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The snout region of Ankylosaurus was unique among ankylosaurs, and had undergone an "extreme" transformation compared to its relatives. The snout was arched and truncated at the front, and the nostrils were elliptical and were directed downward and outward, unlike in all other known ankylosaurids where they faced obliq... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 334 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Specimen AMNH 5214 has 34–35 dental alveoli (tooth sockets) in the maxilla. The tooth rows in the maxillae of this specimen are about long. Each alveolus had a foramen (opening) near its side where a replacement tooth could be seen. Compared to other ankylosaurs, the mandible of Ankylosaurus was low in proportion to i... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 376 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The structure of much of the skeleton of Ankylosaurus, including most of the pelvis, tail, and feet, is still unknown. It was quadrupedal, and its hind limbs were longer than its forelimbs. In the holotype specimen, the scapula (shoulder blade) measures long and was fused with the coracoid (a rectangular bone connecte... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 368 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Armor
A prominent feature of Ankylosaurus was its armor, consisting of knobs and plates of bone known as osteoderms, or scutes, embedded in the skin. These have not been found in articulation, so their exact placement on the body is unknown, though inferences can be made based on related animals, and various configur... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 238 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Like other ankylosaurids, Ankylosaurus had (armor plates on the neck), but these are known only from fragments, making their exact arrangement uncertain. Carpenter suggested that when seen from above, the plates would have been paired, creating an inverted V-shape across the neck, with the midline gap probably being f... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 286 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The first osteoderms behind the second cervical half-ring would have been similar in shape to those in the first half-ring, and the osteoderms on the back probably decreased in diameter hindwards. The largest osteoderms were probably arranged in transverse and longitudinal rows across most of the body, with four or fiv... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 391 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The tail club (or tail knob) of Ankylosaurus was composed of two large osteoderms, with a row of small osteoderms at the midline, and two small osteoderms at the tip; these osteoderms obscured the last tail vertebra. As only the tail club of specimen AMNH 5214 is known, the range of variation between individuals is unk... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 342 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Classification
Brown considered Ankylosaurus so distinct that he made it the type genus of a new family, Ankylosauridae, typified by massive, triangular skulls, short necks, stiff backs, broad bodies, and osteoderms. He also classified Palaeoscincus (only known from teeth), and Euoplocephalus (then only known from a pa... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 398 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Because Ankylosaurus and other Late Cretaceous North American ankylosaurids were grouped with Asian genera (in a tribe the authors named Ankylosaurini), Arbour and Currie suggested that earlier North American ankylosaurids had gone extinct by the late Albian or Cenomanian ages of the Middle Cretaceous. Ankylosaurids th... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 358 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Fossils of Ankylosaurus teeth exhibit wear on the face of the crown rather than on the tip of the crown, as in nodosaurid ankylosaurs. In 1982 Carpenter ascribed to baby Ankylosaurus two very small teeth that originate from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations and measure in length, respectively. The smaller tooth is h... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 342 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The retracted position of the nostrils of Ankylosaurus were compared to those of fossorial (digging) worm lizards and blind snakes by Arbour and Mallon in 2017, and though it was probably not a burrowing animal, the snout of Ankylosaurus may indicate earth-moving behavior. These factors, as well as the low rate of toot... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 411 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
A 2011 study of the nasal passages of Euoplocephalus by paleontologist Tetsuto Miyashita and colleagues supported their function as a heat and water balancing system, noting the extensive blood vessel system and an increased surface area for the mucosa membrane (used for heat and water exchange in modern animals). The ... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 494 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Growth
The squamosal horns of the largest Ankylosaurus specimen are blunter than those of the smallest specimen, which is also the case in Euoplocephalus, and this may represent ontogenetic variation (related to growth development). Studies of specimens of Pinacosaurus of different ages found that during ontogenetic de... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 474 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
A 2009 study estimated that ankylosaurids could swing their tails at 100 degrees laterally, and the mainly cancellous clubs would have had a lowered moment of inertia and been effective weapons. The study also found that while adult ankylosaurid tail clubs were capable of breaking bones, those of juveniles were not. De... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 367 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Fossils of Ankylosaurus are rare in the sediments it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to ... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 280 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
The formations where Ankylosaurus fossils have been found represent different sections of the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are ... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 398 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
Many traditional popular depictions show Ankylosaurus in a squatting posture and with a huge tail club being dragged over the ground. Modern reconstructions show the animal with a more upright limb posture and with the tail held off the ground. Likewise, large spines projecting sideways from the body (similar to those ... | Ankylosaurus | Wikipedia | 211 | 983374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylosaurus | Biology and health sciences | Ornitischians | Animals |
47 Tucanae or 47 Tuc (also designated as NGC 104 and Caldwell 106) is a globular cluster located in the constellation Tucana. It is about from Earth, and 120 light years in diameter. 47 Tuc can be seen with the naked eye, with an apparent magnitude of 4.1. It appears about 44 arcminutes across including its far outrea... | 47 Tucanae | Wikipedia | 475 | 983423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47%20Tucanae | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
A blue giant star with a spectral class of B8III is the brightest star in visible and ultraviolet light, with a luminosity of about 1,100 times that of the Sun, and is aptly known as the "Bright Star". It is a post-AGB star, having passed the asymptotic giant branch phase of its life, and is currently fusing helium. It... | 47 Tucanae | Wikipedia | 283 | 983423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47%20Tucanae | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
47 Tucanae contains hundreds of X-ray sources, including stars with enhanced chromospheric activity due to their presence in binary star systems, cataclysmic variable stars containing white dwarfs accreting from companion stars and low-mass X-ray binaries containing neutron stars that are not currently accreting, but c... | 47 Tucanae | Wikipedia | 468 | 983423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47%20Tucanae | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
In May 2015, the first evidence of the process of mass segregation in this globular cluster was announced. The cluster's Hertzsprung–Russell diagram suggests stars approximately 13 billion years old, which is unusually old. | 47 Tucanae | Wikipedia | 47 | 983423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47%20Tucanae | Physical sciences | Notable star clusters | Astronomy |
NGC 6946, sometimes referred to as the Fireworks Galaxy, is a face-on intermediate spiral galaxy with a small bright nucleus, whose location in the sky straddles the boundary between the northern constellations of Cepheus and Cygnus. Its distance from Earth is about 25.2 million light-years or 7.72 megaparsecs, similar... | NGC 6946 | Wikipedia | 417 | 983904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206946 | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | Astronomy |
Supernovae
Ten supernovae have been observed in NGC 6946 in the 20th and early 21st century: SN 1917A, SN 1939C, SN 1948B, SN 1968D, SN 1969P, SN 1980K, SN 2002hh, SN 2004et, SN 2008S, and SN 2017eaw. For this reason, NGC 6946 has sometimes been referred to as the "Fireworks Galaxy". This is about ten times the rate o... | NGC 6946 | Wikipedia | 438 | 983904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206946 | Physical sciences | Notable galaxies | Astronomy |
Physignathus cocincinus is a species of agamid lizard native to southern China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is commonly known as the Chinese water dragon, Indochinese water dragon, Asian water dragon, Thai water dragon, or green water dragon.
Chinese water dragons are large diurnal lizards adapted for dense subtrop... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 468 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
The species and genus were first described by Georges Cuvier in 1829. Cuvier's original spelling, Phyhignat,us cocincinus, is likely a printing error. The epithet cocincinus is from the French term , for the type locality Cochin-china (an exonym of Vietnam).
During the 19th and 20th centuries, several other species o... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 309 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Description
Adult Chinese water dragons are large and robust lizards; males can grow up to 90 cm (3 feet) in total length, including the tail. The tail is very long, exceeding 70% of the total body length. The maximum snout-vent length (tail excluded) is about 25 cm (9.8 inches) in males and 20 cm (7.9 inches) in femal... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 462 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Native range
Chinese water dragons are native to the subtropical forests of southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan provinces) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, portions of Cambodia, eastern Thailand). There are also unconfirmed reports from Myanmar.
Introduced populations
An introduced population of Chines... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 496 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
In Hong Kong, the average territory size is about 1800 m2, with a small daily range of about 5 meters on average. Male territories generally do not overlap with each other, arguing that males are much more territorial than females. Movement and range patterns appear to be similar between the hot and wet summer and the ... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 393 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Though they reproduce sexually in the wild, there is one reported case of facultative parthenogenesis in a captive individual. A female housed at the Smithsonian National Zoo produced viable offspring in 2016 and 2018, along with numerous unfertilized and nonviable eggs. The two surviving offspring are homozygous or he... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 460 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Somewhat different patterns were observed in a 2014–2016 survey in Northern Vietnam. In disturbed areas, Chinese water dragons occur at very low densities (as low as 0.17 per 100 meters in 2015), and adults make up to a third of the population. Several previously reported populations were probably extirpated, as indivi... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 501 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Habitat loss
A smaller threat, though still impactful, is degradation or removal of the forested stream habitats which water dragons rely on. In Thua Thien Hue, illegal logging and a major highway construction project are likely partially responsible for losses in the Nam Dong and A Luoi districts. These pressures are... | Chinese water dragon | Wikipedia | 238 | 2991134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20water%20dragon | Biology and health sciences | Iguania | Animals |
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e., estimated age). In geology, rock or superficial deposits, fossils and lithologies can be used to correlate one stratigraphic co... | Relative dating | Wikipedia | 475 | 2992637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20dating | Physical sciences | Geochronology | Earth science |
Intrusive relationships
The principle of intrusive relationships concerns crosscutting intrusions. In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock. There are a number of different types of intrusions,... | Relative dating | Wikipedia | 378 | 2992637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20dating | Physical sciences | Geochronology | Earth science |
Superposition
The law of superposition states that a sedimentary rock layer in a tectonically undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it. This is because it is not possible for a younger layer to slip beneath a layer previously deposited. The only disturbance that the layers... | Relative dating | Wikipedia | 498 | 2992637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20dating | Physical sciences | Geochronology | Earth science |
If sufficient sedimentary material is available, it will be deposited up to the limits of the sedimentary basin. Often, the sedimentary basin is within rocks that are very different from the sediments that are being deposited, in which the lateral limits of the sedimentary layer will be marked by an abrupt change in ro... | Relative dating | Wikipedia | 493 | 2992637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20dating | Physical sciences | Geochronology | Earth science |
Included fragments
The law of included fragments is a method of relative dating in geology. Essentially, this law states that clasts in a rock are older than the rock itself. One example of this is a xenolith, which is a fragment of country rock that fell into passing magma as a result of stoping. Another example is a... | Relative dating | Wikipedia | 430 | 2992637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20dating | Physical sciences | Geochronology | Earth science |
Belostomatidae is a family of freshwater hemipteran insects known as giant water bugs or colloquially as toe-biters, Indian toe-biters, electric-light bugs (because they fly to lights in large numbers), alligator ticks, or alligator fleas (in Florida). They are the largest insects in the order Hemiptera. There are abou... | Belostomatidae | Wikipedia | 497 | 2996328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belostomatidae | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Subfamilies and genera
BioLib lists three extant subfamilies and a number of fossil taxa:
Belostomatinae
Auth. Leach, 1815
Abedus Stål, 1862
Appasus Amyot & Serville, 1843
Belostoma Latreille, 1807
Diplonychus Laporte de Castelnau, 1833 (synonym Sphaerodema Laporte, 1833)
Hydrocyrius Spinola, 1850 (synonym Poisso... | Belostomatidae | Wikipedia | 434 | 2996328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belostomatidae | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Belostomatids show paternal care and these aspects have been studied extensively, among others involving the North American Belostoma flumineum and the East Asian Lethocerus (Kirkaldyia) deyrollei. In species of the subfamily Belostomatinae, the eggs are typically laid on the male's wings and carried until they hatch. ... | Belostomatidae | Wikipedia | 219 | 2996328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belostomatidae | Biology and health sciences | Hemiptera (true bugs) | Animals |
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; they a... | Antiparasitic | Wikipedia | 501 | 7143953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparasitic | Biology and health sciences | Antiparasitic | Health |
Resistance to antiparasitics has been a growing concern, especially in veterinary medicine. The Egg hatch assay can be used to determine whether a parasite causing an infection has become resistant to standard drug treatments.
Drug development history
Early antiparasitics were ineffective, frequently toxic to patient... | Antiparasitic | Wikipedia | 225 | 7143953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparasitic | Biology and health sciences | Antiparasitic | Health |
A regular dodecahedron or pentagonal dodecahedron is a dodecahedron composed of regular pentagonal faces, three meeting at each vertex. It is an example of Platonic solids, described as cosmic stellation by Plato in his dialogues, and it was used as part of Solar System proposed by Johannes Kepler. However, the regular... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 325 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
The regular dodecahedron is a polyhedron with twelve pentagonal faces, thirty edges, and twenty vertices. It is one of the Platonic solids, a set of polyhedrons in which the faces are regular polygons that are congruent and the same number of faces meet at a vertex. This set of polyhedrons is named after Plato. In Thea... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 366 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Many antiquity philosophers described the regular dodecahedron, including the rest of the Platonic solids. Theaetetus gave a mathematical description of all five and may have been responsible for the first known proof that no other convex regular polyhedra exist. Euclid completely mathematically described the Platonic ... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 480 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
Golden rectangle may also related to both regular icosahedron and regular dodecahedron. The regular icosahedron can be constructed by intersecting three golden rectangles perpendicularly, arranged in two-by-two orthogonal, and connecting each of the golden rectangle's vertices with a segment line. There are 12 regular ... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 496 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
The dihedral angle of a regular dodecahedron between every two adjacent pentagonal faces is , approximately 116.565°.
Other related geometric objects
The regular dodecahedron can be interpreted as a truncated trapezohedron. It is the set of polyhedrons that can be constructed by truncating the two axial vertices of a... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 476 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
In toys and popular culture
In modern role-playing games, the regular dodecahedron is often used as a twelve-sided die, one of the more common polyhedral dice. The Megaminx twisty puzzle is shaped like a regular dodecahedron alongside its larger and smaller order analogues.
In the children's novel The Phantom Tollboo... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 412 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
According to Steinitz's theorem, the graph can be represented as the skeleton of a polyhedron; roughly speaking, a framework of a polyhedron. Such a graph has two properties. It is planar, meaning the edges of a graph are connected to every vertex without crossing other edges. It is also three-connected graph, meaning ... | Regular dodecahedron | Wikipedia | 337 | 7149361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20dodecahedron | Mathematics | Three-dimensional space | null |
The Thylacocephala (from the Greek or , meaning "pouch", and or meaning "head") are group of extinct probable mandibulate arthropods, that have been considered by some researchers as having possible crustacean affinities. As a class they have a short research history, having been erected in the early 1980s.
They ty... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 285 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Research history
The Thylacocephala is only recently described as a class, yet species now included within the group were first described at the turn of the century. These were typically assigned to the phyllocarids despite an apparent lack of abdomen and appendages. In 1982/83, three research groups independently crea... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 479 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
The accuracy of this scheme has been questioned in recent papers, as it stresses differences in the eyes and exoskeletal structure, which – in modern arthropods – tend to be a response to environmental conditions. Thus it has been suggested these features are too strongly controlled by external factors to be used alone... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 316 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Based on Vannier, modified after Schram:
The Thylacocephala are bivalved arthropods with morphology exemplified by three pairs of long raptorial (predatory) appendages and hypertrophied eyes. They have a worldwide distribution. A laterally compressed, shield−like carapace encloses the entire body, and often has an ante... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 470 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Of the features which could prove crustacean affinities, the arrangement of mouthparts would be the easiest to find in the Thylacocephala. The literature features some mention of such a head arrangement, but none definitive. Schram reports the discovery of mandibles in the Mazon Creek thylacocephalan Concavicaris georg... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 505 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Disagreements
Numerous conflicts of opinion surround the Thylacocephala, of which the split between the “Italian school” and rest of the world is the most notable. Based on poorly preserved Ostenocaris cypriformis fossils from the Osteno deposits of Lombardy, Pinna et al. erected the class Thylacocephala. Based on infe... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 379 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
All other parties interpret this as a large compound eye, the hexagons being preserved ommatidia (all researchers agree these are the same structure). This is supported by fossils of Dollocaris ingens which are so well preserved that individual retinula cells can be discerned. The preservation is so exceptional that st... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 494 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
Vannier et al. note the Thylacocephala possess features which would suggest adaptations for swimming in dim-light environments – a thin, non-mineralized carapace, well-developed rostral spines for possible buoyancy control in some species, a battery of pleopods for swimming, and large prominent eyes. This is supported ... | Thylacocephala | Wikipedia | 411 | 7149700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacocephala | Biology and health sciences | Fossil arthropods | Animals |
A limb (from Old English lim, meaning "body part") is a jointed, muscled appendage of a tetrapod vertebrate animal used for weight-bearing, terrestrial locomotion and physical interaction with other objects. The distalmost portion of a limb is known as its extremity. The limbs' bony endoskeleton, known as the appendicu... | Limb (anatomy) | Wikipedia | 430 | 13280372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%20%28anatomy%29 | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
In human anatomy, the upper and lower limbs are commonly known as the arms and legs respectively, although in academic usage, these terms refer specifically to the upper arm and lower leg (the lower arm and upper leg are instead called forearm and thigh, respectively). The human arms have relatively great ranges of mot... | Limb (anatomy) | Wikipedia | 357 | 13280372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%20%28anatomy%29 | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The overall patterns of forelimbs and hindlimbs are homologous among all tetrapods, as they all branched out of the same bottlenecked lineage of stegocephalians that survived the Late Devonian extinction. The body plan of tetrapod limbs are so similar (especially the pentadactyly) that they are given shared terminologi... | Limb (anatomy) | Wikipedia | 475 | 13280372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%20%28anatomy%29 | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
Limb development is controlled by Hox genes. All jawed vertebrates surveyed so far organize their developing limb buds in a similar way. Growth occurs from proximal to distal part of the limb. On the distal end, the differentiation of skeletal elements occurs in an apical ectodermal ridge (AER) which expands in rays. A... | Limb (anatomy) | Wikipedia | 93 | 13280372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb%20%28anatomy%29 | Biology and health sciences | External anatomy and regions of the body | Biology |
The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee), also called Asian buffalo, Asiatic buffalo and wild buffalo, is a large bovine native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List since 1986, as the remaining population totals less than 4,000. A population decline of at le... | Wild water buffalo | Wikipedia | 413 | 13283176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20water%20buffalo | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
The wild water buffalo has an ash-gray to black skin. The moderately long, coarse and sparse hair is directed forward from the haunches to the long and narrow head. There is a tuft on the forehead, and the ears are comparatively small. Its head-to-body-length is with a long tail and a shoulder height of . Both sexes ... | Wild water buffalo | Wikipedia | 471 | 13283176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20water%20buffalo | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Nepal's only population lives in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve and has grown from 63 individuals in 1976 to 219 individuals in 2009. In 2016, 18 individuals were translocated from Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve to Chitwan National Park.
In and around Bhutan's Royal Manas National Park, a small number of wild water buffal... | Wild water buffalo | Wikipedia | 483 | 13283176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20water%20buffalo | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
They are probably grazers by preference, feeding mainly on graminoids when available, such as Bermuda grass, and Cyperus sedges, but they also eat other herbs, fruits, and bark, as well as browsing on trees and shrubs. They also feed on crops, including rice, sugarcane, and jute, sometimes causing considerable damage.
... | Wild water buffalo | Wikipedia | 315 | 13283176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20water%20buffalo | Biology and health sciences | Bovidae | Animals |
Universal Flash Storage (UFS) is a flash storage specification for digital cameras, mobile phones and consumer electronic devices. It was designed to bring higher data transfer speed and increased reliability to flash memory storage, while reducing market confusion and removing the need for different adapters for diffe... | Universal Flash Storage | Wikipedia | 424 | 13288318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Flash%20Storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
On 30 January 2018 JEDEC published version 3.0 of the UFS standard, with a higher 11.6 Gbit/s data rate per lane (1450 MB/s) with the use of MIPI M-PHY v4.1 and UniProSM v1.8. At the MWC 2018, Samsung unveiled embedded UFS () v3.0 and uMCP (UFS-based multi-chip package) solutions.
On 30 January 2020 JEDEC published ve... | Universal Flash Storage | Wikipedia | 461 | 13288318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Flash%20Storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
On 14 May 2019, OnePlus introduced the OnePlus 7 and OnePlus 7 Pro, the first phones to feature built-in 3.0 (The Galaxy Fold, originally planned to be the first smartphone to feature UFS 3.0 was ultimately delayed after the OnePlus 7's launch).
The first UFS cards began to be publicly sold in early 2020. According t... | Universal Flash Storage | Wikipedia | 467 | 13288318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Flash%20Storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
Also in March 2016, JEDEC published version 1.1 of the UFS Unified Memory Extension (JESD220-1A), version 2.1 of the UFS Host Controller Interface (UFSHCI) standard (JESD223C), and version 1.1A of the UFSHCI Unified Memory Extension standard (JESD223-1A).
On January 30, 2018, the UFS Card Extension standard was update... | Universal Flash Storage | Wikipedia | 237 | 13288318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Flash%20Storage | Technology | Non-volatile memory | null |
Sodium citrate may refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid (though most commonly the third):
Monosodium citrate
Disodium citrate
Trisodium citrate
The three forms of salt are collectively known by the E number E331.
Applications
Food
Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks, and a... | Sodium citrate | Wikipedia | 318 | 15967917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20citrate | Physical sciences | Citrates | Chemistry |
The mouth is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize. The body cavity immediately behind the mouth opening, known as the oral cavity (or in Latin), is also the first part of the alimentary canal, which leads to the pharynx and the gullet. In tetrapod vertebrates, the mouth is bounded on th... | Mouth | Wikipedia | 470 | 9293603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Biology and health sciences | Digestive system | null |
In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, the embryo forms a dent on one side, the blastopore, which deepens to become the archenteron, the first phase in the formation of the gut. In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus while the gut eventually tunnels through to make another opening, which forms the m... | Mouth | Wikipedia | 464 | 9293603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Biology and health sciences | Digestive system | null |
Vertebrates
In vertebrates, the first part of the digestive system is the buccal cavity, commonly known as the mouth. The buccal cavity of a fish is separated from the opercular cavity by the gills. Water flows in through the mouth, passes over the gills and exits via the operculum or gill slits. Nearly all fish have j... | Mouth | Wikipedia | 419 | 9293603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Biology and health sciences | Digestive system | null |
Birds do not have teeth, relying instead on other means of gripping and macerating their food. Their beaks have a range of sizes and shapes according to their diet and are composed of elongated mandibles. The upper mandible may have a nasofrontal hinge allowing the beak to open wider than would otherwise be possible. T... | Mouth | Wikipedia | 405 | 9293603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Biology and health sciences | Digestive system | null |
Mouths are also used as part of the mechanism for producing sounds for communication. To produce sounds, air is forced from the lungs over vocal cords in the larynx. In humans, the pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth and lips are termed articulators and play their part in the production of ... | Mouth | Wikipedia | 229 | 9293603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth | Biology and health sciences | Digestive system | null |
Rosellas are in a genus that consists of six species and nineteen subspecies.
These colourful parrots from Australia are in the genus Platycercus.
Platycercus means "broad-tailed" or "flat-tailed", reflecting a feature common to the rosellas and other members of the broad-tailed parrot tribe. Their diet is mainly s... | Rosella | Wikipedia | 425 | 2166413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosella | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
There are six species and many subspecies: Ovenden and colleagues analysed mitochondrial DNA, confirming the blue-cheeked and white-cheeked lineages. They found P. caledonicus to be basal to the other blue-cheeked forms, with P. elegans nigrescens being divergent from other subspecies of P. elegans. Also, P. venustus w... | Rosella | Wikipedia | 472 | 2166413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosella | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Like most parrots, they are cavity nesters, generally nesting high in older large trees in forested areas. They generally have a clutch size of several eggs which are incubated for around 21 days by the female alone. The male feeds the female through this time and for some time after incubation concludes. Quickly cover... | Rosella | Wikipedia | 178 | 2166413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosella | Biology and health sciences | Psittaciformes | Animals |
Pareiasaurs (meaning "cheek lizards") are an extinct clade of large, herbivorous parareptiles. Members of the group were armoured with osteoderms which covered large areas of the body. They first appeared in southern Pangea during the Middle Permian, before becoming globally distributed during the Late Permian. Pareias... | Pareiasauria | Wikipedia | 319 | 2167305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareiasauria | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Evolutionary history
Pareiasaurs appear very suddenly in the fossil record. It is clear that these animals are parareptiles. As such, they are closely related to nycteroleterids. Pareiasaurs filled the large herbivore niche (or guild) that had been occupied early in the Permian period by the caseid pelycosaurs and, bef... | Pareiasauria | Wikipedia | 359 | 2167305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareiasauria | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Associated clades
Hallucicrania (Lee 1995): This clade was coined by MSY Lee for Lanthanosuchidae + (Pareiasauridae + Testudines). Lee's pareiasaur hypothesis has become untenable due to the diapsid features of the stem turtle Pappochelys and the potential testudinatan nature of Eunotosaurus. Recent cladistic analyses ... | Pareiasauria | Wikipedia | 342 | 2167305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareiasauria | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
Marine shrimp farming is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for human consumption. Although traditional shrimp farming has been carried out in Asia for centuries, large-scale commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market d... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 476 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Industrial shrimp farming can be traced to the 1930s, when Japanese agrarians spawned and cultivated Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) for the first time. By the 1960s, a small industry had developed in Japan. Commercial shrimp farming began to grow rapidly in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Technological advances led ... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 435 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Shrimp mature and breed only in a marine habitat. The females lay 100,000 to 500,000 eggs, which hatch after some 24 hours into tiny nauplii. These nauplii feed on yolk reserves within their bodies, and then metamorphose into zoeae. Shrimp in this second larval stage feed in the wild on algae, and after a few days, mor... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 435 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Small-scale hatcheries are very common throughout Southeast Asia. Often run as family businesses and using a low-technology approach, they use small tanks (less than ten tons) and often low animal densities. They are susceptible to disease, but due to their small size, they can typically restart production quickly afte... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 413 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Farmers refer to postlarvae as "PLs", with the number of days suffixed (i.e., PL-1, PL-2, etc.). They are ready to be transferred to the grow-out ponds after their gills have branched, which occurs around PL-13 to PL-17 (about 25 days after hatching). Nursing is not absolutely necessary, but is favoured by many farms b... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 482 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Semi-intensive farms do not rely on tides for water exchange, but use pumps and a planned pond layout. They can therefore be built above the high tide line. Pond sizes range from 2 to 30 ha; the stocking densities range from 10 to 30/square meter (100,000–300,000/ha). At such densities, artificial feeding using industr... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 472 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Most captive conditions for shrimp cause inhibitions in females that prevent them from developing mature ovaries. Even in conditions where a given species will develop ovaries and spawn in captivity, use of eyestalk ablation increases total egg production and increases the percentage of females in a given population t... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 497 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, also called "whiteleg shrimp") is the main species cultivated in western countries. Native to the Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru, it grows to a size of 23 cm. L. vannamei accounts for 95% of the production in Latin America. It is easy to breed in captivity, but succumbs to... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 203 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Western blue shrimp (P. stylirostris) was a popular choice for shrimp farming in the western hemisphere, until the IHHN virus wiped out nearly the whole population in the late 1980s. A few stocks survived and became resistant against this virus. When it was discovered that some of these were also resistant against the ... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 453 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Yellowhead disease, called Hua leung in Thai, affects P. monodon throughout Southeast Asia. It had been reported first in Thailand in 1990. The disease is highly contagious and leads to mass mortality within 2 to 4 days. The cephalothorax of an infected shrimp turns yellow after a period of unusually high feeding activ... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 434 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
There are also a number of bacterial infections that are lethal to shrimp. The most common is vibriosis, caused by bacteria of the Vibrio species. The shrimp become weak and disoriented, and may have dark wounds on the cuticle. The mortality rate can exceed 70%. Another bacterial disease is necrotising hepatopancreatit... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 495 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
The import prices for shrimp fluctuate wildly. In 2003, the import price per kilogram shrimp in the United States was US$8.80, slightly higher than in Japan at US$8.00. The average import price in the EU was only about US$5.00/kg; this much lower value is explained by the fact that the EU imports more coldwater shrimp ... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 495 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
In the late 1990s, the economic situation changed. Governments and farmers alike were under increasing pressure from NGOs and the consumer countries, who criticized the practices of the trade. International trade conflicts erupted, such as import bans by consumer countries on shrimp containing antibiotics, the United S... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 509 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
NGOs have frequently criticized that most of the profits went to large conglomerates instead of to the local population. While this may be true in certain regions, such as Ecuador, where most shrimp farms are owned by large companies, it does not apply in all cases. For instance in Thailand, most farms are owned by sma... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 288 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Shrimp farms of all types, from extensive to super-intensive, can cause severe ecological problems wherever they are located. For extensive farms, huge areas of mangroves were cleared, reducing biodiversity. During the 1980s and 1990s, about 35% of the world's mangrove forests had vanished. Shrimp farming was a major c... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 405 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Prolonged use of a pond can lead to an incremental buildup of a sludge at the pond's bottom from waste products and excrement. The sludge can be removed mechanically, or dried and plowed to allow biodecomposition, at least in areas without acid problems. Flushing a pond never completely removes this sludge, and eventua... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 429 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Yet, the industry has been slowly changing since about 1999. It has adopted the "best management practices" developed by the World Bank program, for example, and others. and instituted educational programs to promote them. Due to the mangrove protection laws enacted in many countries, new farms are usually of the semi-... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 345 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
A significant problem causing much conflict in some regions, for instance in Bangladesh, are the land use rights. With shrimp farming, a new industry expanded into coastal areas and started to make exclusive use of previously public resources. In some areas, the rapid expansion resulted in the local coastal population ... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 448 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
Sustainable practices
Although shrimp farming has disrupted social structures, it is possible for both commercial industries and independent farmers to succeed. Closed system shrimp aquaculture for instance, is becoming widely used in the US and is making its way to Southeast Asia. This system takes place indoors in m... | Marine shrimp farming | Wikipedia | 195 | 2167405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20shrimp%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
A freshwater prawn farm is an aquaculture business designed to raise and produce freshwater prawns or shrimp for human consumption. Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, and many of the same problems as, marine shrimp farming. Unique problems are introduced by the developmental life cycle of the m... | Freshwater prawn farming | Wikipedia | 431 | 2167409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater%20prawn%20farming | Technology | Aquaculture | null |
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