id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15,859,865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20D.%20Lawrence | Ronald Douglas Lawrence (September 12, 1921 – November 27, 2003) was a Canadian naturalist and wildlife author. He was an expert on the wildlife of Canada, on which he wrote more than thirty books, which have been published in 14 languages.
Biography
Early life: Spain, Britain, and war
Lawrence, one of five children,... | R. D. Lawrence | [
"Biology"
] | 1,488 | [
"Ethology",
"Behavior",
"Ethologists"
] |
13,179,037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPER | G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene. GPER binds to and is activated by the female sex hormone estradiol and is responsible for some of the rapid effects that estradiol has on cells.
Discovery
The cla... | GPER | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,814 | [
"G protein-coupled receptors",
"Signal transduction"
] |
13,179,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TREX%20search%20engine | TREX is a search engine in the SAP NetWeaver integrated technology platform produced by SAP SE using columnar storage. The TREX engine is a standalone component that can be used in a range of system environments but is used primarily as an integral part of SAP products such as Enterprise Portal, Knowledge Warehouse, an... | TREX search engine | [
"Technology"
] | 600 | [
"Information technology",
"Information retrieval systems"
] |
13,179,368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doratomyces | Doratomyces (Dor-ah-toe-mice’-ees) is a genus of the fungi imperfecti, closely related to Scopulariopsis. Their conidiophores gather together to form a stalk-like inflorescence known as a synnema or coremia; Scopulariopsis being distinguished in their lack of such a structure.
Usually associated with decay, they are ... | Doratomyces | [
"Biology"
] | 123 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi"
] |
13,180,391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisohedral%20tiling | In geometry, a shape is said to be anisohedral if it admits a tiling, but no such tiling is isohedral (tile-transitive); that is, in any tiling by that shape there are two tiles that are not equivalent under any symmetry of the tiling. A tiling by an anisohedral tile is referred to as an anisohedral tiling.
Existence... | Anisohedral tiling | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 619 | [
"Tessellation",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Symmetry"
] |
13,180,501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomining | Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted or... | Phytomining | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 235 | [
"Ecological restoration",
"Phytoremediation plants",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Biotechnology",
"Biodegradation",
"Environmental engineering",
"Ecological techniques",
"Soil contamination",
"nan",
"Bioremediation",
"Environmental soil science"
] |
13,181,273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUNA | LUNA is a computer product line of OMRON Tateishi Electric from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. The LUNA is a 20 MHz/m68030 desktop computer. NetBSD has supported the LUNA since 1.4.2, released in 2000.
The later Omron Luna 88K was available in two models: the DT8840 and TD8860 with 1–4 25 MHz 88100 CPUs and 64 MB ... | LUNA | [
"Technology"
] | 167 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
13,182,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw%20Zakaszewski | Czesław Zakaszewski (19 July 1886 in Warsaw – 2 February 1959 in Warsaw) was a Polish hydro-technician and meliorator. Professor of the Warsaw University of Technology, member of the Warsaw Scientific Society.
He was an author of numerous technical projects, thesis and textbooks.
Notable works
Books
Articles
"Z... | Czesław Zakaszewski | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 230 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
13,182,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld%20quality%20assurance | Weld quality assurance is the use of technological methods and actions to test or assure the quality of welds, and secondarily to confirm the presence, location and coverage of welds. In manufacturing, welds are used to join two or more metal surfaces. Because these connections may encounter loads and fatigue during pr... | Weld quality assurance | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,111 | [
"Welding",
"Mechanical engineering"
] |
13,183,237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Anderson%20%28chemist%29 | Thomas Anderson (2 July 1819 – 2 November 1874) was a 19th-century Scottish chemist. In 1853 his work on alkaloids led him to discover the correct formula/composition for codeine. In 1868 he discovered pyridine and related organic compounds such as picoline through studies on the distillation of bone oil and other ani... | Thomas Anderson (chemist) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 433 | [
"Organic chemists"
] |
13,183,737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Rivers%20Greenway%20District | The Great Rivers Greenway District is a public agency in the state of Missouri that works to develop a regional network of greenways, parks, and trails in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The agency engages citizens and community partners to plan, build, and care for the greenways.
History
In 1996, a nonprofit organi... | The Great Rivers Greenway District | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,641 | [
"Landscape architecture",
"Architecture"
] |
13,183,981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n%20F%C3%A1ry | István Fáry (30 June 1922 – 2 November 1984) was a Hungarian-born mathematician known for his work in geometry and algebraic topology. He proved Fáry's theorem that every planar graph has a straight-line embedding in 1948, and the Fáry–Milnor theorem lower-bounding the curvature of a nontrivial knot in 1949.
Biography... | István Fáry | [
"Mathematics"
] | 252 | [
"Topologists",
"Topology",
"Geometers",
"Geometry"
] |
13,184,767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20Information%20and%20Protection%20of%20Privacy%20Act%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 | The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, commonly known as FOIPOP, (the Act) is the public sector privacy law and access to information law for the Province of Nova Scotia.
The Act is generally considered to be in two parts: the first dealing with access to records in the custody or control of public ... | Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (Nova Scotia) | [
"Engineering"
] | 323 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Information privacy"
] |
13,184,838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosscha%20Observatory | Bosscha Observatory is the oldest modern observatory in Indonesia, and one of the oldest in Asia. The observatory is located in Lembang, West Bandung Regency, West Java, approximately north of Bandung. It is situated on a hilly six hectares of land and is above mean sea level plateau. The IAU observatory code for Bos... | Bosscha Observatory | [
"Astronomy"
] | 768 | [
"Astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy institutes and departments"
] |
13,185,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runt | In a group of animals (usually a litter of animals born in multiple births), a runt is a member which is significantly smaller or weaker than the others. Owing to its small size, a runt in a litter faces obvious disadvantage, including difficulties in competing with its siblings for survival and possible rejection by i... | Runt | [
"Biology"
] | 863 | [
"nan"
] |
13,185,596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist.
Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of ... | Stack (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,457 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Category theory",
"Algebraic geometry"
] |
13,187,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavine | Betavine was an open community and resource website, created and managed by Vodafone Group R&D, for the mobile development community in order to support and stimulate the development of new applications for mobile and Internet communications. The Betavine website allows developers to upload and profile their alpha-sta... | Betavine | [
"Technology"
] | 914 | [
"Computing websites",
"Free software websites"
] |
13,187,687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearity%20%28journal%29 | Nonlinearity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing and the London Mathematical Society. The journal publishes papers on nonlinear mathematics, mathematical physics, experimental physics, theoretical physics and other areas in the sciences where nonlinear phenomena are of fundamental importan... | Nonlinearity (journal) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 212 | [
"Dynamical systems journals",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
41,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species or genera through sexual reproduction. Generally, it means that each cell has genetic material from two different organisms, whereas an individual where some cells are derived from a... | Hybrid (biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 5,910 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Behavior",
"Botanical nomenclature",
"Reproduction",
"Hybrid organisms",
"Botanical terminology",
"Biological nomenclature",
"nan",
"Breeding"
] |
41,245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20balance | In telecommunications, a hybrid balance is an expression of the degree of electrical symmetry between two impedances connected to two conjugate sides of a hybrid coil or resistance hybrid. It is usually expressed in dB.
If the respective impedances of the branches of the hybrid that are connected to the conjugate sid... | Hybrid balance | [
"Engineering"
] | 87 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl%20ion%20absorption | Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic radiation, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant.
The hydroxyl (OH−) ion can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuatio... | Hydroxyl ion absorption | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 107 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Materials science",
"Analytical chemistry stubs"
] |
41,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identifier | An identifier is a name that identifies (that is, labels the identity of) either a unique object or a unique class of objects, where the "object" or class may be an idea, person, physical countable object (or class thereof), or physical noncountable substance (or class thereof). The abbreviation ID often refers to iden... | Identifier | [
"Technology"
] | 1,559 | [
"Metadata",
"Data"
] |
41,254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved-definition%20television | Improved-definition television (IDTV) or enhanced-quality television transmitters and receivers exceed the performance requirements of the NTSC standard, while remaining within the general parameters of NTSC emissions standards.
IDTV improvements may be made at the television transmitter or receiver. Improvements inc... | Improved-definition television | [
"Technology"
] | 212 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Television technology"
] |
41,256 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index-matching%20material | In optics, an index-matching material is a substance, usually a liquid, cement (adhesive), or gel, which has an index of refraction that closely approximates that of another object (such as a lens, material, fiber-optic, etc.).
When two substances with the same index are in contact, light passes from one to the other ... | Index-matching material | [
"Physics"
] | 1,050 | [
"Materials",
"Optical materials",
"Matter"
] |
41,258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive%20coupling | In electrical engineering, two conductors are said to be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are configured in a way such that change in current through one wire induces a voltage across the ends of the other wire through electromagnetic induction. A changing current through the first wire creates a ... | Inductive coupling | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 705 | [
"Electromagnetic compatibility",
"Radio electronics",
"Computer engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
41,262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information-transfer%20transaction | A transaction is a change of state, an information-transfer transaction is a transaction in which one of the following changes occurs: content, ownership, location, format, etc. An information-transfer transaction usually consists of three consecutive phases called the access phase, the information transfer phase, and ... | Information-transfer transaction | [
"Technology"
] | 688 | [
"Information systems",
"Information management"
] |
41,265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20gain | In telecommunications, insertion gain is the gain resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line, expressed as the ratio of the signal power delivered to that part of the line following the device to the signal power delivered to that same part before insertion. Gains less than unity indicate insertion... | Insertion gain | [
"Engineering"
] | 94 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,266 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20loss | In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB).
If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is PT and the power received by the load after insertion is PR, then the ... | Insertion loss | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 278 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Metrics",
"Engineering ratios",
"Quantity",
"Electrical engineering"
] |
41,268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent%20Network | The Intelligent Network (IN) is the standard network architecture specified in the ITU-T Q.1200 series recommendations. It is intended for fixed as well as mobile telecom networks. It allows operators to differentiate themselves by providing value-added services in addition to the standard telecom services such as PSTN... | Intelligent Network | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,179 | [
"Network architecture",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity%20modulation | In optical communications, intensity modulation (IM) is a form of modulation in which the optical power output of a source is varied in accordance with some characteristic of the modulating signal. The envelope of the modulated optical signal is an analog of the modulating signal in the sense that the instantaneous pow... | Intensity modulation | [
"Engineering"
] | 466 | [
"Optical communications",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange%20circuit | In telecommunications, an interchange circuit is a circuit that facilitates the exchange of data and signaling information between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).
An interchange circuit can carry many types of signals and provide many types of service features, such as cont... | Interchange circuit | [
"Engineering"
] | 74 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,274 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interconnect%20facility | Interconnect facility: In a communications network, one or more communications links that (a) are used to provide local area communications service among several locations and (b) collectively form a node in the network.
An interconnect facility may include network control and administrative circuits as well as the... | Interconnect facility | [
"Engineering"
] | 85 | [
"Network architecture",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference%20filter | An interference filter, dichroic filter, or thin-film filter is an optical filter that reflects some wavelengths (colors) of light and transmits others, with almost no absorption for all wavelengths of interest. An interference filter may be high-pass, low-pass, bandpass, or band-rejection. They are used in scientific ... | Interference filter | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,409 | [
"Optical filters",
"Filters"
] |
41,281 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-field%20region | In antenna theory, intermediate-field region (also known as intermediate field, intermediate zone or transition zone) refers to the transition region lying between the near-field region and the far-field region in which the field strength of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the inverse distance, inverse square... | Intermediate-field region | [
"Physics"
] | 117 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability | Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system to work with other products or systems. While the term was initially defined for information technology or systems engineering services to allow for information exchange, a broader definition takes into account social, political, and organizational factors tha... | Interoperability | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 5,308 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Computing terminology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Interoperability"
] |
41,286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interposition%20trunk | In telecommunications, the term interposition trunk has the following meanings:
1. A single direct communication channel, e.g., voice-frequency circuit, between two positions of a large switchboard to facilitate the interconnection of other circuits appearing at the respective switchboard positions.
2. Within a t... | Interposition trunk | [
"Engineering"
] | 97 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersymbol%20interference | In telecommunications, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have a similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. The spreading of the pulse beyond its allo... | Intersymbol interference | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,521 | [
"Wireless networking",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-square%20law | In science, an inverse-square law is any scientific law stating that the observed "intensity" of a specified physical quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. The fundamental cause for this can be understood as geometric dilution corresponding to point-... | Inverse-square law | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,976 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Scientific laws",
"Equations"
] |
41,290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric%20sounding | In telecommunications and radio science, an ionospheric sounding is a technique that provides real-time data on high-frequency ionospheric-dependent radio propagation, using a basic system consisting of a synchronized transmitter and receiver.
The time delay between transmission and reception is translated into effec... | Ionospheric sounding | [
"Physics"
] | 238 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochronous%20timing | A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. The term isochronous is used in several technical contexts, but usually refers to the primary subject maintaining a constant period or interval (the reciprocal of frequency), despite variations in other measurable factors in ... | Isochronous timing | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 602 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Physical quantities",
"Horology",
"Time",
"Spacetime",
"Synchronization"
] |
41,293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochronous%20signal | In telecommunications, an isochronous signal is a signal in which the time interval separating any two significant instants is equal to the unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval. Variations in the time intervals are constrained within specified limits.
"Isochronous" is a characteristic of one signal, while ... | Isochronous signal | [
"Engineering"
] | 118 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Synchronization"
] |
41,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter | In electronics and telecommunications, jitter is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter. Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communication... | Jitter | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,456 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Synchronization",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,297 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20multichannel%20trunking%20and%20switching%20system | The Joint multichannel trunking and switching system is that composite multichannel trunking and switching system formed from assets of the Services, the Defense Communications System, other available systems, and/or assets controlled by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide an operationally responsive, survivable commu... | Joint multichannel trunking and switching system | [
"Engineering"
] | 88 | [
"Military communications",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%27s%20cosine%20law | In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the observed radiant intensity or luminous intensity from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal; . The law is also known as the cosine emi... | Lambert's cosine law | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,318 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radiometry"
] |
41,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layered%20system | In telecommunications, a layered system is a system in which components are grouped, i.e., layered, in a hierarchical arrangement, such that lower layers provide functions and services that support the functions and services of higher layers.
Systems of ever-increasing complexity and capability can be built by adding... | Layered system | [
"Mathematics"
] | 83 | [
"Network topology",
"Topology"
] |
41,316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20polarization | In electrodynamics, linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. The term linear polarization (French: polarisation rectiligne) was coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel in 182... | Linear polarization | [
"Physics"
] | 379 | [
"Polarization (waves)",
"Astrophysics"
] |
41,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20code | In telecommunications, a line code is a pattern of voltage, current, or photons used to represent digital data transmitted down a communication channel or written to a storage medium. This repertoire of signals is usually called a constrained code in data storage systems.
Some signals are more prone to error than othe... | Line code | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,721 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Coding theory"
] |
41,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20level | In computer networking, in the hierarchical structure of a primary or secondary station, link level is the conceptual level of control or data processing logic that controls the data link.
Link-level functions provide an interface between the station high-level logic and the data link. Link-level functions include (a... | Link level | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 104 | [
"Computer networking",
"Computer science",
"Computer engineering"
] |
41,321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20quality%20analysis | In adaptive high-frequency (HF) radio, link quality analysis (LQA) is the overall process by which measurements of radio signal quality are made, assessed, and analyzed.
In LQA, signal quality is determined by measuring, assessing, and analyzing link parameters, such as bit error ratio (BER), and the levels of the rat... | Link quality analysis | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Radio technology"
] |
41,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading%20coil | A loading coil or load coil is an inductor that is inserted into an electronic circuit to increase its inductance. The term originated in the 19th century for inductors used to prevent signal distortion in long-distance telegraph transmission cables. The term is also used for inductors in radio antennas, or between the... | Loading coil | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,193 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"History of electronic engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-haul%20communications | In telecommunications, the term long-haul communications has the following meanings:
1. In public switched networks, pertaining to circuits that span large distances, such as the circuits in inter-LATA, interstate, and international communications. See also Long line (telecommunications)
2. In the military communi... | Long-haul communications | [
"Engineering"
] | 590 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal%20redundancy%20check | In telecommunication, a longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), or horizontal redundancy check, is a form of redundancy check that is applied independently to each of a parallel group of bit streams. The data must be divided into transmission blocks, to which the additional check data is added.
The term usually applies ... | Longitudinal redundancy check | [
"Engineering"
] | 522 | [
"Error detection and correction",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
41,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term%20stability | In electronics, the long-term stability of an oscillator is the degree of uniformity of frequency over time, when the frequency is measured under identical environmental conditions, such as supply voltage, load, and temperature. Long-term frequency changes are caused by changes in the oscillator elements that determine... | Long-term stability | [
"Physics"
] | 86 | [
"Spacetime",
"Timekeeping",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
41,338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20gain | In electronics and control system theory, loop gain is the sum of the gain, expressed as a ratio or in decibels, around a feedback loop. Feedback loops are widely used in electronics in amplifiers and oscillators, and more generally in both electronic and nonelectronic industrial control systems to control industrial... | Loop gain | [
"Technology"
] | 523 | [
"Electronic amplifiers",
"Amplifiers"
] |
41,341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable%20medium%20and%20data | In communications and computing, a machine-readable medium (or computer-readable medium) is a medium capable of storing data in a format easily readable by a digital computer or a sensor.
It contrasts with human-readable medium and data.
The result is called machine-readable data or computer-readable data, and the da... | Machine-readable medium and data | [
"Technology"
] | 963 | [
"Computing terminology"
] |
41,342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-ionic%20double%20refraction | In telecommunications, magneto-ionic double refraction is the combined effect of the Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric ionization, whereby a linearly polarized wave entering the ionosphere is split into two components called the ordinary wave and extraordinary wave.
The component waves follow different paths, exp... | Magneto-ionic double refraction | [
"Physics"
] | 197 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic%20effect | A magneto-optic effect is any one of a number of phenomena in which an electromagnetic wave propagates through a medium that has been altered by the presence of a quasistatic magnetic field. In such a medium, which is also called gyrotropic or gyromagnetic, left- and right-rotating elliptical polarizations can propag... | Magneto-optic effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 1,226 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Electric and magnetic fields in matter",
"Materials science",
"Optical phenomena",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Magneto-optic effects"
] |
41,345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20lobe | In a radio antennas, the main lobe or main beam is the region of the radiation pattern containing the highest power or exhibiting the greatest field strength.
The radiation pattern of most antennas shows a pattern of "lobes" at various directions, where the radiated signal strength reaches a local maximum, separated ... | Main lobe | [
"Engineering"
] | 337 | [
"Antennas",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintainability | Maintainability is the ease of maintaining or providing maintenance for a functioning product or service. Depending on the field, it can have slightly different meanings.
Usage in different fields
Engineering
In engineering, maintainability is the ease with which a product can be maintained to:
correct defects or t... | Maintainability | [
"Engineering"
] | 430 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Design for X",
"Maintenance",
"Mechanical engineering",
"Electrical engineering",
"Design"
] |
41,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed%20object | In network, a managed object is an abstract representation of network resources that are managed. With "representation", we mean not only the actual device that is managed, but also the device driver, that communicates with the device. An example of a printer as a managed object is the window that shows information ab... | Managed object | [
"Engineering"
] | 195 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management"
] |
41,354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20frequency%20generator | A master frequency generator or master electronic oscillator, in frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), is a piece of equipment used to provide system end-to-end carrier frequency synchronization and frequency accuracy of tones.
The following types of oscillators are used in the Defense Communications System FDM sys... | Master frequency generator | [
"Engineering"
] | 144 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Synchronization"
] |
41,355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20station | In telecommunications, a master station is a station that controls or coordinates the activities of other stations in the system.
Examples:
In a data network, the control station may designate a master station to ensure data transfer to one or more slave stations. Such a master station controls one or more data links ... | Master station | [
"Technology"
] | 259 | [
"Telecommunications systems"
] |
41,359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20usable%20frequency | In radio transmission, maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points on Earth by reflection from the ionosphere (skywave or skip) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful for shortwave transmissions.
In ... | Maximum usable frequency | [
"Physics"
] | 502 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
41,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20time%20between%20outages | In a system the mean time between outages (MTBO) is the mean time between equipment failures that result in loss of system continuity or unacceptable degradation.
The MTBO is calculated by the equation,
where MTBF is the nonredundant mean time between failures and FFAS is the fraction of failures for which the faile... | Mean time between outages | [
"Engineering"
] | 75 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Reliability engineering"
] |
41,365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation%20function | In telecommunications network management, a mediation function is a function that routes or acts on information passing between network elements and network operations.
Examples of mediation functions are communications control, protocol conversion, data handling, communications of primitives, processing that includ... | Mediation function | [
"Engineering"
] | 77 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management"
] |
41,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprague%E2%80%93Grundy%20theorem | In combinatorial game theory, the Sprague–Grundy theorem states that every impartial game under the normal play convention is equivalent to a one-heap game of nim, or to an infinite generalization of nim. It can therefore be represented as a natural number, the size of the heap in its equivalent game of nim, as an ordi... | Sprague–Grundy theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,724 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Theorems in discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics",
"Game theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Combinatorial game theory"
] |
41,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath%20propagation | In radio communication, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildi... | Multipath propagation | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,543 | [
"Broadcast engineering",
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
41,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20homing | In telecommunications, the term multiple homing has the following meanings:
In telephone systems, the connection of a terminal facility so that it can be served by one or several switching centers. Multiple homing may use a single directory number.
In telephone systems, the connection of a terminal facility to more... | Multiple homing | [
"Engineering"
] | 127 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Communication circuits"
] |
41,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex%20baseband | In telecommunications, the term multiplex baseband has the following meanings:
In frequency-division multiplexing, the frequency band occupied by the aggregate of the signals in the line interconnecting the multiplexing and radio or line equipment.
In frequency division multiplexed carrier systems, at the input to any... | Multiplex baseband | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 206 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
41,389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing | In telecommunications and computer networking, multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing) is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource a physical transmission medium. For example, in telecommunications, several telep... | Multiplexing | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,193 | [
"Broadcast engineering",
"Electronic engineering"
] |
41,392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband%20modem | In telecommunications, a narrowband modem is a modem whose modulated output signal has an essential frequency spectrum that is limited to that which can be wholly contained within, and faithfully transmitted through, a voice channel with a nominal 4 kHz bandwidth.
Note: High frequency (HF) modems are limited to ope... | Narrowband modem | [
"Technology"
] | 80 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
41,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Information%20Infrastructure | The National Information Infrastructure (NII) was the product of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. It was a telecommunications policy buzzword, which was popularized during the Clinton Administration under the leadership of Vice-President Al Gore.
It proposed to build communications networks, interactive ser... | National Information Infrastructure | [
"Technology"
] | 298 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Internet terminology"
] |
41,402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neper | The neper (symbol: Np) is a logarithmic unit for ratios of measurements of physical field and power quantities, such as gain and loss of electronic signals. The unit's name is derived from the name of John Napier, the inventor of logarithms. As is the case for the decibel and bel, the neper is a unit defined in the int... | Neper | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 566 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Units of level",
"Quantity",
"Logarithmic scales of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
41,403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20gain%20%28telecommunications%29 | In telecommunications, net gain is the overall gain of a transmission circuit. Net gain is measured by applying a test signal at an appropriate power level at the input port of a circuit and measuring the power delivered at the output port. The net gain in dB is calculated by taking 10 times the common logarithm of the... | Net gain (telecommunications) | [
"Engineering"
] | 158 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electrical parameters"
] |
41,404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20operation | A radio net is three or more radio stations communicating with each other on a common channel or frequency. A net is essentially a moderated conference call conducted over two-way radio, typically in half-duplex operating conditions. The use of half-duplex operation requires a very particular set of operating procedur... | Net operation | [
"Technology"
] | 1,136 | [
"Information and communications technology",
"Telecommunications"
] |
41,406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20architecture | Network architecture is the design of a computer network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as communication protocols used.
In telecommunications, the specification of a net... | Network architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 428 | [
"Network architecture",
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20engineering | Network engineering may refer to:
Internetworking, service requirements for switched telephone networks
Computer network engineering, the design and management of computer networks
Telecommunications Engineering, developing telecommunications network topologies
Broadcasting, spreading messages to a dispersed audience ... | Network engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 51 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20management | Network management is the process of administering and managing computer networks. Services provided by this discipline include fault analysis, performance management, provisioning of networks and maintaining quality of service. Network management software is used by network administrators to help perform these functio... | Network management | [
"Engineering"
] | 316 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network management"
] |
41,411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20operating%20system | A network operating system (NOS) is a specialized operating system for a network device such as a router, switch or firewall.
Historically operating systems with networking capabilities were described as network operating systems, because they allowed personal computers (PCs) to participate in computer networks and sh... | Network operating system | [
"Engineering"
] | 824 | [
"Computer networks engineering",
"Network operating systems"
] |
41,413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20topology | Network topology is the arrangement of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a communication network. Network topology can be used to define or describe the arrangement of various types of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks.
Network top... | Network topology | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,890 | [
"Network topology",
"Topology"
] |
41,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-equivalent%20power | Noise-equivalent power (NEP) is a measure of the sensitivity of a photodetector or detector system. It is defined as the signal power that gives a signal-to-noise ratio of one in a one hertz output bandwidth. An output bandwidth of one hertz is equivalent to half a second of integration time. The units of NEP are watts... | Noise-equivalent power | [
"Materials_science",
"Mathematics"
] | 309 | [
"Equivalent quantities",
"Quantity",
"Superconductivity",
"Superconducting detectors",
"Equivalent units",
"Units of measurement"
] |
41,417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20figure | Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (F) are figures of merit that indicate degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that is caused by components in a signal chain. These figures of merit are used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver, with lower values indicating better performance.
The ... | Noise figure | [
"Physics"
] | 1,969 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
41,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20temperature | In electronics, noise temperature is one way of expressing the level of available noise power introduced by a component or source. The power spectral density of the noise is expressed in terms of the temperature (in kelvins) that would produce that level of Johnson–Nyquist noise, thus:
where:
is the noise power (in ... | Noise temperature | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,602 | [
"Electrical engineering"
] |
41,421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20weighting | A noise weighting is a specific amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristic that is designed to allow subjectively valid measurement of noise. It emphasises the parts of the spectrum that are most important.
Usually, noise means audible noise, in audio systems, broadcast systems or telephone circuits. In this case the weig... | Noise weighting | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 397 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Audio engineering",
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
41,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-entity | In telecommunications, a n-entity is an active element in the n-th layer of the Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model (OSI-RM) that (a) interacts directly with elements, i.e., entities, of the layer immediately above or below the n-th layer, (b) is defined by a unique set of rules, i.e., syntax, and information... | N-entity | [
"Engineering"
] | 194 | [
"Network architecture",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20aperture | In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. By incorporating index of refraction in its definition, has the property that it is constant for a beam as it goes from one material to another, p... | Numerical aperture | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,098 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Optics",
" molecular",
"Microscopy",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
41,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20and%20offline | In computer technology and telecommunications, online indicates a state of connectivity, and offline indicates a disconnected state. In modern terminology, this usually refers to an Internet connection, but (especially when expressed as "on line" or "on the line") could refer to any piece of equipment or functional uni... | Online and offline | [
"Technology"
] | 2,234 | [
"Natural language and computing",
"Computer jargon",
"Internet terminology",
"Computing terminology"
] |
41,448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20network%20architecture | In telecommunications, and in the context of Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Computer Inquiry III, Open network architecture (ONA) is the overall design of a communication carrier's basic network facilities and services to permit all users of the basic network to interconnect to specific basic network functio... | Open network architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 109 | [
"Network architecture",
"Computer networks engineering"
] |
41,449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20systems%20architecture | Open systems architecture is a system design approach which aims to produce systems that are inherently interoperable and connectable without recourse to retrofit and redesign.
Concept
Systems design is a process of defining and engineering the architecture, methods, and interfaces necessary to accomplish a goal or fu... | Open systems architecture | [
"Engineering"
] | 350 | [
"Systems engineering",
"Design",
"Systems architecture"
] |
41,455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20attenuator | An optical attenuator, or fiber optic attenuator, is a device used to reduce the power level of an optical signal, either in free space or in an optical fiber. The basic types of optical attenuators are fixed, step-wise variable, and continuously variable.
Applications
Optical attenuators are commonly used in fiber-op... | Optical attenuator | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,185 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical components",
"Components",
"Measuring instruments"
] |
41,458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20disc | An optical disc is a flat, usually disc-shaped object that stores information in the form of physical variations on its surface that can be read with the aid of a beam of light. Optical discs can be reflective, where the light source and detector are on the same side of the disc, or transmissive, where light shines th... | Optical disc | [
"Technology"
] | 6,768 | [
"Multimedia",
"Optical disc authoring"
] |
41,460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20isolator | An optical isolator, or optical diode, is an optical component which allows the transmission of light in only one direction. It is typically used to prevent unwanted feedback into an optical oscillator, such as a laser cavity.
The operation of conventional optical isolators relies on the Faraday effect (which in turn ... | Optical isolator | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,460 | [
"Glass engineering and science",
"Optical components",
"Components"
] |
41,461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20path%20length | In optics, optical path length (OPL, denoted Λ in equations), also known as optical length or optical distance, is the length that light needs to travel through a vacuum to create the same phase difference as it would have when traveling through a given medium. It is calculated by taking the product of the geometric le... | Optical path length | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 542 | [
"Optical quantities",
"Quantity",
"Physical quantities"
] |
41,463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20power%20margin | In an optical communications link, the optical power margin is the difference between the optical power that is launched by a given transmitter into the fiber, less transmission losses from all causes, and the minimum optical power that is required by the receiver for a specified level of performance. An optical power ... | Optical power margin | [
"Engineering"
] | 156 | [
"Optical communications",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible%20spectrum | The visible spectrum is the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light (or simply light).
The optical spectrum is sometimes considered to be the same as the visible spectrum, but some authors define the term more ... | Visible spectrum | [
"Physics"
] | 3,162 | [
"Optical spectrum",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Electromagnetic spectrum"
] |
41,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfill | In telecommunications, overfill is the condition that prevails when the numerical aperture or the beam diameter of an optical source, such as a laser, light-emitting diode, or optical fiber, exceeds that of the driven element, e.g. an optical fiber core. In optical communications testing, overfill in both numerical ap... | Overfill | [
"Engineering"
] | 121 | [
"Optical communications",
"Telecommunications engineering"
] |
41,480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone | An overtone is any resonant frequency above the fundamental frequency of a sound. (An overtone may or may not be a harmonic) In other words, overtones are all pitches higher than the lowest pitch within an individual sound; the fundamental is the lowest pitch. While the fundamental is usually heard most prominently, o... | Overtone | [
"Physics"
] | 3,874 | [
"Classical mechanics",
"Acoustics"
] |
41,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet-switching%20node | A packet-switching node is a node in a packet-switching network that contains data switches and equipment for controlling, formatting, transmitting, routing, and receiving data packets.
Note: In the Defense Data Network (DDN), a packet-switching node is usually configured to support up to thirty-two X.25 56 kbit/s h... | Packet-switching node | [
"Technology"
] | 116 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
41,492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20loss | Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.
This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propaga... | Path loss | [
"Physics"
] | 1,958 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves",
"Motion (physics)"
] |
41,493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20profile | In telecommunications, a path profile is a graphic representation of the physical features of a propagation path in the vertical plane containing both endpoints of the path, showing the surface of the Earth and including trees, buildings, and other features that may obstruct the radio signal.
Profiles are drawn eith... | Path profile | [
"Physics"
] | 113 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Radio frequency propagation",
"Electromagnetic spectrum",
"Waves"
] |
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