Split (1)

train · 123k rows

text stringlengths 26 3.6k	page_title stringlengths 1 71	source stringclasses 1 value	token_count int64 10 512	id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 117	topic stringclasses 4 values	section stringlengths 4 49 ⌀	sublist stringclasses 9 values
Turnips were an important crop in the cuisine of Antebellum America. They were grown for their greens as well as the roots, and could yield edible greens within a few weeks of planting, making them a staple of new plantations still in the process of becoming productive. They could be planted as late as the fall and sti...	Turnip	Wikipedia	483	46576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null
In Scottish and some other English dialects, the word turnip can also refer to rutabagas (North American English), also known as swedes in England, a variety of Brassica napus, which is a hybrid between the turnip, Brassica rapa, and the cabbage. Turnips are generally smaller with white flesh, while rutabagas are large...	Turnip	Wikipedia	243	46576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null
A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are 17 species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introduction. There are no hedgehogs native to Australia and no living species native to the Ame...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	512	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
They occasionally perform a ritual called anointing. When the animal encounters a new scent, it will lick and bite the source, then form a scented froth in its mouth and paste it on its spines with its tongue. Some experts believe this might serve to camouflage the hedgehog with the local scent, and might also lead to ...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	432	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
Hedgehogs have a relatively long lifespan for their size. In captivity, lack of predators and controlled diet contribute to a lifespan of eight to ten years depending on size. In the wild, larger species live four to seven years (some recorded up to 16 years), and smaller species live two to four years (four to seven i...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	494	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
Eradication can be troublesome. Attempts to eliminate hedgehogs from bird colonies on the Scottish islands of North Uist and Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides were met with international protest. Eradication began in 2003 with 690 hedgehogs killed, though animal welfare groups attempted rescues. By 2007, legal injunction...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	309	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
Hedgehogs can suffer from balloon syndrome, a rare condition in which gas is trapped under the skin from injury or infection, causing the animal to inflate. The condition is unique to hedgehogs because their skin is baggy enough to curl up. In 2017, the BBC reported a case of a male hedgehog "almost twice its natural s...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	431	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
Culinary and medicinal use Hedgehogs are a food source in many cultures. They were eaten in Ancient Egypt and some recipes of the Late Middle Ages call for hedgehog meat. They are traded throughout Eurasia and Africa for traditional medicine and witchcraft. In the Middle East and especially among Bedouins, hedgehog mea...	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	498	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
In worldwide folklore, hedgehogs are associated with intelligence and wisdom (Asia, Europe), and magic (Africa).	Hedgehog	Wikipedia	25	46590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog	Biology and health sciences	Erinaceids	null
Hay is grass, legumes, or other herbaceous plants that have been cut and dried to be stored for use as animal fodder, either for large grazing animals raised as livestock, such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep, or for smaller domesticated animals such as rabbits and guinea pigs. Pigs can eat hay, but do not digest i...	Hay	Wikipedia	420	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Oat, barley, and wheat plant materials are occasionally cut green and made into hay for animal fodder, and more usually used in the form of straw, a harvest byproduct of stems and dead leaves that are baled after the grain has been harvested and threshed. Straw is used mainly for animal bedding. Although straw is also ...	Hay	Wikipedia	481	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
The successful harvest of maximum yields of high-quality hay is entirely dependent on the coincident occurrence of optimum crop, field, and weather conditions. When this occurs, there may be a period of intense activity on the hay farm while harvest proceeds until weather conditions become unfavourable. Use Hay or g...	Hay	Wikipedia	488	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Different animals also use hay in different ways: cattle evolved to eat forages in relatively large quantities at a single feeding, and then, due to the process of rumination, take a considerable amount of time for their stomachs to digest food, often accomplished while the animal is lying down, at rest. Thus quantity ...	Hay	Wikipedia	461	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
During the growing season, which is spring and early summer in temperate climates, grass grows at a fast pace. Hay reaches its peak nutritional value when all leaves are fully developed and seed or flower heads are just shy of full maturity. At this stage of maximum growth in the pasture or field, if timed correctly, t...	Hay	Wikipedia	470	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Columella in his De re rustica describes the usual haying process of the early Roman Empire. Much hay was originally cut by scythe by teams of workers, dried in the field and gathered loose on wagons. Later, haying was accomplished with horse-drawn implements such as mowers. After hay was cut and dried, it was raked o...	Hay	Wikipedia	429	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
With the invention of agricultural machinery such as the tractor and the baler, most hay production became mechanized by the 1930s. Hay baling began with the invention of the first hay press in about 1850. Timothy grass and clover were the most common plants used for hay in the early 20th century in the United States,...	Hay	Wikipedia	465	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Conditioning of hay crop during cutting or soon thereafter is popular. The basic idea is that it decreases drying time, particularly in humid climates or if rain threatens to interfere with haying. Usually, rollers or flails inside a mower conditioner crimp, crack or strip the alfalfa or grass stems to increase evapora...	Hay	Wikipedia	406	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Small square bales are made in two main variations. The smaller "two-tie" (two twines to hold the bale together) or larger "three-tie" (three twines to hold the bale together). They vary in size within both groups but are generally popular in different markets. The smaller two-tie bales are favored in the hobby animal ...	Hay	Wikipedia	472	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Both can be deadly to non-ruminant herbivores such as horses, and when this occurs, the entire contaminated bale generally is thrown out, another reason some people continue to support the market for small bales	Hay	Wikipedia	45	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Farmers who need to make large amounts of hay will likely choose balers that produce much larger bales, maximizing the amount of hay protected from the elements. Large bales come in two types: round and square. Large square bales, which can weigh up to , can be stacked and easily transported on trucks. Large round bale...	Hay	Wikipedia	472	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Traditionally, outdoor hay storage was done with haystacks of loose hay, where most of the hay was sufficiently preserved to last through the winter, and the top surface of the stack (being weathered) was consigned to become compost the next summer. The term "loose" means not pressed or baled but does not necessarily m...	Hay	Wikipedia	489	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Haystacks are also sometimes called haycocks; among some users this term refers more specifically to small piles of cut-and-gathered hay awaiting stacking into larger stacks. The words (haystack, haycock) are usually styled as solid compounds, but not always. Haystacks are also sometimes called stooks, shocks, or ricks...	Hay	Wikipedia	454	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Animals who eat spoiled hay may develop a variety of illnesses, from coughs related to dust and mold, to various other illnesses, the most serious of which may be botulism, which can occur if a small animal, such as a rodent or snake, is killed by the baling equipment, then rots inside the bale, causing a toxin to form...	Hay	Wikipedia	409	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Hay baled before it is fully dry can produce enough heat to start a fire. Haystacks produce internal heat due to bacterial fermentation. If hay is stacked with wet grass, the heat produced can be sufficient to ignite the hay causing a fire. Farmers have to be careful about moisture levels to avoid spontaneous combusti...	Hay	Wikipedia	393	46593	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield by weight of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat. It has a number of different uses, including fuel, livestock bedding and fodder, thatchin...	Straw	Wikipedia	495	46594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
When baled, straw has moderate insulation characteristics (about R-1.5/inch according to Oak Ridge National Lab and Forest Product Lab testing). It can be used, alone or in a post-and-beam construction, to build straw bale houses. When bales are used to build or insulate buildings, the straw bales are commonly finishe...	Straw	Wikipedia	457	46594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
The use of straw in large-scale biomass power plants is becoming mainstream in the EU, with several facilities already online. The straw is either used directly in the form of bales, or densified into pellets which allows for the feedstock to be transported over longer distances. Finally, torrefaction of straw with pel...	Straw	Wikipedia	501	46594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
Straw is resistant to being crushed and therefore makes a good packing material. A company in France makes a straw mat sealed in thin plastic sheets. Straw envelopes for wine bottles have become rarer, but are still to be found at some wine merchants. Wheat straw is also used in compostable food packaging such as com...	Straw	Wikipedia	369	46594	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw	Technology	Animal husbandry	null
A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry. The basic purpose of any loom is to hold the warp threads under tension to facilitate the interweaving of the weft threads. The precise shape of the loom and its mechanics may vary, but the basic function is the same. Etymology and usage The word "loom" derives from...	Loom	Wikipedia	496	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Shedding. Shedding is pulling part of the warp threads aside to form a shed (the space between the raised and unraised warp yarns). The shed is the space through which the filling yarn, carried by the shuttle, can be inserted, forming the weft. Sheds may be simple: for instance, lifting all the odd threads and all the...	Loom	Wikipedia	502	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
It is possible to weave by manually threading the weft over and under the warp threads, but this is slow. Some tapestry techniques use manual shedding. Pin looms and peg looms also generally have no shedding devices. Pile carpets generally do not use shedding for the pile, because each pile thread is individually knott...	Loom	Wikipedia	448	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
A warp-weighted loom (see diagram) typically uses a heddle-bar, or several. It has two upright posts (C); they support a horizontal beam (D), which is cylindrical so that the finished cloth can be rolled around it, allowing the loom to be used to weave a piece of cloth taller than the loom, and preserving an ergonomic ...	Loom	Wikipedia	497	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
There are heddles made of flip-flopping rotating hooks, which raise and lower the warp, creating sheds. The hooks, when vertical, have the weft threads looped around them horizontally. If the hooks are flopped over on side or another, the loop of weft twists, raising one or the other side of the loop, which creates the...	Loom	Wikipedia	511	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Treadle-controlled looms In treadle looms, the weaver controls the shedding with their feet, by treading on treadles. Different treadles and combinations of treadles produce different sheds. The weaver must remember the sequence of treadling needed to produce the pattern. The precise mechanism by which the treadles co...	Loom	Wikipedia	432	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Jack looms (also called single-tieup-looms and rising-shed looms), have their treadles connected to jacks, levers that push or pull the heald frames up; the harnesses are weighted to fall back into place by gravity. Several frames can be connected to a single treadle. Frames can also be raised by more than one treadle...	Loom	Wikipedia	395	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
In countermarch looms, the treadles are tied to lamms, which may pivot at one end or slide up and down. Half of the lamms in turn connect to jacks, which also pivot, and push or pull the staves up or down. Some countermarches have two horizontal jacks per shaft, others a single vertical jack. Each treadle is tied to al...	Loom	Wikipedia	491	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which simplifies the process of manufacturing figured textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse. The loom is controlled by punched cards with punched holes, each row of which corresponds to one row of the desi...	Loom	Wikipedia	456	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Hand weavers who threw a shuttle could only weave a cloth as wide as their armspan. If cloth needed to be wider, two people would do the task (often this would be an adult with a child). John Kay (1704–1779) patented the flying shuttle in 1733. The weaver held a picking stick that was attached by cords to a device at b...	Loom	Wikipedia	290	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
There are five main types of weft insertion and they are as follows: Shuttle: The first-ever powered looms were shuttle-type looms. Spools of weft are unravelled as the shuttle travels across the shed. This is very similar to projectile methods of weaving, except that the weft spool is stored on the shuttle. These loo...	Loom	Wikipedia	422	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Circular: Modern circular looms use up to ten shuttles, driven in a circular motion from below by electromagnets, for the weft yarns, and cams to control the warp threads. The warps rise and fall with each shuttle passage, unlike the common practice of lifting all of them at once. Circular looms are used to create sea...	Loom	Wikipedia	103	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Battening The newest weft thread must be beaten against the fell. Battening can be done with a long stick placed in the shed parallel to the weft (a sword batten), a shorter stick threaded between the warp threads perpendicular to warp and weft (a pin batten), a comb, or a reed (a comb with both ends closed, so that i...	Loom	Wikipedia	511	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Warp-weighted loom The warp-weighted loom is a vertical loom that may have originated in the Neolithic period. Its defining characteristic is hanging weights (loom weights) which keep bundles of the warp threads taut. Frequently, extra warp thread is wound around the weights. When a weaver has woven far enough down, t...	Loom	Wikipedia	434	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
In a wooden vertical-shaft loom, the heddles are fixed in place in the shaft. The warp threads pass alternately through a heddle, and through a space between the heddles (the shed), so that raising the shaft raises half the threads (those passing through the heddles), and lowering the shaft lowers the same threads — th...	Loom	Wikipedia	502	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Small jigs also used for circular knitting are also sometimes called circular looms, but they are used for knitting, not weaving. Handlooms to power looms A power loom is a loom powered by a source of energy other than the weaver's muscles. When power looms were developed, other looms came to be referred to as handlo...	Loom	Wikipedia	301	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
The Horrocks loom was viable, but it was the Roberts Loom in 1830 that marked the turning point. Incremental changes to the three motions continued to be made. The problems of sizing, stop-motions, consistent take-up, and a temple to maintain the width remained. In 1841, Kenworthy and Bullough produced the Lancashire L...	Loom	Wikipedia	344	46595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom	Technology	Industrial machinery	null
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to mana...	Drainage	Wikipedia	489	46596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage	Technology	Hydraulic infrastructure	null
21st century alternatives Seattle's Public Utilities created a pilot program called Street Edge Alternatives Project. The project focuses on designing a system "to provide drainage that more closely mimics the natural landscape prior to development than traditional piped systems". The streets are characterized by ditch...	Drainage	Wikipedia	392	46596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage	Technology	Hydraulic infrastructure	null
Drainage options for the construction industry include: Point drainage, which intercepts water at gullies (points). Gullies connect to drainage pipes beneath the ground surface, so deep excavation is required to facilitate this system. Support for deep trenches is required in the shape of planking, strutting or shori...	Drainage	Wikipedia	425	46596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage	Technology	Hydraulic infrastructure	null
Drainage options for the planter include: Surface drains are typically used to manage runoff from paved surfaces, such as sidewalks and parking lots. Catch basins, which collect water and debris, are connected to underground pipes that carry the water away from the site. Subsurface drains, on the other hand, are des...	Drainage	Wikipedia	457	46596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage	Technology	Hydraulic infrastructure	null
In moist climates, soils may be adequate for cropping with the exception that they become waterlogged for brief periods each year, from snow melt or from heavy rains. Soils that are predominantly clay will pass water very slowly downward. Meanwhile, plant roots suffocate because the excessive water around the roots eli...	Drainage	Wikipedia	236	46596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage	Technology	Hydraulic infrastructure	null
An embedded system is a specialized computer system—a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electronic system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	432	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the MOS integrated circuit, which is an integrated circuit chip fabricated from MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors) and was developed in the early 1960s. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher transistor density and ...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	404	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An early microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (released in 1971), was designed for calculators and other small systems but still required external memory and support ...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	471	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. Spacecraft rely on astrionics systems for trajectory correction. Various electric motors — bru...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	455	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems are a small part within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is to play music. Similarly, an embed...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	452	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Ready-made computer boards PC/104 and PC/104+ are examples of standards for ready-made computer boards intended for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized systems. These are mostly x86-based and often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/16-bit) embedded s...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	465	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions A system on a chip (SoC) contains a complete system - consisting of multiple processors, multipliers, caches, even different types of memory and commonly various peripherals like interfaces for wired or wireless communication on a single chip. Often graphics processing units (GPU) and DSPs a...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	347	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Tools As with other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use more specific tools: In circuit debuggers or emulators (see next section). Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can check ...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	458	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Debugging Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities available. Considerations include: does it slow down the main application, how close is the debugged system or application to the actual system or application, how expressive are the triggers that can be set for debugging (e....	Embedded system	Wikipedia	459	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as high-level programming language, assembly code or mixture of both. Tracing Real-time operating systems o...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	426	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware: watchdog timer that resets and restarts the system unless the software periodically notifies the watchdog subsystems Designing with a trusted computing base...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	486	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Simple control loop In this design, the software simply has a loop which monitors the input devices. The loop calls subroutines, each of which manages a part of the hardware or software. Hence it is called a simple control loop or programmed input-output. Interrupt-controlled system Some embedded systems are predomina...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	453	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to use an off-the-shelf RTOS, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system services. The choice to include an RTOS brings in its own issues, however, as the selection must be made prior to starting ...	Embedded system	Wikipedia	508	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
Domain-specific architectures In the automotive sector, AUTOSAR is a standard architecture for embedded software.	Embedded system	Wikipedia	20	46630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20system	Technology	Computer hardware	null
A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to detect radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky. Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy, which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, just as optical telescopes are used ...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	309	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
The first radio antenna used to identify an astronomical radio source was built by Karl Guthe Jansky, an engineer with Bell Telephone Laboratories, in 1932. Jansky was assigned the task of identifying sources of static that might interfere with radiotelephone service. Jansky's antenna was an array of dipoles and reflec...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	467	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
Types The range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that makes up the radio spectrum is very large. As a consequence, the types of antennas that are used as radio telescopes vary widely in design, size, and configuration. At wavelengths of 30 meters to 3 meters (10–100 MHz), they are generally either direc...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	434	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
The world's largest filled-aperture (i.e. full dish) radio telescope is the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) completed in 2016 by China. The dish with an area as large as 30 football fields is built into a natural karst depression in the landscape in Guizhou province and cannot move; the feed ant...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	401	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
The above stationary dishes are not fully "steerable"; they can only be aimed at points in an area of the sky near the zenith, and cannot receive from sources near the horizon. The largest fully steerable dish radio telescope is the 100 meter Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, United States, constructed in 2000. Th...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	331	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
One of the most notable developments came in 1946 with the introduction of the technique called astronomical interferometry, which means combining the signals from multiple antennas so that they simulate a larger antenna, in order to achieve greater resolution. Astronomical radio interferometers usually consist either ...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	335	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
A high-quality image requires a large number of different separations between telescopes. Projected separation between any two telescopes, as seen from the radio source, is called a baseline. For example, the Very Large Array (VLA) near Socorro, New Mexico has 27 telescopes with 351 independent baselines at once, which...	Radio telescope	Wikipedia	381	46656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20telescope	Technology	Optical instruments	null
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word xylem is de...	Xylem	Wikipedia	358	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Secondary xylem is formed during secondary growth from vascular cambium. Although secondary xylem is also found in members of the gymnosperm groups Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta and to a lesser extent in members of the Cycadophyta, the two main groups in which secondary xylem can be found are: conifers (Coniferae): there ...	Xylem	Wikipedia	203	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Main function – upwards water transport The xylem, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plants. The system transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant. It is also...	Xylem	Wikipedia	494	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
The primary force that creates the capillary action movement of water upwards in plants is the adhesion between the water and the surface of the xylem conduits. Capillary action provides the force that establishes an equilibrium configuration, balancing gravity. When transpiration removes water at the top, the flow is ...	Xylem	Wikipedia	450	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Water is a polar molecule. When two water molecules approach one another, the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of one forms a hydrogen bond with a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom in the other. This attractive force, along with other intermolecular forces, is one of the principal factors responsible for...	Xylem	Wikipedia	488	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Evolution Xylem appeared early in the history of terrestrial plant life. Fossil plants with anatomically preserved xylem are known from the Silurian (more than 400 million years ago), and trace fossils resembling individual xylem cells may be found in earlier Ordovician rocks. The earliest true and recognizable xylem ...	Xylem	Wikipedia	423	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
To photosynthesize, plants must absorb from the atmosphere. However, this comes at a price: while stomata are open to allow to enter, water can evaporate. Water is lost much faster than is absorbed, so plants need to replace it, and have developed systems to transport water from the moist soil to the site of photosy...	Xylem	Wikipedia	277	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
During the Silurian, was readily available, so little water needed expending to acquire it. By the end of the Carboniferous, when levels had lowered to something approaching today's, around 17 times more water was lost per unit of uptake. However, even in these "easy" early days, water was at a premium, and had to b...	Xylem	Wikipedia	458	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
The earliest macrofossils to bear water-transport tubes are Silurian plants placed in the genus Cooksonia. The early Devonian pretracheophytes Aglaophyton and Horneophyton have structures very similar to the hydroids of modern mosses. Plants continued to innovate new ways of reducing the resistance to flow within their...	Xylem	Wikipedia	454	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
During the Devonian, maximum xylem diameter increased with time, with the minimum diameter remaining pretty constant. By the middle Devonian, the tracheid diameter of some plant lineages (Zosterophyllophytes) had plateaued. Wider tracheids allow water to be transported faster, but the overall transport rate depends als...	Xylem	Wikipedia	329	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Once cavitation has occurred, plants have a range of mechanisms to contain the damage. Small pits link adjacent conduits to allow fluid to flow between them, but not air – although these pits, which prevent the spread of embolism, are also a major cause of them. These pitted surfaces further reduce the flow of water th...	Xylem	Wikipedia	506	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
End walls excluded, the tracheids of prevascular plants were able to operate under the same hydraulic conductivity as those of the first vascular plant, Cooksonia. The size of tracheids is limited as they comprise a single cell; this limits their length, which in turn limits their maximum useful diameter to 80 μm. Con...	Xylem	Wikipedia	351	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Protoxylem and metaxylem As a young vascular plant grows, one or more strands of primary xylem form in its stems and roots. The first xylem to develop is called 'protoxylem'. In appearance, protoxylem is usually distinguished by narrower vessels formed of smaller cells. Some of these cells have walls that contain thic...	Xylem	Wikipedia	327	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root, and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center, i.e., centripetally. The metaxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root, and the protoxylem is closest to the periphery. The roots of vascular plants are...	Xylem	Wikipedia	263	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
In his book De plantis libri XVI (On Plants, in 16 books) (1583), the Italian physician and botanist Andrea Cesalpino proposed that plants draw water from soil not by magnetism (ut magnes ferrum trahit, as magnetic iron attracts) nor by suction (vacuum), but by absorption, as occurs in the case of linen, sponges, or po...	Xylem	Wikipedia	314	46675	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem	Biology and health sciences	Plant tissues	Biology
In mathematics, Euler's identity (also known as Euler's equation) is the equality where is Euler's number, the base of natural logarithms, is the imaginary unit, which by definition satisfies , and is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathemati...	Euler's identity	Wikipedia	508	46740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20identity	Mathematics	Calculus and analysis	null
A poll of readers conducted by The Mathematical Intelligencer in 1990 named Euler's identity as the "most beautiful theorem in mathematics". In another poll of readers that was conducted by Physics World in 2004, Euler's identity tied with Maxwell's equations (of electromagnetism) as the "greatest equation ever". At l...	Euler's identity	Wikipedia	469	46740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20identity	Mathematics	Calculus and analysis	null
Additionally, when any complex number is multiplied by , it has the effect of rotating counterclockwise by an angle of on the complex plane. Since multiplication by −1 reflects a point across the origin, Euler's identity can be interpreted as saying that rotating any point radians around the origin has the same eff...	Euler's identity	Wikipedia	337	46740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20identity	Mathematics	Calculus and analysis	null
The Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), also known as the North American opossum, is a member of the opossum family found from southern Canada to northern Costa Rica (making it the northernmost marsupial in the world). Commonly referred to simply as the possum, it is a solitary nocturnal animal about the size of a...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	424	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Its pre-European settlement range was generally as far north as Maryland; southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois; Missouri and Kansas. The clearing of dense forests in these areas and further north by settlers allowed the opossum to move northward. Elimination of the opossum's main predators in these areas also contribute...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	498	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
The dental formula of an opossum is . No other mammal in North America has more than 6 upper incisors, but the Virginia opossum has 10. Perhaps surprisingly for such a widespread and successful species, the Virginia opossum has one of the lowest encephalization quotients of any marsupial. Its brain is one-fifth the si...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	460	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
When pacing, the opossum's 'stride' generally measures from 7 to 10 in, or 18 to 25 cm (in the pacing diagram the stride is 8.5 in, where one grid square is equal to 1 in2). To determine the stride of a pacing gait, measure from the tip (just beyond the fingers or toes in the direction of travel, disregarding claw mark...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	445	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles make up the bulk of the animal foods eaten by opossums. It has been stated that opossums eat up to 95% of the ticks they encounter and may eat up to 5,000 ticks per season, helping to prevent the spread of tick-born illnesses, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	481	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Reproduction The breeding season for the Virginia opossum can begin as early as December and continue through October with most young born between February and June. A female opossum may have one to three litters per year. During the mating season, the male attracts the female by making clicking sounds with his mouth. ...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	496	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Historical references An early description of the opossum comes from explorer John Smith, who wrote in Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion in 1608 that "An Opassom hath an head like a Swine, and a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a Cat. Under he...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	502	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Although it is widely distributed in the United States, the Virginia opossum's appearance in folklore and popularity as a food item has tied it closely to the American Southeast. In animation, it is often used to depict uncivilized characters or "hillbillies". Not surprisingly, then, the Virginia opossum is featured in...	Virginia opossum	Wikipedia	279	46750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20opossum	Biology and health sciences	Marsupials	Animals
Artiodactyls are placental mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla ( , ). Typically, they are ungulates which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a hoof). The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing posteriorly. By co...	Artiodactyl	Wikipedia	431	46764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl	Biology and health sciences	Artiodactyla	null
The oldest fossils of even-toed ungulates date back to the early Eocene (about 53 million years ago). Since these findings almost simultaneously appeared in Europe, Asia, and North America, it is very difficult to accurately determine the origin of artiodactyls. The fossils are classified as belonging to the family Dia...	Artiodactyl	Wikipedia	490	46764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl	Biology and health sciences	Artiodactyla	null
South America was settled by even-toed ungulates only in the Pliocene, after the land bridge at the Isthmus of Panama formed some three million years ago. With only the peccaries, lamoids (or llamas), and various species of capreoline deer, South America has comparatively fewer artiodactyl families than other continent...	Artiodactyl	Wikipedia	270	46764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl	Biology and health sciences	Artiodactyla	null

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.