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Distribution Flatfishes are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from the Arctic, through the tropics, to Antarctica. Species diversity is centered in the Indo-West Pacific and declines following both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients away from the Indo-West Pacific. Most species are found in depths between 0 and , ...	Flatfish	Wikipedia	475	46331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish	Biology and health sciences	Acanthomorpha	null
In general, flatfishes rely on their camouflage for avoiding predators, but some have aposematic traits such as conspicuous eyespots (e.g., Microchirus ocellatus) and several small tropical species (at least Aseraggodes, Pardachirus and Zebrias) are poisonous. Juveniles of Soleichthys maculosus mimic toxic flatworms of...	Flatfish	Wikipedia	428	46331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish	Biology and health sciences	Acanthomorpha	null
Origin and evolution Scientists have been proposing since the 1910s that flatfishes evolved from percoid ancestors. There has been some disagreement whether they are a monophyletic group. Some palaeontologists think that some percomorph groups other than flatfishes were "experimenting" with head asymmetry during the Eo...	Flatfish	Wikipedia	301	46331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish	Biology and health sciences	Acanthomorpha	null
The origin of the unusual morphology of flatfishes was enigmatic up to the 2000s, and early researchers suggested that it came about as a result of saltation rather than gradual evolution through natural selection, because a partially migrated eye were considered to have been maladaptive. This started to change in 2008...	Flatfish	Wikipedia	428	46331	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish	Biology and health sciences	Acanthomorpha	null
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. With...	Passerine	Wikipedia	453	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Anatomy The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called anisodactyl arrangement. The hind toe (hallux) is long and joins the leg at approximately the same level as the front toes. This arrangement enables passerine birds to easily perch upright on branches. The toes have no...	Passerine	Wikipedia	499	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
The Passeriformes contain several groups of brood parasites such as the viduas, cuckoo-finches, and the cowbirds. Origin and evolution The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine families were group...	Passerine	Wikipedia	414	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Perching bird osteology, especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic. However, the early fossil record is poor because passerines are relatively small, and their delicate bones do not preserve well. Queensland Museum specimens F20688 (carpometacarpus) and F24685 (tibiotarsus) from Murgon, Queensland, are fossil ...	Passerine	Wikipedia	256	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the Oligocene onward, belonging to several lineages: Wieslochia (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany) – suboscine Resoviaornis (Early Oligocene of Wola Rafałowska, Poland) – oscine Jamna (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland) – basal Wi...	Passerine	Wikipedia	509	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
In the Americas, the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing families are documented. Apart from the indeterminable MACN-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina), an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene ...	Passerine	Wikipedia	335	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Major "wastebin" families such as the Old World warblers and Old World babblers have turned out to be paraphyletic and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct lineages, so new families had to be established, some of these – like the stitchbird of New Zealand and the Eurasian bearded r...	Passerine	Wikipedia	418	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds Menuridae: lyrebirds Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds Pomatostomidae: pseudo-babblers Orthonychidae: logrunners Superfamily Meliphagoidea Acanthizidae: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones Meliphagidae: honeyeaters Maluridae: fairywrens, emu-wre...	Passerine	Wikipedia	475	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Infraorder Passerides – previously known as the parvorder Passerida Cnemophilidae: satinbirds Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers and longbills Callaeidae: New Zealand wattlebirds Notiomystidae: stitchbird Petroicidae: Australian robins Eupetidae: rail-babbler Picathartidae: rockfowl Chaetopidae: rock-jumpers Parv...	Passerine	Wikipedia	510	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Superfamily Muscicapoidea Elachuridae: spotted elachura Cinclidae: dippers Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers and chats Turdidae: thrushes and allies Buphagidae: oxpeckers Sturnidae: starlings and rhabdornis Mimidae: mockingbirds and thrashers — Regulidae: goldcrests and kinglets Superfamily Certhioidea Tich...	Passerine	Wikipedia	483	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Phylogeny Relationships between living Passeriformes families based on the phylogenetic analysis of Oliveros et al (2019). Some terminals have been renamed to reflect families recognised by the IOC but not in that study. The IOC families Alcippeidae and Teretistridae were not sampled in this study. Explanatory notes	Passerine	Wikipedia	69	46336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine	Biology and health sciences	Passerines	null
Phalangeriformes is a paraphyletic suborder of about 70 species of small to medium-sized arboreal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi. The species are commonly known as possums, opossums, gliders, and cuscus. The common name "(o)possum" for various Phalangeriformes species derives from the creatur...	Phalangeriformes	Wikipedia	488	46371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes	Biology and health sciences	Diprotodontia	Animals
Suborder Phalangeriformes: possums, gliders and allies Superfamily Phalangeroidea Family †Ektopodontidae: Genus †Ektopodon †Ektopodon serratus †Ektopodon stirtoni †Ektopodon ulta Family Burramyidae: (pygmy possums) Genus Burramys Mountain pygmy possum, B. parvus Genus Cercartetus Long-tailed pygmy possum, C...	Phalangeriformes	Wikipedia	506	46371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes	Biology and health sciences	Diprotodontia	Animals
Common brushtail possum, T. vulpecula Genus Wyulda Scaly-tailed possum, W. squamicaudata Superfamily Petauroidea Family Pseudocheiridae: (ring-tailed possums and allies) Subfamily Hemibelideinae Genus Hemibelideus Lemur-like ringtail possum, H. lemuroides Genus Petauroides Central greater glider, P. armillatus...	Phalangeriformes	Wikipedia	507	46371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes	Biology and health sciences	Diprotodontia	Animals
Family Tarsipedidae: (honey possum) Genus Tarsipes Honey possum or noolbenger, T. rostratus Family Acrobatidae: (feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum) Genus Acrobates Feathertail glider, A. pygmaeus Genus Distoechurus Feather-tailed possum, D. pennatus	Phalangeriformes	Wikipedia	81	46371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalangeriformes	Biology and health sciences	Diprotodontia	Animals
A diatom (Neo-Latin diatoma) is any member of a large group comprising several genera of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world. Living diatoms make up a significant portion of the Earth's biomass: they generate about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet e...	Diatom	Wikipedia	455	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Unusually for autotrophic organisms, diatoms possess a urea cycle, a feature that they share with animals, although this cycle is used to different metabolic ends in diatoms. The family Rhopalodiaceae also possess a cyanobacterial endosymbiont called a spheroid body. This endosymbiont has lost its photosynthetic proper...	Diatom	Wikipedia	449	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Diatoms are used to monitor past and present environmental conditions, and are commonly used in studies of water quality. Diatomaceous earth (diatomite) is a collection of diatom shells found in the Earth's crust. They are soft, silica-containing sedimentary rocks which are easily crumbled into a fine powder and typica...	Diatom	Wikipedia	452	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
The cell itself consists of two halves, each containing an essentially flat plate, or valve, and marginal connecting, or girdle band. One half, the hypotheca, is slightly smaller than the other half, the epitheca. Diatom morphology varies. Although the shape of the cell is typically circular, some cells may be triangul...	Diatom	Wikipedia	422	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Diatom cells are contained within a unique silica cell wall known as a frustule made up of two valves called thecae, that typically overlap one another. The biogenic silica composing the cell wall is synthesised intracellularly by the polymerisation of silicic acid monomers. This material is then extruded to the cell e...	Diatom	Wikipedia	196	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
The exact mechanism of transferring silica absorbed by the diatom to the cell wall is unknown. Much of the sequencing of diatom genes comes from the search for the mechanism of silica uptake and deposition in nano-scale patterns in the frustule. The most success in this area has come from two species, Thalassiosira pse...	Diatom	Wikipedia	322	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
These silica transport proteins are unique to diatoms, with no homologs found in other species, such as sponges or rice. The divergence of these silica transport genes is also indicative of the structure of the protein evolving from two repeated units composed of five membrane bound segments, which indicates either gen...	Diatom	Wikipedia	264	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
The ability of diatoms to make silica-based cell walls has been the subject of fascination for centuries. It started with a microscopic observation by an anonymous English country nobleman in 1703, who observed an object that looked like a chain of regular parallelograms and debated whether it was just crystals of salt...	Diatom	Wikipedia	496	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Most centric and araphid pennate diatoms are nonmotile, and their relatively dense cell walls cause them to readily sink. Planktonic forms in open water usually rely on turbulent mixing of the upper layers of the oceanic waters by the wind to keep them suspended in sunlit surface waters. Many planktonic diatoms have al...	Diatom	Wikipedia	456	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Cell division Vegetative cells of diatoms are diploid (2N) and so meiosis can take place, producing male and female gametes which then fuse to form the zygote. The zygote sheds its silica theca and grows into a large sphere covered by an organic membrane, the auxospore. A new diatom cell of maximum size, the initial ce...	Diatom	Wikipedia	380	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Sperm motility Diatoms are mostly non-motile; however, sperm found in some species can be flagellated, though motility is usually limited to a gliding motion. In centric diatoms, the small male gametes have one flagellum while the female gametes are large and non-motile (oogamous). Conversely, in pennate diatoms both g...	Diatom	Wikipedia	479	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Impact The freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata, commonly known as Didymo, causes severe environmental degradation in water-courses where it blooms, producing large quantities of a brown jelly-like material called "brown snot" or "rock snot". This diatom is native to Europe and is an invasive species both in the an...	Diatom	Wikipedia	511	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Because of this bloom-and-bust cycle, diatoms are believed to play a disproportionately important role in the export of carbon from oceanic surface waters (see also the biological pump). Significantly, they also play a key role in the regulation of the biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the modern ocean. Reason for su...	Diatom	Wikipedia	328	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Diatoms can be obtained from multiple sources. Marine diatoms can be collected by direct water sampling, and benthic forms can be secured by scraping barnacles, oyster and other shells. Diatoms are frequently present as a brown, slippery coating on submerged stones and sticks, and may be seen to "stream" with river cur...	Diatom	Wikipedia	503	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
However, the precise timing of the "take-over" remains unclear, and different authors have conflicting interpretations of the fossil record. Some evidence, such as the displacement of siliceous sponges from the shelves, suggests that this takeover began in the Cretaceous (146 Ma to 66 Ma), while evidence from radiolari...	Diatom	Wikipedia	496	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
While often overlooked in photosynthetic organisms, the mitochondria also play critical roles in energy balance. Two nitrogen-related pathways are relevant and they may also change under ammonium () nutrition compared with nitrate () nutrition. First, in diatoms, and likely some other algae, there is a urea cycle. The ...	Diatom	Wikipedia	343	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Diatoms belong to a large group of protists, many of which contain plastids rich in chlorophylls a and c. The group has been variously referred to as heterokonts, chrysophytes, chromists or stramenopiles. Many are autotrophs such as golden algae and kelp; and heterotrophs such as water moulds, opalinids, and actinophry...	Diatom	Wikipedia	456	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Today (writing at mid 2020) it is recognised that the 1990 system of Round et al. is in need of revision with the advent of newer molecular work, however the best system to replace it is unclear, and current systems in widespread use such as AlgaeBase, the World Register of Marine Species and its contributing database ...	Diatom	Wikipedia	158	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
One proposal, by Linda Medlin and co-workers commencing in 2004, is for some of the centric diatom orders considered more closely related to the pennates to be split off as a new class, Mediophyceae, itself more closely aligned with the pennate diatoms than the remaining centrics. This hypothesis—later designated the C...	Diatom	Wikipedia	362	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Adl et al., 2019 treatment In 2019, Adl et al. presented the following classification of diatoms, while noting: "This revision reflects numerous advances in the phylogeny of the diatoms over the last decade. Due to our poor taxon sampling outside of the Mediophyceae and pennate diatoms, and the known and anticipated di...	Diatom	Wikipedia	474	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Subphylum Coscinodiscophytina Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. (Actinoptychus, Coscinodiscus, Actinocyclus, Asteromphalus, Aulacodiscus, Stellarima) Subphylum Rhizosoleniophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (Guinardia, Rhizosolenia, Pseudosolenia) Subphylum Arachnoidiscophytina D.G. Mann in Adl et al. 2019 (Arachnoi...	Diatom	Wikipedia	463	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
See taxonomy of diatoms for more details. Gallery Three diatom species were sent to the International Space Station, including the huge (6 mm length) diatoms of Antarctica and the exclusive colonial diatom, Bacillaria paradoxa. The cells of Bacillaria moved next to each other in partial but opposite synchrony by a mi...	Diatom	Wikipedia	501	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Method of investigation The fossil record of diatoms has largely been established through the recovery of their siliceous frustules in marine and non-marine sediments. Although diatoms have both a marine and non-marine stratigraphic record, diatom biostratigraphy, which is based on time-constrained evolutionary origin...	Diatom	Wikipedia	489	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
The initial development of the halocline and stratified water column has been attributed to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.73 Ma, which increased the flux of freshwater to the region, via increased monsoonal rainfall and/or glacial meltwater, and sea surface temperatures. The decrease of abyssal...	Diatom	Wikipedia	458	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Expressed sequence tagging In 2002, the first insights into the properties of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum gene repertoire were described using 1,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Subsequently, the number of ESTs was extended to 12,000 and the diatom EST database was constructed for functional analyses. These seque...	Diatom	Wikipedia	462	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Endosymbiotic gene transfer Diatom genomics brought much information about the extent and dynamics of the endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT) process. Comparison of the T. pseudonana proteins with homologs in other organisms suggested that hundreds have their closest homologs in the Plantae lineage. EGT towards diatom ge...	Diatom	Wikipedia	449	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Genetic engineering To understand the biological mechanisms which underlie the great importance of diatoms in geochemical cycles, scientists have used the Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira spp. species as model organisms since the 90's. Few molecular biology tools are currently available to generate mutants o...	Diatom	Wikipedia	422	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Diatomite is considered to be a natural nano material and has many uses and applications such as: production of various ceramic products, construction ceramics, refractory ceramics, special oxide ceramics, for production of humidity control materials, used as filtration material, material in the cement production indus...	Diatom	Wikipedia	488	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
The first illustrations of diatoms are found in an article from 1703 in Transactions of the Royal Society showing unmistakable drawings of Tabellaria. Although the publication was authored by an unnamed English gentleman, there is recent evidence that he was Charles King of Staffordshire. The first formally identified ...	Diatom	Wikipedia	322	46374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom	Biology and health sciences	Other organisms	null
Coaxial cable, or coax (pronounced ), is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, with the two separated by a dielectric (insulating material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial refers to the inner conduct...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	381	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Coaxial cable conducts electrical signals using an inner conductor (usually a solid copper, stranded copper or copper-plated steel wire) surrounded by an insulating layer and all enclosed by a shield, typically one to four layers of woven metallic braid and metallic tape. The cable is protected by an outer insulating j...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	461	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
The insulator surrounding the inner conductor may be solid plastic, a foam plastic, or air with spacers supporting the inner wire. The properties of the dielectric insulator determine some of the electrical properties of the cable. A common choice is a solid polyethylene (PE) insulator, used in lower-loss cables. Solid...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	492	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
While many cables have a solid dielectric, many others have a foam dielectric that contains as much air or other gas as possible to reduce the losses by allowing the use of a larger diameter center conductor. Foam coax will have about 15% less attenuation but some types of foam dielectric can absorb moisture—especially...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	360	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Twin-lead transmission lines have the property that the electromagnetic wave propagating down the line extends into the space surrounding the parallel wires. These lines have low loss, but also have undesirable characteristics. They cannot be bent, tightly twisted, or otherwise shaped without changing their characteris...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	456	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Coaxial connectors are designed to maintain a coaxial form across the connection and have the same impedance as the attached cable. Connectors are usually plated with high-conductivity metals such as silver or tarnish-resistant gold. Due to the skin effect, the RF signal is only carried by the plating at higher frequen...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	486	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Where is the resistance per unit length, is the inductance per unit length, is the conductance per unit length of the dielectric, is the capacitance per unit length, and is the frequency. The "per unit length" dimensions cancel out in the impedance formula. At DC the two reactive terms are zero, so the impedance ...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	459	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Single-mode band. In coaxial cable, the dominant mode (the mode with the lowest cutoff frequency) is the TEM mode, which has a cutoff frequency of zero; it propagates all the way down to DC. The mode with the next lowest cutoff is the TE mode. This mode has one 'wave' (two reversals of polarity) in going around the cir...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	226	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Choice of impedance The best coaxial cable impedances were experimentally determined at Bell Laboratories in 1929 to be 77 Ω for low-attenuation, 60 Ω for high-voltage, and 30 Ω for high-power. For a coaxial cable with air dielectric and a shield of a given inner diameter, the attenuation is minimized by choosing the...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	475	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
All of the components of a coaxial system should have the same impedance to avoid internal reflections at connections between components (see Impedance matching). Such reflections may cause signal attenuation. They introduce standing waves, which increase losses and can even result in cable dielectric breakdown with h...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	494	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Consider the skin effect. The magnitude of an alternating current in a conductor decays exponentially with distance beneath the surface, with the depth of penetration being proportional to the square root of the resistivity. This means that, in a shield of finite thickness, some small amount of current will still be fl...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	468	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
External fields create a voltage across the inductance of the outside of the outer conductor between sender and receiver. The effect is less when there are several parallel cables, as this reduces the inductance and, therefore, the voltage. Because the outer conductor carries the reference potential for the signal on t...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	508	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Higher impedance at audio frequencies The characteristic impedance formula above is a good approximation at radio frequencies however for frequencies below 100 kHz (such as audio) it becomes important to use the complete telegrapher's equation: Applying this formula to typical 75 ohm coax we find the measured impeda...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	488	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
VF for solid PE is about 0.66 VF for foam PE is about 0.78 to 0.88 VF for air is about 1.00 VF for solid PTFE is about 0.70 VF for foam PTFE is about 0.84 There are also other designation schemes for coaxial cables such as the URM, CT, BT, RA, PSF and WF series. Uses Short coaxial cables are commonly used to co...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	466	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Larger varieties of hardline may have a center conductor that is constructed from either rigid or corrugated copper tubing. The dielectric in hard line may consist of polyethylene foam, air, or a pressurized gas such as nitrogen or desiccated air (dried air). In gas-charged lines, hard plastics such as nylon are used...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	406	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
RG-6 is available in four different types designed for various applications. In addition, the core may be copper clad steel (CCS) or bare solid copper (BC). "Plain" or "house" RG-6 is designed for indoor or external house wiring. "Flooded" cable is infused with water-blocking gel for use in underground conduit or dir...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	357	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Rigid line is a coaxial line formed by two copper tubes maintained concentric every other meter using PTFE-supports. Rigid lines cannot be bent, so they often need elbows. Interconnection with rigid line is done with an inner bullet/inner support and a flange or connection kit. Typically, rigid lines are connected usin...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	353	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Despite being shielded, interference can occur on coaxial cable lines. Susceptibility to interference has little relationship to broad cable type designations (e.g. RG-59, RG-6) but is strongly related to the composition and configuration of the cable's shielding. For cable television, with frequencies extending well...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	303	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
1858 — Coaxial cable used in first (1858) transatlantic cable. 1880 — Coaxial cable patented in England by Oliver Heaviside, patent no. 1,407. 1884 — Siemens & Halske patent coaxial cable in Germany (Patent No. 28,978, 27 March 1884). 1894 — Nikola Tesla (U.S. Patent 514,167) 1929 — First modern coaxial cable paten...	Coaxial cable	Wikipedia	350	46380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial%20cable	Technology	Signal transmission	null
Magenta () is a purplish-red color. On color wheels of the RGB (additive) and CMY (subtractive) color models, it is located precisely midway between blue and red. It is one of the four colors of ink used in color printing by an inkjet printer, along with yellow, cyan, and black to make all the other colors. The tone of...	Magenta	Wikipedia	470	46408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta	Physical sciences	Colors	Physics
In terms of physiology, the color is stimulated in the brain when the eye reports input from short wave blue cone cells along with a sub-sensitivity of the long wave cones which respond secondarily to that same deep blue color, but with little or no input from the middle wave cones. The brain interprets that combinati...	Magenta	Wikipedia	448	46408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta	Physical sciences	Colors	Physics
In the same year, two British chemists, Edward Chambers Nicholson and George Maule, working at the laboratory of the paint manufacturer George Simpson, located in Walworth, south of London, made another aniline dye with a similar red-purple color, which they began to manufacture in 1860 under the name "roseine". In 186...	Magenta	Wikipedia	453	46408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta	Physical sciences	Colors	Physics
This color is called magenta in X11 and fuchsia in HTML. In the RGB color model, it is created by combining equal intensities of red and blue light. The two web colors magenta and fuchsia are exactly the same color. Sometimes the web color magenta is called electric magenta or electronic magenta. While the magenta use...	Magenta	Wikipedia	470	46408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta	Physical sciences	Colors	Physics
In botany Magenta is a common color for flowers, particularly in the tropics and sub-tropics. Because magenta is the complementary color of green, magenta flowers have the highest contrast with the green foliage, and therefore are more visible to the animals needed for their pollination. In business The German teleco...	Magenta	Wikipedia	418	46408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta	Physical sciences	Colors	Physics
A crayon (or wax pastel) is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing. Wax crayons differ from pastels, in which the pigment is mixed with a dry binder such as gum arabic, and from oil pastels, where the binder is a mixture of wax and oil. Crayons are available in a range of prices, and are easy to work wit...	Crayon	Wikipedia	500	46415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
This method, employed by the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and indigenous people in the Philippines, is still used today. However, the process was not used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective for use in a classroom or as crafts for children. Contemporary crayons ...	Crayon	Wikipedia	177	46415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon	Technology	Artist's and drafting tools	null
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, along with the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds. Growing the same crop in ...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	309	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
From the 9th century to the 11th century, farmers in Europe transitioned from a two-field system to a three-field system. This system persisted until the 20th century. Available land was divided into three sections. One section was planted in the autumn with rye or winter wheat, followed by spring oats or barley; the s...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	474	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
Contributes to soil organic matter (SOM) content. Provides for pest management. Manages deficient or excess nutrients. Contributes to or controls for soil erosion. Interbreeds with other crops to produce hybrid offspring. Impacts surrounding food webs and field ecosystems. Crop choice is often related to the goal...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	505	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
Green manure is a crop that is mixed into the soil. Both nitrogen-fixing legumes and nutrient scavengers, like grasses, can be used as green manure. Green manure of legumes is an excellent source of nitrogen, especially for organic systems, however, legume biomass does not contribute to lasting soil organic matter like...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	422	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
Mixed farming or the practice of crop cultivation with the incorporation of livestock can help manage crops in a rotation and cycle nutrients. Crop residues provide animal feed, while the animals provide manure for replenishing crop nutrients and draft power. These processes promote internal nutrient cycling and minimi...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	497	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
While multiple cropping and intercropping benefit from many of the same principals as crop rotation, they do not satisfy the requirement under the NOP. Benefits Agronomists describe the benefits to yield in rotated crops as "The Rotation Effect". There are many benefits of rotation systems. The factors related to th...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	462	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
Crop rotations greatly increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the main constituent of soil organic matter. Carbon, along with hydrogen and oxygen, is a macronutrient for plants. Highly diverse rotations spanning long periods of time have shown to be even more effective in increasing SOC, while soil disturbances (e...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	505	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
This principle is of particular use in organic farming, where pest control must be achieved without synthetic pesticides. Weed management Integrating certain crops, especially cover crops, into crop rotations is of particular value to weed management. These crops crowd out weeds through competition. In addition, the...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	467	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates. The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil aggregates also redu...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	404	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganisms in the soil as found by McDaniel et al 2014 and Lori et al 2017. Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop rotation under organ...	Crop rotation	Wikipedia	345	46470	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop%20rotation	Technology	Soil and soil management	null
The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural). Oats appear to have been domesticated as a secondary crop, as their seeds resembled those of other cereals closely enough for them to be included by early cu...	Oat	Wikipedia	418	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Analysis of maternal lineages of 25 Avena species using chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA showed that A. sativa hexaploid genome derives from three diploid oat species (each with two sets of chromosomes); the sets are dubbed A, B, C, and D. The diploid species are the CC A. ventricosa, the AA A. canariensis, and the A...	Oat	Wikipedia	352	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
The oat is a tall stout grass, a member of the family Poaceae; it can grow to a height of . The leaves are long, narrow, and pointed, and grow upwards; they can be some in length, and around in width. At the top of the stem, the plant branches into a loose cluster or panicle of spikelets. These contain the wind-polli...	Oat	Wikipedia	471	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Oats are relatively free from diseases. Nonetheless, they suffer from some leaf diseases, such as stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae) and crown rust (P. coronata var. avenae). Crown rust infection can greatly reduce photosynthesis and overall physiological activities of oat leaves, thereby reducing growth and ...	Oat	Wikipedia	396	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Avena sativa is an allohexaploid species with three ancestral genomes (2n=6x=42; AACCDD). As a result, the genome is large (12.6 Gb, 1C-value=12.85) and complex. Cultivated hexaploid oat has a unique mosaic chromosome architecture that is the result of numerous translocations between the three subgenomes. These translo...	Oat	Wikipedia	484	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Uncooked oats are 66% carbohydrates, including 11% dietary fiber and 4% beta-glucans, 7% fat, 17% protein, and 8% water (table). In a reference serving of , oats provide and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein (34% DV), dietary fiber (44% DV), several B vitamins, and numerous dietary mine...	Oat	Wikipedia	446	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
In Britain, oats are sometimes used for brewing beer, such as oatmeal stout where a percentage of oats, often 30%, is added to the barley for the wort. Oatmeal caudle, made of ale and oatmeal with spices, was a traditional British drink and a favourite of Oliver Cromwell. Animal feed Oats are commonly used as feed f...	Oat	Wikipedia	512	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
"Oats and Beans and Barley Grow" is the first line of a traditional folksong (1380 in the Roud Folk Song Index), recorded in different forms from 1870. Similar songs are recorded from France, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, and Italy. In English, oats are associated with sexual intercourse, as in the idioms "sowing one's (wi...	Oat	Wikipedia	106	46573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is grown principally in an area from Eastern and Northern Europe into Russia. It is much more tolerant of cold weather and poor soil than other cereals, making it useful in those regions; its vigorous growth suppresses weed...	Rye	Wikipedia	465	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
It is likely that rye was brought westwards from Asia Minor as a secondary crop, meaning that it was a minor admixture in wheat as a result of Vavilovian mimicry, and was only later cultivated in its own right. Archeological evidence of this grain has been found in Roman contexts along the Rhine and the Danube and in I...	Rye	Wikipedia	442	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Rye is harvested like wheat with a combine harvester, which cuts the plants, threshes and winnows the grain, and releases the straw to the field where it is later pressed into bales or left as soil amendment. The resultant grain is stored in local silos or transported to regional grain elevators and combined with other...	Rye	Wikipedia	497	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. The main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, and eastwards into central and northern Russia. Rye is also grown in North America, in South America including Argentina, in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), in Turkey, and in n...	Rye	Wikipedia	492	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Rye grain is refined into a flour high in gliadin but low in glutenin and rich in soluble fiber. Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids present in high amounts in the bran layer (e.g. pericarp, testa and aleurone layers) of wheat and rye (0.1–0.3% of dry weight). Rye bread, including pumpernickel, is made using rye flour...	Rye	Wikipedia	399	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
Varieties of rye hold much genetic diversity, which can be used to improve other crops such as wheat. For example, the pollination abilities of wheat can be improved by the addition of the rye chromosome 4R; this increases the size of the wheat anther and the amount of pollen. The chromosome is the source of many crop...	Rye	Wikipedia	497	46574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye	Biology and health sciences	Poales	null
The turnip or white turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties are grown as feed for livestock. The name turnip used in many regions may also be use...	Turnip	Wikipedia	488	46576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null
Boiled green leaves of the turnip top ("turnip greens") provide of food energy in a reference serving of , and are 93% water, 4% carbohydrates, and 1% protein, with negligible fat (table). The boiled greens are a rich source (more than 20% of the Daily Value, DV) particularly of vitamin K (350% DV), with vitamin A, vi...	Turnip	Wikipedia	428	46576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip	Biology and health sciences	Brassicales	null

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