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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4,734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Bernoulli's inequality (named after Jacob Bernoulli) is an inequality that approximates exponentiations of . It is often employed in real analysis. It has several useful variants:
Integer exponent
Case 1: for every integer and real number . The inequality is strict if and .
Case 2: for every int... | Bernoulli's inequality | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,015 | [
"Binary relations",
"Mathematical relations",
"Inequalities (mathematics)",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems"
] |
4,736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard%20Operator%20From%20Hell | The Bastard Operator From Hell (BOFH) is a fictional rogue computer operator created by Simon Travaglia, who takes out his anger on users (who are "lusers" to him) and others who pester him with their computer problems, uses his expertise against his enemies and manipulates his employer.
Several people have written s... | Bastard Operator From Hell | [
"Technology"
] | 630 | [
"Information systems",
"System administration"
] |
4,746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague%20%28disease%29 | Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, ... | Plague (disease) | [
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 3,518 | [
"Biological agents",
"Toxicology",
"Biological warfare"
] |
4,748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudot%20code | The Baudot code () is an early character encoding for telegraphy invented by Émile Baudot in the 1870s. It was the predecessor to the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2), the most common teleprinter code in use before ASCII. Each character in the alphabet is represented by a series of five bits, sent over a c... | Baudot code | [
"Technology"
] | 2,964 | [
"Natural language and computing",
"Character encoding"
] |
4,757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiary | A bestiary () is a compendium of beasts. Originating in the ancient world, bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks. The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson. This reflected the belief that th... | Bestiary | [
"Biology"
] | 2,650 | [
"Zoology"
] |
4,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20ethics | Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizatio... | Business ethics | [
"Biology"
] | 10,734 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Applied ethics"
] |
4,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Standards | British Standards (BS) are the standards produced by the BSI Group which is incorporated under a royal charter and which is formally designated as the national standards body (NSB) for the UK. The BSI Group produces British Standards under the authority of the charter, which lays down as one of the BSI's objectives to:... | British Standards | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,948 | [
"Electrical engineering organizations",
"Symbols",
"International Electrotechnical Commission",
"Certification marks"
] |
4,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine | Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially known as "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Libr... | Benzodiazepine | [
"Biology"
] | 13,374 | [
"Hypnotics",
"Behavior",
"Sleep"
] |
4,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20mass%20index | Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person. The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height, and is expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms (kg) and height in metres (m).
The BMI may be determined first by measuring its comp... | Body mass index | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,356 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Arithmetic",
"Mathematics in medicine",
"Ratios"
] |
4,801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeOS | BeOS is a discontinued operating system for personal computers that was developed by Be Inc. It was conceived for the company's BeBox personal computer which was released in 1995. BeOS was designed for multitasking, multithreading, and a graphical user interface. The OS was later sold to OEMs, retail, and directly to u... | BeOS | [
"Technology"
] | 2,660 | [
"BeOS",
"Computing platforms"
] |
4,805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior | Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the sys... | Behavior | [
"Biology"
] | 2,444 | [
"Behavior"
] |
4,816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere | The biosphere (), also called the ecosphere (), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on the Earth. The biosphere (which is technically a spherical shell) is virtually a closed system with regard to matter, with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding energy, it is an open system,... | Biosphere | [
"Physics",
"Biology",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,131 | [
"Superorganisms",
"Hydrology",
"Symbiosis",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Oceanography",
"nan"
] |
4,817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20membrane | A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membra... | Biological membrane | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 2,382 | [
"Membrane biology",
"Soft matter",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Molecular biology"
] |
4,827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical%20engineering | Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes). BME is also traditionally logical sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitorin... | Biomedical engineering | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 6,530 | [
"Biological engineering",
"Medical technology",
"Biomedical engineering"
] |
4,831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr%20model | In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model was the first successful model of the atom. Developed from 1911 to 1918 by Niels Bohr and building on Ernest Rutherford's nuclear model, it supplanted the plum pudding model of J J Thomson only to be replaced by the quantum atomic model in the 1920s. It consis... | Bohr model | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 9,410 | [
"Foundational quantum physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Old quantum theory",
"Atomic physics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
" and optical physics"
] |
4,845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20alcohol%20content | Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level, is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes.
BAC is expressed as mass of alcohol per volume of blood. In US and many international publications, BAC levels are written as a percentage such as 0... | Blood alcohol content | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 2,360 | [
"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism"
] |
4,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket%20argument | Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) is a thought experiment that was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion cannot be defined as the relative rotation of the body with respect to the immediately surrounding bodies. It is one of five arguments from the "properties, cause... | Bucket argument | [
"Physics"
] | 2,917 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics",
"Rotation",
"Motion (physics)",
"Mechanics"
] |
4,868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.%20F.%20Skinner | Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radica... | B. F. Skinner | [
"Biology"
] | 8,968 | [
"Behaviourist psychologists",
"Behavior",
"Behaviorism"
] |
4,882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background%20radiation | Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment at a particular location which is due to deliberate introduction of radiation sources.
Background radiation originates from a variety of sources, both natural and artificial. These include both cosmic radiation and environ... | Background radiation | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,107 | [
"Ionizing radiation",
"Physical phenomena",
"Cosmic rays",
"Astrophysics",
"Radiation",
"Nuclear physics",
"Radioactivity"
] |
4,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20probability | Bayesian probability ( or ) is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.
The Bayesian interpretation of probability... | Bayesian probability | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,482 | [
"Probability interpretations",
"nan"
] |
4,906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20sheet | The beta sheet (β-sheet, also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure. Beta sheets consist of beta strands (β-strands) connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet. A β-strand is a stretch of polypeptide chain typi... | Beta sheet | [
"Biology"
] | 3,070 | [
"Protein structural motifs",
"Protein classification"
] |
4,921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacardi | Bacardi Limited ( , , ) is the largest privately held, family-owned spirits company in the world. Originally known for its Bacardí brand of white rum, it now has a portfolio of more than 200 brands and labels. Founded in Cuba in 1862 by the Spanish businessmen Facundo Bacardí Massó, Bacardi Limited has been family-own... | Bacardi | [
"Chemistry"
] | 3,865 | [
"Distilleries",
"Distillation"
] |
4,924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen%20burner | A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of ambient air gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.
The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mix... | Bunsen burner | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,322 | [
"Combustion engineering",
"Industrial engineering"
] |
4,940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass%20instrument | A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. The term labrosone, from Latin elements meaning "lip" and "sound", is also used for the group, since instruments employing this "lip reed" method of ... | Brass instrument | [
"Physics"
] | 5,010 | [
"Metallic objects",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
4,944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive%20set%20theory | Naive set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics.
Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language. It describes the aspects of mathematical sets familiar in discrete mathematics (... | Naive set theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 4,900 | [
"Mathematical logic",
"Set theory"
] |
4,947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zout%27s%20identity | In mathematics, Bézout's identity (also called Bézout's lemma), named after Étienne Bézout who proved it for polynomials, is the following theorem:
Here the greatest common divisor of and is taken to be . The integers and are called Bézout coefficients for ; they are not unique. A pair of Bézout coefficients can b... | Bézout's identity | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,208 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Equations",
"Diophantine equations",
"Theorems in number theory",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Lemmas in number theory",
"Lemmas",
"Number theory"
] |
4,964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20number | In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of m-th powers of the first n positive in... | Bernoulli number | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 9,313 | [
"Sequences and series",
"Discrete mathematics",
"Integer sequences",
"Mathematical structures",
"Recreational mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Topology",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Numbers",
"Number theory"
] |
5,009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish | The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes. Native to South Asia, it is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio (and thus often called a "tropical fish" although it is both tropical and subtropical).
The zebr... | Zebrafish | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 8,921 | [
"Stem cell research",
"Model organisms",
"Translational medicine",
"Animal models",
"Tissue engineering"
] |
5,014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistability | In a dynamical system, bistability means the system has two stable equilibrium states. A bistable structure can be resting in either of two states. An example of a mechanical device which is bistable is a light switch. The switch lever is designed to rest in the "on" or "off" position, but not between the two. Bista... | Bistability | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,985 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Digital electronics"
] |
5,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%20paradox | The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from an expression like "The smallest positive integer not definable in under sixty letters" (a phrase with fifty-seven letters).
Bertrand Russell, the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867–1928), a junior librarian at Oxford's... | Berry paradox | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,700 | [
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical paradoxes"
] |
5,165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country | A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. When referring to a specific polity, the term "country" may refer to a sovereign state, states with limited recognition, constituent country, or a dependent territory. Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are membe... | Country | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,664 | [
"Environmental social science",
"Human geography"
] |
5,170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics | Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures. It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary b... | Combinatorics | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,813 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
5,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus | Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.
Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral... | Calculus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 6,351 | [
"Calculus"
] |
5,213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing | Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major comput... | Computing | [
"Technology"
] | 3,530 | [
"nan"
] |
5,218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20processing%20unit | A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with tha... | Central processing unit | [
"Engineering"
] | 10,449 | [
"Electronic design",
"Electronic engineering",
"Design",
"Digital electronics"
] |
5,225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code | In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication channel or storage in a storage medium. An early example is an invention of language... | Code | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,391 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Computer engineering",
"Signal processing"
] |
5,233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Linnaeus | Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is render... | Carl Linnaeus | [
"Biology"
] | 11,003 | [
"Botanical nomenclature",
"Botanical terminology",
"Biological nomenclature"
] |
5,244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher | In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, "cipher" is synonym... | Cipher | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 2,171 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
5,259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20descent | Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on Ear... | Common descent | [
"Biology"
] | 2,358 | [
"Evolutionary biology"
] |
5,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation | A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object.
The first constellations were likely defined in prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experi... | Constellation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 5,807 | [
"Celestial cartography",
"History of astronomy",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Works about astronomy",
"Constellations",
"Sky regions"
] |
5,278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright | A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive legal right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expres... | Copyright | [
"Technology"
] | 10,299 | [
"Data management",
"Data"
] |
5,285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-51-F | STS-51-F (also known as Spacelab 2) was the 19th flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger. It launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on July 29, 1985, and landed eight days later on August 6, 1985.
While STS-51-F's primary payload was the Spacelab 2 laboratory modu... | STS-51-F | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,853 | [
"Space telescopes",
"Crewed space observatories"
] |
5,295 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20encoding | Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using computers. The numerical values that make up a character encoding are known as code points and collectively comprise a code ... | Character encoding | [
"Technology"
] | 4,729 | [
"Natural language and computing",
"Character encoding"
] |
5,299 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon | Carbon () is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—meaning that its atoms are able to form up to four covalent bonds due to its valence shell exhibiting 4 electrons. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. ... | Carbon | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 9,418 | [
"Allotropes of carbon",
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Allotropes",
"Nonmetals",
"Reducing agents",
"Polyatomic nonmetals",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20data%20storage | Computer data storage or digital data storage is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component of computers.
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is what manipulates data by performing computations. In... | Computer data storage | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,047 | [
"Computers",
"Computer engineering",
"Computer architecture"
] |
5,306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same ra... | Chemical equilibrium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,214 | [
"Equilibrium chemistry",
"Physical chemistry",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"nan"
] |
5,308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination | In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pea... | Combination | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,928 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Combinatorics"
] |
5,309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software | Software consists of computer programs that instruct the execution of a computer. Software also includes design documents and specifications.
The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital computers in the mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the machine language specific to the hard... | Software | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,387 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer science",
"Software",
"nan"
] |
5,311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20programming | Computer programming or coding is the composition of sequences of instructions, called programs, that computers can follow to perform tasks. It involves designing and implementing algorithms, step-by-step specifications of procedures, by writing code in one or more programming languages. Programmers typically use high-... | Computer programming | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,922 | [
"Software engineering",
"Computer programming",
"Computers"
] |
5,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotube | A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometre range (nanoscale). They are one of the allotropes of carbon. Two broad classes of carbon nanotubes are recognized:
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have diameters around 0.5–2.0 nanometres, about 100,000 times smaller than the wi... | Carbon nanotube | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Astronomy",
"Technology"
] | 13,240 | [
"Exploratory engineering",
"Astronomical hypotheses",
"Allotropes of carbon",
"Allotropes",
"Refractory materials",
"Space elevator",
"Materials",
"Nanotechnology",
"Nanomaterials",
"Matter"
] |
5,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20science | Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software).
Algorithms and data structures are ce... | Computer science | [
"Technology"
] | 5,195 | [
"Computer science"
] |
5,326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism | Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation, and is often pseudoscientific. In its broadest sense, creationism includes various religious views, which differ in their acceptance or rejection of modern sc... | Creationism | [
"Biology"
] | 10,858 | [
"Creationism",
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories"
] |
5,346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid | A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloi... | Colloid | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 4,133 | [
"Colloidal chemistry",
"Soft matter",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Colloids",
"Surface science",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
5,363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game | A video game, sometimes further qualified as a computer game, is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a televisio... | Video game | [
"Technology"
] | 13,017 | [
"Multimedia",
"Digital media"
] |
5,371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete | Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and al... | Concrete | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 13,053 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Masonry",
"Building engineering",
"Composite materials",
"Architecture",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Chemical mixtures",
"Heterogeneous chemical mixtures",
"Concrete",
"Matter",
"Building materials"
] |
5,373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coitus%20interruptus | Coitus interruptus, also known as withdrawal, pulling out or the pull-out method, is an act of birth control during penetrative sexual intercourse, whereby the penis is withdrawn from a vagina prior to ejaculation so that the ejaculate (semen) may be directed away in an effort to avoid insemination.
This method was us... | Coitus interruptus | [
"Biology"
] | 2,277 | [
"Methods of birth control",
"Medical technology"
] |
5,376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics | Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) that are not pres... | Cladistics | [
"Biology"
] | 4,553 | [
"Evolutionary biology",
"Taxonomy (biology)",
"Bioinformatics",
"Zoology",
"Phylogenetics"
] |
5,377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar | A calendar is a system of organizing days. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months and years. A date is the designation of a single and specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a physical record (often paper) of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planne... | Calendar | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 4,303 | [
"Calendars",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
5,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20cosmology | Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.... | Physical cosmology | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 5,692 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Theoretical physics",
"Astrophysics",
"Philosophy of time",
"Spacetime",
"Physical cosmology"
] |
5,382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic%20inflation | In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began ... | Cosmic inflation | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 9,666 | [
"Physical cosmological concepts",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astronomical events",
"Concepts in astrophysics"
] |
5,385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela | The candela (symbol: cd) is the unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI). It measures luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a light source in a particular direction. Luminous intensity is analogous to radiant intensity, but instead of simply adding up the contributions of every wave... | Candela | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,853 | [
"Quantity",
"Units of luminous intensity",
"Units of measurement"
] |
5,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed%20matter%20physics | Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many ... | Condensed matter physics | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 5,389 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Condensed matter physics",
"nan",
"Matter"
] |
5,390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion%20of%20units | Conversion of units is the conversion of the unit of measurement in which a quantity is expressed, typically through a multiplicative conversion factor that changes the unit without changing the quantity. This is also often loosely taken to include replacement of a quantity with a corresponding quantity that describes ... | Conversion of units | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,139 | [
"Quantity",
"Conversion of units of measurement",
"Units of measurement"
] |
5,439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricornus | Capricornus is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is commonly represented in the form of a sea goat: a mythical creature that is half goat, half fish.
Capricornus is one of the 88 modern constellations, and was also one o... | Capricornus | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,879 | [
"Constellations listed by Ptolemy",
"Capricornus",
"Southern constellations",
"Constellations",
"Sky regions"
] |
5,510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton%20Island | Clipperton Island ( ; ), also known as Clipperton Atoll and previously as Clipperton's Rock, is an uninhabited French coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The only French territory in the North Pacific, Clipperton is from Paris, France; from Papeete, French Polynesia; and from Acapulco, Mexico.
Clipperton was... | Clipperton Island | [
"Biology"
] | 8,781 | [
"Biogeomorphology",
"Coral reefs"
] |
5,561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20linguistics | Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions. In general, computational linguistics draws upon linguistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mathemati... | Computational linguistics | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 908 | [
"Computational fields of study",
"Mathematical linguistics",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computational linguistics",
"Computing and society",
"Natural language and computing"
] |
5,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal | Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure, and can be thought of as artificial rivers.
In most cases,... | Canal | [
"Engineering"
] | 8,476 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal construction",
"Infrastructure"
] |
5,630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula%20%28linguistics%29 | In linguistics, a copula /‘kɒpjələ/ (: copulas or copulae; abbreviated ) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase was not being in the sentence "It was not being cooperative." The word copula derives from the La... | Copula (linguistics) | [
"Technology"
] | 8,335 | [
"Parts of speech",
"Components"
] |
5,638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion | Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combustion does not always result in fire, because a flame is only visible when substa... | Combustion | [
"Chemistry"
] | 5,652 | [
"Combustion",
"nan"
] |
5,642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume%20jewelry | Costume or fashion jewelry includes a range of decorative items worn for personal adornment that are manufactured as less expensive ornamentation to complement a particular fashionable outfit or garment as opposed to "real" (fine) jewelry, which is more costly and which may be regarded primarily as collectibles, keepsa... | Costume jewelry | [
"Technology"
] | 1,989 | [
"Jewellery components",
"Components"
] |
5,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20cannibalism | Human cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings. A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal. The meaning of "cannibalism" has been extended into zoology to describe animals consuming parts of individuals of the same species as food.
Anatomically... | Human cannibalism | [
"Biology"
] | 9,629 | [
"Human activities",
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
5,659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20element | A chemical element is a chemical substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons. The number of protons is called the atomic number of that element. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neu... | Chemical element | [
"Physics"
] | 10,205 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar%20year | A calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days.
The Gregorian calendar year, which is in use as civil calendar in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a leng... | Calendar year | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 766 | [
"Calendars",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
5,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness | Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence. However, its nature has led to millennia of analyses, explanations, and debate by philosophers, scientists, and theologians. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied or even considered consciousness. In some explanations, it ... | Consciousness | [
"Biology"
] | 15,076 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Cognitive psychology"
] |
5,667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine | Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a... | Chlorine | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 13,453 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Chemical weapons",
"Diatomic nonmetals",
"Nonmetals",
"Oxidizing agents",
"Pulmonary agents",
"Chemical hazards",
"Industrial gases",
"Reactive nonmetals",
"Chemical process engineering",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium | Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant ele... | Calcium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 5,677 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Reducing agents",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium | Chromium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal.
Chromium is valued for its high corrosion resistance and hardness. A major development in steel production was the discovery that steel could be ... | Chromium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 10,519 | [
"Chemical hazards",
"Chemical elements",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium | Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transit... | Cadmium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,428 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Testicular toxicants",
"Endocrine disruptors",
"Environmental chemistry",
"Chemical hazards",
"Soil contamination",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curium | Curium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This transuranic actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghio... | Curium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 6,766 | [
"Matter",
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Atoms",
"Radioactivity"
] |
5,676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium | Californium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cf and atomic number 98. It was first synthesized in 1950 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory) by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuran... | Californium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,334 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Synthetic materials",
"Ferromagnetic materials",
"Synthetic elements",
"Materials",
"Radioactivity",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Shannon | Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist, cryptographer and inventor known as the "father of information theory" and as the "father of the Information Age". Shannon was the first to describe the Boolean gates (electronic circuits) ... | Claude Shannon | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 7,020 | [
"Telecommunications engineering",
"Applied mathematics",
"Computer science",
"Information theory"
] |
5,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20Tunnel | The Channel Tunnel (), sometimes referred to by the portmanteau Chunnel, is a undersea railway tunnel, opened in 1994, that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and th... | Channel Tunnel | [
"Engineering"
] | 13,403 | [
"Construction",
"Coastal construction"
] |
5,705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20hypothesis | In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. It states:
Or equivalently:
In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), this is equivalent to the following equation in aleph numbers: , or even shorter with... | Continuum hypothesis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,138 | [
"Independence results",
"Forcing (mathematics)",
"Cardinal numbers",
"Basic concepts in infinite set theory",
"Mathematical logic",
"Mathematical objects",
"Infinity",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Basic concepts in set theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Numbers"
] |
5,715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis | Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to analyze") refers to the process of analyzing information systems in order to understand hidden aspects of the systems. Cryptanalysis is used to breach cryptographic security systems and gain access to the contents of encrypted messages, even if the cry... | Cryptanalysis | [
"Mathematics",
"Technology"
] | 5,244 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptographic attacks",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
5,726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane%20shot | In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving crane or jib. Filmmaker D. W. Griffith created the first crane for his 1916 epic film Intolerance, with famed special effects pioneer Eiji Tsuburaya later constructing the first iron camera crane which is still adapted worldwide to... | Crane shot | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,649 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Cranes (machines)"
] |
5,739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler | In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another language (the target language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a low-level programm... | Compiler | [
"Technology"
] | 7,316 | [
"IT infrastructure",
"Computer libraries"
] |
5,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20analysis | Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that investigates functions of complex numbers. It is helpful in many branches of mathematics, including algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, and applied mathematics, as w... | Complex analysis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,716 | [
"Complex numbers",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
5,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20engineering | Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and railways.
Civil... | Civil engineering | [
"Engineering"
] | 4,028 | [
"Construction",
"Civil engineering",
"nan"
] |
5,765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk | Çatalhöyük (English: Chatalhoyuk ; ; also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal "fork" + höyük "tumulus") is a tell (a mounded accretion due to long-term human settlement) of a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5600 B... | Çatalhöyük | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 3,458 | [
"Quantity",
"Megasites",
"Physical quantities",
"Size"
] |
5,770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20country%20calling%20codes | Country calling codes, country dial-in codes, international subscriber dialing (ISD) codes, or most commonly, telephone country codes are telephone number prefixes for reaching telephone subscribers in foreign countries or areas via international telecommunication networks. Country codes are defined by the Internation... | List of country calling codes | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,002 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Telephone numbers"
] |
5,781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20numerals | Chinese numerals are words and characters used to denote numbers in written Chinese.
Today, speakers of Chinese languages use three written numeral systems: the system of Arabic numerals used worldwide, and two indigenous systems. The more familiar indigenous system is based on Chinese characters that correspond to nu... | Chinese numerals | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,135 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Numerals"
] |
5,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20program | A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It is one component of software, which also includes documentation and other intangible components.
A computer program in its human-readable form is called source code. Source code needs another computer progra... | Computer program | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 14,264 | [
"Computer programming",
"Computers",
"Software engineering",
"Computer science",
"nan",
"Software"
] |
5,826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20number | In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation ; every complex number can be expressed in the form , where and are real numbers. Because no real number satisfies the above equation,... | Complex number | [
"Mathematics"
] | 7,956 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers",
"Linear algebra",
"Complex numbers",
"Algebra"
] |
5,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology | Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele-mbembe. Cryp... | Cryptozoology | [
"Biology"
] | 4,403 | [
"Zoology"
] |
5,863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20interpretation | The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and others. While "Copenhagen" refers to the Danish city, the use as an "interpretation" was apparently coined by Heisenberg during the 1950s to refer to idea... | Copenhagen interpretation | [
"Physics"
] | 5,739 | [
"Interpretations of quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
5,869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%20theory | Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations. It was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Category theory is used in almost all areas of mathematics. In particular, many construction... | Category theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,259 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical structures",
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical objects",
"Higher category theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Category theory",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
5,876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary%20artery%20disease | Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is a type of heart disease involving the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to a build-up of atheromatous plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. CA... | Coronary artery disease | [
"Biology"
] | 6,636 | [
"Senescence",
"Aging-associated diseases"
] |
5,879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium | Caesium (IUPAC spelling; also spelled cesium in American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-golden alkali metal with a melting point of , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium has physical and chemi... | Caesium | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 7,981 | [
"Chemical elements",
"Redox",
"Reducing agents",
"Atoms",
"Matter"
] |
5,881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century | A century is a period of 100 years or 10 decades. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. The word century comes from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred. Century is sometimes abbreviated as c.
A centennial or centenary is a hundredth anniversary, or a celebration of this, typically th... | Century | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 758 | [
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Units of time",
"Quantity",
"Spacetime",
"Units of measurement"
] |
5,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabiner | A carabiner or karabiner (), often shortened to biner or to crab, colloquially known as a (climbing) clip, is a specialized type of shackle, a metal loop with a spring-loaded gate used to quickly and reversibly connect components, most notably in safety-critical systems. The word comes from the German , short for , mea... | Carabiner | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,000 | [
"Construction",
"Fasteners"
] |
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