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A series of complex parhelia displays in Rome in 1629, and again in 1630, were described by Christoph Scheiner in his book Parhelia, one of the earliest works on the subject. It had a profound effect, causing René Descartes to interrupt his metaphysical studies and led to his work of natural philosophy called The World... | Sun dog | Wikipedia | 334 | 323221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20dog | Physical sciences | Atmospheric optics | Earth science |
Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China that is widely used in East Asian cuisine. Since the 20th century, it has also become a widespread crop in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. In much of the world... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 390 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Origin
The first records of napa cabbage cultivation date back to the 15th century in the Yangtze River region in China. From China it later spread to Korea and Japan. Beginning in the 19th century with the Chinese diaspora, it was distributed to the rest of Asia, Europe, America as well as Australia. During the 19th ... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 460 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild. The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly, thick, light-green leaves with prominent white veins. Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color.
Napa cabbage belongs to the family ... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 487 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Climate requirements
Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period. Often an irrigation system is needed, especially for August and September. The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth, weather conditions, and soil type. The most critical stage after establishment is when the head... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 487 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Napa cabbage can be harvested 8–12 weeks after sowing. The harvest work is mostly done by hand. The plant is cut above the ground. It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve consistent cabbage quality. Cabbages will keep in good condition for three to four months in cool stores at and 85 to 90 percent ... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 495 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
In the 1970s, one seed company developed the rose-shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on the semi-folded heading type. As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations, farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality ... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 191 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Fungal diseases
Alternaria diseases are caused by the organisms Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria japonica. Their English names are black spot (not to be confused with midrib 'pepper spots' which are physiological in origin and often result from improper storage), pod spot, gray leaf spot, d... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 492 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape. The causal organism is Mycosphaerella capsellae. The symptoms are white spots on leaves, stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of downy mildew. The disease spreads especially fas... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 505 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Black rot, the most important disease of vegetable brassicas, is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.
Virus diseases
source:
Cucumber mosaic virus
Radish mosaic virus
Ribgrass mosaic virus
Turnip crinkle virus
Cardamine chlorotic fleck virus
Turnip mosaic virus
Turnip yellow mosaic virus
Insect pe... | Napa cabbage | Wikipedia | 270 | 14447311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa%20cabbage | Biology and health sciences | Leafy vegetables | Plants |
Palaeotheriidae is an extinct family of herbivorous perissodactyl mammals that inhabited Europe, with less abundant remains also known from Asia, from the mid-Eocene to the early Oligocene. They are classified in Equoidea, along with the living family Equidae (which includes zebras, horses and asses).
Morphology
Pala... | Palaeotheriidae | Wikipedia | 399 | 10802532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Evidence suggests that palaeotheriids went extinct in Eurasia during the Early Oligocene, approximately 33 Ma, as part of a faunal turnover event known as the Grande Coupure. The Eocene-Oligocene transition marked a significant global cooling event caused by the onset of Antarctic glaciation. This resulted in drier and... | Palaeotheriidae | Wikipedia | 244 | 10802532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeotheriidae | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene. While early members of the group were hornless, in later members males developed elaborate cranial ornamentation. They are variously allied with Ruminantia or Tylopoda.
Cl... | Protoceratidae | Wikipedia | 492 | 10802893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratidae | Biology and health sciences | Other artiodactyla | Animals |
An arroyo ( (from Spanish arroyo (, "brook"))) or wash is a dry watercourse that temporarily or seasonally fills and flows after sufficient rain. Flash floods are common in arroyos following thunderstorms. It's akin to the Catalan rambla, which stems from the Arabic rámla, "dry river".
Similar landforms are referred t... | Arroyo (watercourse) | Wikipedia | 300 | 1519419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo%20%28watercourse%29 | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
Natural
The Doña Ana County Flood Commission in the U.S. state of New Mexico defines an arroyo as "a watercourse that conducts an intermittent or ephemeral flow, providing primary drainage for an area of land of or larger; or a watercourse which would be expected to flow in excess of one hundred cubic feet per second ... | Arroyo (watercourse) | Wikipedia | 439 | 1519419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo%20%28watercourse%29 | Physical sciences | Hydrology | Earth science |
The common seadragon or weedy seadragon (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) is a marine fish of the order Syngnathiformes, which also includes the similar pipefishes, seahorses, and trumpetfishes among other species. Adult common seadragons are a reddish colour, with yellow and purple striped markings; they have small, leaf-lik... | Common seadragon | Wikipedia | 445 | 1520435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20seadragon | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Individuals are observed either on their own or in pairs, feeding on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton by sucking prey into their toothless mouths. As with most other syngnathids, seadragon males are the sex that cares for the developing eggs. Females lay around 120 eggs onto the brood patch located on the undersi... | Common seadragon | Wikipedia | 485 | 1520435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20seadragon | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The loss of suitable seagrass beds and loss of canopy seaweed from inshore rock reefs, coupled with natural history traits that make them poor dispersers, put the future of seadragon populations at risk. This species is not at present a victim of bycatch or a target of trade in traditional Chinese medicine, two activit... | Common seadragon | Wikipedia | 467 | 1520435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20seadragon | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Related species
The common seadragon is in the subfamily Syngnathinae, which contains all pipefish. It is most closely related to the other member of its genus, the ruby seadragon (Phyllopteryx dewysea), and also the leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques). Haliichthys taeniophorus, sometimes referred to as the "ribboned se... | Common seadragon | Wikipedia | 179 | 1520435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20seadragon | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The Caribbean plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the northern coast of South America.
Roughly in area, the Caribbean plate borders the North American plate, the South American plate, the Nazca plate and the Cocos plate. These borders are regions of intense se... | Caribbean plate | Wikipedia | 380 | 1521467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
Along the geologically complex southern boundary, the Caribbean plate interacts with the South American plate forming Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago (all on the Caribbean plate), and islands off the coast of Venezuela (including the Leeward Antilles) and Colombia. This boundary is in part the result of transform faultin... | Caribbean plate | Wikipedia | 438 | 1521467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
First American land bridge
The Caribbean plate began its eastward migration (Ma) during the Late Cretaceous. This migration eventually resulted in a volcanic arc stretching from northwestern South America to the Yucatán Peninsula, today represented by the Aves Islands and the Lesser and Greater Antilles. This arc was ... | Caribbean plate | Wikipedia | 279 | 1521467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20plate | Physical sciences | Tectonic plates | Earth science |
Epsilon Canis Majoris is a binary star system and the second-brightest star in the constellation of Canis Major. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from ε Canis Majoris, and abbreviated Epsilon CMa or ε CMa. This is the 22nd-brightest star in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of 1.50. About 4.7 mi... | Epsilon Canis Majoris | Wikipedia | 480 | 1522271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon%20Canis%20Majoris | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
In Chinese, (), meaning Bow and Arrow, refers to an asterism consisting of ε Canis Majoris, δ Canis Majoris, η Canis Majoris, κ Canis Majoris, ο Puppis, π Puppis, χ Puppis, c Puppis and k Puppis. Consequently, ε Canis Majoris itself is known as (, ).
Physical properties
ε Canis Majoris is a binary star. The primary... | Epsilon Canis Majoris | Wikipedia | 496 | 1522271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon%20Canis%20Majoris | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
In culture
USS Adhara (AK-71) was a U.S. Navy Crater-class cargo ship named after the star.
ε Canis Majoris appears on the national flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Tocantins. | Epsilon Canis Majoris | Wikipedia | 50 | 1522271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon%20Canis%20Majoris | Physical sciences | Notable stars | Astronomy |
A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical features, mainly colour and texture. These may be described both in absolute terms (particle size distribution f... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 495 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Soils with a history of human interference, for instance through major earthworks or regular deep ploughing, may lack distinct horizons almost completely. When examining soils in the field, attention must be paid to the local geomorphology and the historical uses to which the land has been put, in order to ensure that ... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 372 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
The following layers are distinguished (see Chapter 3.3 of the WRB Manual):
Organic layers consist of organic material: Have ≥ 20% organic carbon, not consisting of artefacts (related to the fine earth plus the dead plant residues of any length and a diameter ≤ 5 mm) and do not form part of a litter layer.
Organote... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 498 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
C:
Mineral layer;
unconsolidated (can be cut with a spade when moist), or consolidated and more fractured than the R layer;
no soil formation, or soil formation that does not meet the criteria of the A, E, and B horizon.
R:
Consolidated rock;
air-dry or drier specimens, when placed in water, will not slake within 2... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 207 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
a: Organic material in an advanced state of decomposition [a like advanced] (H, O).
b: Buried horizon; first, the horizon has formed, and then, it was buried by mineral material [b like buried] (H, O, A, E, B).
c: Concretions and/or nodules [c like concretion]; only used if following another suffix (k, q, v, y) that ... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 511 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
n: Exchangeable sodium percentage ≥ 6% [n like natrium] (E, B, C).
o: Residual accumulation of large amounts of pedogenic oxides in strongly weathered horizons [o like oxide] (B).
p: Modification by cultivation (e.g. ploughing); mineral layers are designated A, even if they belonged to another layer before cultivatio... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 500 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
γ: Containing ≥ 5% (by grain count) volcanic glasses in the fraction between > 0.02 and ≤ 2 mm [γ like glass] (H, O, A, E, B, C).
δ: High bulk density (natural or anthropogenic), so that roots cannot enter, except along cracks [δ like dense] (A, E, B, C).
λ: Deposited in a body of water (limnic) [λ like limnic] (H, A... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 242 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
I and W layers have no suffixes.
Combination of suffixes:
1. The c follows the suffix that indicates the substance that forms the concretions or nodules; if this is true for more than one suffix, each one is followed by the c.
2. The m follows the suffix that indicates the substance that is the cementing agent; if ... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 431 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
If the characteristics of two or more master layers occur in the same depth range, but occupy distinct parts clearly separated from each other, the master symbols are combined with the slash (/), the dominant one first, each one followed by its suffixes.
Examples:
Bt/E (interfingering of E material into a Bt horizon)... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 466 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
O horizons or layers:
These are layers of organic material. Organic material is defined by having a certain minimum content of soil organic carbon. In the WRB, this is 20% (by weight). The O horizon is formed from organic residues that are not incorporated into the mineral soil. The residues may be partially altered by... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 481 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
B horizons:
These are horizons that formed below an A, E, H, or O horizon, and in which the dominant features are the obliteration of all or much of the original rock structure, together with one or a combination of the following:
residual concentration of oxides (especially iron oxides) and/or clay minerals;
evidenc... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 289 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
C horizons or layers:
These are horizons or layers, excluding hard bedrock, that are little affected by pedogenic processes and lack properties of H, O, A, E or B horizons. Most are mineral layers, but some siliceous and calcareous layers, such as shells, coral, and diatomaceous earth, are included. The material of C l... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 509 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
W layers:
These are either water layers in soils or water layers submerging soils. The water is present either permanently or cyclic within the time frame of 24 hours. Some organic soils float on water. In other cases, shallow water (i.e. water not deeper than 1 m) may cover the soil permanently, as in the case of shal... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 244 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
a: Highly decomposed organic material—H and O horizons.
b: Buried genetic horizon—mineral horizons, not cryoturbated.
c: Concretions or nodules—mineral horizons.
c: Coprogenous earth—L horizon.
d: Dense layer (physically root restrictive)—mineral horizons, not with m.
d: Diatomaceous earth—L horizon.
e: Moderatel... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 441 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Discontinuities and vertical subdivisions
Numerical prefixes are used to denote lithic discontinuities. By convention, 1 is not shown. Numerical suffixes are used to denote subdivisions within a horizon. The horizons in a profile are combined using a hyphen (-). Example: Ah-E-Bt1-2Bt2-2BwC-3C1-3C2.
Horizons and layers... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 354 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Horizon suffixes
a: Highly decomposed organic matter (used only with O).
aa: (proposed) Accumulation of anhydrite (CaSO4).
b: Buried genetic horizon (not used with C horizons).
c: Concretions or nodules.
co: Coprogenous earth (used only with L).
d: Densic layer (physically root restrictive).
di: Diatomaceous ear... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 452 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Other horizon modifiers
Numerical prefixes are used to denote lithologic discontinuities. By convention, 1 is not shown. Numerical suffixes are used to denote subdivisions within a master horizon. Example: A, E, Bt1, 2Bt2, 2BC, 3C1, 3C2.
Horizons according to the Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook (2009)
S... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 301 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
The A horizon is the top layer of the mineral soil horizons, often referred to as 'topsoil'. This layer contains dark decomposed organic matter, which is called "humus". The technical definition of an A horizon may vary between the systems, but it is most commonly described in terms relative to deeper layers. "A" horiz... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 415 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
The B horizon is commonly referred to as "subsoil" and consists of mineral layers which are significantly altered by pedogenesis, mostly with the formation of iron oxides and clay minerals. It is usually brownish or reddish due to the iron oxides, which increases the chroma of the subsoil to a degree that it can be dis... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 509 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
D horizons are not universally distinguished, but in the Australian system refer to "any soil material below the solum that is unlike the solum in its general character, is not C horizon, and cannot be given reliable horizon designation… [it] may be recognized by the contrast in pedologic organization between it and th... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 492 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Suffixes describing particular features of a horizon may also be added. The Australian system provides the following suffixes:
b: buried horizon.
c: presence of mineral concretions or nodules, perhaps of iron, aluminium, or manganese.
d: root restricting layer.
e: conspicuously bleached.
f: faunal accumulations i... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 497 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
Diagnostic horizons in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB)
Source:
Albic horizon
Anthraquic horizon
Argic horizon
Calcic horizon
Cambic horizon
Chernic horizon
Cohesic horizon
Cryic horizon
Duric horizon
Ferralic horizon
Ferric horizon
Folic horizon
Fragic horizon
Gypsic horizon
Histic ho... | Soil horizon | Wikipedia | 324 | 1522331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20horizon | Physical sciences | Soil science | Earth science |
A fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces. A fracture will sometimes form a deep fissure or crevice in the rock. Fractures are commonly caused by stress exceeding the rock strength, causing the rock to lose cohesion along its weakest... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 510 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Another, similar tensile fracture mechanism is hydraulic fracturing. In a natural environment, this occurs when rapid sediment compaction, thermal fluid expansion, or fluid injection causes the pore fluid pressure, σp, to exceed the pressure of the least principal normal stress, σn. When this occurs, a tensile fracture... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 451 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
where is the stress intensity factor for Mode I, II, or III cracking and is a dimensionless quantity that varies with applied load and sample geometry. As the stress field gets close to the crack tip, i.e. , becomes a fixed function of . With knowledge of the geometry of the crack and applied far field stresses, it ... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 186 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Cracks in rock do not form smooth path like a crack in a car windshield or a highly ductile crack like a ripped plastic grocery bag. Rocks are a polycrystalline material so cracks grow through the coalescing of complex microcracks that occur in front of the crack tip. This area of microcracks is called the brittle proc... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 419 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Plumose Structures are fracture networks that form at a range of scales, and spread outward from a joint origin. The joint origin represents a point at which the fracture begins. The mirror zone is the joint morphology closest to the origin that results in very smooth surfaces. Mist zones exist on the fringe of mirror ... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 512 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
An en echelon or stepped array represents a set of tensile fractures that form within a fault zone parallel to each other. | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 26 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Faults and shear fractures
Faults are another form of fracture in a geologic environment. In any type of faulting, the active fracture experiences shear failure, as the faces of the fracture slip relative to each other. As a result, these fractures seem like large scale representations of Mode II and III fractures, ho... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 449 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Frictional sliding is one aspect for consideration during shear fracturing and faulting. The shear force parallel to the plane must overcome the frictional force to move the faces of the fracture across each other. In fracturing, frictional sliding typically only has significant effects on the reactivation on existing ... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 478 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Fractures also play a significant role in minerals exploitation. One aspect of the upstream energy sector is the production from naturally fractured reservoirs. There are a good number of naturally fractured reservoirs in the United States, and over the past century, they have provided a substantial boost to the nation... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 456 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
Since the mid-1980s, 2D and 3D computer modeling of fault and fracture networks has become common practice in Earth Sciences. This technology became known as "DFN" (discrete fracture network") modeling, later modified into "DFFN" (discrete fault and fracture network") modeling.
The technology consists of defining the ... | Fracture (geology) | Wikipedia | 490 | 6985160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture%20%28geology%29 | Physical sciences | Structural geology | Earth science |
A secondary color is a color made by mixing two primary colors of a given color model in even proportions. Combining two secondary colors in the same manner produces a tertiary color. Secondary colors are special in traditional color theory, but have no special meaning in color science.
Overview
Primary color
In tra... | Secondary color | Wikipedia | 469 | 979990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20color | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Quaternary color
A quaternary color is a seldom-used descriptor that is the conceptual extension of a tertiary color. Quaternary colors have no special use or status in color theory or color science.
Under the traditional definition, a quaternary color is the even mixture of two tertiary colors, as demonstrated by Cha... | Secondary color | Wikipedia | 475 | 979990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20color | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
Under the modern definition (as even combinations of a primary and a secondary color), tertiary colors are typically named by combining the names of the adjacent primary and secondary color. However, these tertiary colors have also been ascribed with common names: amber/marigold (yellow-orange), vermilion/cinnabar (red... | Secondary color | Wikipedia | 307 | 979990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20color | Physical sciences | Basics | Physics |
The humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) is a large species of wrasse mainly found on coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It is also known as the Māori wrasse, Napoleon wrasse, Napoleon fish, so mei 蘇眉 (Cantonese), mameng (Filipino), and merer in the Pohnpeian language of the Caroline Islands.
Description
The hum... | Humphead wrasse | Wikipedia | 443 | 980126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphead%20wrasse | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Very opportunistic predators, C. undulatus preys primarily on invertebrates such as mollusks (particularly gastropods, as well as pelecypods, echinoids, crustaceans, and annelids) other fish, and even the highly venomous Crown-of-thorns starfish. Because half of echinoids and most pelecypods hide under the sand, wrasse... | Humphead wrasse | Wikipedia | 274 | 980126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphead%20wrasse | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The humphead wrasse is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red list and in Appendix II of CITES. Its numbers have declined due to multiple threats, including:
Intensive, species-specific removal by the live reef food-fish trade throughout its core range in Southeast Asia
Destructive fishing techniques, including bombs ... | Humphead wrasse | Wikipedia | 489 | 980126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphead%20wrasse | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service has classified the humphead wrasse as a species of concern—one about which it has concerns, but for which it has insufficient information to list under the Endangered Species Act.
In Taiwan it is a protected species with fines of between NT$300,000 and $1.5 million and jail s... | Humphead wrasse | Wikipedia | 409 | 980126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphead%20wrasse | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Four main factors have allowed illegal, unregulated and unreported activities to persist:
Lack of capacity – A lack exists of formal procedures and personnel to monitor fishing activities and enforce fishing regulations
Lack of disincentives – Fishers do not have alternatives for the humphead wrasse, due to its v... | Humphead wrasse | Wikipedia | 224 | 980126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphead%20wrasse | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
Diospyros is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. Individual species valued for their hard, heavy, dark timber, are commonly known as ebony trees, while others are valued for their fruit... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 490 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
The green fruits are avoided by most herbivores, perhaps because they are rich in tannins. When ripe, they are eagerly eaten by many animals however, such as (in East Africa) the rare Aders' duiker (Cephalophus adersi). The foliage is used as food by the larvae of numerous Lepidoptera species:
Arctiidae:
Eupseudosoma... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 509 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
Leaves of the Coromandel ebony (D. melanoxylon) are used to roll South Asian beedi cigarettes. Several species are used in herbalism, and D. leucomelas yields the versatile medical compound betulinic acid. Extracts from Diospyros plants have also been proposed as novel anti-viral treatment. Though bees do not play a ke... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 336 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
Diospyros abyssinica
Diospyros acuminata
Diospyros alatella
Diospyros andamanica
Diospyros apiculata
Diospyros areolata
Diospyros artanthifolia
Diospyros atrata
Diospyros attenuata
Diospyros australis – yellow persimmon, black plum, "grey plum"
Diospyros beccarioides
Diospyros borneensis
Diospyr... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 510 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
Diospyros kaki – Japanese persimmon, kaki persimmon, Asian persimmon
Diospyros keningauensis
Diospyros korthalsiana
Diospyros kurzii – Andaman marblewood
Diospyros lanceifolia
Diospyros lateralis
Diospyros leucomelas
Diospyros longibracteata
Diospyros lotus – date-plum, Caucasian persimmon, lilac pers... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 506 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
Diospyros simaloerensis
Diospyros singaporensis
Diospyros squamifolia
Diospyros squarrosa – rigid star-berry
Diospyros styraciformis
Diospyros subrhomboidea
Diospyros subtruncata
Diospyros sulcata
Diospyros sumatrana
Diospyros tessellaria – Mauritius ebony
Diospyros texana – Texas persimmon, Mexica... | Diospyros | Wikipedia | 202 | 980257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros | Biology and health sciences | Ericales | null |
Espalier ( or ) is the horticultural and ancient agricultural practice of controlling woody plant growth for the production of fruit, by pruning and tying branches to a frame. Plants are frequently shaped in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis, and also plants which have been sha... | Espalier | Wikipedia | 466 | 980345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier | Technology | Horticulture | null |
The Belgian fence is an intermediary form that can then be used to train onward to many other forms of espalier, including: Step-over, where the branches are lowered down to the horizontal in autumn while still flexible enough and tied to a trellis; Fan, where the branches are lowered and cut back then trained further;... | Espalier | Wikipedia | 286 | 980345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Trees:
Acer palmatum Japanese Maple
Cercis canadensis Redbud
Citrus spp. Lemon, Orange, Tangerine, etc.
Coccoloba uvifera Sea grape
Eriobotrya japonica Loquat
Euonymus alata Winged Euonymus
Ficus carica Fig
Forsythia intermedia Forsythia
Ilex spp. Hollies, esp. Ilex cornuta 'Burford Burford holly
Lagerstroemia in... | Espalier | Wikipedia | 427 | 980345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Common formal patterns include the following styles.
V-shaped: Tree is cut to a low wire from the ground; two buds lengthen into branches which are attached to canes that keep them straight, and the canes are attached to another wire that maintains a V shape. The V shape is the first step in producing many other form... | Espalier | Wikipedia | 491 | 980345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier | Technology | Horticulture | null |
Espalier plants on solid walls are usually installed from the base of that wall, to allow space below ground for roots to grow in all directions as well as space above ground for good air circulation and pest control. Supports for wire guides, which are generally necessary to train an espalier into a design, are insta... | Espalier | Wikipedia | 384 | 980345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier | Technology | Horticulture | null |
The white rhinoceros, white rhino or square-lipped rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) is the largest extant species of rhinoceros. It has a wide mouth used for grazing and is the most social of all rhino species. The white rhinoceros consists of two subspecies: the southern white rhinoceros, with an estimated 16,803
wil... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 489 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The white rhinoceros of today was said to be likely descended from Ceratotherium praecox, which lived around 7 million years ago. Remains of this white rhino have been found at Langebaanweg near Cape Town. A review of fossil rhinos in Africa by Denis Geraads has suggested, however, that the species from Langebaanweg is... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 386 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Recently, an alternative scenario has been proposed under which the earliest African Ceratotherium is considered to be Ceratotherium efficax (now synonymous with C. mauritanicum), known from the Late Pliocene of Ethiopia and the Early Pleistocene of Tanzania. This species is proposed to have been diversified into the M... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 421 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Initially, six northern white rhinoceros lived in the Dvůr Králové Zoo in the Czech Republic. Four of the six rhinos (which were also the only reproductive animals of this subspecies) were transported to Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Kenya, where scientists hoped they would successfully breed and save this subspecies from e... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 394 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The head and body length is in bulls and in cows, with the tail adding another , and the shoulder height is in the bull and in the cow. The bull, averaging about is heavier than the cow, at an average of about . The largest size the species can attain is not definitively known; specimens of up to are considered r... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 352 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Behavior and ecology
White rhinos are grazing herbivores. They are found in grassland and savannah habitat. Preferring the shortest grains, the white rhinoceros is one of the largest pure grazers. It drinks twice a day if water is available, but if conditions are dry it can live four or five days without water. It spen... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 500 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Cows reach sexual maturity at 6–7 years of age while bulls reach sexual maturity between 10 and 12 years of age. Courtship is often a difficult affair. The bull stays beyond the point where the cow acts aggressively and will give out a call when approaching her. The bull chases and or blocks the way of the cow while sq... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 448 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The northern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) formerly ranged over parts of northwestern Uganda, southern Chad, southwestern Sudan, the eastern part of Central African Republic, and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The last surviving population of wild northern white rhinos are or were in G... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 404 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
In 2013, poaching rates for white rhinos nearly doubled from the previous year. As a result, the white rhino has now received Near Threatened status as its total population tops out at 20,000 members. Poaching of the animal has gone virtually unchecked in most of Africa, and the non-violent nature of the rhinoceros mak... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 410 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The northern white rhino is critically endangered to the point that only two of these rhinos are known to remain in the world, both in captivity. Several conservation tactics have been taken to prevent this subspecies from disappearing from the planet. Perhaps the most notable type of conservation effort for these rhin... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 447 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
The San Diego Zoo Safari Park in San Diego, California, United States, had two northern white rhinos, one of which was wild-caught. On 22 November 2015, a 41-year-old female named Nola (born in 1974), which had been on loan from the Dvůr Králové Zoo in Dvůr Králové, Czech Republic) since 1989, was euthanized after expe... | White rhinoceros | Wikipedia | 228 | 980916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20rhinoceros | Biology and health sciences | Perissodactyla | Animals |
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates. It is composed of the upper oceanic crust, with pillow lavas and a dike complex, and the lower oceanic crust, composed of troctolite, gabbro and ultramafic cumulates. The crust overlies the rigid uppermost layer of the mantle. The crust... | Oceanic crust | Wikipedia | 326 | 981252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20crust | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Although a complete section of oceanic crust has not yet been drilled, geologists have several pieces of evidence that help them understand the ocean floor. Estimations of composition are based on analyses of ophiolites (sections of oceanic crust that are thrust onto and preserved on the continents), comparisons of the... | Oceanic crust | Wikipedia | 465 | 981252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20crust | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
Prior to the Neoproterozoic Era 1000 Ma ago the world's oceanic crust was more mafic than present-days'. The more mafic nature of the crust meant that higher amounts of water molecules (OH) could be stored the altered parts of the crust. At subduction zones this mafic crust was prone to metamorphose into greenschist in... | Oceanic crust | Wikipedia | 355 | 981252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20crust | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The age of the oceanic crust can be used to estimate the (thermal) thickness of the lithosphere, where young oceanic crust has not had enough time to cool the mantle beneath it, while older oceanic crust has thicker mantle lithosphere beneath it. The oceanic lithosphere subducts at what are known as convergent boundari... | Oceanic crust | Wikipedia | 374 | 981252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic%20crust | Physical sciences | Tectonics | Earth science |
The Astoria–Megler Bridge is a steel cantilever through-truss bridge in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States that spans the lower Columbia River. It carries a section of U.S. Route 101 from Astoria, Oregon, to Point Ellice near Megler, Washington. Opened in 1966, it is the longest continuous truss bridge i... | Astoria–Megler Bridge | Wikipedia | 417 | 981546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Megler%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
The bridge is in length and carries one lane of traffic in each direction. The cantilever-span section, which is closest to the Oregon side, is long, and its main (central) span measures . It was built to withstand wind gusts and river water speeds of . As of 2004, an average of 7,100 vehicles per day used the Astor... | Astoria–Megler Bridge | Wikipedia | 498 | 981546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Megler%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Popular culture
The bridge itself is featured prominently in the movies Short Circuit, Kindergarten Cop, Free Willy 2: The Adventure Home, The Goonies, and Sometimes I Think About Dying. It stands in for the doomed fictional Madison Bridge in Irwin Allen's 1979 made-for-TV disaster movie The Night the Bridge Fell Down.... | Astoria–Megler Bridge | Wikipedia | 107 | 981546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria%E2%80%93Megler%20Bridge | Technology | Bridges | null |
Ankylosaurus is a genus of armored dinosaur. Its fossils have been found in geological formations dating to the very end of the Cretaceous Period, about 68–66 million years ago, in western North America, making it among the last of the non-avian dinosaurs. It was named by Barnum Brown in 1908; it is monotypic, containi... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 337 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Ankylosaurus is a member of the family Ankylosauridae, and its closest relatives appear to be Anodontosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Ankylosaurus is thought to have been a slow-moving animal, able to make quick movements when necessary. Its broad muzzle indicates it was a non-selective browser. Sinuses and nasal chambers i... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 446 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The skeletal reconstruction accompanying the 1908 description restored the missing parts in a fashion similar to Stegosaurus, and Brown likened the result to the extinct armored mammal Glyptodon. In contrast to modern depictions, Brown's stegosaur-like reconstruction showed robust forelimbs, a strongly arched back, a p... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 414 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
In 1910, another AMNH expedition led by Brown discovered an Ankylosaurus specimen (AMNH 5214) in the Scollard Formation by the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. This specimen included a complete skull, mandibles, the first and only tail club known of this genus, as well as ribs, vertebrae, limb bones, and armor. In 19... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 364 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Most of the known Ankylosaurus specimens were not scientifically described at length, though several paleontologists planned to do so until Carpenter redescribed the genus in 2004. In 2017 the Canadian paleontologists Victoria M. Arbour and Jordan Mallon redescribed the genus in light of newer ankylosaur discoveries, i... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 437 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The three known Ankylosaurus skulls differ in various details; this is thought to be the result of taphonomy (changes happening during decay and fossilization of the remains) and individual variation. The skull was low and triangular in shape, and wider than it was long; the back of the skull was broad and low. The sku... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 400 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
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