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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
313,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer	A bulldozer or dozer (also called a crawler) is a large, motorized machine equipped with a metal blade to the front for pushing material: soil, sand, snow, rubble, or rock during construction work. It travels most commonly on continuous tracks, though specialized models riding on large off-road tires are also produced...	Bulldozer	[ "Engineering" ]	2,705	[ "Demolition", "Construction equipment", "Construction", "Engineering vehicles", "Bulldozers", "Industrial machinery" ]
313,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Army%20knife	The Swiss Army knife (SAK; ) is a pocketknife, generally multi-tooled, now manufactured by Victorinox. The term "Swiss Army knife" was coined by American soldiers after World War II because they had trouble pronouncing the German word "", meaning "officer’s knife". The Swiss Army knife generally has a drop-point main ...	Swiss Army knife	[ "Physics" ]	5,561	[ "Mechanics", "Mechanical hand tools" ]
313,845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20concept%20analysis	In information science, formal concept analysis (FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the objects sharing some set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy represents a subset o...	Formal concept analysis	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	4,130	[ "Lattice theory", "Machine learning", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Order theory" ]
313,925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyostega	Ichthyostega (from , 'fish' and , 'roof') is an extinct genus of limbed tetrapodomorphs from the Late Devonian of what is now Greenland. It was among the earliest four-limbed vertebrates ever in the fossil record and was one of the first with weight-bearing adaptations for terrestrial locomotion. Ichthyostega possess...	Ichthyostega	[ "Biology" ]	1,551	[ "Phylogenetics", "Evolution of tetrapods" ]
313,953	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticel	A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledonous flowering plants. It functions as a pore, providing a pathway for the direct exchange of gases between the interna...	Lenticel	[ "Biology" ]	1,351	[ "Plant morphology", "Plants" ]
314,028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20orifice	A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal. External In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are: The nostrils, for breathing and the associated sense of smell The mouth, for eating, drinking, breathing, and vocalizations such as speech The ear canals, for the sen...	Body orifice	[ "Biology" ]	241	[ "Anatomy" ]
314,123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Thackery%20T.%20Lambshead%20Pocket%20Guide%20to%20Eccentric%20%26%20Discredited%20Diseases	The Thackery T. Lambshead Pocket Guide to Eccentric & Discredited Diseases (2003) is an anthology of fantasy medical conditions edited by Jeff VanderMeer and Mark Roberts, and published by Night Shade Books. A second edition was published by Spectra in 2005. Contents The Guide claims to be 83rd edition of a medical r...	The Thackery T. Lambshead Pocket Guide to Eccentric & Discredited Diseases	[ "Biology" ]	547	[ "Behavior", "Human behavior", "Eccentricity (behavior)" ]
314,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody%20Williams	Jody Williams (born October 9, 1950) is an American political activist known for her work in banning anti-personnel landmines, her defense of human rights (especially those of women), and her efforts to promote new understandings of security in today's world. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 for her work t...	Jody Williams	[ "Technology" ]	1,173	[ "Women Nobel laureates", "Women in science and technology" ]
314,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych	A triptych ( ) is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked b...	Triptych	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	984	[ "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions", "Visual motifs", "Symbols", "Optical phenomena", "Geometry", "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
314,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissanite	Moissanite () is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs. It has the chemical formula SiC and is a rare mineral, discovered by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1893. Silicon carbide or moissanite is useful for commercial and industrial applications due to its hardness, optical prop...	Moissanite	[ "Physics" ]	1,373	[ "Materials", "Gemstones", "Matter" ]
314,204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemometrics	Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in...	Chemometrics	[ "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	2,666	[ "Metrics", "Quantity", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "nan", "Cheminformatics" ]
314,205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20long%20division	In algebra, polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by another polynomial of the same or lower degree, a generalized version of the familiar arithmetic technique called long division. It can be done easily by hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into smaller ones. ...	Polynomial long division	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	1,839	[ "Polynomials", "Computer algebra", "Computational mathematics", "Computer science", "Algebra" ]
4,052,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20hybrid%20vehicles	By the end of 2006 there were about 15 hybrid vehicles from various car makers available in the U.S. By May 2007 Toyota sold its first million hybrids and had sold a total of two million hybrids at the end of August 2009. Comparisons Below is a comparison of the Toyota hybrid models. Note: Miles per gallon estimates...	Toyota hybrid vehicles	[ "Technology" ]	298	[ "nan" ]
4,052,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmunology	Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. A long-term goal of this rapidly dev...	Neuroimmunology	[ "Biology" ]	2,676	[ "Branches of immunology" ]
4,052,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20modeling	The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a gener...	Behavioral modeling	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	883	[ "Mechanics", "Dynamical systems" ]
4,052,784	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmune%20system	The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens. It serves to protect neurons against disease by maintaining selectively permeable barriers (e.g., the blood–br...	Neuroimmune system	[ "Biology" ]	2,668	[ "Immune system", "Organ systems" ]
4,053,240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent%20Vanegas	Trent Vanegas (born 12 July 1974) is an American blogger from Michigan who is best known for his celebrity gossip blog, Pink is the New Blog (PITNB for short), which he launched in 2004. Early life and education Vanegas is originally from the Detroit, Michigan area. He attended Wayne State University and graduated fro...	Trent Vanegas	[ "Technology" ]	428	[ "Computing stubs", "World Wide Web stubs" ]
4,053,506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguinarine	Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant, from whose scientific name, Sanguinaria canadensis, its name is derived; the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana); Chelidonium majus; and Macleaya cordata. Toxicity Sanguinarine is a toxin that kills...	Sanguinarine	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	925	[ "Toxicology", "Isoquinoline alkaloids", "Alkaloids by chemical classification", "Quinoline alkaloids", "Toxins" ]
4,053,538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylserine	Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the ...	Phosphatidylserine	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,325	[ "Signal transduction", "Membrane biology", "Phospholipids", "Molecular biology" ]
4,053,672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20developmental%20psychology	Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognit...	Evolutionary developmental psychology	[ "Biology" ]	3,416	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior", "Human development", "Developmental psychology" ]
4,054,298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1%20Rubenis	Mārtiņš Rubenis (born 26 September 1978) is a retired Latvian luger who competed between 1998 and 2014. He won the bronze medal at the men's singles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, becoming the first Latvian (i.e. representing Republic of Latvia, as opposed to the Soviet Union) to win a medal at the Winter ...	Mārtiņš Rubenis	[ "Engineering" ]	633	[ "Mechanical engineers", "Mechanical engineering" ]
4,054,664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTLM	In a Windows network, NT (New Technology) LAN Manager (NTLM) is a suite of Microsoft security protocols intended to provide authentication, integrity, and confidentiality to users. NTLM is the successor to the authentication protocol in Microsoft LAN Manager (LANMAN), an older Microsoft product. The NTLM protocol suite...	NTLM	[ "Engineering" ]	3,905	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer networks engineering", "Computer network security" ]
4,055,011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20falanouc	The eastern falanouc (Eupleres goudotii) is a rare mongoose-like mammal in the carnivoran family Eupleridae endemic to Madagascar . It is classified alongside the Western falanouc (Eupleres major), recognized only in 2010, in the genus Eupleres. Falanoucs have several peculiarities. They have no anal or perineal gland...	Eastern falanouc	[ "Biology" ]	590	[ "EDGE species", "Biodiversity" ]
4,055,437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picocell	A picocell is a small cellular base station typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, stock exchanges, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. In cellular networks, picocells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, ...	Picocell	[ "Technology" ]	646	[ "Mobile telecommunications" ]
4,055,584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20vane%20pump	A rotary vane pump is a type of positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside a cavity. In some cases, these vanes can have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates. This type of pump is considered less suitable than other vac...	Rotary vane pump	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,201	[ "Pumps", "Hydraulics", "Physical systems", "Turbomachinery" ]
4,055,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary%20hardware	Proprietary hardware is computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor, often under patent or trade-secret protection. Historically, most early computer hardware was designed as proprietary until the 1980s, when IBM PC changed this paradigm. Earlier, in the 1970s, many vendors tried to challenge IBM...	Proprietary hardware	[ "Technology" ]	131	[ "Computer peripherals", "Computing stubs", "Components", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
4,055,626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorption%20pump	The sorption pump is a vacuum pump that creates a vacuum by adsorbing molecules on a very porous material like molecular sieve which is cooled by a cryogen, typically liquid nitrogen. The ultimate pressure is about 10−2 mbar. With special techniques this can be lowered till 10−7 mbar. The main advantages are the absenc...	Sorption pump	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,161	[ "Vacuum pumps", "Vacuum systems", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
4,055,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblicide	Siblicide (attributed by behavioural ecologist Doug Mock to Barbara M. Braun) is the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives (full or half siblings). It may occur directly between siblings or be mediated by the parents, and is driven by the direct fitness benefits to the perpetrator and sometimes its par...	Siblicide	[ "Biology" ]	3,425	[ "Evolutionary processes", "Behavior", "Selection", "Behavioural sciences", "Sociobiology" ]
4,055,697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201309	NGC 1309 is a spiral galaxy located approximately 120 million light-years away, appearing in the constellation Eridanus. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 3 October 1785. NGC 1309 is about 75,000 light-years across, and is about 3/4s the width of the Milky Way. Its shape is classified ...	NGC 1309	[ "Astronomy" ]	452	[ "Eridanus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
4,055,832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlocal%20Lagrangian	In field theory, a nonlocal Lagrangian is a Lagrangian, a type of functional containing terms that are nonlocal in the fields , i.e. not polynomials or functions of the fields or their derivatives evaluated at a single point in the space of dynamical parameters (e.g. space-time). Examples of such nonlocal Lagrangians ...	Nonlocal Lagrangian	[ "Physics" ]	200	[ "Quantum field theory", "Quantum measurement", "Quantum mechanics", "Quantum physics stubs" ]
4,055,891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy%20X-rays	High-energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used for X-ray crystallography (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron radiation sources such as the Cornell Hi...	High-energy X-rays	[ "Physics", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,144	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "X-rays", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum", "Materials science", "Materials testing", "Gamma rays" ]
4,055,903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate%20transporter	Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family and vesicular glutamate transp...	Glutamate transporter	[ "Biology" ]	2,215	[ "Protein classification", "Membrane proteins" ]
4,055,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20%28mathematical%20logic%29	In universal algebra and in model theory, a structure consists of a set along with a collection of finitary operations and relations that are defined on it. Universal algebra studies structures that generalize the algebraic structures such as groups, rings, fields and vector spaces. The term universal algebra is used ...	Structure (mathematical logic)	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,862	[ "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Universal algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Model theory" ]
4,055,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20software	Robot software is the set of coded commands or instructions that tell a mechanical device and electronic system, known together as a robot, what tasks to perform. Robot software is used to perform autonomous tasks. Many software systems and frameworks have been proposed to make programming robots easier. Some robot so...	Robot software	[ "Engineering" ]	1,967	[ "Robotics software", "Robotics engineering" ]
4,056,473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite%20size	In fashion and clothing, a petite size is a standard clothing size designed specifically for women 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) and under. This categorization is not solely based on a woman's height, but also takes into account the proportions of her body. Petite sizes cater to body shapes that typically have shorter limb length...	Petite size	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	451	[ "Sizes in clothing", "Fashion design", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Size", "Design" ]
4,056,685	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20and%20the%20Moon	"Man and the Moon" is an episode of Disneyland, which originally aired on December 28, 1955. It was directed by Disney animator Ward Kimball. The show begins with a humorous look with a man's fascination with the Moon through animation. This segment features characteristics of the Moon depicted from William Shakespear...	Man and the Moon	[ "Astronomy" ]	429	[ "Spaceflight", "Outer space" ]
4,056,695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20moment%20diagram	A binary moment diagram (BMD) is a generalization of the binary decision diagram (BDD) to linear functions over domains such as booleans (like BDDs), but also to integers or to real numbers. They can deal with Boolean functions with complexity comparable to BDDs, but also some functions that are dealt with very ineffi...	Binary moment diagram	[ "Engineering" ]	690	[ "Software engineering", "Formal methods" ]
4,057,221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical%20terms%20of%20motion	Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others...	Anatomical terms of motion	[ "Biology" ]	2,629	[ "Behavior", "Anatomical terms of motion", "Motor control" ]
4,057,273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Management%20Console	Microsoft Management Console (MMC) is a component of Microsoft Windows that provides system administrators and advanced users an interface for configuring and monitoring the system. It was first introduced in 1998 with the Option Pack for Windows NT 4.0 and later came pre-bundled with Windows 2000 and its successors. ...	Microsoft Management Console	[ "Technology" ]	854	[ "Information systems", "System administration" ]
4,057,287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20term%20method	The maximum-term method is a consequence of the large numbers encountered in statistical mechanics. It states that under appropriate conditions the logarithm of a summation is essentially equal to the logarithm of the maximum term in the summation. These conditions are (see also proof below) that (1) the number of ter...	Maximum term method	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	292	[ "Statistical mechanics stubs", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "nan", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical chemistry", "Physical chemistry stubs" ]
4,057,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20nationale%20sup%C3%A9rieure%20d%27informatique%20et%20de%20math%C3%A9matiques%20appliqu%C3%A9es%20de%20Grenoble	The École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées, or Ensimag, is a prestigious French grande école located in Grenoble, France. Ensimag is part of the Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (Grenoble INP). The school specializes in computer science, applied mathematics and telecommunications. S...	École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble	[ "Technology" ]	605	[ "Information technology", "Information technology education" ]
4,057,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection%20coefficient	Selection coefficient, usually denoted by the letter s, is a measure used in population genetics to quantify the relative fitness of a genotype compared to other genotypes. Selection coefficients are central to the quantitative description of evolution, since fitness differences determine the change in genotype frequen...	Selection coefficient	[ "Biology" ]	294	[ "Evolutionary biology" ]
4,058,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity%20sizing	Vanity sizing, or size inflation, is the phenomenon of ready-to-wear clothing of the same nominal size becoming bigger in physical size over time. This has been documented primarily in the United States and the United Kingdom. The use of US standard clothing sizes by manufacturers as the official guidelines for clothin...	Vanity sizing	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,719	[ "Sizes in clothing", "Fashion design", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Size", "Design" ]
4,058,047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20antiprism	In geometry, the grand antiprism or pentagonal double antiprismoid is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) bounded by 320 cells: 20 pentagonal antiprisms, and 300 tetrahedra. It is an anomalous, non-Wythoffian uniform 4-polytope, discovered in 1965 by Conway and Guy. Topologically, under its highest sy...	Grand antiprism	[ "Physics" ]	1,402	[ "Uniform 4-polytopes", "Uniform polytopes", "Symmetry" ]
4,058,119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%20Generals%27%20Problem	In computing, the Two Generals' Problem is a thought experiment meant to illustrate the pitfalls and design challenges of attempting to coordinate an action by communicating over an unreliable link. In the experiment, two generals are only able to communicate with one another by sending a messenger through enemy territ...	Two Generals' Problem	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,887	[ "Mathematical problems", "Distributed computing problems", "Computational problems" ]
4,058,157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughing%20filter	Roughing filters provide pretreatment for turbid water or simple, low maintenance treatment when high water quality is not needed. External links SANDEC page Blue filter Inc. (commercial site) Rejuvenation of SSF using HRF technique Appropriate technology Water filters	Roughing filter	[ "Chemistry" ]	57	[ "Water treatment", "Water filters", "Filters" ]
4,059,023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20engine	A search engine is a software system that provides hyperlinks to web pages and other relevant information on the Web in response to a user's query. The user inputs a query within a web browser or a mobile app, and the search results are often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also...	Search engine	[ "Technology" ]	7,028	[ "Computing terminology", "Internet terminology" ]
4,059,082	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadowaki%E2%80%93Woods%20ratio	The Kadowaki–Woods ratio is the ratio of A, the quadratic term of the resistivity and γ2, the square of the linear term of the specific heat. This ratio is found to be a constant for transition metals, and for heavy-fermion compounds, although at different values. In 1968 M. J. Rice pointed out that the coefficient A ...	Kadowaki–Woods ratio	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	465	[ "Matter", "Materials science stubs", "Fermions", "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", "Correlated electrons", "Condensed matter stubs", "Subatomic particles" ]
4,059,423	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-MetadataExchange	WS-MetaDataExchange is a web services protocol specification, published by BEA Systems, IBM, Microsoft, and SAP. WS-MetaDataExchange is part of the WS-Federation roadmap; and is designed to work in conjunction with WS-Addressing, WSDL and WS-Policy to allow retrieval of metadata about a Web Services endpoint. It uses...	WS-MetadataExchange	[ "Technology" ]	149	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer network stubs" ]
4,060,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20economy%20rankings	Digital economy rankings was published as a one-off exercise by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the follow-up to their previous e-readiness rankings. This was done to reflect the increasing influence of ICT in economic (and social) progress. The report was titled "Beyond e-readiness". , the Economist has not publi...	Digital economy rankings	[ "Technology" ]	123	[ "Information technology", "IT infrastructure" ]
14,337,630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%20spectral%20sequence	In mathematics, the May spectral sequence is a spectral sequence, introduced by . It is used for calculating the initial term of the Adams spectral sequence, which is in turn used for calculating the stable homotopy groups of spheres. The May spectral sequence is described in detail in . References . Spectral seque...	May spectral sequence	[ "Mathematics" ]	61	[ "Topology stubs", "Topology" ]
14,337,655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlestown%2C%20Fife	Charlestown (also known as Charlestown-on-Forth) is a village in Fife, Scotland. It lies on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, around west of Limekilns and south-west of Dunfermline. The village is known for its historic 18th century lime kilns and its Georgian planned housing. History Charlestown was establishe...	Charlestown, Fife	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,354	[ "Lime kilns", "Kilns" ]
14,337,857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgent%20computing	Urgent computing is prioritized and immediate access on supercomputers and grids for emergency computations such as severe weather prediction during matters of immediate concern. Applications that provide decision makers with information during critical emergencies cannot waste time waiting in job queues and need acce...	Urgent computing	[ "Technology" ]	108	[ "Supercomputers", "Computing stubs", "Supercomputing", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
14,338,276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP%20code	DP is a free software package for physicists implementing ab initio linear-response TDDFT (time-dependent density functional theory) in frequency-reciprocal space and on a plane wave basis set. It allows to calculate both dielectric spectra, such as EELS (electron energy-loss spectroscopy), IXSS (inelastic X-ray scatt...	DP code	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	235	[ "Quantum chemistry stubs", "Quantum chemistry", "Computational chemistry software", "Chemistry software", "Theoretical chemistry stubs", "Computational physics", "Computational chemistry", "Density functional theory software", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Physics software" ]
14,338,608	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20backpropagation	Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current o...	Neural backpropagation	[ "Biology" ]	2,309	[ "Neuroscience" ]
14,338,696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JREAP	The Joint Range Extension Applications Protocol (JREAP) enables tactical data messages to be transmitted over long-distance networks, e.g. satellite links, thereby extending the range of Tactical Data Links (TDLs). JREAP is documented in U.S. Military Standard (MIL-STD) 3011 and NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG)...	JREAP	[ "Engineering" ]	665	[ "Military communications", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
14,339,638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%20contingency	When estimating the cost for a project, product or other item or investment, there is always uncertainty as to the precise content of all items in the estimate, how work will be performed, what work conditions will be like when the project is executed and so on. These uncertainties are risks to the project. Some refer ...	Cost contingency	[ "Engineering" ]	1,132	[ "Cost engineering" ]
14,339,687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable%20Message%20Format	Variable Message Format, abbreviated as "VMF" and documented in MIL-STD-6017, is a message format used in communicating tactical military information. A message formatted using VMF can be sent via many communication methods. As it does not define such a method, a communications medium, or a protocol, it is not a Tactic...	Variable Message Format	[ "Engineering" ]	228	[ "Military communications", "Telecommunications engineering" ]
14,340,077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahyperbolic%20equation	In the mathematical field of differential equations, the ultrahyperbolic equation is a partial differential equation (PDE) for an unknown scalar function of variables of the form More generally, if is any quadratic form in variables with signature , then any PDE whose principal part is is said to be ultrahyperb...	Ultrahyperbolic equation	[ "Mathematics" ]	287	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Differential operators", "Mathematical analysis stubs" ]
14,340,833	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolin	Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCL gene. Gene The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. Intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a small nucleolar RNA, termed U20. Function Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of grow...	Nucleolin	[ "Chemistry" ]	385	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology" ]
14,341,044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preselector	A preselector is a name for an electronic device that connects between a radio antenna and a radio receiver. The preselector is a band-pass filter that blocks troublesome out-of-tune frequencies from passing through from the antenna into the radio receiver (or preamplifier) that otherwise would be directly connected to...	Preselector	[ "Engineering" ]	1,595	[ "Radio electronics", "Wireless tuning and filtering", "Receiver (radio)" ]
14,341,419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrogenesis	Electrohydrogenesis or biocatalyzed electrolysis is the name given to a process for generating hydrogen gas from organic matter being decomposed by bacteria. This process uses a modified fuel cell to contain the organic matter and water. A small amount, 0.2–0.8 V of electricity is used, the original article reports a...	Electrohydrogenesis	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	150	[ "Chemical engineering", "Biotechnology", "Civil engineering", "nan", "Environmental engineering" ]
14,341,696	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haar%20%28fog%29	In meteorology, haar or sea fret is a cold sea fog. It occurs most often on the east coast of Scotland between April and September, when warm air passes over the cold North Sea. The term is also known as harr, hare, harl, har and hoar. Causes Haar is typically formed over the sea and is blown to the land by the wind....	Haar (fog)	[ "Physics" ]	285	[ "Visibility", "Fog", "Physical quantities" ]
14,342,207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20computer%20engineering	The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to computer engineering: Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engi...	Outline of computer engineering	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	409	[ "Computing-related lists", "Electrical engineering", "Computer engineering" ]
14,343,009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX21	T-box transcription factor TBX21, also called T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX21 gene. Though being for long thought of only as a master regulator of type 1 immune response, T-bet has recently been shown to be implicated in development of various immune cell subsets ...	TBX21	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,760	[ "Induced stem cells", "Gene expression", "Transcription factors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,343,049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphotoxin%20beta	Lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta) formerly known as tumor necrosis factor C (TNF-C) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB gene. Function Lymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family. It anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. The predominant form on the ...	Lymphotoxin beta	[ "Chemistry" ]	323	[ "Cytokines", "Signal transduction" ]
14,343,089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt%20density%20index	The silt density index is a measure for the fouling capacity of water in reverse osmosis systems. The test measures the rate at which a 0.45-micrometre filter is plugged when subjected to a constant water pressure of . The SDI gives the percent drop per minute in the flow rate of the water through the filter, averaged ...	Silt density index	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	209	[ "Hydrology", "Separation processes", "Water treatment", "Water pollution", "Hydrology stubs", "Membrane technology", "Environmental engineering", "Water technology" ]
14,343,191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLUF%20%28communication%29	BLUF (bottom line up front) is the practice of beginning a message with its key information (the "bottom line"). This provides the reader with the most important information first. By extension, that information is also called a BLUF. It differs from an abstract or executive summary in that it is simpler and more conci...	BLUF (communication)	[ "Biology" ]	5,310	[ "Human communication", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
14,343,887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20and%20recall	In pattern recognition, information retrieval, object detection and classification (machine learning), precision and recall are performance metrics that apply to data retrieved from a collection, corpus or sample space. Precision (also called positive predictive value) is the fraction of relevant instances among the r...	Precision and recall	[ "Engineering", "Biology" ]	3,119	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological engineering" ]
14,344,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybamate	Tybamate (INN; Solacen, Tybatran, Effisax) is an anxiolytic of the carbamate family. It is a prodrug for meprobamate in the same way as the better known drug carisoprodol. It has liver enzyme inducing effects similar to those of phenobarbital but much weaker. As the trade name Tybatran (Robins), it was formerly availa...	Tybamate	[ "Chemistry" ]	295	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
14,344,741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating%20disruption	Mating disruption (MD) is a pest management technique designed to control certain insect pests by introducing artificial stimuli that confuse the individuals and disrupt mate localization and/or courtship, thus preventing mating and blocking the reproductive cycle. It usually involves the use of synthetic sex pheromone...	Mating disruption	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,457	[ "Biochemistry", "Chemical ecology" ]
14,345,140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Society%20for%20Engineering%20Education	The European Society for Engineering Education an organisation for engineering education in Europe. Commonly known as SEFI, an acronym for its French name, Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs, it is also known in German as the Europäische Gesellschaft für Ingenieur-Ausbildung. SEFI was founded in Brusse...	European Society for Engineering Education	[ "Engineering" ]	1,915	[ "Engineering societies" ]
14,345,475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasas	Panasas is a data storage company that creates network-attached storage for technical computing environments. Panasas, which operated for 25 years as a parallel file and HPC company, has changed its name to VDURA. The company has changed its name to reflect its new focus as a software provider with a subscription-based...	Panasas	[ "Technology" ]	861	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
14,345,569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20iodate	Calcium iodate is any of two inorganic compounds with the formula Ca(IO3)2(H2O)x, where x = 0 or 1. Both are colourless salts that occur as the minerals lautarite and bruggenite, respectively. A third mineral form of calcium iodate is dietzeite, a salt containing chromate with the formula Ca2(IO3)2CrO4. These mineral...	Calcium iodate	[ "Chemistry" ]	258	[ "Iodates", "Redox", "Oxidizing agents" ]
14,346,033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOXMAP	TOXMAP was a geographic information system (GIS) from the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that was deprecated on December 16, 2019. The application used maps of the United States to help users explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and...	TOXMAP	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	1,138	[ "Biochemistry", "Biochemistry databases", "Toxicology", "Hazardous waste" ]
14,346,042	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-stranded%20RNA%20viruses	Double-stranded RNA viruses (dsRNA viruses) are a polyphyletic group of viruses that have double-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The double-stranded genome is used as a template by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to transcribe a positive-strand RNA functioning as messenger RNA (mRNA) for the h...	Double-stranded RNA viruses	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,475	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
14,346,064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive%20conditional%20duration	In financial econometrics, an autoregressive conditional duration (ACD, Engle and Russell (1998)) model considers irregularly spaced and autocorrelated intertrade durations. ACD is analogous to GARCH. In a continuous double auction (a common trading mechanism in many financial markets) waiting times between two consecu...	Autoregressive conditional duration	[ "Mathematics" ]	193	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical finance" ]
14,346,088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct%20purification	Adduct purification is a technique for preparing extremely pure simple organometallic compounds, which are generally unstable and hard to handle, by purifying a stable adduct with a Lewis acid and then obtaining the desired product from the pure adduct by thermal decomposition. Epichem Limited is the licensee of the m...	Adduct purification	[ "Chemistry" ]	200	[ "Chemical reaction stubs", "nan", "Separation processes" ]
14,346,153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steuart%20Pringle	Lieutenant General Sir Steuart Robert Pringle (21 July 1928 – 18 April 2013) was a Scottish Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant General Royal Marines from 1981 to 1985. He was seriously injured by an IRA car bomb in 1981, in which he lost his right leg. He was styled as the 10th Baronet of Stichill from 19...	Steuart Pringle	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,064	[ "Explosion survivors", "Explosions" ]
14,346,471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone	Théâtrophone (, "the theatre phone") was a telephonic distribution system available in portions of Europe that allowed the subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over the telephone lines. The théâtrophone evolved from a Clément Ader invention, which was first demonstrated in 1881, in Paris. Subsequentl...	Théâtrophone	[ "Technology" ]	1,028	[ "Telecommunications systems" ]
14,346,663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20conditions	In the study of Lorentzian manifold spacetimes there exists a hierarchy of causality conditions which are important in proving mathematical theorems about the global structure of such manifolds. These conditions were collected during the late 1970s. The weaker the causality condition on a spacetime, the more unphysica...	Causality conditions	[ "Physics" ]	680	[ "General relativity", "Theoretical physics", "Theory of relativity" ]
14,346,669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic%20speed	Relativistic speed refers to speed at which relativistic effects become significant to the desired accuracy of measurement of the phenomenon being observed. Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models considering and not considering relativity. Related words are velocity, rapidity, ...	Relativistic speed	[ "Physics" ]	288	[ "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Special relativity", "Motion (physics)", "Relativity stubs", "Vector physical quantities", "Theory of relativity", "Velocity", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
14,347,649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistmele	Fistmele, also known as the "brace height", is a term used in archery to describe the distance between a bow and its string. The term itself is a Saxon word (suffix -mele referring to the old form of the archaic sense of as "measure") indicating the measure of a clenched hand with the thumb extended. Different brace...	Fistmele	[ "Mathematics" ]	171	[ "Quantity", "Units of measurement", "Units of length" ]
14,347,709	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USP26	USP26 is a peptidase enzyme. The USP26 gene is an X-linked gene exclusively expressed in the testis and it codes for the ubiquitin-specific protease 26. The USP26 gene is found at Xq26.2 on the X-chromosome as a single exon. The enzyme that this gene encodes comprises 913 amino acid residues and it is 104 kilodalton in...	USP26	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	236	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
14,348,526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20tomography	Hydraulic tomography (HT) is a sequential cross-hole hydraulic test followed by inversion of all the data to map the spatial distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties. Specifically, HT involves installation of multiple wells in an aquifer, which are partitioned into several intervals along the depth using packers. A...	Hydraulic tomography	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	354	[ "Hydrology", "Hydrology stubs", "Environmental engineering" ]
14,348,562	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivetti%20typewriters	Olivetti is an Italian manufacturer of computers, tablets, smartphones, printers, calculators, and fax machines. It was founded as a typewriter manufacturer by Camillo Olivetti in 1908 in the Turin commune of Ivrea, Italy. By 1994, Olivetti stopped production of typewriters, as more and more users were transitioning t...	Olivetti typewriters	[ "Engineering" ]	5,859	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design" ]
15,849,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey%20stone	A donkey stone was a type of scouring block, used mostly in the mill towns of the North of England to highlight the leading edge of stone steps. Etymology The 'donkey brand' was originally the trade mark of a Manchester company called Edward Read & Son, who were one of several makers of the stones. Other companies use...	Donkey stone	[ "Chemistry" ]	608	[ "Cleaning products", "Products of chemical industry" ]
15,850,729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translinear%20circuit	A translinear circuit is a circuit that carries out its function using the translinear principle. These are current-mode circuits that can be made using transistors that obey an exponential current-voltage characteristic—this includes bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and CMOS transistors in weak inversion. Transline...	Translinear circuit	[ "Engineering" ]	1,601	[ "Electronic engineering", "Electronic circuits" ]
15,850,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosism	Nosism, from Latin 'we', is the practice of using the pronoun we to refer to oneself when expressing a personal opinion. Depending on the person using the nosism different uses can be distinguished: The royal we or pluralis majestatis The royal we () refers to a single person holding a high office, such as a monar...	Nosism	[ "Biology" ]	570	[ "Etiquette", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
15,851,261	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masdar%20Institute	The Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Masdar City, Abu Dhabi was a private, higher-education and research institute active from 2007-2017. In 2017, it merged with two other institutions in Abu Dhabi, Petroleum Institute and Khalifa University, to become the multi-campus, sole-branded Khalifa University. Its...	Masdar Institute	[ "Engineering" ]	608	[ "Engineering universities and colleges" ]
15,852,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo%20forest	The term bamboo forests is commonly used for bamboo plant communities even though bamboo is a grass, not a tree. Definitions of bamboo forests vary by country and may be contradictory. Overview Bamboos often create communities that are almost entirely composed of a single species unlike other forests. Bamboos also dif...	Bamboo forest	[ "Biology" ]	437	[ "Biodiversity" ]
15,853,493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectional%20density	Sectional density (often abbreviated SD) is the ratio of an object's mass to its cross sectional area with respect to a given axis. It conveys how well an object's mass is distributed (by its shape) to overcome resistance along that axis. Sectional density is used in gun ballistics. In this context, it is the ratio ...	Sectional density	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,087	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Aerodynamics", "Aerospace engineering", "Ballistics", "Fluid dynamics" ]
15,855,253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification%20of%20margins%20and%20uncertainties	Quantification of Margins and Uncertainty (QMU) is a decision support methodology for complex technical decisions. QMU focuses on the identification, characterization, and analysis of performance thresholds and their associated margins for engineering systems that are evaluated under conditions of uncertainty, particul...	Quantification of margins and uncertainties	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,166	[ "Computational mathematics", "Mathematical relations", "Approximations", "Numerical analysis" ]
15,855,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20directory%20number	A vector directory number (VDN) is an extension on an automatic call distributor that directs an incoming call to a "vector" — a user-defined sequence of functions that may be performed, such as routing the call to a destination, giving a busy signal, or playing a recorded message. This number is a "soft" extension num...	Vector directory number	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	131	[ "Telephone numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Information technology", "Numbers", "Computer telephony integration" ]
15,856,523	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTT%20ID	PTT ID, or Push-To-Talk ID, is a generic term for an automatic number identification (ANI)-like system used in two-way radio systems. It provides identification of the transmitting radio over the air, and is commonly used in selective calling/signaling systems, usually in commercial and public safety radio systems. PT...	PTT ID	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	87	[ "Information and communications technology", "Telecommunications engineering", "Radio technology" ]
15,857,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining%20feasibility%20study	A mining feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposed mining project to determine whether the mineral resource can be mined economically. There are three types of feasibility study used in mining, order of magnitude, preliminary feasibility and detailed feasibility. Order of magnitude Order of magnitude feasibili...	Mining feasibility study	[ "Engineering" ]	364	[ "Mining engineering" ]
15,858,460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei-ichi%20Negishi	was a Japanese chemist who was best known for his discovery of the Negishi coupling. He spent most of his career at Purdue University in the United States, where he was the Herbert C. Brown Distinguished Professor and the director of the Negishi-Brown Institute. He was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for pal...	Ei-ichi Negishi	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,487	[ "Organic chemists", "Japanese organic chemists" ]
15,859,075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera%20zodiac	The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and Libra (the scales). This chapel was begun in the late Ptolemaic period; its pr...	Dendera zodiac	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,557	[ "Ancient astronomy", "History of astronomy" ]
15,859,209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molemax	MoleMax was the first digital epiluminescence microscopy (dermatoscopy) system developed in cooperation with medical faculty Department of Dermatology of the Medical University of Vienna. It is currently owned and distributed by DermaMedicalSystems. History In 1997, MoleMax was presented to international experts at ...	Molemax	[ "Chemistry" ]	212	[ "Microscopy" ]
15,859,817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyttaria%20espinosae	Cyttaria espinosae (Lloyd), also known by its local name digüeñe, dihueñe, lihueñe, quireñe, pinatra, or quideñe, is an orange-white coloured and edible ascomycete fungus native to south-central Chile and Argentinean Patagonia. The digüeñe is a strict and specific parasite of Nothofagus, mainly Nothofagus obliqua trees...	Cyttaria espinosae	[ "Biology" ]	227	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]

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