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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
153,106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind%20group	In group theory, a Dedekind group is a group G such that every subgroup of G is normal. All abelian groups are Dedekind groups. A non-abelian Dedekind group is called a Hamiltonian group. The most familiar (and smallest) example of a Hamiltonian group is the quaternion group of order 8, denoted by Q8. Dedekind and Bae...	Dedekind group	[ "Mathematics" ]	351	[ "Mathematical structures", "Properties of groups", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures" ]
153,130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion%20group	In group theory, the quaternion group Q8 (sometimes just denoted by Q) is a non-abelian group of order eight, isomorphic to the eight-element subset of the quaternions under multiplication. It is given by the group presentation where e is the identity element and commutes with the other elements of the group. These...	Quaternion group	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,899	[ "Mathematical structures", "Finite groups", "Group theory", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic structures" ]
153,158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocatalytic%20set	An autocatalytic set is a collection of entities, each of which can be created catalytically by other entities within the set, such that as a whole, the set is able to catalyze its own production. In this way the set as a whole is said to be autocatalytic. Autocatalytic sets were originally and most concretely defin...	Autocatalytic set	[ "Biology" ]	2,257	[ "Biological hypotheses", "Origin of life" ]
153,182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leotard	A leotard () is a unisex skin-tight one-piece garment that covers the torso from the crotch to the shoulder. The garment was made famous by the French acrobatic performer Jules Léotard (1838–1870). There are sleeveless, short-sleeved, and long-sleeved leotards. A variation is the unitard, which also covers the legs. It...	Leotard	[ "Engineering" ]	1,894	[ "Costume design", "Design" ]
153,187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracytoplasmic%20sperm%20injection	Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI ) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus. With this method, the a...	Intracytoplasmic sperm injection	[ "Biology" ]	3,227	[ "Assisted reproductive technology", "Medical technology" ]
153,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic%20table%20%28electron%20configurations%29	Configurations of elements 109 and above are not available. Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas symbols on the left represent inner configurations that are the same in each period. Written out,...	Periodic table (electron configurations)	[ "Chemistry" ]	419	[ "Periodic table" ]
153,208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20dynamics	System dynamics (SD) is an approach to understanding the nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, table functions and time delays. Overview System dynamics is a methodology and mathematical modeling technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex issues and pro...	System dynamics	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,836	[ "Applied mathematics", "Operations research" ]
153,209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-augmented%20rocket	Air-augmented rockets use the supersonic exhaust of some kind of rocket engine to further compress air collected by ram effect during flight to use as additional working mass, leading to greater effective thrust for any given amount of fuel than either the rocket or a ramjet alone. It represents a hybrid class of rock...	Air-augmented rocket	[ "Engineering" ]	1,311	[ "Industrial design", "Design engineering", "Design" ]
153,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working%20mass	Working mass, also referred to as reaction mass, is a mass against which a system operates in order to produce acceleration. In the case of a chemical rocket, for example, the reaction mass is the product of the burned fuel shot backwards to provide propulsion. All acceleration requires an exchange of momentum, which c...	Working mass	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	493	[ "Scalar physical quantities", "Physical quantities", "Quantity", "Mass", "Size", "Aerospace engineering", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Matter" ]
153,217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20wave	In telecommunications, a carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a periodic waveform (usually sinusoidal) that initially carries no information. Through a process called modulation, one or more of the wave's properties are modified by an information bearing signal (called the message signal or modulation sign...	Carrier wave	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	913	[ "Physical phenomena", "Telecommunications engineering", "Waves", "Waveforms", "Communication circuits" ]
153,221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20exchanger	A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning,...	Heat exchanger	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	9,768	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Heat transfer", "Chemical equipment", "Heat exchangers", "Thermodynamics" ]
153,250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler%27s%20solution	Fowler's solution is a solution containing 1% potassium arsenite (KAsO2) which was first described and published as a treatment for malaria and syphilis in the late 1700s and was once prescribed as a remedy or a tonic. Thomas Fowler (1736–1801) of Stafford, England, proposed the solution in 1786 as a substitute for a ...	Fowler's solution	[ "Chemistry" ]	239	[ "Drug safety", "Withdrawn drugs" ]
153,316	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic%20acid	α-Linolenic acid, also known as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (from Greek alpha meaning "first" and linon meaning flax), is an n−3, or omega-3, essential fatty acid. ALA is found in many seeds and oils, including flaxseed, walnuts, chia, hemp, and many common vegetable oils. In terms of its structure, it is named all-ci...	Α-Linolenic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,319	[ "Insect pheromones", "Chemical ecology", "Semiochemicals" ]
153,353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%20%28constellation%29	Andromeda is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century Greco-Roman astronomer Ptolemy, and one of the 88 modern constellations. Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, it is named for Andromeda, daughter of Cassiopeia, in the Greek myth, who was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster Cetus...	Andromeda (constellation)	[ "Astronomy" ]	4,850	[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Andromeda (constellation)", "Constellations", "Northern constellations", "Sky regions" ]
153,391	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20ring	In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on algebraic varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local alge...	Local ring	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,420	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Ring theory" ]
153,499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support%20group	In a support group, members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular shared, usually burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come together for sharing coping strategies, to feel more empowered and for a sense of community. The help may...	Support group	[ "Biology" ]	1,837	[ "Personal development", "Behavior", "Human behavior" ]
153,522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid	A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. Plastids are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Examples of plastids include chloroplasts (used for photosynthesis); chromoplasts (used for synthesis and storage of pigments); leuc...	Plastid	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,503	[ "Plant physiology", "Symbiosis", "Plants", "Endosymbiotic events", "Photosynthesis", "Biochemistry" ]
153,563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilab	Scilab is a free and open-source, cross-platform numerical computational package and a high-level, numerically oriented programming language. It can be used for signal processing, statistical analysis, image enhancement, fluid dynamics simulations, numerical optimization, and modeling, simulation of explicit and impli...	Scilab	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,367	[ "Free mathematics software", "Mathematical software" ]
153,599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20Consortium%20On%20Nearby%20Stars	The REsearch Consortium On Nearby Stars (RECONS) is an international group of astronomers founded in 1994 to investigate the stars nearest to the Solar System - with a focus on those within 10 parsecs (32.6 light years), but as of 2012 the horizon was stretched to 25 parsecs. In part the project hopes a more accurate s...	Research Consortium On Nearby Stars	[ "Astronomy" ]	415	[ "Astronomy organizations" ]
153,625	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN%20Red%20List	The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species. A series of Regional Red Lists, which assess the risk of extinction to...	IUCN Red List	[ "Biology" ]	2,048	[ "Lists of biota", "Biota by conservation status", "Bioinformatics", "Biodiversity", "Biota by conservation status system", "Biological databases" ]
153,663	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine	Cytokines () are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm and therefore typically exert their functions by interacting with specific cytokine receptors on the target cell surface. Cyt...	Cytokine	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	3,399	[ "Immune system", "Signal transduction", "Immunology", "Cytokines", "Organ systems" ]
153,681	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial%20equator	The celestial equator is the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth. By extension, it is also a plane of reference in the equatorial coordinate system. In other words, the celestial equator is an abstract projection of the terrestrial equator into outer space. Due to Ea...	Celestial equator	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	404	[ "Dynamics of the Solar System", "Mathematical objects", "Infinity", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Coordinate systems", "Planes (geometry)", "Circles", "Pi", "Solar System" ]
153,688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20dressing	Well dressing, also known as well flowering, is a tradition practised in some parts of rural England in which wells, springs and other water sources are decorated with designs created from flower petals. The custom is most closely associated with the Peak District of Derbyshire and Staffordshire. James Murray Mackinlay...	Well dressing	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	799	[ "Hydrology", "Water wells", "Environmental engineering" ]
153,767	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20%3D%20PAT	I = (PAT) is the mathematical notation of a formula put forward to describe the impact of human activity on the environment. I = P × A × T The expression equates human impact on the environment to a function of three factors: population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T). It is similar in form to the Kaya identity...	I = PAT	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,249	[ "Technology assessment", "Science and technology studies", "Mathematical objects", "Equations", "Environmental social science concepts", "nan", "Environmental social science", "Human geography" ]
153,771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing%20a%20raspberry	Blowing a raspberry, razzing or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise similar to flatulence that may signify derision, real or feigned. It is made by placing the tongue between the lips and blowing. A raspberry (when used with the tongue) is not used in any human language as a building block of words, apart from jo...	Blowing a raspberry	[ "Biology" ]	403	[ "Behavior", "Gestures", "Human behavior" ]
153,774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20point%20of%20Aries	The first point of Aries, also known as the cusp of Aries, is the location of the March equinox (the vernal equinox in the northern hemisphere, and the autumnal equinox in the southern), used as a reference point in celestial coordinate systems. In diagrams using such coordinate systems, it is often indicated with the ...	First point of Aries	[ "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	828	[ "Time in astronomy", "Dynamics of the Solar System", "Constellations", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "nan", "Coordinate systems", "Pisces (constellation)", "Aries (constellation)", "Solar System" ]
153,783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20optics	Crystal optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in anisotropic media, that is, media (such as crystals) in which light behaves differently depending on which direction the light is propagating. The index of refraction depends on both composition and crystal structure and can be calculated u...	Crystal optics	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	1,126	[ "Phases of matter", "Materials science", "Crystallography", "Condensed matter physics", "Matter" ]
153,788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91nig%27s%20lemma	Kőnig's lemma or Kőnig's infinity lemma is a theorem in graph theory due to the Hungarian mathematician Dénes Kőnig who published it in 1927. It gives a sufficient condition for an infinite graph to have an infinitely long path. The computability aspects of this theorem have been thoroughly investigated by researchers ...	Kőnig's lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,149	[ "Lemmas", "Mathematical logic", "Wellfoundedness", "Mathematical objects", "Lemmas in graph theory", "Mathematical axioms", "Infinity", "Infinite graphs", "Axiom of choice", "Axioms of set theory", "Constructivism (mathematics)", "Computability theory", "Articles containing proofs", "Order...
153,797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion%20%28constellation%29	Orion is a prominent set of stars visible during winter in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. It is named after a hunter in Greek mythology. Orion is most prominent during winter evenings in the ...	Orion (constellation)	[ "Astronomy" ]	5,701	[ "Constellations listed by Ptolemy", "Orion (constellation)", "Constellations", "Sky regions", "Equatorial constellations" ]
153,803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Bookchin	Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American social theorist, author, orator, historian, and political philosopher. Influenced by G. W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and Peter Kropotkin, he was a pioneer in the environmental movement. Bookchin formulated and developed the theory of social ecology and urban...	Murray Bookchin	[ "Environmental_science" ]	5,369	[]
153,831	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriostatic%20agent	A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise. Depending on their application, bacteriostatic antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives can be distinguished. When bacterios...	Bacteriostatic agent	[ "Biology" ]	302	[ "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Biotechnology products" ]
153,852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20information%20officer	Chief information officer (CIO), chief digital information officer (CDIO) or information technology (IT) director, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise who works with information technology and computer systems, in order to support enterprise goals. Normally, the CIO reports dire...	Chief information officer	[ "Technology" ]	1,913	[ "Information systems", "Information technology" ]
153,859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade	A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall. Palisades can form a stockade. Etymology Palisade derives from pale, from the Latin word , meaning stake, specif...	Palisade	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	1,202	[ "Structural system", "Military engineering", "Engineering barrages", "Timber framing" ]
153,861	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat	A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water defences, including natural or artificial lakes, dams and sluices. In older f...	Moat	[ "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,947	[ "Hydrology", "Engineering barrages", "Construction", "Military engineering", "Water", "Masonry" ]
153,863	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVC	JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood. Founded in 1927 as the Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan and later as , the company was best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, the Matsushi...	JVC	[ "Engineering" ]	2,762	[ "Radio electronics", "Radio manufacturers" ]
153,865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajamas	<noinclude> Pajamas (or pyjamas in Commonwealth English, ( )) are several related types of clothing worn as nightwear or while lounging. Pajamas are soft garments derived from the South-Asian Muslim bottom-wear, the pyjamas, which were adopted in the Western world as nightwear. The garments are sometimes colloquially...	Pajamas	[ "Biology" ]	1,427	[ "Behavior", "Sleep", "Nightwear" ]
153,882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex	Spandex, Lycra, or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity. It is a polyether-polyurea copolymer that was invented in 1958 by chemist Joseph Shivers at DuPont. Name The name spandex, which is an anagram of the word "expands", is the preferred name in North America. In continental Europe, it ...	Spandex	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,325	[ "Synthetic materials", "Synthetic fibers", "Elastomers" ]
153,911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisibility	Invisibility is the state of an object that cannot be seen. An object in this state is said to be invisible (literally, "not visible"). The phenomenon is studied by physics and perceptual psychology. Since objects can be seen by light from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the viewer's eyes, the most...	Invisibility	[ "Physics" ]	1,928	[ "Optical phenomena", "Physical phenomena", "Optical illusions", "Invisibility" ]
153,914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette%20deck	A cassette deck is a type of tape machine for playing and recording audio cassettes that does not have a built-in power amplifier or speakers, and serves primarily as a transport. It can be a part of an automotive entertainment system, a part of a portable audio system or a part of a home component system. In the latte...	Cassette deck	[ "Technology" ]	4,967	[ "Recording devices", "Tape recording" ]
153,961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal%20rising	The heliacal rising ( ) of a star or a planet occurs annually when it becomes visible above the eastern horizon at dawn just before sunrise (thus becoming "the morning star"). A heliacal rising marks the time when a star or planet becomes visible for the first time again in the night sky after having set with the Sun ...	Heliacal rising	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,581	[ "Time in astronomy", "Observational astronomy", "Astronomical sub-disciplines", "Stellar astronomy" ]
153,962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam%20Prevention%20Early%20Warning%20System	The Spam Prevention Early Warning System (SPEWS) was an anonymous service that maintained a list of IP address ranges belonging to internet service providers (ISPs) that host spammers and show little action to prevent their abuse of other networks' resources. It could be used by Internet sites as an additional source o...	Spam Prevention Early Warning System	[ "Technology" ]	194	[ "Warning systems", "Early warning systems" ]
153,968	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poop%20deck	In naval architecture, a poop deck is a deck that forms the roof of a cabin built in the rear, or "aft", part of the superstructure of a ship. The name originates from the French word for stern, , from Latin . Thus the poop deck is technically a stern deck, which in sailing ships was usually elevated as the roof of t...	Poop deck	[ "Engineering" ]	248	[ "Shipbuilding", "Marine engineering" ]
153,977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20Name%20System%20blocklist	A Domain Name System blocklist, Domain Name System-based blackhole list, Domain Name System blacklist (DNSBL) or real-time blackhole list (RBL) is a service for operation of mail servers to perform a check via a Domain Name System (DNS) query whether a sending host's IP address is blacklisted for email spam. Most mail ...	Domain Name System blocklist	[ "Technology" ]	4,001	[ "Computing terminology", "Internet terminology" ]
8,577,896	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane%20reformer	A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) ...	Methane reformer	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	703	[ "Chemical process engineering", "Chemical equipment", "Industrial gases", "nan" ]
8,578,085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20affinity%20%28data%20page%29	This page deals with the electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here. Elements Electron affinity can be defined in two equivalent ways. First, as the energy that is released by adding an electron to an isolated gaseous at...	Electron affinity (data page)	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	343	[ "Chemical data pages", "Quantum mechanics", "Chemical element data pages", "Atomic physics", " molecular", "nan", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
8,579,903	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20holes%20in%20fiction	Black holes, objects whose gravity is so strong that nothing—including light—can escape them, have been depicted in fiction since at least the pulp era of science fiction, before the term black hole was coined. A common portrayal at the time was of black holes as hazards to spacefarers, a motif that has also recurred i...	Black holes in fiction	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	3,122	[ "Black holes", "Physical phenomena", "Physical quantities", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Astrophysics", "Density", "Fiction about black holes", "Stellar phenomena", "Astronomical objects" ]
8,580,596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone%20cloning	Phone cloning is the copying of identity from one cellular device to another. AMPS cloning Analogue mobile telephones were notorious for their lack of security. Casual listeners easily heard conversations as plain narrowband FM; eavesdroppers with specialized equipment readily intercepted handset Electronic Serial N...	Phone cloning	[ "Technology" ]	740	[ "nan" ]
8,580,973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy%20S.%20Heyl	Jeremy Samuel Heyl is an astronomer and a professor at the University of British Columbia's Department of Physics and Astronomy, in Vancouver, British Columbia. He holds a Canada Research Chair in black holes and neutron stars. In the past he was a Goldwater Scholar, a Marshall Scholar and a Chandra Fellow. Heyl is ...	Jeremy S. Heyl	[ "Astronomy" ]	194	[ "Astronomers", "Astronomer stubs", "Astronomy stubs" ]
8,581,435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Fellowship	The Space Fellowship is an international news and information network dedicated to the development of the space industry. The organisation works to report and communicate space news and information to its valued community. Offering a unique and fresh approach, the International Space Fellowship works alongside leading...	Space Fellowship	[ "Astronomy" ]	279	[ "Space advocacy organizations", "Astronomy organizations", "Space organizations" ]
8,582,679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerColor	PowerColor is a Taiwanese graphics card brand established in 1997 by TUL Corporation (撼訊科技), based in New Taipei, Taiwan. PowerColor maintains office locations in a number of countries, including Taiwan, the Netherlands and the United States. The United States branch is located in City of Industry, California and serve...	PowerColor	[ "Technology" ]	327	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
8,582,684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward%20system	The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones i...	Reward system	[ "Biology" ]	7,636	[ "Behavior", "Behavioral neuroscience", "Motivation", "Behavior modification", "Behavioural sciences", "Behaviorism", "Ethology", "Human behavior" ]
8,584,125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic%20rock	Anthropic rock is rock that is made, modified and moved by humans. Concrete is the most widely known example of this. The new category has been proposed to recognise that human-made rocks are likely to last for long periods of Earth's future geological time, and will be important in humanity's long-term future. Hist...	Anthropic rock	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	607	[ "Building engineering", "Architecture", "Construction", "Materials", "Physical objects", "Rocks", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
8,585,407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood-meadow	A flood-meadow (or floodmeadow) is an area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. Flood-meadows are distinct from water-meadows in that the latter are artificially created and maintained, with flooding controlled on a seasonal and even daily basis. Examples Austria: Hohenau an der Mar...	Flood-meadow	[ "Environmental_science" ]	200	[ "Riparian zone", "Hydrology", "Hydrology stubs" ]
8,586,502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrolled%20actuary	An enrolled actuary is an actuary enrolled by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Enrolled actuaries, under regulations of the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Labor, perform a variety of tasks with respect to pension plans i...	Enrolled actuary	[ "Mathematics" ]	379	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
8,586,700	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Board%20for%20the%20Enrollment%20of%20Actuaries	The Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries licenses actuaries to perform a variety of actuarial tasks required of pension plans in the United States by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). The Joint Board consists of five members – three appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury and two by...	Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries	[ "Mathematics" ]	170	[ "Applied mathematics", "Actuarial science" ]
8,587,112	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Lary	David J. Lary (born 7 December 1965) is a British-American atmospheric scientist interested in applying computational and information systems to facilitate discovery and decision support in Earth system science. His main contributions have been to highlight the role of carbonaceous aerosols in atmospheric chemistry, he...	David Lary	[ "Chemistry" ]	744	[ "Computational chemistry", "Theoretical chemists", "Computational chemists" ]
8,587,280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20meadow	A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated for part or all of the growing season which prevents the growth of trees and brush. Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Hydrology and eco...	Wet meadow	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	732	[ "Hydrology", "Grasslands", "Ecosystems", "Wetlands" ]
8,587,640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health%20%28game%20terminology%29	Health is a video game or tabletop game quality that determines the maximum amount of damage or fatigue something takes before leaving the main game. In role-playing games, this typically takes the form of hit points (HP), a numerical attribute representing the health of a character or object. The game character can be...	Health (game terminology)	[ "Technology" ]	2,606	[ "Computing terminology", "Video game terminology" ]
6,918,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindeodus	Hindeodus is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Anchignathodontidae. The generic name Hindeodus is a tribute to George Jennings Hinde, a British geologist and paleontologist from the 1800s and early 1900s. The suffix -odus typically describes the animal's teeth, essentially making Hindeodus mean Hinde-teeth. ...	Hindeodus	[ "Biology" ]	3,576	[ "Evolution of the biosphere", "Extinction events" ]
6,919,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Metcalf-Lindenburger	Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born May 2, 1975) is a retired American astronaut. She was a science teacher at Hudson's Bay High School in Vancouver, Washington when she was selected in 2004 as an educator mission specialist. She was the first Space Camp alumna to become an astronaut. Early life and care...	Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger	[ "Astronomy" ]	950	[ "Educator astronauts", "Astronomy education" ]
6,919,308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Stott	Nicole Marie Passonno Stott (born November 19, 1962) is an American engineer and a retired NASA astronaut. She served as a flight engineer on ISS Expedition 20 and Expedition 21 and was a mission specialist on STS-128 and STS-133. After 27 years of working at NASA, the space agency announced her retirement effective Ju...	Nicole Stott	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,031	[ "Space artists", "Space art", "Outer space" ]
6,920,233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific%20competition	Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). This can be contrasted with mutualism, a type of symbiosis. Competition between members of the same species is called intraspecific compet...	Interspecific competition	[ "Biology" ]	3,047	[ "Biological interactions", "Ethology", "Behavior", "nan" ]
6,920,598	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtracycle	Xtracycle is the name of a company and the name commonly used for the variety of load-carrying bicycle that results from use of the company's products: the FreeRadical kit. Web forums and blogs often use the shorthand Xtrabike, Xtra, or simply X to refer to either the FreeRadical extension or the entire extended bicyc...	Xtracycle	[ "Engineering" ]	781	[ "Systems engineering", "Design", "Modular design" ]
6,920,898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20G.%20Straus	Ernst Gabor Straus (February 25, 1922 – July 12, 1983) was a German-American mathematician of Jewish origin who helped found the theories of Euclidean Ramsey theory and of the arithmetic properties of analytic functions. His extensive list of co-authors includes Albert Einstein, Paul Erdős, Richard Bellman, Béla Bollob...	Ernst G. Straus	[ "Mathematics" ]	477	[ "Combinatorialists", "Combinatorics" ]
6,921,014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes%20Laboratory%20of%20Chemistry	The William Albert Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry, located on the campus of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign at 505 S. Mathews Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, United States, was built in 1902 as the "New Chemical Laboratory", and was designed by Nelson Strong Spencer in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Founde...	Noyes Laboratory of Chemistry	[ "Chemistry" ]	367	[ "Chemistry laboratories", "Chemistry organization stubs" ]
6,921,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20Geometry%20%28book%29	Algebraic Geometry is an algebraic geometry textbook written by Robin Hartshorne and published by Springer-Verlag in 1977. Importance It was the first extended treatment of scheme theory written as a text intended to be accessible to graduate students. Contents The first chapter, titled "Varieties", deals with the cl...	Algebraic Geometry (book)	[ "Mathematics" ]	195	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry" ]
6,921,352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Monteith	John Lennox Monteith DSc, FRS (3 September 1929 – 20 July 2012) was a British scientist who pioneered the application of physics to biology. He was an authority in the related fields of water management for agricultural production, soil physics, micrometeorology, transpiration, and the influence of the natural environm...	John Monteith	[ "Environmental_science" ]	501	[ "Environmental scientists", "British environmental scientists" ]
6,921,893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight%20closure	In mathematics, in the area of commutative algebra, tight closure is an operation defined on ideals in positive characteristic. It was introduced by . Let be a commutative noetherian ring containing a field of characteristic . Hence is a prime number. Let be an ideal of . The tight closure of , denoted by , is an...	Tight closure	[ "Mathematics" ]	299	[ "Fields of abstract algebra", "Commutative algebra" ]
6,922,667	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-based%20definition	Model-based definition (MBD), sometimes called digital product definition (DPD), is the practice of using 3D models (such as solid models, 3D PMI and associated metadata) within 3D CAD software to define (provide specifications for) individual components and product assemblies. The types of information included are ge...	Model-based definition	[ "Engineering" ]	573	[ "Computer-aided design", "Design engineering", "Industrial engineering", "Computer-aided engineering", "Construction" ]
6,922,834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogiri	Ogiri also called Ogiri Ijebu is a flavoring made of fermented oil seeds, such as sesame seeds or egusi seeds. The process and product are similar to iru or douchi. Its smell is similar to cheese, miso, or stinky tofu. Ogiri is best known in West Africa. It is popular among the Yoruba people. Ogiri among the Igbo peop...	Ogiri	[ "Biology" ]	140	[ "Fermented foods", "Biotechnology products" ]
6,922,963	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20honey	Mad honey is honey that contains grayanotoxins. The dark, reddish honey is produced from the nectar and pollen of genus Rhododendron and has moderately toxic and narcotic effects. Mad honey is produced principally in Nepal and Turkey, where it is used both as a traditional medicine and a recreational drug. In the Hind...	Mad honey	[ "Chemistry", "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,348	[ "Toxicology", "Biological agents", "Biological warfare", "Psychoactive drugs", "Neurochemistry" ]
6,923,669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammick%20reaction	The Hammick reaction, named after Dalziel Hammick, is a chemical reaction in which the thermal decarboxylation of α-picolinic (or related) acids in the presence of carbonyl compounds forms 2-pyridyl-carbinols. Using p-cymene as solvent has been shown to increase yields. Reaction mechanism Upon heating α-picolinic aci...	Hammick reaction	[ "Chemistry" ]	286	[ "Coupling reactions", "Name reactions", "Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions", "Organic reactions" ]
6,924,337	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullioscopic%20constant	In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant relates molality to boiling point elevation. It is the ratio of the latter to the former: is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. is the molality of the solution. A formula to compute the ebullioscopic constan...	Ebullioscopic constant	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	274	[ "Thermodynamics stubs", "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Thermodynamics", "Statistical mechanics", "Physical chemistry stubs", "Matter" ]
6,924,404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Natoma	Lake Natoma is a small lake in the Western United States, along the lower American River, between Folsom and Nimbus Dams in Sacramento County, California. The lake is located within the Folsom Lake State Recreation Area which maintains the facilities and bike trails surrounding the lake. Lake Natoma is located east of...	Lake Natoma	[ "Engineering" ]	1,809	[ "Irrigation projects", "Central Valley Project" ]
6,924,623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous%20ribonucleoprotein%20particle	Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA). The presence of the proteins bound to a pre-mRNA molecule serves as a signal that the pre-mRN...	Heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,606	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,924,749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capping%20enzyme	A capping enzyme (CE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the 5' cap to messenger RNA molecules that are in the process of being synthesized in the cell nucleus during the first stages of gene expression. The addition of the cap occurs co-transcriptionally, after the growing RNA molecule contains as little as...	Capping enzyme	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,361	[ "Evolutionary processes", "Molecular evolution", "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,925,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PABPII	PABPII, or polyadenine binding protein II, is a protein involved in the assembly of the polyadenine tail added to newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules during the process of gene transcription. It is a regulatory protein that controls the rate at which polyadenine polymerase (PAP) adds adenine nucleotide...	PABPII	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	269	[ "Protein stubs", "Gene expression", "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,925,359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20well	A tree well, also known as a spruce trap, is the space around a tree under its branches that does not get the same amount of snow as the surrounding open space. This creates a void or area of loose snow below the branches and around the trunk that is dangerous to any hikers, snowshoers, skiers, snowboarders, and snowm...	Tree well	[ "Physics" ]	494	[ "Weather", "Physical phenomena", "Weather hazards" ]
6,925,376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20stimulation%20factor	Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins CSTF1 (55kDa), CSTF2 (64kDa) and CSTF3 (77kDa), totalling about 200 kDa. It is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Cs...	Cleavage stimulation factor	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	284	[ "Protein stubs", "Gene expression", "Biochemistry stubs", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,925,469	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20and%20polyadenylation%20specificity%20factor	Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. In eukaryotes, messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNA) are transcribed in the nucleus from DNA by the enzyme, RNA...	Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	2,000	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,925,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20factor	Cleavage factors are two closely associated protein complexes involved in the cleavage of the 3' untranslated region of a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. The cleavage is the first step in adding a polyadenine tail to the pre-mRNA, which is one of the necessary ...	Cleavage factor	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	364	[ "Gene expression", "Molecular genetics", "Cellular processes", "Molecular biology", "Biochemistry" ]
6,925,638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fulhame	Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794) was an early British chemist who invented the concept of catalysis and discovered photoreduction. She was described as 'the first solo woman researcher of modern chemistry'. Although she only published one text, she describes catalysis as a process at length in her 1794 book An Essay On Co...	Elizabeth Fulhame	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,388	[ "Catalysis", "Chemical kinetics" ]
6,925,818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20Atomic%20Energy%20Authority	The Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA) has been established in 1955. It leads the national research and development in the basic and applied peaceful nuclear research. Egypt was the second in the African Continent, after South Africa, to build a nuclear reactor. The first research reactor (ET-RR-1), commissioned ...	Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority	[ "Engineering" ]	258	[ "Nuclear organizations", "Energy organizations" ]
6,925,876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captorhinida	Captorhinida (older name: Cotylosauria) is a doubly paraphyletic grouping of early reptiles. Robert L. Carroll (1988) ranked it as an order in the subclass Anapsida, composed of the following suborders: A paraphyletic Captorhinomorpha, containing the families Protorothyrididae, Captorhinidae, Bolosauridae, Acleistorh...	Captorhinida	[ "Biology" ]	256	[ "Phylogenetics", "Paraphyletic groups" ]
6,926,084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxypropane	Methoxypropane, or methyl propyl ether, is an ether once used as a general anaesthetic. It is a clear colorless flammable liquid with a boiling point of 38.8 °C. Marketed under the trade names Metopryl and Neothyl, methoxypropane was used as an alternative to diethyl ether because of its greater potency. Its use as ...	Methoxypropane	[ "Chemistry" ]	133	[]
6,926,718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch%20distillation	Batch distillation refers to the use of distillation in batches, meaning that a mixture is distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more mixture and the process is repeated. This is in contrast with continuous distillation where the feedstock is added and...	Batch distillation	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,204	[ "Distillation", "Separation processes" ]
6,927,432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteroazeotrope	A heteroazeotrope is an azeotrope where the vapour phase coexists with two liquid phases. Sketch of a T-x/y equilibrium curve of a typical heteroazeotropic mixture Examples of heteroazeotropes Benzene - Water NBP 69.2 °C Dichloromethane - Water NBP 38.5 °C n-Butanol - Water NBP 93.5 °C Toluene - Water NBP 82 °C Co...	Heteroazeotrope	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	960	[ "Physical phenomena", "Phase transitions", "Phases of matter", "Critical phenomena", "Statistical mechanics", "Matter" ]
6,927,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMAX	AMAX is a certification program for AM radio broadcasting standards, created in the United States beginning in 1991 by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) and the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB). It was developed with the intention of helping AM stations, especially ones with musical formats, become ...	AMAX	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	793	[ "Information and communications technology", "Broadcast engineering", "Stereophonic sound", "Telecommunications engineering", "Symbols", "Radio technology", "Electronic engineering", "Audio engineering", "Certification marks" ]
11,682,860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnardisation	Barnardisation is a method of statistical disclosure control for tables of counts. It involves adding +1, 0 or -1 to some or all of the internal non-zero cells in a table in a pseudo-random fashion. The probability of adjustment for each internal cell is calculated as p/2 (add 1), 1-p (leave as is), p/2 (subtract 1). T...	Barnardisation	[ "Engineering" ]	1,538	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Information privacy" ]
11,683,572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine%20withdrawal%20syndrome	Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BZD withdrawal) is the cluster of signs and symptoms that may emerge when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe taper schedule. Typically, benzodiazepine withdra...	Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome	[ "Chemistry" ]	5,966	[ "Drug safety", "Adverse effects of psychoactive drugs" ]
11,683,576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessible%20tourism	Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavor to ensure tourist destinations, products, and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical or intellectual limitations, disabilities or age. It encompasses publicly and privately owned and operated tourist locations. The goal of accessible tourism is to ...	Accessible tourism	[ "Physics", "Engineering" ]	1,442	[ "Accessible transportation", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Accessibility", "Design" ]
11,683,611	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaporthe%20phaseolorum	Diaporthe phaseolorum is a plant pathogen with five subspecies: Diaporthe phaseolorum var. batatae Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis Diaporthe phaseolorum var. phaseolorum Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae See also List of soybean diseases References Fungal plant pathogens ...	Diaporthe phaseolorum	[ "Biology" ]	97	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,683,694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignardia%20fulvida	Guignardia fulvida is a fungus that is a plant pathogen in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Botryosphaeriaceae Fungi described in 1948 Fungus species	Guignardia fulvida	[ "Biology" ]	47	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,683,712	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clar%27s%20rule	In organic and physical organic chemistry, Clar's rule is an empirical rule that relates the chemical stability of a molecule to its aromaticity. It was introduced in 1972 by the Austrian organic chemist Erich Clar in his book The Aromatic Sextet. The rule states that given a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, the resona...	Clar's rule	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,430	[ "Physical organic chemistry" ]
11,683,722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsino%C3%AB%20ampelina	Elsinoë ampelina is a plant pathogen, which is the causal agent of anthracnose on grape. This type of anthracnose affects several plant varieties, including some brambles and wine grapes. Grape anthracnose can be identified by the "bird's eye" lesions on the berries and sunken black or greyish lesions on leaves and sh...	Elsinoë ampelina	[ "Biology" ]	2,191	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,683,889	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exobasidium%20vaccinii	Exobasidium vaccinii, commonly known as “red leaf disease,” or “Azalea Gall,” is a biotrophic species of fungus that causes galls on ericaceous plant species, such as blueberry and azalea (Vaccinium and Rhododendron spp.). Exobasidium vaccinii is considered the type species of the Exobasidium genus. As a member of the ...	Exobasidium vaccinii	[ "Biology" ]	1,368	[ "Gall-inducing fungi", "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,683,991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20acuminatum	Fusarium acuminatum is a fungal plant pathogen. It was originally found on the living stems of Solanum tuberosum in New York, USA. Fusarium acuminatum has been found to be a ripe rot pathogen of Actinidia deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit) in New Zealand. It has been found to cause post-harvest Rot on stored Kiwifruit (Act...	Fusarium acuminatum	[ "Biology" ]	223	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,684,040	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20equiseti	Fusarium equiseti is a fungal species and plant pathogen on a varied range of crops. It is considered to be a weak pathogen on cereals and is occasionally found to be associated with 'Fusarium head blight' infected kernels. It is commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas. The species has been reported to be...	Fusarium equiseti	[ "Biology" ]	155	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,684,056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20tricinctum	Fusarium tricinctum is a fungal and plant pathogen of various plant diseases worldwide, especially in temperate regions. It is found on many crops in the world including malt barley (Andersen et al., 1996), and cereals (Chelkowski et al., 1989; Bottalico and Perrone, 2002; Kosiak et al., 2003; and Wiśniewska et al., 2...	Fusarium tricinctum	[ "Biology" ]	157	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,684,229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobasidium%20mompa	Helicobasidium mompa is a species of fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are corticioid (patch-forming) and are typically violet to purple. Microscopically they have auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia. Helicobasidium mompa is an opportunistic plant pathogen and is one of the c...	Helicobasidium mompa	[ "Biology" ]	498	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]

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