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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcogen
|- ! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓ Period |- | 2 | |- ! 3 | |- ! 4 | |- ! 5 | |- ! 6 | |- ! 7 | |- | colspan="2"| Legend |} The chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxy...
Chalcogen
[ "Chemistry" ]
9,678
[ "Periodic table", "Groups (periodic table)" ]
5,906
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycl...
Carbon dioxide
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]
8,921
[ "Molecules", "Environmental chemistry", "Signal transduction", "Gaseous signaling molecules", "Triatomic molecules", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "Matter" ]
5,910
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide
In chemistry, cyanide () is a chemical compound that contains a functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion . This anion is extremely poisonous. Soluble salts such as sodium...
Cyanide
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]
3,671
[ "Matter", "Toxicology", "Anions", "Chemical weapons", "Blood agents", "Ions" ]
5,914
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis
Catalysis () is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed by the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area, and temp...
Catalysis
[ "Chemistry" ]
5,147
[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics", "Chemical reaction engineering" ]
5,916
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumference
In geometry, the circumference (from Latin circumferens, meaning "carrying around") is the perimeter of a circle or ellipse. The circumference is the arc length of the circle, as if it were opened up and straightened out to a line segment. More generally, the perimeter is the curve length around any closed figure. Cir...
Circumference
[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]
722
[ "Geometric measurement", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Geometry", "Circles", "Pi" ]
5,918
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20mechanics
Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the deformation of and transmission of forces through materials modeled as a continuous medium (also called a continuum) rather than as discrete particles. Continuum mechanics deals with deformable bodies, as opposed to rigid bodies. A continuum model assu...
Continuum mechanics
[ "Physics" ]
4,907
[ "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Continuum mechanics" ]
5,926
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation
A computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computation are mathematical equation solving and the execution of computer algorithms. Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers. Computer...
Computation
[ "Mathematics" ]
1,171
[ "Computability theory", "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical logic", "Theoretical computer science" ]
5,931
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling
Cycling, also known as bicycling or biking, is the activity of riding a bicycle or other type of cycle. It encompasses the use of human-powered vehicles such as balance bikes, unicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles. Cycling is practised around the world for purposes including transport, recreation, exercise, and compet...
Cycling
[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]
7,674
[ "Emissions reduction", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Sustainable transport", "Greenhouse gases" ]
5,932
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with , H has ...
Carbohydrate
[ "Chemistry" ]
6,693
[ "Organic compounds", "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Carbohydrates", "Carbohydrate chemistry" ]
5,936
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20thermodynamics
Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathe...
Chemical thermodynamics
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]
3,312
[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Chemical engineering", "Thermodynamics", "nan", "Chemical engineering thermodynamics", "Chemical thermodynamics", "Branches of thermodynamics", "Physical chemistry" ]
5,946
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuistry
Casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending abstract rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also used pejoratively to criticise the use of clever but unsoun...
Casuistry
[ "Biology" ]
2,489
[ "Behavior", "Human behavior", "Applied ethics" ]
5,948
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20input%20method
Several input methods allow the use of Chinese characters with computers. Most allow selection of characters based either on their pronunciation or their graphical shape. Phonetic input methods are easier to learn but are less efficient, while graphical methods allow faster input, but have a steep learning curve. Othe...
Chinese input method
[ "Technology" ]
1,531
[ "Input methods", "Natural language and computing" ]
5,961
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20psychology
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of human mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism, which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were out...
Cognitive psychology
[ "Biology" ]
5,498
[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior", "Cognitive psychology" ]
5,962
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or coma surrounding the nucleus, and sometimes a tail of gas and dust gas blown out from the coma. These phenomena a...
Comet
[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]
11,134
[ "Concepts in astronomy", "Outer space", "Solar System" ]
5,966
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost
Compost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as bacte...
Compost
[ "Chemistry" ]
5,724
[ "Biodegradation", "Biodegradable waste management" ]
5,974
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide () typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral. It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. Corundum ...
Corundum
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]
1,687
[ "Luminescence", "Polymorphism (materials science)", "Luminescent minerals", "Materials science", "Materials", "Superhard materials", "Matter" ]
5,980
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20sink
A carbon sink is a natural or artificial carbon sequestration process that "removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere". These sinks form an important part of the natural carbon cycle. An overarching term is carbon pool, which is all the places where carbon on Earth can ...
Carbon sink
[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]
1,358
[ "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon dioxide", "Biochemistry", "Photosynthesis" ]
5,987
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is a type of fossil fuel, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat which is converted into c...
Coal
[ "Chemistry" ]
8,843
[ "Fuels", "Chemical energy sources" ]
5,993
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20bond
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds, or some combination of these effects. Chemical bonds are des...
Chemical bond
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]
5,203
[ "Quantum chemistry", "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Condensed matter physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", "Chemical bonding", " and optical physics" ]
6,011
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky%20hierarchy
The Chomsky hierarchy in the fields of formal language theory, computer science, and linguistics, is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax. The linguist Noam Choms...
Chomsky hierarchy
[ "Mathematics" ]
1,154
[ "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic" ]
6,014
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray%20tube
A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a phosphorescent screen. The images may represent electrical waveforms on an oscilloscope, a frame of video on an analog television set (TV), digital raster graphics on a c...
Cathode-ray tube
[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]
24,545
[ "Information and communications technology", "Electronic engineering", "Television technology", "Display technology" ]
6,015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In addition, macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical shape, consis...
Crystal
[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]
3,947
[ "Crystallography", "Crystals" ]
6,016
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytosine
Cytosine () (symbol C or Cyt) is one of the four nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and a keto group at position 2). The nucleoside o...
Cytosine
[ "Chemistry" ]
802
[ "Amines", "Bases (chemistry)", "Functional groups" ]
6,019
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20chemistry
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids. The importance of this subject s...
Computational chemistry
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Technology" ]
5,910
[ "Computational fields of study", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Computational physics", "Theoretical chemistry", "Computational chemistry", "Computing and society", "nan", "Physical chemistry", "Chemical physics" ]
6,026
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable%20set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers. Equivalently, a set is countable if there exists an injective function from it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural...
Countable set
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,629
[ "Cardinal numbers", "Basic concepts in infinite set theory", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Numbers" ]
6,034
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn%E2%80%93Ingold%E2%80%93Prelog%20priority%20rules
In organic chemistry, the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) sequence rules (also the CIP priority convention; named after Robert Sidney Cahn, Christopher Kelk Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog) are a standard process to completely and unequivocally name a stereoisomer of a molecule. The purpose of the CIP system is to assign an R or ...
Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules
[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]
3,679
[ "Spacetime", "Stereochemistry", "Space", "nan" ]
6,038
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20engineering
Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of the operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of chemistry, ...
Chemical engineering
[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]
1,813
[ "Process engineering", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering by discipline", "nan" ]
6,042
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20space
In mathematics, specifically general topology, compactness is a property that seeks to generalize the notion of a closed and bounded subset of Euclidean space. The idea is that a compact space has no "punctures" or "missing endpoints", i.e., it includes all limiting values of points. For example, the open interval (0,1...
Compact space
[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]
5,624
[ "General topology", "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology", "Space", "Geometry", "Spacetime" ]
6,050
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20equations%20in%20classical%20mechanics
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. The subject is based upon a three-dimensional Euclidean space with fixed axes, ...
List of equations in classical mechanics
[ "Physics" ]
980
[ "Equations of physics", "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics", "Lists of physics equations" ]
6,058
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen
Collagen () is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissues of many animals. It is the most abundant protein in mammals, making up 25% to 35% of protein content. Amino acids are bound together to form a triple helix of elongated fibril known as a collagen helix. It is mostly found i...
Collagen
[ "Biology" ]
6,528
[ "Senescence", "Aging-related proteins" ]
6,061
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNO%20cycle
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen; sometimes called Bethe–Weizsäcker cycle after Hans Albrecht Bethe and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton chain reaction (p–p cycle), which is more efficien...
CNO cycle
[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]
3,692
[ "Nuclear fission", "Astrophysics", "Nucleosynthesis", "Nuclear fusion reactions", "Nuclear physics", "Nuclear fusion" ]
6,085
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%20sequence
In mathematics, a Cauchy sequence is a sequence whose elements become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. More precisely, given any small positive distance, all excluding a finite number of elements of the sequence are less than that given distance from each other. Cauchy sequences are named aft...
Cauchy sequence
[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]
2,687
[ "Sequences and series", "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical structures", "Functions and mappings", "Convergence (mathematics)", "Abstract algebra", "Mathematical objects", "Topology", "Space", "Mathematical relations", "Geometry", "Spacetime", "Algebra" ]
6,088
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era. Common Era and Before the Common Era are alternatives to the original Anno Domini (AD) and Before Christ (BC) notations used for the same c...
Common Era
[ "Physics" ]
3,651
[ "Spacetime", "Chronology", "Physical quantities", "Time" ]
6,099
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic%20acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group () attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as or , sometimes as with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur wi...
Carboxylic acid
[ "Chemistry" ]
3,778
[ "Carboxylic acids", "Functional groups" ]
6,102
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan
Cyan () is the color between blue and green on the visible spectrum of light. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength between 500 and 520 nm, between the wavelengths of green and blue. In the subtractive color system, or CMYK color model, which can be overlaid to produce all colors in paint and color print...
Cyan
[ "Physics" ]
2,146
[ "Optical spectrum", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Electromagnetic spectrum" ]
6,111
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20vapor%20deposition
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a vacuum deposition method used to produce high-quality, and high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decom...
Chemical vapor deposition
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]
5,125
[ "Glass chemistry", "Thin film deposition", "Microtechnology", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Vacuum", "Chemical processes", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "nan", "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical vapor deposition", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering", "Glass coating and...
6,113
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20rule
In calculus, the chain rule is a formula that expresses the derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions and in terms of the derivatives of and . More precisely, if is the function such that for every , then the chain rule is, in Lagrange's notation, or, equivalently, The chain rule may also be ...
Chain rule
[ "Mathematics" ]
3,867
[ "Theorems in mathematical analysis", "Mathematical analysis", "Theorems in calculus", "Calculus", "Mathematical problems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical theorems" ]
6,115
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%20versus%20NP%20problem
The P versus NP problem is a major unsolved problem in theoretical computer science. Informally, it asks whether every problem whose solution can be quickly verified can also be quickly solved. Here, "quickly" means an algorithm that solves the task and runs in polynomial time (as opposed to, say, exponential time) ex...
P versus NP problem
[ "Mathematics" ]
6,469
[ "Mathematical analysis", "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Unsolved problems in computer science", "Conjectures", "Millennium Prize Problems", "Mathematical optimization", "Mathematical problems" ]
6,118
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot%20heat%20engine
A Carnot heat engine is a theoretical heat engine that operates on the Carnot cycle. The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824. The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically explored by Rudolf Clausius in 1857, work ...
Carnot heat engine
[ "Physics", "Technology" ]
3,517
[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Engines" ]
6,122
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20function
In mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a small variation of the argument induces a small variation of the value of the function. This implies there are no abrupt changes in value, known as discontinuities. More precisely, a function is continuous if arbitrarily small changes in its value can be a...
Continuous function
[ "Mathematics" ]
6,612
[ "Functions and mappings", "Calculus", "Theory of continuous functions", "Mathematical objects", "Topology", "Mathematical relations", "Types of functions" ]
6,123
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl%20%28mathematics%29
In vector calculus, the curl, also known as rotor, is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The curl at a point in the field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude and axis of the maximum circulation. Th...
Curl (mathematics)
[ "Mathematics" ]
4,049
[ "Mathematical analysis", "Differential operators" ]
6,136
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20monoxide
Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the simplest carbon oxide. In coordination complexes, the carbon monoxide ligand...
Carbon monoxide
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]
6,347
[ "Visibility", "Toxicology", "Physical quantities", "Molecules", "Smog", "Signal transduction", "Gaseous signaling molecules", "Industrial gases", "Chemical process engineering", "Diatomic molecules", "Matter" ]
6,138
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or a proposition that is proffered on a tentative basis without proof. Some conjectures, such as the Riemann hypothesis or Fermat's conjecture (now a theorem, proven in 1995 by Andrew Wiles), have shaped much of mathematical history as new areas of mathematics are developed ...
Conjecture
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,932
[ "Unsolved problems in mathematics", "Mathematical problems", "Conjectures", "nan" ]
6,172
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%20set
In mathematics, the Cantor set is a set of points lying on a single line segment that has a number of unintuitive properties. It was discovered in 1874 by Henry John Stephen Smith and mentioned by German mathematician Georg Cantor in 1883. Through consideration of this set, Cantor and others helped lay the foundation...
Cantor set
[ "Mathematics" ]
5,540
[ "Topological spaces", "Mathematical structures", "Topology", "Space (mathematics)" ]
6,173
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20number
In mathematics, a cardinal number, or cardinal for short, is what is commonly called the number of elements of a set. In the case of a finite set, its cardinal number, or cardinality is therefore a natural number. For dealing with the case of infinite sets, the infinite cardinal numbers have been introduced, which are ...
Cardinal number
[ "Mathematics" ]
4,476
[ "Cardinal numbers", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers", "Infinity" ]
6,174
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality
In mathematics, cardinality describes a relationship between sets which compares their relative size. For example, the sets and are the same size as they each contain 3 elements. Beginning in the late 19th century, this concept was generalized to infinite sets, which allows one to distinguish between different types ...
Cardinality
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,668
[ "Cardinal numbers", "Basic concepts in infinite set theory", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Basic concepts in set theory", "Numbers" ]
6,185
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Yeager
Brigadier General Charles Elwood Yeager ( , February 13, 1923December 7, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer, flying ace, and record-setting test pilot who in October 1947 became the first pilot in history confirmed to have exceeded the speed of sound in level flight. Yeager was raised in Hamlin, West Virginia...
Chuck Yeager
[ "Engineering" ]
6,086
[ "Experimental Aircraft Association", "Aerospace engineering organizations" ]
6,198
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20on%20Biological%20Diversity
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from gen...
Convention on Biological Diversity
[ "Biology" ]
7,563
[ "Anti-biopiracy treaties", "Convention on Biological Diversity", "Biodiversity", "Biopiracy" ]
6,201
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES
CITES (shorter name for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as the Washington Convention) is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals from the threats of international trade. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a...
CITES
[ "Biology" ]
5,692
[ "Biota by conservation status", "Endangered species" ]
6,203
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20Modification%20Convention
The Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD), formally the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, is an international treaty prohibiting the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting o...
Environmental Modification Convention
[ "Engineering" ]
1,376
[ "Planetary engineering", "Weather modification" ]
6,206
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable%20number
In mathematics, computable numbers are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm. They are also known as the recursive numbers, effective numbers, computable reals, or recursive reals. The concept of a computable real number was introduced by Émile Borel in...
Computable number
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,724
[ "Computability theory", "Mathematical logic" ]
6,207
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20current
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface. The moving particles are called charge carriers, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the co...
Electric current
[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]
4,650
[ "Electromagnetic quantities", "Physical quantities", "SI base quantities", "Quantity", "Electric current", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
6,211
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-sensitive%20grammar
A context-sensitive grammar (CSG) is a formal grammar in which the left-hand sides and right-hand sides of any production rules may be surrounded by a context of terminal and nonterminal symbols. Context-sensitive grammars are more general than context-free grammars, in the sense that there are languages that can be de...
Context-sensitive grammar
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,234
[ "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic" ]
6,212
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-sensitive%20language
In formal language theory, a context-sensitive language is a language that can be defined by a context-sensitive grammar (and equivalently by a noncontracting grammar). Context-sensitive is known as type-1 in the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages. Computational properties Computationally, a context-sensitive lan...
Context-sensitive language
[ "Mathematics" ]
1,010
[ "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic" ]
6,220
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle
A circle is a shape consisting of all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the centre. The distance between any point of the circle and the centre is called the radius. The length of a line segment connecting two points on the circle and passing through the centre is called the diameter. A...
Circle
[ "Mathematics" ]
5,837
[ "Circles", "Pi" ]
6,229
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus%20computer
Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer...
Colossus computer
[ "Technology" ]
5,814
[ "Serial computers", "Computers" ]
6,233
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected%20space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that are used to distinguish topological spaces. A subset of a topological space...
Connected space
[ "Mathematics" ]
3,354
[ "General topology", "Properties of topological spaces", "Space (mathematics)", "Topological spaces", "Topology" ]
6,239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction%20mapping
In mathematics, a contraction mapping, or contraction or contractor, on a metric space (M, d) is a function f from M to itself, with the property that there is some real number such that for all x and y in M, The smallest such value of k is called the Lipschitz constant of f. Contractive maps are sometimes called Li...
Contraction mapping
[ "Mathematics" ]
795
[ "Fixed points (mathematics)", "Mathematical analysis", "Topology", "Dynamical systems" ]
6,246
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent%20bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. For many molecule...
Covalent bond
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]
3,287
[ "Chemical bonding", "Condensed matter physics", "nan" ]
6,247
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation%20polymer
In polymer chemistry, condensation polymers are any kind of polymers whose process of polymerization involves a condensation reaction (i.e. a small molecule, such as water or methanol, is produced as a byproduct). Natural proteins as well as some common plastics such as nylon and PETE are formed in this way. Condensa...
Condensation polymer
[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]
603
[ "Polymerization reactions", "Polymer chemistry", "Materials science" ]
6,249
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20computing
Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas. Detailed computing timelines: before 1950, 1950...
Timeline of computing
[ "Technology" ]
196
[ "Computers", "History of computing", "Digital Revolution" ]
6,271
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. When chemical reactions occur, the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only ...
Chemical reaction
[ "Chemistry" ]
8,540
[ "nan" ]
6,295
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20theory
Chaos theory (or chaology) is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics. It focuses on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. These were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. C...
Chaos theory
[ "Technology" ]
9,685
[ "Computational fields of study", "Computing and society" ]
6,312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20wall
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier. Another vital role of the cell wall is to help ...
Cell wall
[ "Biology" ]
4,970
[ "Plant physiology", "Plants" ]
6,313
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20element
The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. Ancient cultures in Greece, Angola, Tibet, India, and Mali had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air"...
Classical element
[ "Astronomy" ]
3,543
[ "History of astrology", "History of astronomy" ]
6,314
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20%28classical%20element%29
Fire is one of the four classical elements along with earth, water and air in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Fire is considered to be both hot and dry and, according to Plato, is associated with the tetrahedron. Greek and Roman tradition Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and...
Fire (classical element)
[ "Astronomy" ]
1,644
[ "History of astrology", "History of astronomy" ]
6,315
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20%28classical%20element%29
Air or Wind is one of the four classical elements along with water, earth and fire in ancient Greek philosophy and in Western alchemy. Greek and Roman tradition According to Plato, it is associated with the octahedron; air is considered to be both hot and wet. The ancient Greeks used two words for air: aer meant the ...
Air (classical element)
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]
1,709
[ "Matter", "History of astronomy", "Phases of matter", "Statistical mechanics", "Gases", "History of astrology" ]
6,316
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20%28classical%20element%29
Water is one of the classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy along with air, earth and fire, in the Asian Indian system Panchamahabhuta, and in the Chinese cosmological and physiological system Wu Xing. In contemporary esoteric traditions, it is commonly associated with the qualities of emotion and intuition. Gr...
Water (classical element)
[ "Astronomy" ]
787
[ "History of astrology", "History of astronomy" ]
6,317
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20%28classical%20element%29
Earth is one of the classical elements, in some systems being one of the four along with air, fire, and water. European tradition Earth is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. It was commonly associated with qualities of heaviness, matter and the terrestrial world. Due to the ...
Earth (classical element)
[ "Astronomy" ]
922
[ "History of astrology", "History of astronomy" ]
6,329
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the mobile phase, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the stat...
Chromatography
[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]
8,085
[ "Chromatography", "Separation processes", "nan", "Biochemistry", "Chemical pathology" ]
6,339
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20biology
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. Cell biology is the study of the structural and f...
Cell biology
[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]
5,683
[ "Biochemistry", "Cell biology", "Molecular biology" ]
6,355
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to...
Chloroplast
[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]
20,621
[ "Symbiosis", "Endosymbiotic events", "Photosynthesis", "Plastids", "Biochemistry" ]
6,359
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux
Crux () is a constellation of the southern sky that is centred on four bright stars in a cross-shaped asterism commonly known as the Southern Cross. It lies on the southern end of the Milky Way's visible band. The name Crux is Latin for cross. Even though it is the smallest of all 88 modern constellations, Crux is amo...
Crux
[ "Astronomy" ]
5,237
[ "Crux", "Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius", "Southern constellations", "Constellations" ]
6,362
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetus
Cetus () is a constellation, sometimes called 'the whale' in English. The Cetus was a sea monster in Greek mythology which both Perseus and Heracles needed to slay. Cetus is in the region of the sky that contains other water-related constellations: Aquarius, Pisces and Eridanus. Features Ecliptic Cetus is not among t...
Cetus
[ "Astronomy" ]
1,676
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Cetus", "Constellations", "Sky regions", "Equatorial constellations" ]
6,363
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina%20%28constellation%29
Carina ( ) is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the keel of a ship, and it was the southern foundation of the larger constellation of Argo Navis (the ship Argo) until it was divided into three pieces, the other two being Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails of the ship). History and myt...
Carina (constellation)
[ "Astronomy" ]
2,486
[ "Southern constellations", "Constellations", "Constellations listed by Lacaille", "Carina (constellation)", "Sky regions" ]
6,364
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelopardalis
Camelopardalis is a large but faint constellation of the northern sky representing a giraffe. The constellation was introduced in 1612 or 1613 by Petrus Plancius. Some older astronomy books give Camelopardalus or Camelopardus as alternative forms of the name, but the version recognized by the International Astronomical...
Camelopardalis
[ "Astronomy" ]
1,532
[ "Camelopardalis", "Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius", "Constellations", "Northern constellations" ]
6,366
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis%20Major
Canis Major is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. In the second century, it was included in Ptolemy's 48 constellations, and is counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for "greater dog" in contrast to Canis Minor, the "lesser dog"; both figures are commonly represented as follow...
Canis Major
[ "Astronomy" ]
5,433
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Canis Major", "Southern constellations", "Constellations" ]
6,367
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis%20Minor
Canis Minor is a small constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. In the second century, it was included as an asterism, or pattern, of two stars in Ptolemy's 48 constellations, and it is counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for "lesser dog", in contrast to Canis Major, the "greater do...
Canis Minor
[ "Astronomy" ]
4,187
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Canis Minor", "Constellations", "Sky regions", "Equatorial constellations" ]
6,371
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus
Centaurus is a bright constellation in the southern sky. One of the largest constellations, Centaurus was included among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. In Greek mythology, Centaurus represents a centaur; a creature that is half hu...
Centaurus
[ "Astronomy" ]
3,361
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Centaurus", "Southern constellations", "Constellations", "Sky regions" ]
6,416
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact%20crater
An impact crater is a depression in the surface of a solid astronomical body formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object. In contrast to volcanic craters, which result from explosion or internal collapse, impact craters typically have raised rims and floors that are lower in elevation than the surrounding te...
Impact crater
[ "Astronomy" ]
5,014
[ "Astronomical objects", "Impact craters" ]
6,420
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20Borealis
Corona Borealis is a small constellation in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its brightest stars form a semicircular arc. Its Latin name, inspired by its shape, means "northern crown". In...
Corona Borealis
[ "Astronomy" ]
4,354
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Constellations", "Northern constellations", "Corona Borealis", "Sky regions" ]
6,421
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus%20%28constellation%29
Cygnus is a northern constellation on the plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized Greek word for swan. Cygnus is one of the most recognizable constellations of the northern summer and autumn, and it features a prominent asterism known as the Northern Cross (in contrast to the Southern Cross). Cygnu...
Cygnus (constellation)
[ "Astronomy" ]
5,061
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Cygnus (constellation)", "Constellations", "Northern constellations", "Sky regions" ]
6,423
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie
The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter of water by one degree Celsius (or one kelvin). The small calorie or gram calo...
Calorie
[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]
1,640
[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Non-SI metric units", "Quantity", "Units of energy", "Thermodynamics", "Units of measurement" ]
6,424
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona%20Australis
Corona Australis is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its Latin name means "southern crown", and it is the southern counterpart of Corona Borealis, the northern crown. It is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations....
Corona Australis
[ "Astronomy" ]
3,994
[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Southern constellations", "Constellations", "Corona Australis", "Sky regions" ]
6,432
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelum
Caelum is a faint constellation in the southern sky, introduced in the 1750s by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and counted among the 88 modern constellations. Its name means "chisel" in Latin, and it was formerly known as Caelum Sculptorium ("Engraver's Chisel"); it is a rare word, unrelated to the far more common Latin ca...
Caelum
[ "Astronomy" ]
1,962
[ "Caelum", "Southern constellations", "Constellations", "Constellations listed by Lacaille" ]
6,435
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canes%20Venatici
Canes Venatici ( ) is one of the 88 constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is a small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Its name is Latin for 'hunting dogs', and the constellation is often depicted in illustrations as representing the ...
Canes Venatici
[ "Astronomy" ]
1,914
[ "Canes Venatici", "Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius", "Constellations", "Northern constellations" ]
6,436
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleon
Chamaeleon () is a small constellation in the deep southern sky. It is named after the chameleon, a kind of lizard. It was first defined in the 16th century. History Chamaeleon was one of twelve constellations created by Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman. It fi...
Chamaeleon
[ "Astronomy" ]
733
[ "Chamaeleon", "Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius", "Southern constellations", "Constellations" ]
6,437
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural and signaling component of animal cell membranes. In vertebrates, hepatic cells typ...
Cholesterol
[ "Chemistry" ]
7,471
[ "Receptor agonists", "Neurochemistry" ]
6,445
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen
A carcinogen () is any agent that promotes the development of cancer. Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals, naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and biologic agents such as viruses and bacteria. Most carcinogens act by creating mutations in DNA that disr...
Carcinogen
[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Environmental_science" ]
4,250
[ "Radiation health effects", "Toxicology", "Radiation effects", "Carcinogens", "Radioactivity" ]
6,446
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third appr...
Camouflage
[ "Biology" ]
10,255
[ "Camouflage", "Behavior", "Biological interactions", "Biological defense mechanisms", "Antipredator adaptations", "nan", "Ethology" ]
6,449
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock
A clock or chronometer is a device that measures and displays time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units such as the day, the lunar month, and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millen...
Clock
[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]
10,644
[ "Machines", "Physical quantities", "Time", "Time measurement systems", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments", "Physical systems", "Spacetime" ]
6,512
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion
Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party. It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the free will of an individual in order to induce a desired response. These actions may include extortion, blackmail, or...
Coercion
[ "Biology" ]
845
[ "Behavior", "Abuse", "Harassment and bullying", "Aggression", "Human behavior" ]
6,513
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server%20model
The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may be ...
Client–server model
[ "Engineering" ]
3,143
[ "Network architecture", "Computer networks engineering" ]
6,516
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological%20argument
In the philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based upon observational and factual statements concerning the universe (or some general category of its natural contents) typically in the context of causation, change, contingency or finitude. In referring to reason and obs...
Cosmological argument
[ "Physics" ]
5,344
[]
6,543
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore
A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose nutrition and energy requirements are met by consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) as food, whether through predation or scavenging. Nomenc...
Carnivore
[ "Biology" ]
2,315
[ "Behavior", "Animals by eating behaviors", "Biological interactions", "Eating behaviors", "Behavioural sciences", "Carnivory", "nan", "Ethology" ]
6,556
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprime%20integers
In number theory, two integers and are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides does not divide , and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. One says also is pr...
Coprime integers
[ "Mathematics" ]
2,084
[ "Discrete mathematics", "Number theory" ]
6,557
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20unit
The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the operation of the processor. A CU typically uses a binary decoder to convert coded instructions into timing and control signals that direct the operation of the other units (memory, arithmetic logic unit and input and out...
Control unit
[ "Engineering" ]
4,881
[ "Electronic engineering", "Digital electronics" ]
6,562
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20proof
A conditional proof is a proof that takes the form of asserting a conditional, and proving that the antecedent of the conditional necessarily leads to the consequent. Overview The assumed antecedent of a conditional proof is called the conditional proof assumption (CPA). Thus, the goal of a conditional proof is to dem...
Conditional proof
[ "Mathematics" ]
367
[ "Methods of proof", "nan", "Proof theory" ]
6,563
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction%20introduction
Conjunction introduction (often abbreviated simply as conjunction and also called and introduction or adjunction) is a valid rule of inference of propositional logic. The rule makes it possible to introduce a conjunction into a logical proof. It is the inference that if the proposition is true, and the proposition is...
Conjunction introduction
[ "Mathematics" ]
217
[ "Rules of inference", "Theorems in propositional logic", "Theorems in the foundations of mathematics", "Proof theory" ]
6,596
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20vision
Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g. in the form of decisions. "Understanding" in this context signifies the transformation of ...
Computer vision
[ "Engineering" ]
6,599
[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Packaging machinery", "Industrial machinery", "Computer vision" ]