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The European hare has a wide range across Europe and western Asia and has been introduced to a number of other countries around the globe, often as a game species. In general it is considered moderately abundant in its native range, but declines in populations have been noted in many areas since the 1960s. These have b... | European hare | Wikipedia | 307 | 322239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20hare | Biology and health sciences | Lagomorphs | Animals |
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time.
The process of succession occurs either after the initial colonization of a newly created habitat, or after a disturbance substantially alters a pre-existing habitat. Succession that begins in new habitats, un... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 438 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Ragnar Hult's 1885 study on the stages of forest development in Blekinge noted that grassland becomes heath before the heath develops into forest. Birch dominated the early stages of forest development, then pine (on dry soil) and spruce (on wet soil). If the birch is replaced by oak it eventually develops to beechwood... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 495 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Two quotes illustrate the contrasting views of Clements and Gleason. Clements wrote in 1916:
while Gleason, in his 1926 paper, said:
Gleason's ideas were, in fact, more consistent with Cowles' original thinking about succession. About Clements' distinction between primary succession and secondary succession, Cowles w... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 452 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Diversity of possible trajectories
Ecological succession was formerly seen as an orderly progression through distinct stages, where several plant communities would replace each other in a fixed order and eventually reach a stable end point known as the climax. The climax community was sometimes referred to as the 'pote... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 456 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Feedback loops
Ecological succession is driven by feedbacks between plants and their environment. As plants grow following a disturbance, they change their environment, for example by creating shade, attracting seed dispersers, contributing organic matter to the soil, changing the availability of soil nutrients, creat... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 450 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Successional dynamics beginning with colonization of an area that has not been previously occupied by an ecological community are referred to as primary succession. This includes newly exposed rock or sand surfaces, lava flows, and newly exposed glacial tills. The stages of primary succession include pioneer microorgan... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 430 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Autogenic succession can be brought by changes in the soil caused by the organisms there. These changes include accumulation of organic matter in litter or humic layer, alteration of soil nutrients, or change in the pH of soil due to the plants growing there. The structure of the plants themselves can also alter the co... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 494 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
A seral community is an intermediate stage found in an ecosystem advancing towards its climax community. In many cases more than one seral stage evolves until climax conditions are attained. A prisere is a collection of seres making up the development of an area from non-vegetated surfaces to a climax community. Depend... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 389 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Succession of micro-organisms including fungi and bacteria occurring within a microhabitat is known as microsuccession or serule. In artificial bacterial meta-communities of motile strains on-chip it has been shown that ecological succession is based on a trade-off between colonization and competition abilities. To exp... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 454 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
The vegetation is tolerant of environmental conditions.
It has a wide diversity of species, a well-drained spatial structure, and complex food chains.
The climax ecosystem is balanced. There is equilibrium between gross primary production and total respiration, between energy used from sunlight and energy released by... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 122 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Climatic Climax If there is only a single climax and the development of climax community is controlled by the climate of the region, it is termed as climatic climax. For example, development of Maple-beech climax community over moist soil. Climatic climax is theoretical and develops where physical conditions of the sub... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 435 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Monoclimax or Climatic Climax Theory was advanced by Clements (1916) and recognizes only one climax whose characteristics are determined solely by climate (climatic climax). The processes of succession and modification of environment overcome the effects of differences in topography, parent material of the soil, and ot... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 332 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Forests, being an ecological system, are subject to the species succession process. There are "opportunistic" or "pioneer" species that produce great quantities of seed that are disseminated by the wind, and therefore can colonize big empty extensions. They are capable of germinating and growing in direct sunlight. Onc... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 492 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Wetland succession is a uniquely complex, non-linear process shaped by hydrology. Hydrological factors often work against linear processes that predict a succession to a "climax" state. The energy carried by moving water may create a continuous source of disturbance. For example, in coastal wetlands, the tides moving i... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 372 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
Many grassland ecosystems are maintained by disturbance, such as fire and grazing by large animals, or else the process of succession will change them to forest or shrubland. In fact, it is debated whether fire should be considered disturbance at all for the North American prairie ecosystems, since it maintains, rather... | Ecological succession | Wikipedia | 231 | 322376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20succession | Biology and health sciences | Ecology | Biology |
An aneurysm is an outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon, caused by a localized, abnormal, weak spot on a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms may be a result of a hereditary condition or an acquired disease. Aneurysms can also be a nidus (starting point) for clot formation (thrombosis) and embolization. As an aneurys... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 499 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Aneurysms can also be classified by their macroscopic shapes and sizes and are described as either saccular or fusiform. The shape of an aneurysm is not specific for a specific disease. The size of the base or neck is useful in determining the chance of for example endovascular coiling.
Saccular aneurysms, or "berry" ... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 504 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are commonly divided according to their size and symptomatology. An aneurysm is usually defined as an outer aortic diameter over 3 cm (normal diameter of the aorta is around 2 cm), or more than 50% of normal diameter that of a healthy individual of the same sex and age. If the outer diameter ... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 408 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Risk factors
Risk factors for an aneurysm include diabetes, obesity, hypertension, tobacco use, alcoholism, high cholesterol, copper deficiency, increasing age, and tertiary syphilis infection. Connective tissue disorders such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and certain forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome are als... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 484 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Syphilis. The third stage of syphilis also manifests as aneurysm of the aorta, which is due to loss of the vasa vasorum in the tunica adventitia.
Copper deficiency. A minority of aneurysms are caused by copper deficiency, which results in a decreased activity of the lysyl oxidase enzyme, affecting elastin, a key compo... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 369 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Blood vessels with aneurysms, on the other hand, are under the influence of an S-shaped stress-strain curve. As a visual aid, aneurysms can be understood as a long, cylindrical balloon. Because it's a tight balloon under pressure, it can pop at any time stress beyond a certain force threshold is applied. In the same ve... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 432 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Diagnosis of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is commonly made by finding signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage on a computed tomography (CT) scan. If the CT scan is negative but a ruptured aneurysm is still suspected based on clinical findings, a lumbar puncture can be performed to detect blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. Comp... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 418 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Endovascular coiling was introduced by Italian neurosurgeon Guido Guglielmi at UCLA in 1989. It consists of passing a catheter into the femoral artery in the groin, through the aorta, into the brain arteries, and finally into the aneurysm itself. Platinum coils initiate a clotting reaction within the aneurysm that, if ... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 401 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Epidemiology
Incidence rates of cranial aneurysms are estimated at between 0.4% and 3.6%. Those without risk factors have expected prevalence of 2–3%. In adults, females are more likely to have aneurysms. They are most prevalent in people ages 35 – 60 but can occur in children as well. Aneurysms are rare in children w... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 292 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Modeling of aneurysms consists of creating a 3D model that mimics a particular aneurysm. Using patient data for the blood velocity, and blood pressure, along with the geometry of the aneurysm, researchers can apply computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to predict whether an aneurysm is benign or if it is at risk of compli... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 290 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
In the past, aneurysms were modeled as rigid spheres with linear inlets and outlets. As technology advances, the ability to detect and analyze aneurysms becomes easier. Researchers are able to CT scan a patient's body to create a 3D computer model that possesses the correct geometry. Aneurysms can now be modeled with t... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 238 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
U.S. Senator Joe Biden, who later became President, had two brain aneurysms in 1988. He recovered after successful surgeries to correct them.
Lucille Ball died from an aortic rupture in the abdominal area days after having undergone apparently successful heart surgery for a dissecting aortic aneurysm.
Laura Branigan... | Aneurysm | Wikipedia | 434 | 322553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysm | Biology and health sciences | Injury | null |
Trionychidae is a family of turtles, commonly known as softshell turtles or simply softshells. The family was described by Leopold Fitzinger in 1826. Softshells include some of the world's largest freshwater turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish waters. Members of this family occur in Africa, Asia... | Trionychidae | Wikipedia | 497 | 322562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionychidae | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Most are strict carnivores, with diets consisting mainly of fish, aquatic crustaceans, snails, amphibians, and sometimes birds and small mammals.
Softshells are able to "breathe" underwater with rhythmic movements of their mouth cavity, which contains numerous processes copiously supplied with blood, acting similarly ... | Trionychidae | Wikipedia | 456 | 322562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionychidae | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Due to rising demand and overhunting, the price of Pelodiscus sinensis in China skyrocketed by the mid-1990s; large-scale turtle farming in China and neighboring countries; raising this species by hundreds of millions was the response, with prices soon returning to a more affordable level. Another species, Palea steind... | Trionychidae | Wikipedia | 504 | 322562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionychidae | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Phylogeny
The following cladogram shows the relationships among the species:
Gallery | Trionychidae | Wikipedia | 17 | 322562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trionychidae | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), sometimes called the lute turtle, leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and the heaviest non-crocodilian reptile, reaching lengths of up to and weights of . It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and family Dermochely... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 494 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Evolution
Relatives of modern leatherback turtles have existed in relatively the same form since the first true sea turtles evolved over 110 million years ago during the Cretaceous period. The dermochelyids are relatives of the family Cheloniidae, which contains the other six extant sea turtle species. However, their s... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 385 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
D. coriacea adults average in curved carapace length (CCL), in total length, and in weight. In the Caribbean, the mean size of adults was reported at in weight and in CCL. Similarly, those nesting in French Guiana, weighed an average of and measured in CCL. The largest verified specimen ever found was discovered... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 441 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
The sutures connect rigid elements and flexible joints in a zig-zag configuration, so there is no region where teeth can easily penetrate the carapace. There are two main failure mechanisms for the tires in tension: tooth failure corresponding to mineral-brittle failure; and interfacial failure between teeth correspond... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 463 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Distribution
The leatherback turtle is a species with a cosmopolitan global range. Of all the extant sea turtle species, D. coriacea has the widest distribution, reaching as far north as Alaska and Norway and as far south as Cape Agulhas in Africa and the southernmost tip of New Zealand. The leatherback is found in all... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 423 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Pacific subpopulation
Pacific leatherbacks divide into two populations. One population nests on beaches in Papua, Indonesia, and the Solomon Islands, and forages across the Pacific in the Northern Hemisphere, along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington in North America. The eastern Pacific population forages... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 428 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Habitat
Leatherback sea turtles can be found primarily in the open ocean. Scientists tracked a leatherback turtle that swam from Jen Womom beach of Tambrauw Regency in West Papua of Indonesia to the US in a foraging journey over a period of 647 days. Leatherbacks follow their jellyfish prey throughout the day, resulti... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 490 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Several species of sea turtles commonly ingest plastic marine debris, and even small quantities of debris can kill sea turtles by obstructing their digestive tracts. Nutrient dilution, which occurs when plastics displace food in the gut, affects the nutrient gain and consequently the growth of sea turtles. Ingestion of... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 361 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Predation
Leatherback turtles face many predators in their early lives. Eggs may be preyed on by a diversity of coastal predators, including ghost crabs, monitor lizards, raccoons, coatis, dogs, coyotes, genets, mongooses, and shorebirds ranging from small plovers to large gulls. Many of the same predators feed on baby... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 458 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
While other sea turtle species almost always return to their hatching beach, leatherbacks may choose another beach within the region. They choose beaches with soft sand because their softer shells and plastrons are easily damaged by hard rocks. Nesting beaches also have shallower approach angles from the sea. This is a... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 502 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Leatherback nesting seasons vary by location; it occurs from February to July in Parismina, Costa Rica. Farther east in French Guiana, nesting is from March to August. Atlantic leatherbacks nest between February and July from South Carolina in the United States to the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean and t... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 503 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Conservation
Leatherback turtles have few natural predators once they mature; they are most vulnerable to predation in their early life stages. Birds, small mammals, and other opportunists dig up the nests of turtles and consume eggs. Shorebirds and crustaceans prey on the hatchlings scrambling for the sea. Once they e... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 326 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Many human activities indirectly harm Dermochelys populations. As a pelagic species, D. coriacea is occasionally caught as bycatch. Entanglement in lobster pot ropes is another hazard the animals face. As the largest living sea turtles, turtle excluder devices can be ineffective with mature adults. In the eastern Pacif... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 502 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Conserving Pacific and Eastern Atlantic populations were included among the top-ten issues in turtle conservation in the first State of the World's Sea Turtles report published in 2006. The report noted significant declines in the Mexican, Costa Rican, and Malaysian populations. The eastern Atlantic nesting population ... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 467 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Several Caribbean countries started conservation programs, such as the St. Kitts Sea Turtle Monitoring Network, focused on using ecotourism to highlight the leatherback's plight. On the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, the village of Parismina has one such initiative. Parismina is an isolated sandbar where a large number ... | Leatherback sea turtle | Wikipedia | 489 | 322578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback%20sea%20turtle | Biology and health sciences | Turtles | Animals |
Agamidae is a family containing 64 genera, 582 species of iguanian lizards indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and a few in Southern Europe. Many species are commonly called dragons or dragon lizards.
Overview
Phylogenetically, they may be sister to the Iguanidae, and have a similar appearance. Agamids usually have... | Agamidae | Wikipedia | 393 | 322604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Reproduction
The great majority of agamid species are oviparous. The eggs are mostly found in damp soil or rotting logs to retain enough moisture during the incubation period. The clutch size varies from four to 10 eggs for most species, and incubation period lasts around 6–8 weeks. Specifically in the Leiolepidinae ... | Agamidae | Wikipedia | 459 | 322604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Acanthocercus (15 species)
Acanthosaura (20 species)
Agama (47 species)
Agasthyagama (2 species)
Amphibolurus (4 species)
Aphaniotis (3 species)
Bronchocela (15 species)
Bufoniceps (1 species)
Calotes (29 species)
Ceratophora (6 species)
Chelosania (1 species)
Chlamydosaurus (1 species)
Complicitus (1 speci... | Agamidae | Wikipedia | 503 | 322604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Evolutionary history
The oldest known unambiguous agamid is Protodraco from the mid-Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to around 99 million years ago. It is similar to primitive living Southeast Asian agamids. Gueragama from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil may also be an agamid. Jeddaher... | Agamidae | Wikipedia | 271 | 322604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Basiliscus is a genus of large corytophanid lizards, commonly known as basilisks, which are endemic to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. The genus contains four species, which are commonly known as the Jesus Christ lizard, or simply the Jesus lizard, due to their ability to run across water ... | Basiliscus (lizard) | Wikipedia | 509 | 322628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscus%20%28lizard%29 | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Classification
Genus Basiliscus has four extant species: | Basiliscus (lizard) | Wikipedia | 10 | 322628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscus%20%28lizard%29 | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Dactyloidae are a family of lizards commonly known as anoles () and native to warmer parts of the Americas, ranging from southeastern United States to Paraguay. Instead of treating it as a family, some authorities prefer to treat it as a subfamily, Dactyloinae, of the family Iguanidae. In the past they were included in... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 419 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
A particularly high species richness exists in Cuba (more than 60 species), Hispaniola (more than 55), Mexico (more than 50), Central America, Colombia (more than 75), and Ecuador (at least 40). Fewer live in eastern and central South America (for example, less than 20 species are known from huge Brazil), Contiguous Un... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 302 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Anoles inhabit a wide range of habitats, from highlands (up to at least above sea level) to the coast, and rainforest to desert scrub. A few live in limestone karst habitats and at least two of these, the Cuban cave anole and Mexican cave anole, will enter caves, sometimes occurring as much as from the entrance. Some... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 417 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The tail of anoles varies, but mostly it is longer than the snout-to-vent length. Depending on exact species it can range from slightly shorter to about three times the snout-to-vent. The Caribbean twig ecomorph anoles, proboscis anole and "Phenacosaurus" anoles have a prehensile tail. Semi-aquatic anoles tend to have ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 500 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Most anoles are brownish or green, but there are extensive variations depending on the exact species. The majority can change their color depending on things like emotions (for example, aggression or stress), activity level, levels of light and as a social signal (for example, displaying dominance), but evidence showin... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 410 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Disregarding color change, minor individual variations in the basic color and pattern, mostly related to sex or age, are common. In some anole species this variation is more pronounced and not only related to sex and age. An example of this is the basic color of the Cayman blue-throated anole, which varies geographical... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 467 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The dewlap serves as a signal for attracting partners, territoriality, deterring predators and communicating condition. When several anoles live together the species almost always differ in their dewlap, indicating that it plays a role in species recognition. Studies however reveal a more complex pattern: The bark anol... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 307 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
In some anoles the sexes are very similar and difficult to separated under normal viewing conditions, but most species exhibit clear sexual dimorphism, which allows one to fairly easily discern between adult males and females. In a few species the female is slightly larger than the male, but in others the sexes are abo... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 410 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Almost all anole species are highly territorial, at least the males, but a few exceptions do exist, including the rock-living Agassiz's and Taylor's anoles where males do not defend a territory, and the grass anole where dominant males accept subordinant non-territorial males within their territory. Territorial anoles ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 472 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The breeding period varies. In species or populations living in highly seasonal regions it is generally relatively short, typically during the wet season. It is prolonged, often even year-round, in species or populations living in regions with less distinct seasons. In some species where it is year-round the egg produc... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 495 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Anoles are opportunistic feeders, and may attempt to eat any attractive meal that is of the right size. They primarily feed on insects like flies, grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, beetles and ants, and arachnids like spiders. Several species will also eat small vertebrates such as mice, small b... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 505 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
A wide range of animals will eat anoles, such as large spiders, centipedes, predatory katydids, snakes, large frogs, lizards, birds, monkeys, bats and carnivoran mammals. At least in part of their range, snakes may be the most significant predator of anoles. For example, the Caribbean Alsophis and Borikenophis racers, ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 205 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Anoles mainly detect potential enemies by sight, but their hearing range also closely matches the typical vocal range of birds. If hearing a predatory bird, like a kestrel or hawk, they increase their vigilance. When hearing a non-predatory bird little or no change happens. Most anole species will try to escape from a... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 452 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
If caught or cornered, anoles will bite in self-defense. This can be relatively effective against some predators. When fighting back and biting, sometimes for as much as 20 minutes, Puerto Rican crested anoles escape from more than of all attacks by Puerto Rican racer snakes. Some species of anoles will vocalize (typi... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 170 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
On each major Greater Antillean Island (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Jamaica), there are anole species that have adapted to specific niches and are referred to as ecomorphs: crown giant, trunk crown, trunk, trunk ground, twig and grass bush (a few additional, less widely used ecomorphs also exist). However, even w... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 492 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Species level evolution in anoles can be very slow. Martinique originally consisted of four tiny islands, which then merged into a single as a result of uplifting. Anoles lived on each of the tiny ancient islands and were isolated six to eight million years ago. Despite this long separation, they did not experience all... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 287 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
In contrast to this, anoles can change rapidly in response to changes, which is an example of microevolution. They are one of the few known examples of "visible evolution" (i.e., where changes happen at a speed where they can be observed within a human lifetime), together with groups like stickleback fish, guppies and ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 504 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
An even faster adaption was observed in Carolina anoles from Texas during the unusually cold winter of 2013–2014. Carolina anoles living in central Texas and further north were already adapted to relatively cold temperatures, but those of southern Texas were not. However, after the winter of 2013–2014, the cold toleran... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 103 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Taxonomy
The name for this group of lizards originates from the Carib anoli. It was modified and used in French Creole, and then transferred to English via the genus name Anolis, coined by French zoologist François Marie Daudin in 1802.
Several family names have been used for the anoles in recent decades. Initially t... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 275 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Traditionally, all the true anoles were included in the genus Anolis and some continue to use this treatment, in which case it is the largest genus of reptile. An attempt of dividing this huge genus was already made in 1959–1960, when they were placed in two major groups, the so-called "alpha anoles" (comprising most ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 488 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The relationship of Dactyloidae can be described with a cladogram. Whether the eight groups are best recognized as separate genera or only as clades within a single genus, Anolis, is disputed. A few families between Polychrotidae and Corytophanidae+Dactyloidae are not shown:
Relationship with humans
Anoles are model ... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 419 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The willingness of many anoles of living close to humans in heavily altered habitats have made them common. Some anoles can occur in very high densities, as illustrated by the Saint Vincent bush, Puerto Rican bush and spotted anoles where it has been estimated that there locally are almost 28,000 individuals per hectar... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 464 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The Cook's anole, found only in southwestern Puerto Rico and considered endangered by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, faces habitat loss and fragmentation from human development, predation by introduced species (especially cats and rats) and direct competition from a more widespread n... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 123 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Nevertheless, anoles overall do not appear to have experienced the widespread extinctions and extirpations prevalent among larger Caribbean reptiles. The Culebra Island giant anole is the only anole considered possibly extinct in recent history (other extinct anoles are prehistoric and only known from fossil remains th... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 402 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
In the contiguous United States, the Carolina anole has been introduced to California, the brown anole has been introduced to the Gulf Coast states and California, and the knight, Jamaican giant, bark, large-headed, Puerto Rican crested, Cuban green and Hispaniolan green anoles have been introduced to Florida. The Barb... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 501 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The brown anole and Graham's anole have both been introduced to Bermuda where they threaten the very rare Bermuda rock lizard. This problem has not been reported for the Leach's and Barbados anoles, the other species introduced to Bermuda. In the Cayman Islands the endemic Cayman blue-throated anole has moved to higher... | Dactyloidae | Wikipedia | 130 | 322654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactyloidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The Iguanidae is a family of lizards composed of the iguanas, chuckwallas, and their prehistoric relatives, including the widespread green iguana.
Taxonomy
Iguanidae is thought to be the sister group to the collared lizards (family Crotaphytidae); the two groups likely diverged during the Late Cretaceous, as that is ... | Iguanidae | Wikipedia | 414 | 322664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Distribution
All but one of modern iguana genera are native to the Americas, ranging from the deserts of the Southwestern United States through Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, to throughout South America down to northernmost Argentina. Some iguanas like I. iguana have spread from their native regions of Cen... | Iguanidae | Wikipedia | 510 | 322664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Historical classification
Family Iguanidae
Informal grouping anoloids: anoles, leiosaurs, Polychrus
Informal grouping basiliscines: casquehead lizards
Informal grouping crotaphytines: collared and leopard lizards
Informal grouping iguanines: marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwall... | Iguanidae | Wikipedia | 357 | 322664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Macey et al. (1997) classification of Iguanidae
Family Iguanidae
Subfamily Corytophaninae: casquehead lizards
Subfamily Crotaphytinae: collared and leopard lizards
Subfamily Hoplocercinae: wood lizards, clubtails
Subfamily Iguaninae: marine, Fijian, Galapagos land, spinytail, rock, desert, green, and chuckwalla iguanas... | Iguanidae | Wikipedia | 485 | 322664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Family Corytophanidae
Family Crotaphytidae
Family Dactyloidae
Family Hoplocercidae
Family Iguanidae
Family Leiocephalidae
Family Leiosauridae
Family Liolaemidae
Family Opluridae
Family Phrynosomatidae
Family Polychrotidae
Family Tropiduridae | Iguanidae | Wikipedia | 64 | 322664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Dibamidae or blind skinks is a family of lizards characterized by their elongated cylindrical body and an apparent lack of limbs. Female dibamids are entirely limbless and the males retain small flap-like hind limbs, which they use to grip their partner during mating. They have a rigidly fused skull, lack pterygoid tee... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 405 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Usually dibamids are dark colored, from brown to dark purple, with little to no variation along their body and frequently lack elaborate patterns. It is common to find a color gradation from the darker back towards a lighter ventral side. Scales are shiny and smooth and very similar and overlapping along with some vari... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 378 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Other characteristics of the skull of blind skinks include the absence of a parietal foramen, a well developed secondary palate formed by three different bones, the maxillae, vomers and palatines which are expanded ventromedially to form a scroll, and the lack of palatal teeth. Nasal and frontal bones are paired and co... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 390 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The relationships within Dibamidae have only be assessed until recently in a phylogenetic analysis that included DNA sequences from seven nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene for 8 species, seven species of Dibamus and the one species of Anelytropsis. This analysis shows that there are two major clades within Dibam... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 511 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Anelytropsis papillosus
Dibamus
Dibamus alfredi
Dibamus bogadeki
Dibamus booliati
Dibamus bourreti
Dibamus celebensis
Dibamus dalaiensis
Dibamus deharvengi
Dibamus dezwaani
Dibamus floweri
Dibamus greeri
Dibamus ingeri
Dibamus kondaoensis
Dibamus leucurus
Dibamus montanus
Dibamus nicobaricum
Dibamus n... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 508 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) include some of the species of the genus Dibamus and the single species of Anelytropsis in the red list of endangered species, most are in the category of least concern, and two species, Dibamus kondaoensis and Dibamus tiomanensis are listed as nearly threatened... | Dibamidae | Wikipedia | 74 | 322730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
The Lacertidae are the family of the wall lizards, true lizards, or sometimes simply lacertas, which are native to Afro-Eurasia. It is a diverse family with at about 360 species in 39 genera. They represent the dominant group of reptiles found in Europe.
Habitat
The European and Mediterranean species of lacertids live... | Lacertidae | Wikipedia | 512 | 322739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Family Lacertidae
Subfamily Gallotiinae
Genus Gallotia (8 species)
Genus Psammodromus (8 species)
Subfamily Lacertinae
Tribe Eremiadini
Genus Acanthodactylus (45 species)
Genus Adolfus (6 species)
Genus Australolacerta (1 species)
Genus Congolacerta (2 species)
Genus Eremias (42 species)
Genus Gastropholis (4 species)
... | Lacertidae | Wikipedia | 417 | 322739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
†Succinilacerta Baltic amber, Eocene
†Plesiolacerta Europe, Eocene-Oligocene
†Dracaenosaurus France, Oligocene
†Maioricalacerta Mallorca, Pliocene
†Quercycerta France, Eocene
†Janosikia Germany, Miocene
†Escampcerta France, Eocene
†Mediolacerta France, Germany, Oligocene
†Pseudeumeces France, Germany, Spain, O... | Lacertidae | Wikipedia | 192 | 322739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Teiidae is a family of Lacertoidean lizards native to the Americas. Members of this family are generally known as whiptails or racerunners; however, tegus also belong to this family. Teiidae is sister to the Gymnopthalmidae, and both families comprise the Teiioidea. The Teiidae includes several parthenogenic species – ... | Teiidae | Wikipedia | 502 | 322882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Fossil record
Teiids are known to have briefly occurred in Europe during the Late Eocene based on fragmentary fossil material non-diagnostic to the genus level found in the Quercy Phosphorites Formation of France dating to the MP 17 zone.
Taxonomy
The Teiidae contains approximately 150 species divided into two subfam... | Teiidae | Wikipedia | 384 | 322882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
Cordylidae is a family of small- to medium-sized lizards that occur in southern and eastern Africa. They are commonly known as girdled lizards, spinytail lizards, or girdle-tail lizards.
Cordylidae is closely related to the family Gerrhosauridae, occurring in Africa and Madagascar. These two scientific families of liz... | Cordylidae | Wikipedia | 313 | 322886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordylidae | Biology and health sciences | Lizards and other Squamata | Animals |
A sun dog (or sundog) or mock sun, also called a parhelion (plural parhelia) in atmospheric science, is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that consists of a bright spot to one or both sides of the Sun. Two sun dogs often flank the Sun within a 22° halo.
The sun dog is a member of the family of halos caused by the refr... | Sun dog | Wikipedia | 501 | 323221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20dog | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
It is possible to predict the forms of sun dogs as would be seen on other planets and moons. Mars might have sun dogs formed by both water-ice and CO2-ice. On the giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—other crystals form clouds of ammonia, methane, and other substances that can produce halos with four or m... | Sun dog | Wikipedia | 497 | 323221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20dog | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
Aristotle (Meteorology III.2, 372a14) notes that "two mock suns rose with the sun and followed it all through the day until sunset." He says that "mock suns" are always to the side, never above or below, most commonly at sunrise or sunset, more rarely in the middle of the day.
The poet Aratus (Phaenomena, lines 880–89... | Sun dog | Wikipedia | 439 | 323221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20dog | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
The observation most likely occurred in Auspitz (Hustopeče), Moravia on 31 October 1533. The original was written in German and is from a letter originally sent in November 1533 from Auspitz in Moravia to the Adige Valley in South Tyrol. The Kuntz Maurer and Michel Schuster mentioned in the letter left Hutter on the Th... | Sun dog | Wikipedia | 453 | 323221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20dog | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
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