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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
11,684,259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrospora%20sphaerica	Nigrospora sphaerica is an airborne filamentous fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is found in soil, air, and plants as a leaf pathogen. It can occur as an endophyte where it produces antiviral and antifungal secondary metabolites. Sporulation of N. sphaerica causes its initial white coloured colonies to rapidly turn ...	Nigrospora sphaerica	[ "Biology" ]	1,868	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,684,319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniothyrium%20fuckelii	Coniothyrium fuckelii is a fungal plant pathogen, causing stem canker, and that has also been known to cause infections in immunocompromised humans. Two diseases most commonly associated with garden rose dieback are grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and also rose canker (Coniothyrium fuckelii, syn. Paraconiothyrium fuckel...	Coniothyrium fuckelii	[ "Biology" ]	184	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,684,875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular%20polytope	In geometry, by Thorold Gosset's definition a semiregular polytope is usually taken to be a polytope that is vertex-transitive and has all its facets being regular polytopes. E.L. Elte compiled a longer list in 1912 as The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces which included a wider definition. Gosset's list In th...	Semiregular polytope	[ "Physics" ]	948	[ "Uniform polytopes", "Symmetry" ]
11,685,115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%E2%80%93add%20method	In signal processing, the overlap–add method is an efficient way to evaluate the discrete convolution of a very long signal with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter : where for outside the region This article uses common abstract notations, such as or in which it is understood that the functions should be th...	Overlap–add method	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	712	[ "Functions and mappings", "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Mathematical objects", "Computational mathematics", "Mathematical relations", "Transforms", "Numerical analysis", "Approximations" ]
11,685,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20speed%20gradient	In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean, or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path...	Sound speed gradient	[ "Physics" ]	323	[ "Classical mechanics", "Acoustics" ]
11,686,224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20pyridine%20synthesis	The Chichibabin pyridine synthesis () is a method for synthesizing pyridine rings. The reaction involves the condensation reaction of aldehydes, ketones, α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, or any combination of the above, with ammonia. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1924. Methyl-substituted pyridines, whic...	Chichibabin pyridine synthesis	[ "Chemistry" ]	455	[ "Name reactions", "Ring forming reactions", "Heterocycle forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
11,686,976	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-conductor%20steel-reinforced%20cable	Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are high-purity aluminium, chosen for its good conductivity, low weight, low cost, resistance to corrosion and decent mechanical stress resistance. T...	Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	4,766	[ "Electrical systems", "Building engineering", "Energy engineering", "Physical systems", "Power engineering", "Electrical engineering", "Electrical wiring" ]
11,688,511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20W220	The Motorola W220 is an entry-level flip-phone for the GSM network, introduced in 2006. The phone features dual-band capabilities, an FM radio, and a 65k color screen. Visually its design was based on the popular Razr phones from the same manufacturer. External links Motorola W220 Motorola W220 - Full phone specificat...	Motorola W220	[ "Technology" ]	83	[ "Mobile technology stubs", "Mobile phone stubs" ]
11,688,824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission%20product%20yield	Nuclear fission splits a heavy nucleus such as uranium or plutonium into two lighter nuclei, which are called fission products. Yield refers to the fraction of a fission product produced per fission. Yield can be broken down by: Individual isotope Chemical element spanning several isotopes of different mass number b...	Fission product yield	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	1,148	[ "Nuclear chemistry", "Nuclear fission", "nan", "Nuclear physics" ]
11,688,880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare%20Point%20water%20treatment%20plant	The Bare Point Water Treatment Plant is the primary water filtration plant in the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario, drawing 113.6 million litres (25 million gallons) from Lake Superior per day. The plant uses a Zeeweed 1000 Version 3 Ultra-Filtration system, the first of its kind in the world, which reduces the need for ha...	Bare Point water treatment plant	[ "Chemistry" ]	217	[ "Water treatment", "Water treatment facilities" ]
11,689,708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritware	Fritware, also known as stone-paste, is a type of pottery in which ground glass (frit) is added to clay to reduce its fusion temperature. The mixture may include quartz or other siliceous material. An organic compound such as gum or glue may be added for binding. The resulting mixture can be fired at a lower temperatu...	Fritware	[ "Engineering" ]	1,580	[ "Ceramic engineering", "Ceramic materials" ]
11,689,793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furuno	(commonly known as Furuno) is a Japanese electronics company whose main products are marine electronics, including marine radar systems, fish finders, and navigational instruments. The company also manufactures global positioning systems and medical equipment, and entered the weather radar market in 2013. History Fur...	Furuno	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	356	[ "Wireless locating", "Aircraft instruments", "Aerospace engineering", "Global Positioning System", "Marine engineering", "Marine electronics" ]
11,690,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Looking%20Glass	Looking Glass (or Operation Looking Glass) is the historic code name for an airborne command and control center operated by the United States. In more recent years it has been more officially referred to as the ABNCP (Airborne National Command Post).<ref>[http://www.minot.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/954496/look...	Operation Looking Glass	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,769	[ "Radioactivity", "Nuclear warfare" ]
11,691,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA-87	USA-87, also known as GPS IIA-8, GPS II-17 and GPS SVN-29, was an American navigation satellite which formed part of the Global Positioning System. It was the eighth of nineteen Block IIA GPS satellites to be launched. Background Global Positioning System (GPS) was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to provi...	USA-87	[ "Technology" ]	542	[ "Global Positioning System", "GPS satellites" ]
11,691,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy%20Skepticism	Healthy Skepticism Inc is an international non-profit organisation whose main aim is to "improve health by reducing harm from misleading drug promotion". Healthy Skepticism was founded in 1983 with the name Medical Lobby for Appropriate Marketing (MaLAM). It was begun by an Australian medical student, Peter R. Mansfie...	Healthy Skepticism	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	292	[ "Pharmaceutical industry", "Pharmacology", "Life sciences industry" ]
11,691,830	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Air%20Route%20Traffic%20Control%20Center	Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center (ZDC) is an Area Control Center operated by the Federal Aviation Administration and located at Lawson Rd SE, Leesburg, Virginia, United States. The primary responsibility of ZDC is the separation of airplane flights and the expedited sequencing of arrivals and departures alon...	Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center	[ "Technology" ]	1,125	[ "Global Positioning System", "WAAS reference stations" ]
11,692,451	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimorgan	In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage. It is defined as the distance between chromosome positions (also termed loci or markers) for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01. It is often used ...	Centimorgan	[ "Mathematics", "Biology" ]	936	[ "Quantity", "Genetics", "Units of measurement" ]
11,693,063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitocybe%20nebularis	Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause...	Clitocybe nebularis	[ "Biology" ]	554	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,693,664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photothermal%20therapy	Photothermal therapy (PTT) refers to efforts to use electromagnetic radiation (most often in infrared wavelengths) for the treatment of various medical conditions, including cancer. This neurotherapy is an extension of photodynamic therapy, in which a photosensitizer is excited with specific band light. This activation...	Photothermal therapy	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	4,462	[ "nan", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Medical physics" ]
2,140,720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific%20modeling	Domain-specific modeling (DSM) is a software engineering methodology for designing and developing systems, such as computer software. It involves systematic use of a domain-specific language to represent the various facets of a system. Domain-specific modeling languages tend to support higher-level abstractions than ...	Domain-specific modeling	[ "Engineering" ]	1,410	[ "Software engineering", "Programming language topics" ]
2,140,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebkha%20de%20Ndrhamcha	The Sebkha de Ndrhamcha () is a large salt pan in Mauritania that is about in diameter and the lowest point in Mauritania. The Atlantic Ocean borders it to the west, and the Sahara Desert lies directly to its east. Landforms of Mauritania Salt flats Lowest points of countries	Sebkha de Ndrhamcha	[ "Chemistry" ]	67	[ "Salt flats", "Salts" ]
2,140,843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20microarray	Tissue microarrays (also TMAs) consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000 separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological analysis. History The major limitations in molecular clinical analysis of tissues include the cumbersome nature of procedures, limited availability of diagn...	Tissue microarray	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Biology" ]	711	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Microtechnology", "Microarrays", "Bioinformatics", "Molecular biology techniques" ]
2,140,955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCODE	The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project which aims "to build a comprehensive parts list of functional elements in the human genome." ENCODE also supports further biomedical research by "generating community resources of genomics data, software, tools and methods for genomics data analysi...	ENCODE	[ "Biology" ]	5,956	[ "Bioinformatics", "Biological databases" ]
2,140,957	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huggies%20Pull-Ups	Pull-Ups is a brand of disposable diapers made under the Huggies brand of baby products. The product was first introduced in 1989 and became popular with the slogan "I'm a big kid now!" The training pants are marketed with purple packaging: boys' designs are blue and currently feature characters from the Disney Junior ...	Huggies Pull-Ups	[ "Biology" ]	2,299	[ "Excretion", "Toilet training" ]
2,141,003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20phosphide	Indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), also called gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and phosphorus. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide. I...	Indium gallium phosphide	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	528	[ "Materials science stubs", "Inorganic compounds", "Semiconductor materials", "Condensed matter physics", "III-V semiconductors", "Light-emitting diode materials", "Condensed matter stubs", "III-V compounds" ]
2,141,015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20arsenide	Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) (alternatively gallium indium arsenide, GaInAs) is a ternary alloy (chemical compound) of indium arsenide (InAs) and gallium arsenide (GaAs). Indium and gallium are group III elements of the periodic table while arsenic is a group V element. Alloys made of these chemical groups are ref...	Indium gallium arsenide	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,489	[ "Semiconductor materials", "III-V compounds", "Inorganic compounds", "III-V semiconductors" ]
2,141,062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20camera	A traffic camera is a video camera which observes vehicular traffic on a road. Typically, traffic cameras are put along major roads such as highways, freeways, expressways and arterial roads, and are connected by optical fibers buried alongside or under the road, with electricity provided either by mains power in urba...	Traffic camera	[ "Technology" ]	821	[ "Information systems", "Warning systems", "Intelligent transportation systems", "Transport systems" ]
2,141,292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicoll%20Highway%20collapse	The Nicoll Highway collapse occurred in Singapore on 20 April 2004 at 3:30pm local time when a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) tunnel construction site caved in, leading to the collapse of the Nicoll Highway near the Merdeka Bridge. Four workers were killed and three were injured, delaying the construction of the Circle Line ...	Nicoll Highway collapse	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	4,723	[ "Systems engineering", "Reliability engineering", "Technological failures", "Engineering failures", "Civil engineering" ]
2,141,586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromate	The bromate anion, BrO, is a bromine-based oxoanion. A bromate is a chemical compound that contains this ion. Examples of bromates include sodium bromate () and potassium bromate (). Bromates are formed many different ways in municipal drinking water. The most common is the reaction of ozone and bromide: Br + → BrO...	Bromate	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	568	[ "Carcinogens", "Bromates", "Toxicology", "Oxidizing agents" ]
2,142,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crenation	Crenation (from modern Latin crenatus meaning "scalloped or notched", from popular Latin crena meaning "notch") in botany and zoology, describes an object's shape, especially a leaf or shell, as being round-toothed or having a scalloped edge. The descriptor can apply to objects of different types, including cells, w...	Crenation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	415	[ "Animals", "Animal physiology", "Membrane biology", "Homogeneous chemical mixtures", "Molecular biology", "Solutions" ]
2,142,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20Time%20Protocol	The Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a protocol for clock synchronization throughout a computer network with relatively high precision and therefore potentially high accuracy. In a local area network (LAN), accuracy can be sub-microsecond making it suitable for measurement and control systems. PTP is used to synchroni...	Precision Time Protocol	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	3,187	[ "Computer standards", "Telecommunications engineering", "IEEE standards", "Synchronization" ]
2,142,286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20engine	The critical engine of a multi-engine fixed-wing aircraft is the engine that, in the event of failure, would most adversely affect the performance or handling abilities of an aircraft. On propeller aircraft, there is a difference in the remaining yawing moments after failure of the left or the right (outboard) engine w...	Critical engine	[ "Technology" ]	1,606	[ "Engines", "Aircraft engines" ]
2,142,405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20i705	The Palm i705 was an upgrade from the last series of Palm PDAs to use the now discontinued Palm.net service via Mobitex to access the World Wide Web from Palm devices. It featured 8MB of onboard memory and an SD/MMC slot for additional storage or SDIO cards. It used the Motorola Dragonball VZ 33 MHz processor and ran ...	Palm i705	[ "Technology" ]	196	[ "Mobile computer stubs", "Mobile technology stubs" ]
2,142,653	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankcase	A crankcase is the housing in a piston engine that surrounds the crankshaft. In most modern engines, the crankcase is integrated into the engine block. Two-stroke engines typically use a crankcase-compression design, resulting in the fuel/air mixture passing through the crankcase before entering the cylinder(s). This...	Crankcase	[ "Technology" ]	1,055	[ "Engine technology", "Engine components", "Engines" ]
2,142,734	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation%20in%20probability%20and%20statistics	Probability theory and statistics have some commonly used conventions, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols. Probability theory Random variables are usually written in upper case Roman letters, such as or and so on. Random variables, in this context, usually refer to something in ...	Notation in probability and statistics	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,111	[ "Applied mathematics", "Probability and statistics", "nan" ]
2,142,850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20probability%20and%20statistics	This glossary of statistics and probability is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the mathematical sciences of statistics and probability, their sub-disciplines, and related fields. For additional related terms, see Glossary of mathematics and Glossary of experimental design. A B C D E F G H I...	Glossary of probability and statistics	[ "Mathematics" ]	149	[ "Applied mathematics", "Probability and statistics" ]
2,142,913	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark	In particle physics, a diquark, or diquark correlation/clustering, is a hypothetical state of two quarks grouped inside a baryon (that consists of three quarks). Corresponding models of baryons are referred to as quark–diquark models. The diquark is often treated as a single subatomic particle with which the third quar...	Diquark	[ "Physics" ]	602	[ "Hypothetical elementary particles", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Physics beyond the Standard Model" ]
2,143,519	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge%20Vaudenay	Serge Vaudenay (born 5 April 1968) is a French cryptographer and professor, director of the Communications Systems Section at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Serge Vaudenay entered the École Normale Supérieure in Paris as a normalien student in 1989. In 1992, he passed the agrégation in mathematics. He c...	Serge Vaudenay	[ "Technology" ]	708	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer specialist stubs" ]
2,143,560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%20Fan%20inequality	In mathematics, there are two different results that share the common name of the Ky Fan inequality. One is an inequality involving the geometric mean and arithmetic mean of two sets of real numbers of the unit interval. The result was published on page 5 of the book Inequalities by Edwin F. Beckenbach and Richard E. ...	Ky Fan inequality	[ "Mathematics" ]	837	[ "Binary relations", "Mathematical relations", "Inequalities (mathematics)", "Mathematical problems", "Articles containing proofs", "Mathematical theorems" ]
2,143,634	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-meadow	A water-meadow (also water meadow or watermeadow) is an area of grassland subject to controlled irrigation to increase agricultural productivity. Water-meadows were mainly used in Europe from the 16th to the early 20th centuries. Working water-meadows have now largely disappeared, but the field patterns and water cha...	Water-meadow	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,219	[ "Hydrology", "Wetlands" ]
2,143,855	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauter%20mean%20diameter	In fluid dynamics, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) is an average measure of particle size. It was originally developed by German scientist Josef Sauter in the late 1920s. It is defined as the diameter of a sphere that has the same volume/surface area ratio as a particle of interest. Several methods have been devised to obt...	Sauter mean diameter	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	253	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Distance", "Chemical engineering", "Quantity", "Size", "Length", "Piping", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Fluid dynamics" ]
2,144,050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrion%20paper	Hydrion is a trademarked name for a popular line of compound pH indicators, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory Inc., exhibiting a series of color changes (typically producing a recognizably different color for each pH unit) over a range of pH values. Although solutions are available, the most common forms of Hydrio...	Hydrion paper	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	112	[ "Titration", "PH indicators", "Chromism", "Chemical tests", "Equilibrium chemistry" ]
2,144,362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20user%20interface	A voice-user interface (VUI) enables spoken human interaction with computers, using speech recognition to understand spoken commands and answer questions, and typically text to speech to play a reply. A voice command device is a device controlled with a voice user interface. Voice user interfaces have been added to au...	Voice user interface	[ "Technology" ]	3,169	[ "History of human–computer interaction", "History of computing" ]
2,144,400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic%20conspiracy%20theories	On April 14, 1912, the Titanic collided with an iceberg, damaging the hull's plates below the waterline on the starboard side, causing the front compartments to flood. The ship then sank two hours and forty minutes later, with approximately 1,496 fatalities as a result of drowning or hypothermia. Since then, many consp...	Titanic conspiracy theories	[ "Technology" ]	2,656	[ "Science and technology-related conspiracy theories" ]
2,144,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20Recognition%20Grammar%20Specification	Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS) is a W3C standard for how speech recognition grammars are specified. A speech recognition grammar is a set of word patterns, and tells a speech recognition system what to expect a human to say. For instance, if you call an auto-attendant application, it will prompt you ...	Speech Recognition Grammar Specification	[ "Technology" ]	1,246	[ "Computer standards", "XML-based standards" ]
2,144,540	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxaphene	Toxaphene was an insecticide used primarily for cotton in the southern United States during the late 1960s and the 1970s. Toxaphene is a mixture of over 670 different chemicals and is produced by reacting chlorine gas with camphene. It can be most commonly found as a yellow to amber waxy solid. Toxaphene was banned in...	Toxaphene	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,646	[ "Persistent organic pollutants under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution", "Endocrine disruptors", "Persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention" ]
2,144,587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bema	A bema is an elevated platform used as an orator's podium. The term can refer to the raised area in a sanctuary. In Jewish synagogues, where it is used for Torah reading during services, the term used is bima or bimah. Ancient Greece The Ancient Greek bēma () means both 'platform' and 'step', being derived from baine...	Bema	[ "Engineering" ]	907	[ "Sacral architecture", "Architecture" ]
2,144,841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental%20management	Mental management is a concept within the field of cognitive psychology that explores the cognitive, cerebral or thought-based processes in their different forms. Originally developed during the 1970s by French educator and philosopher Antoine de La Garanderie, mental management was developed for individuals to use the...	Mental management	[ "Biology" ]	2,148	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior", "Cognitive psychology" ]
2,145,009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentric%20orbit	A heliocentric orbit (also called circumsolar orbit) is an orbit around the barycenter of the Solar System, which is usually located within or very near the surface of the Sun. All planets, comets, and asteroids in the Solar System, and the Sun itself are in such orbits, as are many artificial probes and pieces of debr...	Heliocentric orbit	[ "Engineering" ]	457	[ "Astrodynamics", "Aerospace engineering" ]
2,145,101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating%20breech	A floating breech is a breechblock of a firearm that is not held rigidly to the barrel at the moment of firing, but instead is free to move in the opposite direction to the projectile. This can help to reduce the recoil induced in the body of the firearm so long as the subsequent motion of the breechblock is retarded ...	Floating breech	[ "Technology" ]	310	[ "Firearm components", "Components" ]
2,145,168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20tensor%20%28general%20relativity%29	In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and t...	Metric tensor (general relativity)	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,804	[ "Time in physics", "Physical phenomena", "Tensors", "Physical quantities", "Tensor physical quantities", "Tensors in general relativity" ]
2,145,170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicategory	In mathematics (especially category theory), a multicategory is a generalization of the concept of category that allows morphisms of multiple arity. If morphisms in a category are viewed as analogous to functions, then morphisms in a multicategory are analogous to functions of several variables. Multicategories are als...	Multicategory	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,160	[ "Functions and mappings", "Mathematical structures", "Mathematical objects", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Mathematical relations", "Category theory" ]
2,145,345	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia%20%28software%29	Ganglia is a scalable, distributed monitoring tool for high-performance computing systems, clusters and networks. The software is used to view either live or recorded statistics covering metrics such as CPU load averages or network utilization for many nodes. Ganglia software is bundled with enterprise-level Linux di...	Ganglia (software)	[ "Technology" ]	1,008	[ "Information systems", "System administration" ]
10,704,974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20risk%20minimization	Structural risk minimization (SRM) is an inductive principle of use in machine learning. Commonly in machine learning, a generalized model must be selected from a finite data set, with the consequent problem of overfitting – the model becoming too strongly tailored to the particularities of the training set and general...	Structural risk minimization	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	447	[ "Machine learning", "Computer science stubs", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence engineering", "Computing stubs" ]
10,705,807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillham%20code	Gillham code is a zero-padded 12-bit binary code using a parallel nine- to eleven-wire interface, the Gillham interface, that is used to transmit uncorrected barometric altitude between an encoding altimeter or analog air data computer and a digital transponder. It is a modified form of a Gray code and is sometimes ref...	Gillham code	[ "Technology" ]	1,105	[ "Avionics", "Aircraft instruments" ]
10,705,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochore%20%28genetics%29	In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such that...	Isochore (genetics)	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,770	[ "Biochemistry", "nan", "Molecular biology" ]
10,706,645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%20of%20Computer%20Information%20Systems	The Bachelor of Computer Information Systems, also known as Bachelor of Computer & Information Science by the University of Oregon and The Ohio State University, (abbreviated BSc CIS) is an undergraduate or bachelor's degree that focuses on practical applications of technology to support organizations while adding valu...	Bachelor of Computer Information Systems	[ "Technology" ]	155	[ "Computer science education", "Computer science" ]
10,707,241	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer%20ethnocentrism	Consumer ethnocentrism is a psychological concept that describes how consumers purchase products based on country of origin. It refers to ethnocentric views held by consumers in one country, the in-group, towards products from another country, the out-group (Shimp & Sharma, 1987). Consumers may believe that it is not ...	Consumer ethnocentrism	[ "Biology" ]	1,128	[ "Behavior", "Consumer behaviour", "Human behavior" ]
10,708,073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20series	A web series (also known as webseries, short-form series, and web show) is a series of short scripted or non-scripted online videos, generally in episodic form, released on the Internet (i.e. World Wide Web), which first emerged in the late 1990s and became more prominent in the early 2000s. A single instance of a web ...	Web series	[ "Technology" ]	2,379	[ "Multimedia", "New media", "Digital media" ]
10,708,254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20safety	The system safety concept calls for a risk management strategy based on identification, analysis of hazards and application of remedial controls using a systems-based approach. This is different from traditional safety strategies which rely on control of conditions and causes of an accident based either on the epidemi...	System safety	[ "Engineering" ]	1,649	[ "Safety engineering", "Systems engineering" ]
10,708,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible%20reference%20system%20propagation%20algorithm	Reversible reference system propagation algorithm (r-RESPA) is a time stepping algorithm used in molecular dynamics. It evolves the system state over time, where the L is the Liouville operator. References Molecular dynamics Hamiltonian mechanics	Reversible reference system propagation algorithm	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics" ]	50	[ "Molecular physics", "Theoretical physics", "Classical mechanics", "Computational physics", "Molecular dynamics", "Hamiltonian mechanics", "Computational chemistry", "Dynamical systems" ]
10,708,943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%20%28enclosure%29	A pen is an enclosure for holding livestock. It may also perhaps be used as a term for an enclosure for other animals such as pets that are unwanted inside the house. The term describes types of enclosures that may confine one or many animals. Construction and terminology vary depending on the region of the world, pur...	Pen (enclosure)	[ "Biology" ]	1,043	[ "Animal equipment", "Animals" ]
10,708,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Bueno%20de%20Mesquita	Bruce Bueno de Mesquita (; born November 24, 1946) is a political scientist, professor at New York University, and senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Biography Bueno de Mesquita graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1963, (along with Richard Axel and Alexander Rosenberg), earned his BA degre...	Bruce Bueno de Mesquita	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,152	[ "Game theorists", "Game theory" ]
10,709,738	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-RCS	DVB-RCS (Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel via Satellite) provides a method by which the DVB-S platform (and in theory also the DVB-S2 platform) can become a bi-directional, asymmetric data path using wireless between broadcasters and customers. It is a specification for an interactive on-demand multimedia sa...	DVB-RCS	[ "Engineering" ]	1,093	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Satellite broadcasting" ]
10,710,154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design%20rationale	A design rationale is an explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made when designing a system or artifact. As initially developed by W.R. Kunz and Horst Rittel, design rationale seeks to provide argumentation-based structure to the political, collaborative process of addressing wicked problems. Overview...	Design rationale	[ "Engineering" ]	3,152	[ "Design", "Software design" ]
10,711,519	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkel%20Franz%C3%A9n	Torkel Franzén (1 April 1950, Norrbotten County – 19 April 2006, Stockholm) was a Swedish academic. Biography Franzén worked at the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, in the fields of mathematical logic and computer science. He was known for his work on...	Torkel Franzén	[ "Mathematics" ]	352	[ "Mathematical logic", "Mathematical logicians" ]
10,714,141	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch%20memory	Touch Memory (or contact memory) is an electronic identification device packaged in a coin-shaped stainless steel container. Touch memory is accessed when a touch probe comes into contact with a memory button. Read and/or write operations between the probe and memory chip are performed with just a momentary contact. ...	Touch memory	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	247	[ "Radio electronics", "Computer hardware stubs", "Radio-frequency identification", "Data", "Automatic identification and data capture", "Computing stubs" ]
10,714,473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase%20chain%20reaction%20optimization	The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various techniques for PCR optimization which have been developed by molecular biologists to improve PCR performance and minimize failure. Contamination and PCR The PCR method is extremely sensitive, requiring only ...	Polymerase chain reaction optimization	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,081	[ "Biochemistry methods", "Genetics techniques", "Polymerase chain reaction", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
15,861,652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglobulin%20lysis%20time	The euglobulin lysis time (ELT) is a test that measures overall fibrinolysis. The test is performed by mixing citrated platelet-poor plasma with acid in a glass test tube. This acidification causes the precipitation of certain clotting factors in a complex called the euglobulin fraction. The euglobulin fraction contain...	Euglobulin lysis time	[ "Chemistry" ]	251	[ "Blood tests", "Chemical pathology" ]
15,861,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20calcium%20phosphate	Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a glassy solid that is formed from the chemical decomposition of a mixture of dissolved phosphate and calcium salts (e.g. (NH4)2HPO4 + Ca(NO3)2). The resulting amorphous mixture consists mostly of calcium and phosphate, but also contains varying amounts of water and hydrogen and hyd...	Amorphous calcium phosphate	[ "Physics" ]	1,204	[ "Materials", "Dental materials", "Matter" ]
15,862,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier%20Fourdan	Olivier Fourdan is the creator of the Xfce desktop environment, for which development began at the end of 1996. He started his career as a new technologies production engineer as well as in web development and embedded Linux systems. Fourdan has been working for Red Hat since 2007, interrupted by 2 years at Intel du...	Olivier Fourdan	[ "Technology" ]	133	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer specialist stubs" ]
15,863,269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20125351	HD 125351 or A Boötis (A Boo) is spectroscopic binary in the constellation Boötes. The system has an apparent magnitude of +4.97, with a spectrum matching a K-type giant star. It is approximately 233 light-years from Earth. References External links HR 5361 Image HD 125351 Bootis, A 125351 069879 5361 Durchmusteru...	HD 125351	[ "Astronomy" ]	102	[ "Boötes", "Constellations" ]
15,864,343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20IEEE%20publications	The publications of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) constitute around 30% of the world literature in the electrical and electronics engineering and computer science fields, publishing well over 100 peer-reviewed journals. The content in these journals as well as the content from several hun...	List of IEEE publications	[ "Engineering" ]	217	[ "Electrical engineering", "Electrical-engineering-related lists" ]
15,865,266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waru%20Waru	Waru Waru is an Aymara term for the agricultural technique developed by pre-Hispanic people in the Andes region of South America from Ecuador to Bolivia; this regional agricultural technique is also referred to as camellones in Spanish. Functionally similar agricultural techniques have been developed in other parts of ...	Waru Waru	[ "Biology" ]	1,395	[ "Ecological techniques", "nan" ]
15,865,362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead%20Sea%20salt	Dead Sea salt refers to salt and other mineral deposits extracted or taken from the Dead Sea. The composition of this material differs significantly from oceanic salt. History Dead Sea salt was used by the peoples of Ancient Egypt and it has been utilized in various unguents, skin creams, and soaps since then. Mine...	Dead Sea salt	[ "Chemistry" ]	621	[ "Salts" ]
15,865,418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure%20action%20value	An Exposure Action Value (EAV) or Action Value (AV) is a limit set on occupational exposure to noise where, when those values are exceeded, employers must take steps to monitor the exposure levels. These levels are measured in decibels. The American Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set the EAV to ...	Exposure action value	[ "Engineering" ]	789	[ "Safety engineering", "Systems engineering" ]
15,865,532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Ingold	Timothy Ingold (born 1 November 1948) is a British anthropologist, and Chair of Social Anthropology at the University of Aberdeen. Background Ingold was educated at Leighton Park School in Reading, and his father was the mycologist Cecil Terence Ingold. He attended Churchill College, Cambridge, initially studying nat...	Tim Ingold	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,259	[ "Environmental social scientists", "Environmental social science" ]
15,865,988	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenoxide%20elimination	Selenoxide elimination (also called α-selenation) is a method for the chemical synthesis of alkenes from selenoxides. It is most commonly used to synthesize α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds from the corresponding saturated analogues. It is mechanistically related to the Cope reaction. Mechanism and stereochemistry ...	Selenoxide elimination	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,507	[ "Organic reactions", "Organic redox reactions", "nan", "Chemical synthesis" ]
15,866,439	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadamard%20regularization	In mathematics, Hadamard regularization (also called Hadamard finite part or Hadamard's partie finie) is a method of regularizing divergent integrals by dropping some divergent terms and keeping the finite part, introduced by . showed that this can be interpreted as taking the meromorphic continuation of a convergent ...	Hadamard regularization	[ "Mathematics" ]	389	[ "Sequences and series", "Summability methods", "Mathematical structures" ]
15,867,639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimeSys	Timesys Corporation is a company selling Linux open source software security, engineering services, and development tools, for the embedded software market. The firm also helps software development teams build and maintain a custom Linux platform for embedded processors from integrated circuit manufacturers such as Atm...	TimeSys	[ "Technology" ]	457	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer company stubs" ]
15,868,711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20random%20number%20generator	The Lehmer random number generator (named after D. H. Lehmer), sometimes also referred to as the Park–Miller random number generator (after Stephen K. Park and Keith W. Miller), is a type of linear congruential generator (LCG) that operates in multiplicative group of integers modulo n. The general formula is where ...	Lehmer random number generator	[ "Mathematics" ]	4,439	[ "Arithmetic", "Modular arithmetic", "Number theory" ]
15,868,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Computing%20Facility	The Open Computing Facility is a student organization at the University of California, Berkeley, and a chartered program of the ASUC. Founded in 1989, the OCF is an all-volunteer, student-run organization dedicated to providing free and accessible computing resources to all members of the University community. The m...	Open Computing Facility	[ "Technology" ]	300	[ "Computing stubs" ]
15,868,806	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20force	Specific force (SF) is a mass-specific quantity defined as the quotient of force per unit mass. It is a physical quantity of kind acceleration, with dimension of length per time squared and units of metre per second squared (m·s−2). It is normally applied to forces other than gravity, to emulate the relationship betw...	Specific force	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	499	[ "Physical phenomena", "Hydrology", "Physical quantities", "Acceleration", "Quantity", "Classical mechanics stubs", "Physical properties", "Classical mechanics", "Physical systems", "Hydraulics", "Civil engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Hydraulic engineeri...
15,869,259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20array	In coding theory, a standard array (or Slepian array) is a by array that lists all elements of a particular vector space. Standard arrays are used to decode linear codes; i.e. to find the corresponding codeword for any received vector. Definition A standard array for an [n,k]-code is a by array where: The fir...	Standard array	[ "Mathematics" ]	990	[ "Discrete mathematics", "Coding theory" ]
15,872,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon%20views%20on%20evolution	The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) takes no official position on whether or not biological evolution has occurred, nor on the validity of the modern evolutionary synthesis as a scientific theory. In the twentieth century, the First Presidency of the LDS Church published doctrinal statements on...	Mormon views on evolution	[ "Biology" ]	8,191	[ "Creationism", "Biology theories", "Obsolete biology theories" ]
15,872,649	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubenhakrabi	Zubenhakrabi (or Zuben Hakrabi) is the traditional name for some stars in the constellation Libra. It can refer to: γ Lib in Bode's small star atlas, Vorstellung der Gestirne. η Lib in Burritt's star map. ν Lib in Bečvář's star catalogue. σ Lib in Bayer's Uranometria. υ Lib in a Japanese guide book of the constel...	Zubenhakrabi	[ "Astronomy" ]	117	[ "Libra (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
15,872,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermococcus%20litoralis	Thermococcus litoralis (T. litoralis) is a species of Archaea that is found around deep-sea hydrothermal vents as well as shallow submarine thermal springs and oil wells. It is an anaerobic organotroph hyperthermophile that is between in diameter. Like the other species in the order thermococcales, T. litoralis is an...	Thermococcus litoralis	[ "Biology" ]	918	[ "Organisms by adaptation", "Organisms living on hydrothermal vents", "Organisms by habitat" ]
15,874,481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadoxine	Sulfadoxine (also spelled sulphadoxine) is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria. It is also used to prevent malaria but due to high levels of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance, this use has become less common. It is also used, usually in combination with other ...	Sulfadoxine	[ "Chemistry" ]	169	[ "Organic compounds", "Functional groups", "Ethers" ]
15,875,142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fit-PC	The fit-PC is a small, light, fan-less nettop computer manufactured by the Israeli company CompuLab. Many fit-PC models are available. fit-PC 1.0 was introduced in July 2007, fit-PC Slim was introduced in September 2008, fit-PC 2 was introduced in May 2009, fit-PC 3 was introduced in early 2012, and fit-PC 4 was intro...	Fit-PC	[ "Technology" ]	867	[ "Computers and the environment", "Computing and society", "Computers" ]
15,875,167	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickering%20emulsion	A Ramsden emulsion, sometimes named Pickering emulsion, is an emulsion that is stabilized by solid particles (for example colloidal silica) which adsorb onto the interface between the water and oil phases. Typically, the emulsions are either water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions, but other more complex systems such as...	Pickering emulsion	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	991	[ "Pharmacology", "Soft matter", "Phases of matter", "Drug delivery devices", "Materials science", "Chemical mixtures", "Condensed matter physics", "nan", "Matter" ]
15,875,494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-dwarf%20desert	The brown-dwarf desert is a theorized range of orbits around a star within which brown dwarfs are unlikely to be found as companion objects. This is usually up to 5 AU around solar mass stars. The paucity of brown dwarfs in close orbits was first noted between 1998 and 2000 when a sufficient number of extrasolar planet...	Brown-dwarf desert	[ "Astronomy" ]	508	[ "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Stellar astronomy" ]
15,875,500	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic%20mechanism%20design	Algorithmic mechanism design (AMD) lies at the intersection of economic game theory, optimization, and computer science. The prototypical problem in mechanism design is to design a system for multiple self-interested participants, such that the participants' self-interested actions at equilibrium lead to good system pe...	Algorithmic mechanism design	[ "Mathematics" ]	237	[ "Applied mathematics", "Algorithms", "Mathematical logic", "Game theory", "Mechanism design" ]
9,200,590	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20free%20field	In probability theory and statistical mechanics, the Gaussian free field (GFF) is a Gaussian random field, a central model of random surfaces (random height functions). The discrete version can be defined on any graph, usually a lattice in d-dimensional Euclidean space. The continuum version is defined on Rd or on a ...	Gaussian free field	[ "Physics" ]	1,094	[ "Statistical mechanics" ]
9,201,770	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gankyil	The Gankyil (, Lhasa ) or "wheel of joy" () is a symbol and ritual tool used in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism. It is composed of three (sometimes two or four) swirling and interconnected blades. The traditional spinning direction is clockwise (right turning), but the counter-clockwise ones are also common. The ganky...	Gankyil	[ "Physics" ]	2,784	[ "Symmetry", "Rotational symmetry" ]
9,202,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger-counting	Finger-counting, also known as dactylonomy, is the act of counting using one's fingers. There are multiple different systems used across time and between cultures, though many of these have seen a decline in use because of the spread of Arabic numerals. Finger-counting can serve as a form of manual communication, part...	Finger-counting	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,195	[ "Numeral systems", "Finger-counting" ]
9,202,674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20survival%20curve	Introduction & History The cell survival curve is a curve often used in radiobiology that represents the relationship between the amount of cells retaining reproductive capabilities and the absorbed dose of radiation from said cells. Tumor cells are able to grow infinitely, while normal cells must undergo treatment ...	Cell survival curve	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,508	[ "Radiobiology", "Radioactivity" ]
9,202,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC-O-phosphate	THC-O-phosphate is a water-soluble organophosphate ester derivative of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which functions as a metabolic prodrug for THC itself. It was invented in 1978 in an attempt to get around the poor water solubility of THC and make it easier to inject for the purposes of animal research into its pharmac...	THC-O-phosphate	[ "Chemistry" ]	284	[ "Chemicals in medicine", "Prodrugs" ]
9,202,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20PSPACE-complete%20problems	Here are some of the more commonly known problems that are PSPACE-complete when expressed as decision problems. This list is in no way comprehensive. Games and puzzles Generalized versions of: Amazons Atomix Checkers if a draw is forced after a polynomial number of non-jump moves Dyson Telescope Game Cross Purp...	List of PSPACE-complete problems	[ "Mathematics" ]	847	[ "PSPACE-complete problems", "Mathematical problems", "Computational problems" ]
9,203,623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20news	Mobile news refers to both the delivery and creation of news using mobile devices. Mobile news delivery Today, mobile news delivery can be done via SMS, by specialized applications, or using mobile versions of media websites. According to a recent market study across six countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK...	Mobile news	[ "Technology" ]	401	[ "Mobile content", "Mobile telecommunications" ]
9,204,787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream%20server	In computer networking, upstream server refers to a server that provides service to another server. In other words, upstream server is a server that is located higher in a hierarchy of servers. The highest server in the hierarchy is sometimes called the origin server—the application server on which a given resource res...	Upstream server	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	237	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer networks engineering", "Network management", "Computer network stubs" ]

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