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Positive
Plowing:
Loosens and aerates the top layer of soil or horizon A, which facilitates planting the crop.
Helps mix harvest residue, organic matter (humus), and nutrients evenly into the soil.
Mechanically destroys weeds.
Dries the soil before seeding (in wetter climates, tillage aids in keeping the soil drie... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 349 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
General comments
The type of implement makes the most difference, although other factors can have an effect.
Tilling in absolute darkness (night tillage) might reduce the number of weeds that sprout following the tilling operation by half. Light is necessary to break the dormancy of some weed species' seed, so if few... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 510 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
a) Reduction of logging slash, plant competition, and humus prior to direct seeding, planting, scarifying or in anticipation of natural seeding in partially cut stands or in connection with seed-tree systems.
b) Reduction or elimination of unwanted forest cover prior to planting or seeding, or prior to preliminary sca... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 475 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
Nitrogen will be lost from the site by burning, though concentrations in remaining forest floor were found by Macadam (1987) to have increased in two out of six plots, the others showing decreases. Nutrient losses may be outweighed, at least in the short term, by improved soil microclimate through the reduced thickness... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 506 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
The need to provide shade for young outplants of Engelmann spruce in the high Rocky Mountains is emphasized by the U.S. Forest Service. Acceptable planting spots are defined as microsites on the north and east sides of down logs, stumps, or slash, and lying in the shadow cast by such material. Where the objectives of m... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 426 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
According to J. Hall (1970), in Ontario at least, the most widely used site preparation technique was post-harvest mechanical scarification by equipment front-mounted on a bulldozer (blade, rake, V-plow, or teeth), or dragged behind a tractor (Imsett or S.F.I. scarifier, or rolling chopper). Drag type units designed an... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 453 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
Mounding
Site preparation treatments that create raised planting spots have commonly improved outplant performance on sites subject to low soil temperature and excess soil moisture. Mounding can certainly have a big influence on soil temperature. Draper et al. (1985), for instance, documented this as well as the effect... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 395 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
Orientation of linear site preparation
With linear site preparation, orientation is sometimes dictated by topography or other considerations, but the orientation can often be chosen. It can make a difference. A disk-trenching experiment in the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone in interior British Columbia investigated the effect ... | Tillage | Wikipedia | 268 | 46191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage | Technology | Horticultural techniques | null |
A threshing machine or a thresher is a piece of farm equipment that separates grain seed from the stalks and husks. It does so by beating the plant to make the seeds fall out. Before such machines were developed, threshing was done by hand with flails: such hand threshing was very laborious and time-consuming, taking a... | Threshing machine | Wikipedia | 476 | 46193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing%20machine | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
Early threshing machines were hand-fed and horse-powered. Some were housed in a specially constructed building, a gin gang, which would be attached to a threshing barn. They were small by today's standards and were about the size of an upright piano. Later machines were steam-powered, driven by a portable engine or tra... | Threshing machine | Wikipedia | 411 | 46193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing%20machine | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
"The expense of horse labour, from the increased value of the animal and the charge of his keeping, being an object of great importance, it is recommended that, upon all sizable farms, that is to say, where two hundred acres [800,000 m²], or upwards, of grain are sown, the machine should be worked by wind, unless where... | Threshing machine | Wikipedia | 499 | 46193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing%20machine | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
The grain, either coming through the concave or the walkers, meets a set of sieves mounted on an assembly called a shoe, which is shaken mechanically. The top sieve has larger openings and serves to remove large pieces of chaff from the grain. The lower sieve separates clean grain, which falls through, from incompletel... | Threshing machine | Wikipedia | 488 | 46193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing%20machine | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
Preservation
A number of older threshing machines have survived into preservation. They are often to be seen in operation at live steam festivals and traction engine rallies such as the Great Dorset Steam Fair in England, and the Western Minnesota Steam Threshers Reunion in northwest Minnesota.
Musical references
Iris... | Threshing machine | Wikipedia | 317 | 46193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threshing%20machine | Technology | Farm and garden machinery | null |
A tuna (: tunas or tuna) is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna (max length: , weight: ) up to the Atlantic bluefin tuna (max length: , w... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 464 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
The cladogram is a tool for visualizing and comparing the evolutionary relationships between taxa, and is read left-to-right as if on a timeline. The following cladogram illustrates the relationship between the tunas and other tribes of the family Scombridae. For example, the cladogram illustrates that the skipjack tun... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 259 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="9"| Other tuna species
|-
! style="width:10em" | Common name
! style="width:11em" | Scientific name
! Maximumlength
! Commonlength
! Maximumweight
! Maximumage
! Trophiclevel
! Source
! style="width:11em" |IUCN status
|-
| Slender tuna
| Allothunnus fallai(Serventy, 1948)
| style="te... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 512 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"| 10 years
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.13
| style="text-align:center;"|
| Least concern
|-
| Black skipjack tuna
| Euthynnus lineatus(Kishinouye, 1920)
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-align:right;"|
| style="text-a... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 272 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Biology
Description
The tuna is a sleek, elongated and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has two closely spaced but separated dorsal fins on its back; The first fin is "depressible" – it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back; it is supported by spines. Seven to ten yellow finlets run fro... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 489 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Also unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red myotomal muscles derive their color from myoglobin, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than most other fish. The oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their ... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 465 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo's Tsukiji fish market and Toyosu Market have seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices have been set for a single fish – the current record is 333.6 million japanese yen (US$3.1... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 395 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Association with whaling
In 2005, Nauru, defending its vote from Australian criticism at that year's meeting of the International Whaling Commission, argued that some whale species have the potential to devastate Nauru's tuna stocks, and that Nauru's food security and economy relies heavily on fishing. Despite this, Na... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 494 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Japan is the biggest tuna consuming nation and is also the leader in tuna farming research. Japan first successfully farm-hatched and raised bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, it succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle and in 2007, completed a third generation. The farm breed is known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is the c... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 506 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
United States
The product became more plentiful in the United States in the late 1940s. In 1950, 8,500,000 pounds of canned tuna were produced, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture classified it as a "plentiful food".
In the United States, 52% of canned tuna is used for sandwiches; 22% for tuna salads; and 15% for t... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 510 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Canned light tuna in oil is 29% protein, 8% fat, 60% water, and contains no carbohydrates, while providing 200 calories in a 100 gram reference amount (table). It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of phosphorus (44% DV) and vitamin D (45% DV), and a moderate source of iron (11% DV).
Mercury and hea... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 447 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
The main tuna fishery management bodies are the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, and the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna. The five... | Tuna | Wikipedia | 505 | 46211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Sowing is the process of planting seeds. An area that has had seeds planted in it will be described as a sowed or sown area.
When sowing it is important to:
Use quality seeds
Maintain proper distance between seeds
Plant at correct depth
Ensure the soil is clean , healthy , and free of pathogens (disease causing m... | Sowing | Wikipedia | 470 | 46223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowing | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Seed drill
In agriculture, most seed is now sown using a seed drill, which offers greater precision; seed is sown evenly and at the desired rate. The drill also places the seed at a measured distance below the soil, so that less seed is required. The standard design uses a fluted feed metering system, which is volumet... | Sowing | Wikipedia | 508 | 46223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowing | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
In addition to the mentioned seed pretreatments, seed germination is also assisted when a disease-free soil is used. Especially when trying to germinate difficult seed (e.g. certain tropical fruit), prior treatment of the soil (along with the usage of the most suitable soil; e.g. potting soil, prepared soil or other su... | Sowing | Wikipedia | 149 | 46223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowing | Technology | Agronomical techniques | null |
Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature). Refrigeration is an artificial, or human-made, cooling method.
Refrigeration refers to the process by w... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 406 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
These new settlement patterns sparked the building of large cities which are able to thrive in areas that were otherwise thought to be inhospitable, such as Houston, Texas, and Las Vegas, Nevada. In most developed countries, cities are heavily dependent upon refrigeration in supermarkets in order to obtain their food f... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 464 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Before 1830, few Americans used ice to refrigerate foods due to a lack of ice-storehouses and iceboxes. As these two things became more widely available, individuals used axes and saws to harvest ice for their storehouses. This method proved to be difficult, dangerous, and certainly did not resemble anything that could... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 463 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, professor of chemistry, collaborated on a project investigating the principle of evaporation as a means to rapidly cool an object at Cambridge University, England. They confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids, such as alcohol and ether, could be used to driv... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 470 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The first practical vapour-compression refrigeration system was built by James Harrison, a British journalist who had emigrated to Australia. His 1856 patent was for a vapour-compression system using ether, alcohol, or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky P... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 452 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
In 1842, John Gorrie created a system capable of refrigerating water to produce ice. Although it was a commercial failure, it inspired scientists and inventors around the world. France's Ferdinand Carre was one of the inspired and he created an ice producing system that was simpler and smaller than that of Gorrie. Duri... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 420 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The new refrigerating technology first met with widespread industrial use as a means to freeze meat supplies for transport by sea in reefer ships from the British Dominions and other countries to the British Isles. Although not actually the first to achieve successful transportation of frozen goods overseas (the Strath... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 512 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
By the middle of the 20th century, refrigeration units were designed for installation on trucks or lorries. Refrigerated vehicles are used to transport perishable goods, such as frozen foods, fruit and vegetables, and temperature-sensitive chemicals. Most modern refrigerators keep the temperature between –40 and –20 °C... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 392 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
In 1930, Frigidaire, one of GE's main competitors, synthesized Freon. With the invention of synthetic refrigerants based mostly on a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemical, safer refrigerators were possible for home and consumer use. Freon led to the development of smaller, lighter, and cheaper refrigerators. The average pr... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 411 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The refrigerated rail car (refrigerated van or refrigerator car), along with the dense railroad network, became an exceedingly important link between the marketplace and the farm allowing for a national opportunity rather than a just a regional one. Before the invention of the refrigerated rail car, it was impossible t... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 480 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
By the 1960s, the nation's interstate highway system was adequately complete allowing for trucks to carry the majority of the perishable food loads and to push out the old system of the refrigerated rail cars | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 43 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Expansion west and into rural areas
The widespread use of refrigeration allowed for a vast amount of new agricultural opportunities to open up in the United States. New markets emerged throughout the United States in areas that were previously uninhabited and far-removed from heavily populated areas. New agricultural o... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 417 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Rise of the galactic city
"Edge city" was a term coined by Joel Garreau, whereas the term "galactic city" was coined by Lewis Mumford. These terms refer to a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district in what had previously been a residential or ru... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 426 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Demographics
The introduction of refrigeration and evolution of additional technologies drastically changed agriculture in the United States. During the beginning of the 20th century, farming was a common occupation and lifestyle for United States citizens, as most farmers actually lived on their farm. In 1935, there w... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 491 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Electricity in rural areas
In the early 1930s, 90 percent of the urban population of the United States had electric power, in comparison to only 10 percent of rural homes. At the time, power companies did not feel that extending power to rural areas (rural electrification) would produce enough profit to make it worth t... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 339 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Effects on lifestyle and diet
In the late 19th Century and into the very early 20th Century, except for staple foods (sugar, rice, and beans) that needed no refrigeration, the available foods were affected heavily by the seasons and what could be grown locally. Refrigeration has removed these limitations. Refrigeration... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 418 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Current applications of refrigeration
Probably the most widely used current applications of refrigeration are for air conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and refrigerating foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators and walk-in coolers and freezers in kitchens... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 508 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
This refrigeration method cools a contained area by melting ice, or by sublimating dry ice. Perhaps the simplest example of this is a portable cooler, where items are put in it, then ice is poured over the top. Regular ice can maintain temperatures near, but not below the freezing point, unless salt is used to cool the... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 467 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well as in many large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of the components of a typical vapor-compression refrigeration system.
The thermodynamics of the cycle can be analyzed on a diagram as show... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 488 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
In the early years of the twentieth century, the vapor absorption cycle using water-ammonia systems or LiBr-water was popular and widely used. After the development of the vapor compression cycle, the vapor absorption cycle lost much of its importance because of its low coefficient of performance (about one fifth of th... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 505 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The gas cycle is less efficient than the vapor compression cycle because the gas cycle works on the reverse Brayton cycle instead of the reverse Rankine cycle. As such, the working fluid does not receive and reject heat at constant temperature. In the gas cycle, the refrigeration effect is equal to the product of the s... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 488 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
A strong magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy. A heat sink then absorbs the heat released by the refrigerant due to its loss of entropy. Thermal contact with the heat sink is th... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 469 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
The most appealing part of this research is how potentially energy efficient and environmentally friendly this cooling technology is. The different materials used, commonly shape-memory alloys, provide a non-toxic source of emission free refrigeration. The most commonly studied materials studied are shape-memory alloys... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 261 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Fridge Gate
The Fridge Gate method is a theoretical application of using a single logic gate to drive a refrigerator in the most energy efficient way possible without violating the laws of thermodynamics. It operates on the fact that there are two energy states in which a particle can exist: the ground state and the ex... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 505 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
A refrigeration system's coefficient of performance (CoP) is very important in determining a system's overall efficiency. It is defined as refrigeration capacity in kW divided by the energy input in kW. While CoP is a very simple measure of performance, it is typically not used for industrial refrigeration in North Ame... | Refrigeration | Wikipedia | 266 | 46238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration | Technology | Food and health | null |
Fever or pyrexia in humans is a symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism that appears with body temperature exceeding the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus. There is no single agreed-upon upper limit for normal temperature: sources use values ranging between ... | Fever | Wikipedia | 463 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Associated symptoms
A fever is usually accompanied by sickness behavior, which consists of lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, dehydration, and the inability to concentrate. Sleeping with a fever can often cause intense or confusing nightmares, commonly called "fever dreams". Mild to sever... | Fever | Wikipedia | 505 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Types
Various patterns of measured patient temperatures have been observed, some of which may be indicative of a particular medical diagnosis:
Continuous fever, where temperature remains above normal and does not fluctuate more than in 24 hours (e.g. in bacterial pneumonia, typhoid fever, infective endocarditis, tube... | Fever | Wikipedia | 413 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Persistent fever that cannot be explained after repeated routine clinical inquiries is called fever of unknown origin. A neutropenic fever, also called febrile neutropenia, is a fever in the absence of normal immune system function. Because of the lack of infection-fighting neutrophils, a bacterial infection can spread... | Fever | Wikipedia | 324 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Infectious disease, e.g., COVID-19, dengue, Ebola, gastroenteritis, HIV, influenza, Lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, secondary syphilis, malaria, mononucleosis, as well as infections of the skin, e.g., abscesses and boils.
Immunological diseases, e.g., relapsing polychondritis, autoimmune hepatitis, granulo... | Fever | Wikipedia | 487 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Hypothalamus
Temperature is regulated in the hypothalamus. The trigger of a fever, called a pyrogen, results in the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 in turn acts on the hypothalamus, which creates a systemic response in the body, causing heat-generating effects to match a new higher temperature set point. There... | Fever | Wikipedia | 512 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
A pyrogen is a substance that induces fever. In the presence of an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, viroids, etc., the immune response of the body is to inhibit their growth and eliminate them. The most common pyrogens are endotoxins, which are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative bacteria su... | Fever | Wikipedia | 479 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Of these, IL-1β, TNF, and IL-6 are able to raise the temperature setpoint of an organism and cause fever. These proteins produce a cyclooxygenase which induces the hypothalamic production of PGE2 which then stimulates the release of neurotransmitters such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate and increases body temperature... | Fever | Wikipedia | 403 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
PGE2 is the ultimate mediator of the febrile response. The setpoint temperature of the body will remain elevated until PGE2 is no longer present. PGE2 acts on neurons in the preoptic area (POA) through the prostaglandin E receptor 3 (EP3). EP3-expressing neurons in the POA innervate the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), ... | Fever | Wikipedia | 459 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Conservative measures
Limited evidence supports sponging or bathing feverish children with tepid water. The use of a fan or air conditioning may somewhat reduce the temperature and increase comfort. If the temperature reaches the extremely high level of hyperpyrexia, aggressive cooling is required (generally produced m... | Fever | Wikipedia | 485 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Infections presenting with fever were a major source of mortality in humans for about 200,000 years. Until the late nineteenth century, approximately half of all humans died from infections before the age of fifteen.
An older term, febricula (a diminutive form of the Latin word for fever), was once used to refer to a ... | Fever | Wikipedia | 409 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Fever is an important metric for the diagnosis of disease in domestic animals. The body temperature of animals, which is taken rectally, is different from one species to another. For example, a horse is said to have a fever above (). In species that allow the body to have a wide range of "normal" temperatures, such as... | Fever | Wikipedia | 194 | 46253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever | Biology and health sciences | Symptoms and signs | Health |
Telemetry is the in situ collection of measurements or other data at remote points and their automatic transmission to receiving equipment (telecommunication) for monitoring. The word is derived from the Greek roots tele, 'far off', and metron, 'measure'. Systems that need external instructions and data to operate requ... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 500 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
In the 1930s use of electrical telemeters grew rapidly. The electrical strain gauge was widely used in rocket and aviation research and the radiosonde was invented for meteorological measurements. The advent of World War II gave an impetus to industrial development and henceforth many of these telemeters became commerc... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 424 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Wireless telemetry made early appearances in the radiosonde, developed concurrently in 1930 by Robert Bureau in France and Pavel Molchanov in Russia. Molchanov's system modulated temperature and pressure measurements by converting them to wireless Morse code. The German V-2 rocket used a system of primitive multiplexe... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 389 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Motor racing
Telemetry is a key factor in modern motor racing, allowing race engineers to interpret data collected during a test or race and use it to properly tune the car for optimum performance. Systems used in series such as Formula One have become advanced to the point where the potential lap time of the car can ... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 392 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Telemetry is used by the railway industry for measuring the health of trackage. This permits optimized and focused predictive and preventative maintenance. Typically this is done with specialized trains, such as the New Measurement Train used in the United Kingdom by Network Rail, which can check for track defects, suc... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 431 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Defense, space and resource exploration
Telemetry is used in complex systems such as missiles, RPVs, spacecraft, oil rigs, and chemical plants since it allows the automatic monitoring, alerting, and record-keeping necessary for efficient and safe operation. Space agencies such as NASA, ISRO, the European Space Agency (... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 452 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Energy monitoring
In factories, buildings and houses, energy consumption of systems such as HVAC are monitored at multiple locations; related parameters (e.g., temperature) are sent via wireless telemetry to a central location. The information is collected and processed, enabling the most efficient use of energy. Such ... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 448 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Bulk solids
Telemetry of bulk solids is common for tracking and reporting the volume status and condition of grain and livestock feed bins, powdered or granular food, powders and pellets for manufacturing, sand and gravel, and other granular bulk solids. While technology associated with fluid tank monitoring also appli... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 482 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Neurotelemetry and continuous EEG monitoring provides dynamic information about brain function that permits early detection of changes in neurologic status, which is especially useful when the clinical examination is limited.
Fishery and wildlife research and management
Telemetry is used to study wildlife, and has be... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 430 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Energy providers
In some countries, telemetry is used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed. The electricity meter communicates with a concentrator, and the latter sends the information through GPRS or GSM to the energy provider's server. Telemetry is also used for the remote monitoring of substations and... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 478 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
International standards
As in other telecommunications fields, international standards exist for telemetry equipment and software. International standards producing bodies include Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for space agencies, Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) for missile ranges, and ... | Telemetry | Wikipedia | 75 | 46256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemetry | Physical sciences | Basics | Basics and measurement |
Lobsters are malacostracans of the family Nephropidae or its synonym Homaridae. They have long bodies with muscular tails and live in crevices or burrows on the sea floor. Three of their five pairs of legs have claws, including the first pair, which are usually much larger than the others. Highly prized as seafood, lob... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 370 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Lobster anatomy includes two main body parts: the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax fuses the head and the thorax, both of which are covered by a chitinous carapace. The lobster's head bears antennae, antennules, mandibles, the first and second maxillae. The head also bears the (usually stalked) compound... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 435 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Coloring
Typically, lobsters are dark colored, either bluish-green or greenish-brown, to blend in with the ocean floor, but they can be found in many colors. Lobsters with atypical coloring are extremely rare, accounting for only a few of the millions caught every year, and due to their rarity, they usually are not ea... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 475 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Ecology
Lobsters live in all oceans, on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf, contingent largely on size and age. Smaller, younger lobsters are typically found in crevices or in burrows under rocks and do not typically migrate. Larger, older lobsters are more li... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 509 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mean level of mercury in American lobster between 2005 and 2007 was 0.107ppm.
History
Humans are claimed to have eaten lobster since early history. Large piles of lobster shells near areas populated by fishing communities attest to the crustacean... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 431 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Lobster is first mentioned in cookbooks during the medieval period. Le Viandier de Taillevent, a French recipe collection written around 1300, suggests that lobster (also called saltwater crayfish) be "Cooked in wine and water, or in the oven; eaten in vinegar." Le Viandier de Taillevent is considered to be one of the ... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 338 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
During the early 1400s, lobster was still a popular dish among the upper classes. During this time, influential households used the variety and variation of species served at feasts to display wealth and prestige. Lobster was commonly found among these spreads, indicating that it continued to be held in high esteem amo... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 365 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
The American lobster was not originally popular among European colonists in North America. This was partially due to the European inlander's association of lobster with barely edible salted seafood and partially due to a cultural opinion that seafood was a lesser alternative to meat that did not provide the taste or nu... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 495 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Several methods are used for killing lobsters. The most common way of killing lobsters is by placing them live in boiling water, sometimes after being placed in a freezer for a period. Another method is to split the lobster or sever the body in half lengthwise. Lobsters may also be killed or immobilized immediately bef... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 330 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Acanthacaris
Acanthacaris caeca A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
Acanthacaris tenuimana Bate, 1888
Dinochelus Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010
Dinochelus ausubeli Ahyong, Chan & Bouchet, 2010
Eunephrops Smith, 1885
Eunephrops bairdii Smith, 1885
Eunephrops cadenasi Chace, 1939
Eunephrops luckhursti Manning, 1997
Eunephrops manningi ... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 504 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Nephropsis Wood-Mason, 1872
Nephropsis acanthura Macpherson, 1990
Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 – Florida lobsterette
Nephropsis agassizii A. Milne-Edwards, 1880
Nephropsis atlantica Norman, 1882
Nephropsis carpenteri Wood-Mason, 1885
Nephropsis ensirostris Alcock, 1901
Nephropsis holthuisii Macpherson, 1993
Nephrops... | Lobster | Wikipedia | 360 | 46310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster | Biology and health sciences | Crustaceans | null |
Flounders are a group of flatfish species. They are demersal fish, found at the bottom of oceans around the world; some species will also enter estuaries.
Taxonomy
The name "flounder" is used for several only distantly related species, though all are in the suborder Pleuronectoidei (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae... | Flounder | Wikipedia | 471 | 46311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flounder | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish, including sole and flounder, were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry. Current estimates suggest that approximately 30 million ... | Flounder | Wikipedia | 113 | 46311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flounder | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus native to Eurasia. Widely cultivated as a vegetable crop, its young shoots are used as a spring vegetable.
Description
Asparagus is an herbaceous, perennial plant growing to tall, with stout stems with much-branched, fea... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 508 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
In English, A. officinalis is widely known simply as "asparagus", or sometimes "garden asparagus".
Asparagus was corrupted by folk etymology in some places to "sparrow grass"; indeed, John Walker wrote in 1791 that "Sparrowgrass is so general that asparagus has an air of stiffness and pedantry".
The name 'sparrow gras... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 463 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Nutrition
Water makes up 93% of asparagus's composition. Asparagus is low in food energy and very low in sodium. It is a good source of vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and a very good source of dietary fibre, protein, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, rutin, niacin, folic a... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 457 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Green asparagus is eaten worldwide, and the availability of imports throughout the year has made it less of a delicacy than it once was. In Europe, according to one source, the "asparagus season is a highlight of the foodie calendar"; in the UK this traditionally begins on 23 April and ends on Midsummer Day. As in cont... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 502 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Only seasonally on the menu, asparagus dishes are advertised outside many restaurants, usually from late April to June. For the French style, asparagus is often boiled or steamed and served with Hollandaise sauce, white sauce, melted butter or most recently with olive oil and Parmesan cheese. Tall, narrow asparagus coo... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 460 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Asparagus was brought to North America by European settlers at least as early as 1655. Adriaen van der Donck, a Dutch immigrant to New Netherland, mentions asparagus in his description of Dutch farming practices in the New World. Asparagus was grown by British immigrants as well; in 1685, one of William Penn's advertis... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 444 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Subjectively, the first two are the most pungent, while the last two (sulfur-oxidized) give a sweet aroma. A mixture of these compounds form a "reconstituted asparagus urine" odor. This was first investigated in 1891 by Marceli Nencki, who attributed the smell to methanethiol. These compounds originate in the asparagus... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 389 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Debate exists about the universality of producing the sulfurous smell, as well as the ability to detect it. Originally, this was thought to be because some people digested asparagus differently from others, so some excreted odorous urine after eating asparagus, and others did not. In the 1980s, three studies from Franc... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 442 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
Many German cities hold an annual Spargelfest (asparagus festival) celebrating the harvest of white asparagus. Schwetzingen claims to be the "Asparagus Capital of the World", and during its festival, an Asparagus Queen is crowned. The Bavarian city of Nuremberg feasts a week long in April, with a competition to find th... | Asparagus | Wikipedia | 137 | 46319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus | Biology and health sciences | Monocots | null |
A flatfish is a member of the ray-finned demersal fish superorder Pleuronectoidei, also called the Heterosomata. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through or around the head during development. Some species face their left sides upward, some face their right sides upward... | Flatfish | Wikipedia | 289 | 46331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
Over 800 described species are placed into 16 families. When they were treated as an order, the flatfishes are divided into two suborders, Psettodoidei and Pleuronectoidei, with > 99% of the species diversity found within the Pleuronectoidei. The largest families are Soleidae, Bothidae and Cynoglossidae with more than ... | Flatfish | Wikipedia | 447 | 46331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | null |
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