multimedia formats such as JPEG, MPEG and MP3.
Source coding
The aim of source coding is to take the source data and... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 480 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Although not a very good code, a simple repeat code can serve as an understandable example. Suppose we take a block of data bits (representing sound) and send it three times. At the receiver we will examine the three repetitions bit by bit and take a majority vote. The twist on this is that we do not merely send the bi... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 487 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
n is the length of the codeword, in symbols,
m is the number of source symbols that will be used for encoding at once,
dmin is the minimum hamming distance for the code.
There are many types of linear block codes, such as
Cyclic codes (e.g., Hamming codes)
Repetition codes
Parity codes
Polynomial codes (e.g., B... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 391 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Another code property is the number of neighbors that a single codeword may have.
Again, consider pennies as an example. First we pack the pennies in a rectangular grid. Each penny will have 4 near neighbors (and 4 at the corners which are farther away). In a hexagon, each penny will have 6 near neighbors. When we incr... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 485 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Cryptography or cryptographic coding is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries). More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that block adversaries; various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 486 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Another concern of coding theory is designing codes that help synchronization. A code may be designed so that a phase shift can be easily detected and corrected and that multiple signals can be sent on the same channel.
Another application of codes, used in some mobile phone systems, is code-division multiple access (... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 464 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Neural coding
Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the rela... | Coding theory | Wikipedia | 112 | 321869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20theory | Mathematics | Discrete mathematics | null |
Honeypot ants, also called honey ants, are ants which have specialized workers (repletes, plerergates, or rotunds) that consume large amounts of food to the point that their abdomens swell enormously. Other ants then extract nourishment from them, through the process of trophallaxis. They function as living larders. Ho... | Honeypot ant | Wikipedia | 490 | 321940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
In Camponotus inflatus in Australia, repletes formed 49% (516 ants) of a colony of 1063 ants, and 46% (1835 ants) of a colony of 4019 ants. The smaller colony contained six wingless queens. The larger colony had 66 chambers containing repletes, with a maximum of 191 repletes in a chamber. The largest replete was 15 mil... | Honeypot ant | Wikipedia | 441 | 321940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot%20ant | Biology and health sciences | Hymenoptera | Animals |
The M4 carbine (officially Carbine, Caliber 5.56 mm, M4) is a 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle developed in the United States during the 1980s. It is a shortened version of the M16A2 assault rifle. The M4 is extensively used by the US military, with decisions to largely replace the M16 rifle in US Army (starting 2010) and ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 376 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
In 1982, the U.S. Government requested Colt to make a carbine version of the M16A2. At the time, the Colt M16A2 was the Colt 645, also known as the M16A1E1. Later that year, the U.S. Army Armament Munitions Chemical Command helped Colt develop a new variant of the XM177E2, and the U.S. Army redesignated the XM177E2 to ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 413 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Interest in the M4 carbine was accelerated after the Battle of Mogadishu (1993), in which Rangers complained that their M16 rifles were "unwieldy", whereas members of Delta Force in the same battle, equipped with the CAR-15, had no such complaints. The M4 carbine first saw action in the hands of U.S. troops deployed to... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 366 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
By July 2015, major Marine Corps commands were endorsing switching to the M4 over the M16A4 as the standard infantry rifle, just as the Army had done. This is because of the carbine's lighter weight, compact length, and ability to address modern combat situations that happen mostly within close quarters; if a squad nee... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 493 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
In September 2010, the Army announced it would buy 12,000 M4A1s from Colt Firearms by the end of 2010, and would order 25,000 more M4A1s by early 2011. Additionally, the service branch planned to buy 12,000 M4A1 conversion kits in early 2011 and bought 65,000 more later that year. Eventually, the Army would upgrade all... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 338 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
In addition to upgrade kits, in April 2012, the U.S. Army announced it would begin purchasing over 120,000 M4A1 carbines to start reequipping front line units from the original M4 to the new M4A1 version. The first 24,000 were to be made by Remington Arms Company. Remington was to produce the M4A1s from mid-2013 to mid... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 399 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
The Heckler & Koch HK416 was introduced in 2005, incorporating the same lower receiver as the M4A1, but replacing its direct impingement system with a gas-operated rotating bolt, more comparable to that of the G36. The HK416 was adopted by the Navy SEALs, Delta Force, and other special forces. In 2010, it was adopted b... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 406 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
After the failure of the Individual Carbine program, the Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW) was started in 2017. The program aimed to replace the M4 Carbine and the M249 SAW with weapons that would compensate for their perceived deficiencies when fighting at longer ranges, as well as addressing concerns about the effe... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 287 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
The M4, and its variants, is a lightweight 5.56×45mm NATO (and .223 Remington) caliber, gas-operated, magazine-fed, air-cooled selective fire AR-15-pattern firearm. Its gas operation consists of an internal piston (often incorrectly referred to as direct impingement), a rotating bolt, and bolt carrier that reciprocates... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 492 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
The M4's maneuverability makes it beneficial for non-infantry troops (vehicle crews, clerks and staff officers), as well as for close quarters battle. The M4, along with the M16A4, has mostly replaced the M16A2 in the Army and Marines. The U.S. Air Force, for example, has transitioned completely to the M4 for Security ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 393 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
The M4 and the M4A1 feed from 30-round STANAG magazines. Other types of STANAG compatible magazines with different capacities may also be used. In January 2017, a USMC unit deployed with suppressors mounted to every infantry M4 service weapon. Exercises showed that having all weapons suppressed improved squad communica... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 341 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
In 2002, the Block II modification kit was adopted featuring two new upper receivers: the Special Purpose Receiver (SPR) with a barrel and Close Quarter Battle Receiver (CQBR) with a barrel. M4A1s fitted with the SPR were designated by the Navy as the Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle, a type of designated marksman rifle. ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 454 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Colt Model 925 carbines were tested and fitted with the KAC M4 RAS under the designation M4E2, but this designation appears to have been scrapped in favor of mounting this system to existing carbines without changing the designation. The U.S. Army Field Manual specifies for the Army that adding the Rail Adapter System ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 474 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
The Close Quarters Battle Receiver (CQBR) was originally a Special Operations Peculiar Modification (SOPMOD) program item that would increase the close quarters maneuverability of the M4A1 by mating the lower receiver with a barreled upper receiver; with the CQBR installed, the weapon would then be classified as the M... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 512 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
GAU-5/A
The GAU-5/A Aircrew Self Defense Weapon (ASDW) is an Air Force modified M4 with a detachable barrel and handguard assembly, folding pistol grip, and fold-down iron sights to enable compact packaging. This weapon is stowed in ejection seats of tactical aircraft and is intended to allow aircrew who egress in host... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 227 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
2006 CNA report
In December 2006, the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) released a report on U.S. small arms in combat. The CNA conducted surveys on 2,608 troops returning from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan over the previous 12 months. Only troops who fired their weapons at enemy targets were allowed to participate. 917... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 401 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
2007 dust test
In summer and fall 2007, the Army tested the M4 against three other carbines in "sandstorm conditions" at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: the Heckler & Koch XM8, Fabrique Nationale de Herstal SOF Combat Assault Rifle (SCAR) and the Heckler & Koch HK416. Ten of each type of rifle were used to fire 6,00... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 474 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
There were three extreme dust tests performed in 2007. The second test results showed a large difference from the last test with the M4 having 148 class 1 stoppages caused by rifle malfunctions and 148 class 1 stoppages caused by magazine stoppages. The full-size M16 rifle had 61 stoppages during the same extreme dust ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 388 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Gas piston
An array of firearms accessory makers have offered gas piston conversion kits for the M4. The claimed benefits include less needed lubrication for the bolt carrier group to run reliably and reduced fouling. The argument against it is increased weight and reduced accuracy. The Enhanced M4 uses an articulating... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 403 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
ArmWest, LLC modified M4
In 2014, American firearms designer Jim Sullivan provided a video interview regarding his contributions to the M16 and M4 family of rifles while working for Armalite. A noted critic of the M4, he illustrates the deficiencies found in the rifle in its current configuration. In the video, he dem... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 457 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
In April 2004, Colt filed a lawsuit against Heckler & Koch and Bushmaster Firearms, claiming acts of trademark infringement, trade dress infringement, trademark dilution, false designation of origin, false advertising, patent infringement, unfair competition, and deceptive trade practices. Heckler & Koch later settled ... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 155 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Afghanistan: Former Afghan National Army commando stocks in use by the Taliban.
: Used by Albanian Land Force 2015.
: M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.
: Used by Argentine Army, Argentine Navy and Argentine National Gendarmerie
: M4A1 (designated M4A5), used by Special Operations Command, Clear... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 496 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
: M16A2s and M4s are used by the "Special Forces" branch as well as by the airborne battalions of the Hellenic Army.
: M4A1 SOPMOD by Hungarian MH 34th Bercsényi László special operation battalion More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.
: M4A1s as part of a 2008 Foreign Military Sales. M4A1 is use... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 508 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
: M4A1 variant used by the Special Forces of the Pakistani military besides the POF G3P4 standard rifle for the Pakistani military— also used by the Special Security Unit (SSU) of the Sindh Police. More M4/M4A1s announced to be sold via FMS program in 2017.
: Used by Palestinian security forces.
: M4A1s sold as a 200... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 508 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Former users
: Used by Afghan National Army commandos during the Taliban insurgency. M4s sold as part of a 2006 Foreign Military Sales package. Additional M4s sold as a 2008 Foreign Military Sales package. Captured stocks currently in use with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Conflicts
1990s
Colombian conflict (... | M4 carbine | Wikipedia | 246 | 321957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4%20carbine | Technology | Specific firearms | null |
Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in artificial beehives. Honey bees in the genus Apis are the most commonly kept species but other honey producing bees such as Melipona stingless bees are also kept. Beekeepers (or apiarists) keep bees to collect honey and other products of the hiv... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 452 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Honeybees were kept in Egypt from antiquity. On the walls of the sun temple of Nyuserre Ini from the Fifth Dynasty before 2,422 BCE, workers are depicted blowing smoke into hives as they remove honeycombs. Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of Pabasa from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty , in ... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 487 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
The ancient Maya domesticated a species of stingless bee, which they used for several purposes, including making balché, a mead-like alcoholic drink. By 300 BCE they had achieved the highest levels of stingless beekeeping practices in the world. The use of stingless bees is referred to as meliponiculture, which is name... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 318 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Following Réaumur's design, Huber built improved glass-walled observation hives and sectional hives that could be opened like the leaves of a book. This allowed the inspection of individual wax combs and greatly improved direct observation of hive activity. Although he went blind before he was twenty, Huber employed a ... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 486 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Intermediate stages in the transition from older methods of beekeeping were recorded in 1768 by Thomas Wildman, who described advances over the destructive, skep-based method so bees no longer had to be killed to harvest their honey. Wildman fixed an array of parallel wooden bars across the top of a straw hive in diam... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 346 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
In the 19th century, changes in beekeeping practice were completed through the development of the movable comb hive by the American Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth, who was the first person to make practical use of Huber's earlier discovery of a specific spatial distance between the wax combs, later called the bee space, w... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 302 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Langstroth's design of movable comb hives was adopted by apiarists and inventors in both North America and Europe, and a wide range of moveable comb hives were developed in England, France, Germany and the United States. Classic designs evolved in each country; Dadant hives and Langstroth hives are still dominant in th... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 463 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Petro Prokopovych used frames with channels in the side of the woodwork; these were packed side-by-side in stacked boxes. Bees traveled between frames and boxes via these channels, which were similar to the cutouts in the sides of modern wooden sections.
Jan Dzierżon' beehive design has influenced modern beehives.
Fr... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 493 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Cary W. Hartman (1859–1947), lecturer, well known beekeeping enthusiast and honey promoter was elected President of the California State Beekeepers' Association in 1921.
In the UK, practical beekeeping was led in the early 20th century by a few men, pre-eminently Brother Adam and his Buckfast bee, and R.O.B. Manley, a... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 451 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Hanging-frame hive designs include Langstroth, the British National, Dadant, Layens, and Rose, which differ in size and number of frames. The Langstroth was the first successful top-opened hive with movable frames. Many other hive designs are based on the principle of bee space that was first described by Langstroth, a... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 464 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Traditionally, beekeeping clothing is pale-colored because of the natural color of cotton and the cost of coloring is an expense not warranted for workwear, though some consider this to provide better differentiation from the colony's natural predators such as bears and skunks, which tend to be dark-colored. It is now ... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 425 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Few anecdotal stories of using the smoke from burning fungi in England or Europe for centuries have been published. Several more recent studies describe anaesthesia of honeybees use of smoke from burning fungi. The fungi reported to have been used to smoke bees are the puffballs Lycoperdon gigantium, L. wahlbergii and... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 461 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Symptoms of being stung include redness, swelling and itching around the site of the sting. In mild cases, pain and swelling subside in two hours. In moderate cases, the red welt at the sting site will become slightly larger for one or two days before beginning to heal. A severe reaction, which is rare among beekeepers... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 492 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
The natural beekeeping movement believes bee hives are weakened by modern beekeeping and agricultural practices, such as crop spraying, hive movement, frequent hive inspections, artificial insemination of queens, routine medication, and sugar water feeding. Practitioners of "natural beekeeping" tend to use variations o... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 425 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Indoor beekeeping
Modern beekeepers have experimented with raising bees indoors in a controlled environment or in indoor observation hives. This may be done for reasons of space and monitoring, or in the cooler months, when large commercial beekeepers may move colonies to "wintering" warehouses with fixed temperature,... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 388 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
As the queen's pheromones fail, the bees replace her by creating a new queen from one of her worker eggs. They may do this because she has been physically injured, because she has run out of sperm and cannot lay fertilized eggs, and has become a drone-laying queen, or because her pheromones have dwindled to the point a... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 445 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Different sub-species of Apis mellifera exhibit differing swarming characteristics. In North America, northern black races are thought to swarm less and supersede more whereas the southern yellow-and-gray varieties are said to swarm more frequently. Swarming behavior is complicated because of the prevalence of cross-br... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 360 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Artificial swarming
When a colony accidentally loses its queen, it is said to be queenless. The workers realize the queen is absent after around an hour as her pheromones in the hive fade. Instinctively, the workers select cells containing eggs aged less than three days and dramatically enlarge the cells to form "eme... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 487 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Parasites
Nosema apis is a microsporidian that causes nosemosis, also called nosema, the most-common and widespread disease of the adult honey bee.
Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella wax moth larvae hatch, tunnel through and destroy comb that contains bee larvae and their honey stores. The tunnels they create a... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 501 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Honey fraud scandal
However, the 2024 World Beekeeping Awards were marred by a significant scandal involving honey fraud. Investigators uncovered a sophisticated operation where some contestants had submitted adulterated honey samples.
The fraudulent entries contained:
Honey diluted with sugar syrup
Mislabeled hon... | Beekeeping | Wikipedia | 267 | 322091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping | Technology | Forms | null |
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical evergreen tree with edible fruit native to Island Southeast Asia, from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo. It has been cultivated extensively in tropical Asia since ancient times. It is grown mainly in Southeast Asia, southwest India and ot... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 506 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Once the developing mangosteen fruit has stopped expanding, chlorophyll synthesis slows as the next colour phase begins. Initially streaked with red, the exocarp pigmentation transitions from green to red to dark purple, indicating a final ripening stage. This entire process takes place over a period of ten days as the... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 469 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Origins and history
Cultivated mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana var. mangostana) is dioecious, but male trees are unknown. The trees produce viable seeds via apomixis, where all the embryos are essentially clones of the mother. Its extensive cultivation has made its original native range difficult to ascertain. Garcinia... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 486 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
The journalist and gourmet R. W. Apple Jr. once said of the fruit, "No other fruit, for me, is so thrillingly, intoxicatingly luscious...I'd rather eat one than a hot fudge sundae, which for a big Ohio boy is saying a lot." Since 2006, private small-volume orders for fruits grown in Puerto Rico were sold to American s... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 445 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Mangosteen trees have a weak root system and prefer deep, well-drained soils with high moisture content, often growing on riverbanks. The mangosteen is not adapted to limestone soils, sandy, alluvial soils, or sandy soils with low organic matter content. Mangosteen trees need a well-distributed rainfall over the year (... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 456 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Regional production
Major mangosteen production occurs in Southeast Asia, mainly in Thailand as the country with the most acreage planted, estimated at 4,000 ha in 1965 and 11,000 ha in 2000, giving a total yield of 46,000 tons. Mangosteen is seasonally available in Thailand from May through September. Indonesia, Malay... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 413 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
There are a few pests that feed on mangosteen leaves and fruits including leaf eater (Stictoptera sp.), leaf miner (Phyllocnictis citrella) and fruit borer (Curculio sp.). Especially in nurseries, the larval stage of the leaf eater can cause visible damage on young leaves, but can be managed by biological control agent... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 462 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Before ripening, the mangosteen shell is fibrous and firm but becomes soft and easy to pry open when the fruit ripens. To open a mangosteen, the shell can be scored with a knife, pried gently along the score with the thumbs until it cracks, and then pulled apart to reveal the fruit. Alternatively, the mangosteen can be... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 447 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Marketing
Fresh mangosteen is marketed for only a short period of six to ten weeks due to its seasonal nature. It is mainly grown by smallholders and sold at fruit stalls by roadsides. Its irregular, short supply leads to wide price fluctuations throughout its season and over the years. Additionally, there is no stand... | Mangosteen | Wikipedia | 105 | 322105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangosteen | Biology and health sciences | Other culinary fruits | Plants |
Penile cancer, or penile carcinoma, is a cancer that develops in the skin or tissues of the penis. Symptoms may include abnormal growth, an ulcer or sore on the skin of the penis, and bleeding or foul smelling discharge.
Risk factors include phimosis (inability to retract foreskin of the penis), chronic inflammation, ... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 410 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
Hygiene and injury
Poor hygiene—Poor hygiene can increase a man's risk of penile cancer.
Smegma—Smegma, a whitish substance that can accumulate beneath the foreskin, is associated with greater risk of penile cancer. The American Cancer Society suggests that smegma may not be carcinogenic, but may increase the risk by... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 506 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
Pathogenesis
Penile cancer arises from precursor lesions, which generally progress from low-grade to high-grade lesions. For HPV related penile cancers this sequence is as follows:
Squamous hyperplasia;
Low-grade penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN);
High-grade PIN (carcinoma in situ—Bowen's disease, Erythroplasia... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 450 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
The T portion of the AJCC TNM staging guidelines are for the primary tumor as follows:
TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed.
T0: No evidence of primary tumor.
Tis: Carcinoma in situ.
Ta: Noninvasive verrucous carcinoma.
T1a: Tumor invades subepithelial connective tissue without lymph vascular invasion and is not p... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 382 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
Prevention
HPV vaccines such as Gardasil or Cervarix may reduce the risk of HPV and, consequently, penile cancer.
The use of condoms is thought to be protective against HPV-associated penile cancer.
Good genital hygiene, which involves washing the penis, the scrotum, and the foreskin daily with water, may prevent b... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 478 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is a rare cancer in developed nations, with annual incidence varying from 0.3 to 1 per 100,000 per year, accounting for around 0.4–0.6% of all malignancies. The annual incidence is approximately 1 in 100,000 men in the United States, 1 in 250,000 in Australia, and 0.82 per 100,000 in Denmark.... | Penile cancer | Wikipedia | 207 | 322177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile%20cancer | Biology and health sciences | Cancer | Health |
Tension headache, stress headache, or tension-type headache (TTH), is the most common type of primary headache. The pain usually radiates from the lower back of the head, the neck, the eyes, or other muscle groups in the body typically affecting both sides of the head. Tension-type headaches account for nearly 90% of a... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 424 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Mechanism
Although the musculature of the head and neck and psychological factors such as stress may play a role in the overall pathophysiology of TTH, neither is currently believed to be the sole cause of the development of TTH. The pathologic basis of TTH is most likely derived from a combination of personal factors... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 453 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Specific neuronal receptors and neurotransmitters thought to be most involved include NMDA and AMPA receptors, glutamate, serotonin (5-HT), β-endorphin, and nitric oxide (NO). Of the neurotransmitters, NO plays a major role in central pain pathways and likely contributes to the process of central sensitization. Briefly... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 475 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Diagnosis
With TTH, the physical exam is expected to be normal with perhaps the exception of either pericranial tenderness upon palpation of the cranial muscles, or presence of either photophobia or phonophobia.
Classification
The International Headache Society's most current classification system for headache diso... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 499 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Drinking water and avoiding dehydration helps in preventing tension headache.
People who have jaw clenching might develop headaches, and getting treatment from a dentist might prevent those headaches.
Using stress management and relaxing often makes headaches less likely.
Biofeedback techniques may also help.
Medic... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 479 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
Analgesic/caffeine combinations are popular such as the aspirin-caffeine combination or the aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine combinations. Frequent use (daily or skipping just one day in between use for 7–10 days) of any of the above analgesics may, however, lead to medication overuse headache.
Analgesic/sedative com... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 370 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
People with tension-type headache often use spinal manipulation, soft tissue therapy, and myofascial trigger point treatment. Studies of effectiveness are mixed. A 2006 systematic review found no rigorous evidence supporting manual therapies for tension headache. A 2005 structured review found only weak evidence for th... | Tension headache | Wikipedia | 314 | 322197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension%20headache | Biology and health sciences | Specific diseases | Health |
The European hare (Lepus europaeus), also known as the brown hare, is a species of hare native to Europe and parts of Asia. It is among the largest hare species and is adapted to temperate, open country. Hares are herbivorous and feed mainly on grasses and herbs, supplementing these with twigs, buds, bark and field cro... | European hare | Wikipedia | 398 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The European hare was first described in 1778 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas. It shares the genus Lepus (Latin for "hare") with 32 other hare and jackrabbit species, jackrabbits being the name given to some species of hare native to North America. They are distinguished from other leporids (hares and rabbits) b... | European hare | Wikipedia | 490 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Twenty-nine subspecies of "very variable status" are listed by Chapman and Flux in their book on lagomorphs, including the subspecies above (with the exceptions of L. e. connori, L. e. creticus, L. e. cyprius, L. e. judeae, L. e. rhodius, and L. e. syriacus) and additionally:
Description
The European hare, like othe... | European hare | Wikipedia | 510 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The European hare is native to much of continental Europe and part of Asia. Its range extends from northern Spain to southern Scandinavia, eastern Europe, and northern parts of Western and Central Asia. It has been extending its range into Siberia. It may have been introduced to Great Britain by the Romans about 2000 y... | European hare | Wikipedia | 496 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The European hare is primarily nocturnal and spends a third of its time foraging. During daytime, it hides in a depression in the ground called a "form" where it is partially hidden. It can run at , and when confronted by predators it relies on outrunning them in the open. It is generally thought of as asocial but can ... | European hare | Wikipedia | 414 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
European hares forage in groups. Group feeding is beneficial as individuals can spend more time feeding knowing that other hares are being vigilant. Nevertheless, the distribution of food affects these benefits. When food is well-spaced, all hares are able to access it. When food is clumped together, only dominant hare... | European hare | Wikipedia | 306 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The mating system of the hare has been described as both polygynous (single males mating with multiple females) and promiscuous. Females have six-weekly reproductive cycles and are receptive for only a few hours at a time, making competition among local bucks intense. At the height of the breeding season, this phenomen... | European hare | Wikipedia | 498 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
European hares are large leporids and adults can only be tackled by large predators such as canids, felids and the largest birds of prey. In Poland it was found that the consumption of hares by foxes was at its highest during spring, when the availability of small animal prey was low; at this time of year, hares may co... | European hare | Wikipedia | 499 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
In folklore, literature, and art
In Europe, the hare has been a symbol of sex and fertility since at least Ancient Greece. The Greeks associated it with the gods Dionysus, Aphrodite and Artemis as well as with satyrs and cupids. The Christian Church connected the hare with lustfulness and homosexuality, but also assoc... | European hare | Wikipedia | 459 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
The hare is a character in some fables, such as The Tortoise and the Hare of Aesop. The story was annexed to a philosophical problem by Zeno of Elea, who created a set of paradoxes to support Parmenides' attack on the idea of continuous motion, as each time the hare (or the hero Achilles) moves to where the tortoise wa... | European hare | Wikipedia | 430 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
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