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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
6,617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, in general topology, compactification is the process or result of making a topological space into a compact space. A compact space is a space in which every open cover of the space contains a finite subcover. The methods of compactification are various, but each is a way of controlling points from "goin...	Compactification (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,042	[ "Topology", "Compactification (mathematics)" ]
6,620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent%20space	In differential geometry, the cotangent space is a vector space associated with a point on a smooth (or differentiable) manifold ; one can define a cotangent space for every point on a smooth manifold. Typically, the cotangent space, is defined as the dual space of the tangent space at , , although there are more dir...	Cotangent space	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,077	[ "Tensors", "Topology", "Differential topology" ]
6,627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Desktop%20Environment	The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix and OpenVMS, based on the Motif widget toolkit. It was part of the UNIX 98 Workstation Product Standard, and was for a long time the Unix desktop associated with commercial Unix workstations. It helped to influence early implementations of successor...	Common Desktop Environment	[ "Technology" ]	1,462	[ "OpenVMS", "Computing platforms" ]
6,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20%28computing%29	In computer architecture, a bus (historically also called a data highway or databus) is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers. It encompasses both hardware (e.g., wires, optical fiber) and software, including communication protocols. At its core, a bus is a...	Bus (computing)	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,378	[ "Electronic engineering", "Interfaces", "Communication interfaces", "Digital electronics" ]
6,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane%20toad	The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus Rhin...	Cane toad	[ "Biology" ]	5,923	[ "Pests (organism)", "Agricultural pests" ]
6,670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement	A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, pro...	Cement	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	8,991	[ "Structural engineering", "Building engineering", "Construction", "Materials", "Building materials", "Concrete", "Matter", "Architecture" ]
6,678	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat	The cat (Felis catus), also referred to as the domestic cat, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species of the family Felidae. Advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that the domestication of the cat occurred in the Near East around 7500 BC. It is commonly kept as a pet and...	Cat	[ "Biology" ]	9,683	[ "Model organisms", "Animal models" ]
6,682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade	In biological phylogenetics, a clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. In the taxonomical literature, sometimes the Latin form cladus (plural cladi) i...	Clade	[ "Biology" ]	1,720	[ "Bioinformatics", "Evolutionary biology terminology", "Taxonomy (biology)", "Phylogenetics" ]
6,693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofinality	In mathematics, especially in order theory, the cofinality cf(A) of a partially ordered set A is the least of the cardinalities of the cofinal subsets of A. This definition of cofinality relies on the axiom of choice, as it uses the fact that every non-empty set of cardinal numbers has a least member. The cofinality o...	Cofinality	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,197	[ "Ordinal numbers", "Cardinal numbers", "Set theory", "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Order theory", "Numbers" ]
6,695	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel	A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the syst...	Citadel	[ "Engineering" ]	1,788	[ "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages" ]
6,759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free%20grammar	In formal language theory, a context-free grammar (CFG) is a formal grammar whose production rules can be applied to a nonterminal symbol regardless of its context. In particular, in a context-free grammar, each production rule is of the form with a single nonterminal symbol, and a string of terminals and/or nonter...	Context-free grammar	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	5,834	[ "Software engineering", "Formal languages", "Mathematical logic", "Programming language topics" ]
10,885,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine	Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP) is a piperazine derivative often found as an impurity in the recreational stimulant drug benzylpiperazine (BZP). Presence of DBZP is a marker for low quality or badly made BZP. It can be made as a reaction byproduct during BZP synthesis, either because the reaction has been run at too high a t...	Dibenzylpiperazine	[ "Chemistry" ]	260	[ "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
10,886,039	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPower	SunPower Corporation is an American provider of photovoltaic solar energy generation systems and battery energy storage products, primarily for residential customers. The company, headquartered in San Jose, California, was founded in 1985 by Richard Swanson, an electrical engineering professor from Stanford University....	SunPower	[ "Engineering" ]	1,508	[ "Photovoltaics manufacturers", "Engineering companies" ]
10,886,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivialism	Trivialism is the logical theory that all statements (also known as propositions) are true and, consequently, that all contradictions of the form "p and not p" (e.g. the ball is red and not red) are true. In accordance with this, a trivialist is a person who believes everything is true. In classical logic, trivialism ...	Trivialism	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,265	[ "Theories of deduction" ]
10,886,829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid%20%28video%20games%29	In video games, a raid is a type of mission in Massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) where a much larger number than usual of people specifically gather in an attempt to defeat either: (a) another number of people at player-vs-player (PVP), (b) a series of computer-controlled enemies (non-player cha...	Raid (video games)	[ "Technology" ]	632	[ "Computing terminology", "Video game terminology" ]
10,888,763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann%20kiln	The Hoffmann kiln is a series of batch process kilns. Hoffmann kilns are the most common kiln used in production of bricks and some other ceramic products. Patented by German Friedrich Hoffmann for brickmaking in 1858, it was later used for lime-burning, and was known as the Hoffmann continuous kiln. Construction and...	Hoffmann kiln	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	1,235	[ "Chemical equipment", "Lime kilns", "Kilns" ]
10,889,413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20distribution%20in%20wireless%20sensor%20networks	Key distribution is an important issue in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. WSNs are networks of small, battery-powered, memory-constraint devices named sensor nodes, which have the capability of wireless communication over a restricted area. Due to memory and power constraints, they need to be well arranged to bui...	Key distribution in wireless sensor networks	[ "Technology" ]	556	[ "Wireless networking", "Wireless sensor network" ]
10,889,931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%201613	IEEE-1613 is the IEEE standard detailing environmental and testing requirements for communications networking devices in electric power substations. The standard is sponsored by the IEEE Power & Energy Society. External links (current [2009] version) (2011 amendments to current version) (superseded by 2009 version...	IEEE 1613	[ "Technology" ]	65	[ "Computer standards", "IEEE standards" ]
10,891,311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20G.%20Marshall	Alan G. Marshall is an American analytical chemist who has devoted his scientific career to developing a scientific technique known as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, which he co-invented. He was born in Bluffton, Ohio, in 1944, and earned his bachelor's in chemistry from Northwes...	Alan G. Marshall	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	313	[ "Biochemists", "Mass spectrometry", "Spectrum (physical sciences)", "Mass spectrometrists" ]
10,892,179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoalteromonas%20haloplanktis	Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis is a Gram-negative, psychrophilic marine bacterium. References External links Type strain of Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Alteromonadales Bacteria described in 1944 Psychrophiles Gram-negative bacteria Marine microorganisms	Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis	[ "Biology" ]	74	[ "Marine microorganisms", "Microorganisms" ]
10,892,778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLDER	POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances) is a passive optical imaging radiometer and polarimeter instrument developed by the French space agency CNES. Description The device was designed to observe solar radiation reflected by Earth's atmosphere, including studies of tropospheric aerosols,...	POLDER	[ "Engineering" ]	428	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Radiometry" ]
10,893,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappan%20architecture	Harappan architecture is the architecture of the Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization, an ancient society of people who lived during c. 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE in the Indus Valley of modern-day Pakistan and India. The civilization's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage syste...	Harappan architecture	[ "Engineering" ]	2,112	[ "Architectural history", "Architecture" ]
10,893,277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbacteriaceae	Microbacteriaceae is a family of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales. They are Gram-positive soil organisms. Genera The family Microbacteriaceae comprises the following genera: Agreia Evtushenko et al. 2001 Agrococcus Groth et al. 1996 Agromyces Gledhill and Casida 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) Allohumibacter Kim ...	Microbacteriaceae	[ "Biology" ]	768	[ "Soil biology" ]
10,893,579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavibacter%20michiganensis	Clavibacter michiganensis is an aerobic non-sporulating Gram-positive plant pathogenic actinomycete of the genus Clavibacter. Clavibacter michiganensis has several subspecies. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis causes substantial economic losses worldwide by damaging tomatoes and potatoes. Context Claviba...	Clavibacter michiganensis	[ "Biology" ]	1,876	[ "Soil biology" ]
10,893,762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathayibacter	Rathayibacter is a genus of bacteria of the order Actinomycetales which are gram-positive soil organisms. References Microbacteriaceae Soil biology Bacteria genera	Rathayibacter	[ "Biology" ]	37	[ "Soil biology" ]
10,893,881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathayibacter%20tritici	Rathayibacter tritici is a Gram-positive soil bacterium. It is a plant pathogen and causes spike blight in wheat. References External links Type strain of Rathayibacter tritici at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Microbacteriaceae Soil biology Bacteria described in 1982	Rathayibacter tritici	[ "Biology" ]	63	[ "Soil biology" ]
10,893,891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauma%20%28trade%20fair%29	The bauma (International Trade Fair for Construction Machinery, Building Material Machines, Mining Machines, Construction Vehicles and Construction Equipment) is the world's largest trade fair in the construction industry. The trade fair, which can be visited by anyone, is held every three years on the grounds of the N...	Bauma (trade fair)	[ "Engineering" ]	800	[ "Construction", "Construction equipment", "Industrial machinery" ]
10,894,247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublecortin	Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, also known as doublin or lissencephalin-X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCX gene. Function Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons in embryonic and adult cortical structures. Neuronal pr...	Doublecortin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	708	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Protein classification", "Proteins", "Molecular biology", "Protein families" ]
10,894,971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio%20natriegens	Vibrio natriegens is a Gram-negative marine bacterium. It was first isolated from salt marsh mud. It is a salt-loving organism (halophile) requiring about 2% NaCl for growth. It reacts well to the presence of sodium ions which appear to stimulate growth in Vibrio species, to stabilise the cell membrane, and to affect s...	Vibrio natriegens	[ "Biology" ]	632	[ "Marine microorganisms", "Microorganisms" ]
10,895,090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Highway%20Maintenance%20Construction%20Technology%20Research%20Laboratory	The Advanced Highway Maintenance Construction Technology Research Center (AHMCT) is a research institute at the University of California, Davis. They perform transportation-related research in highway maintenance, transportation infrastructure, structures, and roadways. They are funded through public and private resear...	Advanced Highway Maintenance Construction Technology Research Laboratory	[ "Engineering" ]	75	[ "Civil engineering", "Transportation engineering", "Industrial engineering" ]
10,895,294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adtran	Adtran, Inc. is an American fiber networking and telecommunications company headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. It is a vendor of networking solutions that address a range of applications. Its customers include communications service providers, governments, enterprises and utilities. History Adtran was founded in 1...	Adtran	[ "Technology" ]	864	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
10,895,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtobacterium%20flaccumfaciens	Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes disease on a variety of plants. Gram-positive bacteria characteristics include small irregular rods, lateral flagella, the ability to persist in aerobic environments, and cells containing catalase. In the interest of studying pathogenicity in plants...	Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens	[ "Biology" ]	991	[ "Soil biology" ]
10,895,466	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206520	NGC 6520 is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Sagittarius, about 4° to the east of the Galactic Center. With an apparent visual magnitude of 7.6 and an angular size of , it can be viewed with binoculars or a small telescope. Just to the west of this cluster is the dark nebula Barnard 86, dubbed ...	NGC 6520	[ "Astronomy" ]	250	[ "Sagittarius (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
10,895,641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206530	NGC 6530 is a young open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Sagittarius, located some 4,300 light years from the Sun. It exists within the H II region known as the Lagoon Nebula, or Messier 8, and spans an angular diameter of . The nebulosity was first discovered by G. B. Hodierna prior to 1654, then re-...	NGC 6530	[ "Astronomy" ]	479	[ "Sagittarius (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
10,895,711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206709	NGC 6709 is an open cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, some 5° to the southwest of the star Zeta Aquilae. It is situated toward the center of the galaxy at a distance of . This cluster has a Trumpler class of IV 2 m, and is considered moderately rich with 305 member stars. It is around 141 mil...	NGC 6709	[ "Astronomy" ]	163	[ "Aquila (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
10,895,769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotensin-II	Urotensin-II (U-II) is a peptide ligand that is the strongest known vasoconstrictor. Because of the involvement of the UII system in multiple biological systems such as the cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, and renal, it represents a promising target for the development of new drugs. In humans, Urotensin-2 is encode...	Urotensin-II	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,068	[ "Biomolecules by chemical classification", "Peptides", "Molecular biology" ]
10,895,788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%206755	NGC 6755 is an open cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Aquila, positioned about 3° to the east of the star Delta Aquilae. It was discovered by the Anglo-German astronomer William Herschel on July 30, 1785 and is located at a distance of 8,060 light years from the Sun. NGC 6756 lies to the northeast of...	NGC 6755	[ "Astronomy" ]	215	[ "Aquila (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
10,896,054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIA%20Eden	VIA Eden is a variant of VIA's C3/C7 x86 processors, designed to be used in embedded devices. They have smaller package sizes, lower power consumption, and somewhat lower computing performance than their C equivalents, due to reduced clock rates. They are often used in EPIA mini-ITX, nano-ITX, and Pico-ITX motherboards...	VIA Eden	[ "Technology" ]	168	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
10,896,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBIX	oBIX (for Open Building Information Exchange) is a standard for RESTful Web Services-based interfaces to building control systems. oBIX is about reading and writing data over a network of devices using XML and URIs, within a framework specifically designed for building automation. Building control systems include thos...	OBIX	[ "Engineering" ]	1,426	[ "Building engineering", "Building automation", "Automation" ]
10,896,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatium	Chromatium is a genus of photoautotrophic Gram-negative bacteria which are found in water. The cells are straight rod-shaped or slightly curved. They belong to the purple sulfur bacteria and oxidize sulfide to produce sulfur which is deposited in intracellular granules of the cytoplasm. References External links Chr...	Chromatium	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	103	[ "Bacteria", "Photosynthesis", "Phototrophic bacteria" ]
10,896,999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsite%20%28ecology%29	A microsite is a term used in ecology to describe a pocket within an environment with unique features, conditions or characteristics. Classifying different microsites may depend on temperature, humidity, sunlight, nutrient availability, soil physical characteristics, vegetation cover, etc. Being a sub environment with...	Microsite (ecology)	[ "Biology" ]	668	[ "Ecology terminology" ]
10,897,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healer%20%28video%20games%29	A healer is a type of character class in video gaming. When a game includes a health game mechanic and multiple classes, often one of the classes will be designed around the restoration of allies' health, known as healing, in order to delay or prevent their defeat. Such a class can be referred to as a healer. In add...	Healer (video games)	[ "Technology" ]	1,526	[ "Computing terminology", "Video game terminology" ]
10,897,286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20B.%20Pacejka	Hans Bastiaan Pacejka (12 September 1934 – 17 September 2017) was an expert in vehicle system dynamics and particularly in tire dynamics, fields in which his works are now standard references. He was Professor emeritus at Delft University of Technology in Delft, Netherlands. Magic Formula tire models Pacejka develope...	Hans B. Pacejka	[ "Engineering" ]	735	[ "Automotive engineering", "Automotive engineers" ]
10,897,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riveting%20machine	A riveting machine is used to automatically set (squeeze) rivets in order to join materials together. The riveting machine offers greater consistency, productivity, and lower cost when compared to manual riveting. Types Automatic feed riveting machines include a hopper and feed track which automatically delivers and ...	Riveting machine	[ "Physics" ]	971	[ "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Hydraulic tools" ]
14,525,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotensin%20receptor%201	Neurotensin receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTSR1 gene. For a crystal structure of NTS1, see pdb code 4GRV. In addition, high-resolution crystal structures have been determined in complex with the peptide full agonist NTS8-13, the non-peptide full agonist SRI-9829, the partial agonist RTI-...	Neurotensin receptor 1	[ "Chemistry" ]	403	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,526,528	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20Communication%20Prize	The Science Communication Prize is an annual award in science writing given by the European Commission. It was begun as a Descartes Prize in 2004, but in 2007 was separated to its own prize. It is a "prize of prizes" that is only open to winners of other award schemes from the year preceding the award. Eligible forms...	Science Communication Prize	[ "Technology" ]	180	[ "Science and technology awards", "Science award stubs", "Science communication awards" ]
14,526,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards%20of%20Fundamental%20Astronomy	The Standards of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) software libraries are a collection of subroutines that implement official International Astronomical Union (IAU) algorithms for astronomical computations. As of February 2009 they are available in both Fortran and C source code format. Capabilities The subroutines in the...	Standards of Fundamental Astronomy	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	189	[ "Classical mechanics stubs", "Works about astronomy", "Classical mechanics", "Astrophysics", "Astronomy stubs", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Astrophysics stubs", "Astronomy software", "Numerical software", "Coordinate systems", "Celestial mechanics", "Mathematical software" ]
14,526,859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installment%20sales%20method	The installment sales method is one of several approaches used to recognize revenue under the US GAAP, specifically when revenue and expense are recognized at the time of cash collection rather than at the time of sale. Under the US GAAP, it is the principal method of revenue recognition when the recognition occurs sub...	Installment sales method	[ "Technology" ]	750	[ "Information systems", "Accounting systems" ]
14,526,992	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%203%27%2C5%27-bisphosphate	Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is a form of an adenosine nucleotide with two phosphate groups attached to different carbons in the ribose ring. This is distinct from adenosine diphosphate, where the two phosphate groups are attached in a chain to the 5' carbon atom in the ring. Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is produced a...	Adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	[ "Chemistry" ]	199	[ "Sulfur metabolism", "Metabolism" ]
14,527,002	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaiyama%20Taxol%20total%20synthesis	The Mukaiyama taxol total synthesis published by the group of Teruaki Mukaiyama of the Tokyo University of Science between 1997 and 1999 was the 6th successful taxol total synthesis. The total synthesis of Taxol is considered a hallmark in organic synthesis. This version is a linear synthesis with ring formation takin...	Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,030	[ "Total synthesis", "Chemical synthesis" ]
14,527,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RY4	P2Y purinoceptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RY4 gene. The product of this gene, P2Y4, belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. This family has several receptor subtypes with different pharmacological selectivity, which overlaps in some cases, for various adenosine and uridine nucleo...	P2RY4	[ "Chemistry" ]	128	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,527,928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrobiopterin	Dihydrobiopterin (BH2) is a pteridine compound produced in the synthesis of L-DOPA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is restored to the required cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin by dihydrobiopterin reductase. See also Pteridine Tetrahydrobiopterin Biomolecules	Dihydrobiopterin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	92	[ "Natural products", "Biotechnology stubs", "Organic compounds", "Biochemistry stubs", "Structural biology", "Biomolecules", "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
14,528,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20incomplete%20proofs	This page lists notable examples of incomplete or incorrect published mathematical proofs. Most of these were accepted as complete or correct for several years but later discovered to contain gaps or errors. There are both examples where a complete proof was later found, or where the alleged result turned out to be fal...	List of incomplete proofs	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,445	[ "Mathematical fallacies" ]
14,528,756	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bris%20sextant	The Bris sextant , or Bris Mini-Sextant, is not a sextant proper, but is a small angle-measuring device that can be used for navigation. The Bris is, however, a true reflecting instrument which derives its high accuracy from the same principle of double reflection which is fundamental to the octant, the true sextant, a...	Bris sextant	[ "Astronomy" ]	522	[ "Celestial navigation", "Astronomical instruments" ]
14,529,239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia	Zoophilia is a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality instead refers to cross-species sexual activity between humans and non-human animals. Due to the lack of research on the subject, it is difficult to conclude how prevalent bestiality is. Zoophilia, however, was es...	Zoophilia	[ "Biology" ]	5,490	[ "Human–animal interaction", "Animals", "Humans and other species" ]
14,529,261	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rademacher%20complexity	In computational learning theory (machine learning and theory of computation), Rademacher complexity, named after Hans Rademacher, measures richness of a class of sets with respect to a probability distribution. The concept can also be extended to real valued functions. Definitions Rademacher complexity of a set Giv...	Rademacher complexity	[ "Engineering" ]	1,632	[ "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Machine learning" ]
14,529,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like%20family%20peptide%20receptor%202	Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2, also known as RXFP2, is a human G-protein coupled receptor. The receptors for glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH; see MIM 136530) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; see MIM 188540) are G protein-coupled, 7-transmembrane receptors (GPCRs) w...	Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2	[ "Chemistry" ]	151	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,529,474	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPR50	G protein-coupled receptor 50 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GPR50 gene. Function GPR50 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins and is most closely related to the melatonin receptor. GPR50 is able to heterodimerize with both the MT1 and MT2 melatonin recepto...	GPR50	[ "Chemistry" ]	211	[ "G protein-coupled receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
14,529,799	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derris%20elliptica	Derris eliptica is a species of leguminous plant from Southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific islands, including New Guinea. The roots of D. elliptica contain rotenone, a strong insecticide and fish poison. Also known as derris powder and tuba root (in Indonesia), it was formerly used as an organic insecticide used t...	Derris elliptica	[ "Chemistry" ]	261	[ "Plant toxin insecticides", "Chemical ecology" ]
14,530,447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20sensing%20in%20snakes	The ability to sense infrared thermal radiation evolved independently in three different groups of snakes, consisting of the families of Boidae (boas), Pythonidae (pythons), and the subfamily Crotalinae (pit vipers). What is commonly called a pit organ allows these animals to essentially "see" radiant heat at wavelengt...	Infrared sensing in snakes	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,700	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Behavior", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Behavioural sciences", "Radiation", "Thermodynamics", "Ethology" ]
14,530,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%20value%20at%20risk	In financial mathematics, tail value at risk (TVaR), also known as tail conditional expectation (TCE) or conditional tail expectation (CTE), is a risk measure associated with the more general value at risk. It quantifies the expected value of the loss given that an event outside a given probability level has occurred. ...	Tail value at risk	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,657	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
14,531,635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris%28ethylenediamine%29cobalt%28III%29%20chloride	Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula [Co(en)3]Cl3 (where "en" is the abbreviation for ethylenediamine). It is the chloride salt of the coordination complex [Co(en)3]3+. This trication was important in the history of coordination chemistry because of its stability and its ...	Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride	[ "Chemistry" ]	701	[ "Chlorides", "Inorganic compounds", "Metal halides", "Salts" ]
14,532,358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%20coil%20unit	A fan coil unit (FCU), also known as a Vertical Fan Coil Unit (VFCU), is a device consisting of a heat exchanger (coil) and a fan. FCUs are commonly used in HVAC systems of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings that use ducted split air conditioning or central plant cooling. FCUs are typically connected to ...	Fan coil unit	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	2,368	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Mechanical engineering" ]
14,534,013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Dunn%20Institute%20of%20Biochemistry	The Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry at Cambridge University was a research institute endowed from the estate of Sir William Dunn, which was the origin of the Cambridge Department of Biochemistry. Created for Frederick Gowland Hopkins on the recommendation of Walter Morley Fletcher, it opened in 1924 and spu...	Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry	[ "Chemistry" ]	791	[ "Biochemistry research institutes", "Biochemistry organizations" ]
9,376,189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RITE%20Method	RITE Method, for Rapid Iterative Testing and Evaluation, typically referred to as "RITE" testing, is an iterative usability method. It was defined by Michael Medlock, Dennis Wixon, Bill Fulton, Mark Terrano and Ramon Romero. It has been publicly championed by Dennis Wixon while working in the games space for Microsof...	RITE Method	[ "Engineering" ]	342	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering stubs" ]
9,376,539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Kittyhawk	The Hewlett-Packard HP3013/3014, nicknamed Kittyhawk, was a hard disk drive introduced by Hewlett-Packard on June 9, 1992. At the time of its introduction, it was the smallest hard disk drive in the world, being only 1.3-inches in size. The drive was created by a collaboration between Hewlett-Packard, AT&T, and Citize...	HP Kittyhawk	[ "Technology" ]	523	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
9,376,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrographic%20microscope	A petrographic microscope is a type of optical microscope used to identify rocks and minerals in thin sections. The microscope is used in optical mineralogy and petrography, a branch of petrology which focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. The method includes aspects of polarized light microscopy (PLM). Descript...	Petrographic microscope	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	715	[ "Microscopes", "Measuring instruments", "Microscopy" ]
9,377,328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD19	B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule (Cluster of Differentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene CD19. In humans, CD19 is expressed in all B lineage cells. Contrary to some early doubts, huma...	CD19	[ "Biology" ]	2,280	[ "Biomarkers" ]
9,377,615	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20combing	Chromosome combing (also known as molecular combing or DNA combing) is a technique used to produce an array of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) which benefit from the uniformity of stretching, the easy access to ...	Chromosome combing	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,022	[ "Genetics techniques", "Biochemistry", "Genetic engineering", "nan" ]
9,377,661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20function	In mathematics, the support function hA of a non-empty closed convex set A in describes the (signed) distances of supporting hyperplanes of A from the origin. The support function is a convex function on . Any non-empty closed convex set A is uniquely determined by hA. Furthermore, the support function, as a functi...	Support function	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,081	[ "Mathematical objects", "Functions and mappings", "Types of functions", "Mathematical relations" ]
9,377,662	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex%20Mexicanus	The Codex Mexicanus is an early colonial Mexican pictorial manuscript. The Codex can be divided into several sections: The saints, the European calendar and zodiac. The Aztec calendar. Accounts in the Aztec pictographic writing system. A family tree of the rulers of Mexico. The history of the Mexica from their departu...	Codex Mexicanus	[ "Mathematics" ]	177	[ "Symbols", "Pictograms" ]
9,378,673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20protein%20structure%20prediction	In computational biology, de novo protein structure prediction refers to an algorithmic process by which protein tertiary structure is predicted from its amino acid primary sequence. The problem itself has occupied leading scientists for decades while still remaining unsolved. According to Science, the problem remains ...	De novo protein structure prediction	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	2,820	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Biological engineering", "Protein methods", "Protein biochemistry", "Bioinformatics", "Structural biology", "Protein structure" ]
9,378,828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Systems%20Processing%20Facility	The Space Systems Processing Facility (SSPF), originally the Space Station Processing Facility, is a three-story industrial building at Kennedy Space Center for the manufacture and processing of flight hardware, modules, structural components and solar arrays of the International Space Station, and future space station...	Space Systems Processing Facility	[ "Engineering" ]	1,930	[ "Manufacturing", "Mechanical engineering" ]
9,379,226	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Messinger%20Drown	Thomas Messinger Drown (March 19, 1842 – November 17, 1904) was the fourth University President of Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. He was also an analytical chemist and metallurgist. Background He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1842. He graduated from Central High School in Phil...	Thomas Messinger Drown	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,124	[ "Analytical chemists" ]
9,379,243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitfrost	Bitfrost is the security design specification for the OLPC XO, a low cost laptop intended for children in developing countries and developed by the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project. Bitfrost's main architect is Ivan Krstić. The first public specification was made available in February 2007. Bitfrost architecture P...	Bitfrost	[ "Mathematics" ]	848	[ "Cryptographic software", "Mathematical software" ]
9,379,584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20barn	Dutch barn is the name given to markedly different types of barns in the United States and Canada, and in the United Kingdom. In the United States, Dutch barns (a. k. a. New World Dutch barns) represent the oldest and rarest types of barns. There are relatively few—probably fewer than 600—of these barns still intact. C...	Dutch barn	[ "Technology" ]	1,596	[ "Structural system", "Timber framing" ]
9,379,691	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical%20of%20a%20module	In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc(M) of M. Definition Let R be a ring and M a left R-module. A submodul...	Radical of a module	[ "Mathematics" ]	347	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Module theory" ]
9,380,313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%27s%20mousetrap	Mousetrap is the name of a game introduced by the English mathematician Arthur Cayley. In the game, cards numbered through ("say thirteen" in Cayley's original article) are shuffled to place them in some random permutation and are arranged in a circle with their faces up. Then, starting with the first card, the pla...	Cayley's mousetrap	[ "Mathematics" ]	341	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Combinatorics stubs", "Mathematical games", "Combinatorics" ]
9,381,411	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation%20of%20European%20Environmental%20Engineering%20Societies	The Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies (CEEES) was created as a co-operative international organization for information exchange regarding environmental engineering between the various European societies in this field. The CEEES maintains an online public discussion forum for the interchange...	Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	780	[ "Chemical engineering", "Civil engineering", "Environmental engineering" ]
9,382,657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipator%20%28building%20design%29	A dissipator is a device mounted among some sections of a building to reduce strains during an earthquake by slowing down the shaking of the building. During an earthquake, the sections of the building are subjected to movements which are relative to each other (for instance, the relative movement between two different...	Dissipator (building design)	[ "Engineering" ]	129	[ "Structural engineering", "Earthquake engineering", "Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation", "Civil engineering" ]
9,383,513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation	In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-1/2 particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used whe...	Pauli equation	[ "Physics" ]	1,075	[ "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical physics", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Equations of physics" ]
9,383,996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Spatial%20Data%20Infrastructure	The United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure (UNSDI) is an institutional and technical mechanism for establishing system coherence for the exchange and applications of geospatial data and information for UN activities and supporting SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) development activities in Member Countries. Back...	United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure	[ "Technology" ]	931	[ "Information systems", "Geographic information systems" ]
9,384,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyfluorescein%20succinimidyl%20ester	Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) is a fluorescent cell staining dye. CFSE is cell permeable and covalently couples, via its succinimidyl group, to intracellular molecules, notably, to intracellular lysine residues and other amine sources. Due to this covalent coupling reaction, fluorescent CFSE can be retai...	Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	721	[ "Flow cytometry" ]
9,384,649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe%20PubMed%20Central	Europe PubMed Central (Europe PMC) is an open-access repository that contains millions of biomedical research works. It was known as UK PubMed Central until 1 November 2012. Service Europe PMC provides free access to more than 9.3 million full-text biomedical and life sciences research articles and over 43.3 million c...	Europe PubMed Central	[ "Biology" ]	653	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological databases" ]
9,384,714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20area	Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis. If one cut down all the merchantable trees on an acre at ...	Basal area	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	838	[ "Quantity", "Physical quantities", "Measurement", "Size" ]
9,384,730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20hacking	Body hacking is the application of the hacker ethic (often in combination with a high risk tolerance) in pursuit of enhancement or change to the body's functions through technological means, such as do-it-yourself cybernetic devices or by introducing biochemicals. Grinders are a self-identified community of body hack...	Body hacking	[ "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	1,441	[ "Genetic engineering", "Transhumanism", "Ethics of science and technology" ]
9,384,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%E2%80%93Williams%20series	The Irving–Williams series refers to the relative stabilities of complexes formed by transition metals. In 1953 Harry Irving and Robert Williams observed that the stability of complexes formed by divalent first-row transition metal ions generally increase across the period to a maximum stability at copper: Mn(II) < Fe(...	Irving–Williams series	[ "Chemistry" ]	644	[ "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
9,384,886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn-in%20oven	Burn-in ovens in electronics device fabrication, are designed for dynamic and static burn-in of integrated circuits and other electronic devices, including laser diodes. Typical sizes are from under ten to over , with air or nitrogen configurations. Operating temperatures can go over , and can use both single and multi...	Burn-in oven	[ "Engineering" ]	187	[ "Reliability engineering", "Semiconductor fabrication equipment", "Environmental testing", "Industrial ovens", "Industrial machinery" ]
9,384,929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnifiedPOS	UnifiedPOS or UPOS is a world wide vendor- and retailer-driven Open Standard's initiative under the National Retail Federation, Association of Retail Technology Standards (NRF-ARTS) to provide vendor-neutral software application interfaces (APIs) for numerous (as of 2011, thirty-six) point of sale (POS) peripherals (PO...	UnifiedPOS	[ "Technology" ]	775	[ "Retail point of sale systems", "Information systems" ]
9,385,035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retired%20number	Retiring the number of an athlete is an honor a team bestows upon a player, usually after the player has left the team, retires from the sport, or dies, by taking the number formerly worn on their uniform out of circulation. Once a number is retired, no future player from the team may wear it, unless the original playe...	Retired number	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,810	[ "Numbering in sports", "Mathematical objects", "Numbers" ]
9,385,138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20Retail%20Technology%20Standards	The Association for Retail Technology Standards (ARTS) is an international standards organization dedicated to reducing the costs of technology through standards. Since 1993, ARTS has been delivering application standards exclusively to the retail industry. ARTS has four standards The Standard Relational Data Model, U...	Association for Retail Technology Standards	[ "Technology" ]	363	[ "Retail point of sale systems", "Information systems" ]
9,385,162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSI%20Group	The British Standards Institution (BSI) is the national standards body of the United Kingdom. BSI produces technical standards on a wide range of products and services and also supplies standards certification services for business and personnel. History BSI was founded as the Engineering Standards Committee in Londo...	BSI Group	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	1,399	[ "Electrical engineering organizations", "Symbols", "International Electrotechnical Commission", "Certification marks" ]
9,385,188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20Institute%20of%20Biotechnology	The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, formerly the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre (MIB) is a research institute of the University of Manchester, England. Role The centre was designed to enable academic communities to explore specific areas of interdisciplinary quantitative bioscience, largely through the ...	Manchester Institute of Biotechnology	[ "Biology" ]	424	[ "Biotechnology in the United Kingdom", "Biotechnology by country" ]
9,385,454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20data%20infrastructure	A spatial data infrastructure (SDI), also called geospatial data infrastructure, is a data infrastructure implementing a framework of geographic data, metadata, users and tools that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Another definition is "the technology, policies...	Spatial data infrastructure	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	1,043	[ "IT infrastructure", "Spatial analysis", "Information technology", "Space", "Spacetime" ]
9,385,791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPOS	OPOS, full name OLE for Retail POS, a platform specific implementation of UnifiedPOS, is a point of sale device standard for Microsoft Windows operating systems that was initiated by Microsoft, NCR, Epson, and Fujitsu-ICL and is managed by the Association for Retail Technology Standards. The OPOS API was first publish...	OPOS	[ "Technology" ]	421	[ "Retail point of sale systems", "Information systems" ]
9,385,796	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33P/Daniel	Comet Daniel is a periodic comet in the Solar System discovered by Zaccheus Daniel (Halsted Observatory, Princeton University, New Jersey, United States) on December 7, 1909, estimated as magnitude 9. Following its discovery, the returns for 1916, 1923, and 1930 were predicted but on each occasion it was not recovered...	33P/Daniel	[ "Astronomy" ]	280	[ "Astronomy stubs", "Comet stubs" ]
9,386,486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaPOS	JavaPOS (short for Java for Point of Sale Devices), is a standard for interfacing point of sale (POS) software, written in Java, with the specialized hardware peripherals typically used to create a point-of-sale system. The advantages are reduced POS terminal costs, platform independence, and reduced administrative cos...	JavaPOS	[ "Technology" ]	601	[ "Retail point of sale systems", "Computer standards", "Information systems" ]
9,386,543	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Pomeranchuk%E2%80%93Migdal%20effect	In high-energy physics, the Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, also known as the Landau–Pomeranchuk effect and the Pomeranchuk effect, or simply LPM effect, is a reduction of the bremsstrahlung and pair production cross sections at high energies or high matter densities. It is named in honor of Lev Landau, Isaak Pomeran...	Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	466	[ "Particle physics stubs", "Scattering", "Scattering theory", "Particle physics" ]
9,386,904	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore%20%28engine%29	In a piston engine, the bore (or cylinder bore) is the diameter of each cylinder. Engine displacement is calculated based on bore, stroke length and the number of cylinders: displacement = The stroke ratio, determined by dividing the bore by the stroke, traditionally indicated whether an engine was designed for po...	Bore (engine)	[ "Technology" ]	849	[ "Engine technology", "Engines" ]
9,386,948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed%20infinity	A directed infinity is a type of infinity in the complex plane that has a defined complex argument θ but an infinite absolute value r. For example, the limit of 1/x where x is a positive real number approaching zero is a directed infinity with argument 0; however, 1/0 is not a directed infinity, but a complex infinity....	Directed infinity	[ "Mathematics" ]	109	[ "Mathematical analysis", "Mathematical objects", "Mathematical analysis stubs", "Infinity" ]

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