id int64 39 79M | url stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 6 334k | source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀ | categories listlengths 1 6 | token_count int64 3 71.8k | subcategories listlengths 0 30 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
42,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20transform | The fractal transform is a technique invented by Michael Barnsley et al. to perform lossy image compression.
This first practical fractal compression system for digital images resembles a vector quantization system using the image itself as the codebook.
Fractal transform compression
Start with a digital image A1.
D... | Fractal transform | [
"Mathematics"
] | 348 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical analysis stubs",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
1,489,962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-independent%20propulsion | Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen (by surfacing or using a snorkel). AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
Modern non-nucl... | Air-independent propulsion | [
"Engineering"
] | 2,894 | [
"Marine propulsion",
"Marine engineering"
] |
1,490,017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive%20polymer | An electroactive polymer (EAP) is a polymer that exhibits a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field. The most common applications of this type of material are in actuators and sensors. A typical characteristic property of an EAP is that they will undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaini... | Electroactive polymer | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,734 | [
"Materials science",
"Polymer material properties",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Electrical engineering",
"Smart materials"
] |
1,490,148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation%20%28astronomy%29 | In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subjected to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body. The other forces can include a third (fourth, fifth, etc.) body, resistance, as from an atmosphere, and the off-center attraction of an oblate or otherwise missh... | Perturbation (astronomy) | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,232 | [
"Dynamics of the Solar System",
"Classical mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
"Mechanics",
"Celestial mechanics",
"Solar System",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
1,490,408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrupulosity | Scrupulosity is the pathological guilt and anxiety about moral issues. Although it can affect nonreligious people, it is usually related to religious beliefs. It is personally distressing, dysfunctional, and often accompanied by significant impairment in social functioning. It is typically conceptualized as a moral or ... | Scrupulosity | [
"Biology"
] | 2,125 | [
"Behavior",
"Religious practices",
"Human behavior"
] |
1,490,597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20User%20Interface | The Magic User Interface (MUI in short) is an object-oriented system by Stefan Stuntz to generate and maintain graphical user interfaces. With the aid of a preferences program, the user of an application has the ability to customize the system according to personal taste.
The Magic User Interface was written for Amiga... | Magic User Interface | [
"Technology"
] | 1,077 | [
"AmigaOS",
"Computing platforms"
] |
1,490,598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20locking | In databases an index is a data structure, part of the database, used by a database system to efficiently navigate access to user data. Index data are system data distinct from user data, and consist primarily of pointers. Changes in a database (by insert, delete, or modify operations), may require indexes to be updat... | Index locking | [
"Technology"
] | 493 | [
"Computing stubs"
] |
1,490,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grim%20trigger | In game theory, grim trigger (also called the grim strategy or just grim) is a trigger strategy for a repeated game.
Initially, a player using grim trigger will cooperate, but as soon as the opponent defects (thus satisfying the trigger condition), the player using grim trigger will defect for the remainder of the ite... | Grim trigger | [
"Mathematics"
] | 947 | [
"Game theory",
"Strategy (game theory)"
] |
1,490,790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player%20versus%20environment | Player versus environment (PvE, also known as player versus monster (PvM) and commonly misinterpreted as player versus entity) is a term used for both single player and online games, particularly MMORPGs, CORPGs, MUDs, other online role-playing video games and survival games to refer to fighting computer-controlled ene... | Player versus environment | [
"Technology"
] | 372 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Video game terminology"
] |
1,490,894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20atmosphere | Upper atmosphere is a collective term that refers to various layers of the atmosphere of the Earth above the troposphere and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets, and includes:
The mesosphere, which on Earth lies between the altitudes of about , sometimes considered part of the "middle atmosphere... | Upper atmosphere | [
"Astronomy"
] | 144 | [
"Astronomy stubs",
"Planetary science stubs"
] |
1,491,136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffer | A coffer (or coffering) in architecture is a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault.
A series of these sunken panels was often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also called caissons ("boxes"), or lacunaria ("spaces, openings"), so that a coffe... | Coffer | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 474 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Building engineering",
"Architectural elements",
"Ceilings",
"Components",
"Architecture"
] |
1,491,198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session%20border%20controller | A session border controller (SBC) is a network element deployed to protect SIP based voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) networks.
Early deployments of SBCs were focused on the borders between two service provider networks in a peering environment. This role has now expanded to include significant deployments between... | Session border controller | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,599 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer networks engineering",
"Computer network security"
] |
1,491,215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun%20Dart | Cajun Dart is the designation of an American sounding rocket. The Cajun Dart was used 87 times between 1964 and 1970. The Cajun rocket motor was developed from Deacon.
Staged on top of a Nike rocket, it was part of the Nike-Cajun sounding rocket; it was also used as part of the Terasca three-stage rocket.
Specs
Tak... | Cajun Dart | [
"Astronomy"
] | 149 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
1,491,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Unreality%20of%20Time | "The Unreality of Time" is the best-known philosophical work of University of Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925). In the argument, first published as a journal article in Mind in 1908, McTaggart argues that time is unreal because our descriptions of time are either contradictory, circular, or insufficien... | The Unreality of Time | [
"Physics"
] | 4,290 | [
"Spacetime",
"Philosophy of time",
"Physical quantities",
"Time"
] |
1,491,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rm%20%28Unix%29 | rm (short for remove) is a basic command on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to remove objects such as computer files, directories and symbolic links from file systems and also special files such as device nodes, pipes and sockets, similar to the del command in MS-DOS, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows. The command ... | Rm (Unix) | [
"Technology"
] | 2,141 | [
"IBM i Qshell commands",
"Standard Unix programs",
"Computing commands",
"Plan 9 commands",
"Inferno (operating system) commands"
] |
1,491,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Brutus | Dennis Vincent Brutus (28 November 1924 – 26 December 2009) was a South African activist, educator, journalist and poet best known for his campaign to have South Africa banned from the Olympic Games due to its racial policy of apartheid.
Life and work
Born in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia in 1924 to South African paren... | Dennis Brutus | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,174 | [
"Environmental ethics"
] |
1,491,909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Medical%20Hall%20of%20Fame |
The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame is a Canadian charitable organization, founded in 1994, that honours Canadians who have contributed to the understanding of disease and improving the health of people. It has an exhibit hall in London, Ontario, an annual induction ceremony, career exploration programs for youth and a... | Canadian Medical Hall of Fame | [
"Technology"
] | 110 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science and technology halls of fame"
] |
1,491,913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primosome | In molecular biology, a primosome is a protein complex responsible for creating RNA primers on single stranded DNA during DNA replication.
The primosome consists of seven proteins: DnaG primase, DnaB helicase, DnaC helicase assistant, DnaT, PriA, Pri B, and PriC. At each replication fork, the primosome is utilized on... | Primosome | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 665 | [
"Biochemistry stubs",
"Biotechnology stubs",
"Biochemistry",
"Genetics"
] |
1,492,498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular%20hydrostat | A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure found in animals. It is used to manipulate items (including food) or to move its host about and consists mainly of muscles with no skeletal support. It performs its hydraulic movement without fluid in a separate compartment, as in a hydrostatic skeleton.
A muscular hydro... | Muscular hydrostat | [
"Physics"
] | 1,754 | [
"Biomechanics",
"Mechanics"
] |
1,492,704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrolecithal | Centrolecithal (Greek kentron = center of a circle, lekithos = yolk) describes the placement of the yolk in the centre of the cytoplasm of ova. Many arthropod eggs are centrolecithal.
During cytokinesis, centrolecithal zygotes undergo meroblastic cleavage, where the cleavage plane extends only to the accumulated yolk ... | Centrolecithal | [
"Biology"
] | 131 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
1,493,025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassphalt | Glassphalt or glasphalt (a portmanteau of glass and asphalt) is a variety of asphalt that uses crushed glass. It has been used as an alternative to conventional bituminous asphalt pavement since the early 1970s. Glassphalt must be properly mixed and placed if it is to meet roadway pavement standards, requiring some mod... | Glassphalt | [
"Physics",
"Engineering"
] | 113 | [
"Building engineering",
"Construction",
"Materials",
"Building materials",
"Matter",
"Architecture"
] |
1,493,053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockayne%20syndrome | Cockayne syndrome (CS), also called Neill-Dingwall syndrome, is a rare and fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by growth failure, impaired development of the nervous system, abnormal sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging. Failure to thrive and neuro... | Cockayne syndrome | [
"Biology"
] | 3,151 | [
"Senescence",
"DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders",
"Progeroid syndromes"
] |
1,493,168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlimFast | SlimFast is an American company headquartered in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, that markets an eponymous brand of shakes, bars, snacks, packaged meals, and other dietary supplement foods sold in the U.S., Canada, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Latin America, and the U.K. SlimFast promotes diets and weight loss plans... | SlimFast | [
"Chemistry"
] | 588 | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Low-carbohydrate diets"
] |
1,493,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20permutation | A random permutation is a random permutation of a set of objects, that is, a permutation-valued random variable. The use of random permutations is common in games of chance and in randomized algorithms in coding theory, cryptography, and simulation. A good example of a random permutation is the fair shuffling of a stan... | Random permutation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,124 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Permutations",
"Mathematical objects",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
1,493,289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob%20%28video%20games%29 | A mob, short for mobile or mobile object, is a computer-controlled non-player character (NPC) in a video game such as an MMORPG or MUD. Depending on context, every and any such character in a game may be considered to be a "mob", or usage of the term may be limited to hostile NPCs and/or NPCs vulnerable to attack.
In ... | Mob (video games) | [
"Technology"
] | 421 | [
"Computing terminology",
"Video game terminology"
] |
1,493,317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control%20system | A fire-control system (FCS) is a number of components working together, usually a gun data computer, a director and radar, which is designed to assist a ranged weapon system to target, track, and hit a target. It performs the same task as a human gunner firing a weapon, but attempts to do so faster and more accurately.... | Fire-control system | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 4,429 | [
"Control engineering",
"Artillery components",
"Components",
"Applications of control engineering"
] |
1,493,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20phase | Absolute phase is the phase of a waveform relative to some standard (strictly speaking, phase is always relative). To the extent that this standard is accepted by all parties, one can speak of an absolute phase in a particular field of application.
Sound reproduction
In the reproduction of sound by headphones or spea... | Absolute phase | [
"Physics"
] | 615 | [
"Wave mechanics",
"Waves",
"Physical phenomena",
"Classical mechanics"
] |
1,493,395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappus%27s%20hexagon%20theorem | In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria) states that
given one set of collinear points and another set of collinear points then the intersection points of line pairs and and and are collinear, lying on the Pappus line. These three points are the points of intersection of the... | Pappus's hexagon theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,335 | [
"Theorems in projective geometry",
"Euclidean plane geometry",
"Theorems in geometry",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Planes (geometry)"
] |
1,493,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Nucleotide%20Sequence%20Database%20Collaboration | The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) consists of a joint effort to collect and disseminate databases containing DNA and RNA sequences. It involves the following computerized databases: NIG's DNA Data Bank of Japan (Japan), NCBI's GenBank (USA) and the EMBL-EBI's European Nucleotide Archi... | International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration | [
"Biology"
] | 429 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Bioinformatics organizations"
] |
1,493,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike-Iroquois | Nike Iroquois is the designation of a two-stage American sounding rocket. The Nike Iroquois was launched 213 times between 1964 and 1978. The maximum flight height of the Nike Iroquois amounts to 290 km (950,000 ft), the takeoff thrust 48,800 lbf (217 kN), the takeoff weight 700 kg and the length 8.00 m.
References
... | Nike-Iroquois | [
"Astronomy"
] | 86 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
1,493,799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocomplexity%20Institute%20of%20Virginia%20Tech | The Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech (formerly the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute) was a research institute specializing in bioinformatics, computational biology, and systems biology. The institute had more than 250 personnel, including over 50 tenured and research faculty. Research at the institute involved... | Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech | [
"Biology"
] | 1,683 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Bioinformatics organizations"
] |
1,493,836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Brain%20Tumour%20Charity | The Brain Tumour Charity is a British charity dedicated to funding research, raising awareness of brain tumours, reducing diagnosis times and providing support and information for people with brain tumours, their families and friends.
History
The Brain Tumour Charity was created in 2013 through the merger of Brain Tum... | The Brain Tumour Charity | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 755 | [
"Biotechnology organizations",
"Biomedical research foundations"
] |
1,493,984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linchpin | A linchpin, also spelled linch pin, lynchpin, or lynch pin, is a fastener used to prevent a wheel or other part from sliding off the axle upon which it is riding. The word is first attested in the late fourteenth century and derives from Middle English elements meaning "axletree pin".
Securing implements onto the thre... | Linchpin | [
"Engineering"
] | 148 | [
"Construction",
"Fasteners"
] |
1,494,133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular%20pH | Intracellular pH (pHi) is the measure of the acidity or basicity (i.e., pH) of intracellular fluid. The pHi plays a critical role in membrane transport and other intracellular processes. In an environment with the improper pHi, biological cells may have compromised function. Therefore, pHi is closely regulated in order... | Intracellular pH | [
"Biology"
] | 1,418 | [
"Cell biology"
] |
1,494,164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20inconsistency | In economics, dynamic inconsistency or time inconsistency is a situation in which a decision-maker's preferences change over time in such a way that a preference can become inconsistent at another point in time. This can be thought of as there being many different "selves" within decision makers, with each "self" repre... | Dynamic inconsistency | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,927 | [
"Game theory"
] |
1,494,488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay%20valve | A relay valve is an air-operated valve typically used in air brake systems to remotely control the brakes at the rear of a heavy truck or semi-trailer in a tractor-trailer combination. Relay valves are necessary in heavy trucks in order to speed-up rear-brake application and release, since air takes longer to travel to... | Relay valve | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 1,578 | [
"Physical systems",
"Valves",
"Hydraulics",
"Piping"
] |
1,494,666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian%20hormone | Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis. In humans, it is encoded by the gene, on chromo... | Anti-Müllerian hormone | [
"Biology"
] | 3,589 | [
"Biomarkers"
] |
1,494,672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TK90X | The TK90X was a Brazilian ZX Spectrum clone made in 1985 by Microdigital Electrônica, a company from São Paulo, that had previously manufactured ZX80 (TK80, TK82) and ZX81 clones (TK82C, TK83 and TK85).
Reported TK90X sales in October 1986 were 2500 machines per month.
Technical details
The case was a little taller ... | TK90X | [
"Technology"
] | 872 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
1,494,699 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Estevam%20Kerr | Warwick Estevam Kerr (9 September 1922 – 15 September 2018) was a Brazilian agricultural engineer, geneticist, entomologist, professor and scientific leader, notable for his discoveries in the genetics and sex determination of bees. The Africanized bee in the western hemisphere is directly descended from 26 Tanzanian q... | Warwick Estevam Kerr | [
"Biology"
] | 996 | [
"Bioinformatics",
"Theoretical biologists"
] |
1,494,813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsauer%E2%80%93Townsend%20effect | The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. This effect is a result of quantum mechanics. The effect is named for Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend, who each indepen... | Ramsauer–Townsend effect | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 506 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Scattering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Particle physics",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
1,494,850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewinder%20Raven | Sidewinder Raven is the designation of a two-stage sounding rocket. A ceiling of 112 km, a takeoff thrust of 26 kN, a takeoff weight of 110 kg, a diameter of 130 mm and a length of 5.20 m.
References
Sounding rockets of the United States | Sidewinder Raven | [
"Astronomy"
] | 58 | [
"Rocketry stubs",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
151,577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality%20%28physics%29 | Causality is the relationship between causes and effects. While causality is also a topic studied from the perspectives of philosophy and physics, it is operationalized so that causes of an event must be in the past light cone of the event and ultimately reducible to fundamental interactions. Similarly, a cause cannot ... | Causality (physics) | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 2,271 | [
"Philosophy of physics",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Physical quantities",
"Time",
"Time travel",
"Quantity",
"nan",
"Spacetime",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities"
] |
151,586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone%20Lighthouse | The Eddystone Lighthouse is a lighthouse on the Eddystone Rocks, south of Rame Head in Cornwall, England. The rocks are submerged below the surface of the sea and are composed of Precambrian gneiss.
The current structure is the fourth to be built on the site. The first lighthouse (Winstanley's) was swept away in a po... | Eddystone Lighthouse | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,968 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
151,587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth%20and%20Clyde%20Canal | The Forth and Clyde Canal is a canal opened in 1790, crossing central Scotland; it provided a route for the seagoing vessels of the day between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde at the narrowest part of the Scottish Lowlands. This allowed navigation from Edinburgh on the east coast to the port of Glasgow on the... | Forth and Clyde Canal | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,157 | [
"Civil engineering",
"Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks"
] |
151,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20Toaster | The NewTek Video Toaster is a combination of hardware and software for the editing and production of NTSC standard-definition video. The plug-in expansion card initially worked with the Amiga 2000 computer and provides a number of BNC connectors on the exposed rear edge that provide connectivity to common analog video ... | Video Toaster | [
"Technology"
] | 2,821 | [
"Multimedia",
"New media",
"Multimedia software"
] |
151,604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception | Deception is the act of convincing one or many recipients of untrue information. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the message has a tendency to believe it (although it is not always the case). It is often done for personal gain or advantage. Deception can involve dissimulatio... | Deception | [
"Biology"
] | 6,274 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
151,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization | Authorization or authorisation (see spelling differences) is the function of specifying rights/privileges for accessing resources, which is related to general information security and computer security, and to IAM (Identity and Access Management) in particular. More formally, "to authorize" is to define an access polic... | Authorization | [
"Engineering"
] | 879 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer access control"
] |
151,629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary | A glossary (from , glossa; language, speech, wording), also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book that are either newly introdu... | Glossary | [
"Engineering"
] | 437 | [
"Book design",
"Design"
] |
151,651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut | Fomalhaut (, ) is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus, the Southern Fish, and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Piscis Austrini, which is an alternative form of α Piscis Austrini, and is abbreviated Alpha PsA or α PsA. This is a class A star... | Fomalhaut | [
"Astronomy"
] | 3,404 | [
"Piscis Austrinus",
"Constellations"
] |
151,694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%20%28computing%29 | In computing, tar is a computer software utility for collecting many files into one archive file, often referred to as a tarball, for distribution or backup purposes. The name is derived from "tape archive", as it was originally developed to write data to sequential I/O devices with no file system of their own, such a... | Tar (computing) | [
"Technology"
] | 4,310 | [
"Windows commands",
"IBM i Qshell commands",
"Computing commands",
"Plan 9 commands"
] |
151,762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%20Chongzhi | Zu Chongzhi (; 429 – 500), courtesy name Wenyuan (), was a Chinese astronomer, inventor, mathematician, politician, and writer during the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties. He was most notable for calculating pi as between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927, a record in precision which would not be surpassed for nearly 900 years... | Zu Chongzhi | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,793 | [
"Pi-related people",
"Pi"
] |
151,783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%27s%20approximation | In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an asymptotic approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of . It is named after James Stirling, though a related but less precise result was first stated by Abraham de Moivre.
One way of... | Stirling's approximation | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,852 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Analytic number theory",
"Mathematical analysis",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical relations",
"Asymptotic analysis",
"Mathematical problems",
"Approximations",
"Number theory"
] |
151,828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side%20effect | In medicine, a side effect is an effect of the use of a medicinal drug or other treatment, usually adverse but sometimes beneficial, that is unintended. Herbal and traditional medicines also have side effects.
A drug or procedure usually used for a specific effect may be used specifically because of a beneficial side... | Side effect | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,100 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Clinical pharmacology"
] |
151,864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergence%20theorem | In vector calculus, the divergence theorem, also known as Gauss's theorem or Ostrogradsky's theorem, is a theorem relating the flux of a vector field through a closed surface to the divergence of the field in the volume enclosed.
More precisely, the divergence theorem states that the surface integral of a vector field... | Divergence theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,914 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in calculus",
"Calculus"
] |
151,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del | Del, or nabla, is an operator used in mathematics (particularly in vector calculus) as a vector differential operator, usually represented by the nabla symbol ∇. When applied to a function defined on a one-dimensional domain, it denotes the standard derivative of the function as defined in calculus. When applied to a f... | Del | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,781 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Differential operators",
"nan"
] |
151,960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Agricultural%20Sciences%2C%20Bengaluru | University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore (UAS Bangalore) is located in Bengaluru, India. It was established in 1964 as UAS Bangalore by a legislative act.
Origin
The British government in India, shaken by several famines in India, set up a commission to improve the state of agriculture to reduce the impact of f... | University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru | [
"Biology"
] | 1,420 | [
"Biodiversity Heritage Sites of India",
"Biodiversity"
] |
151,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernalization | Vernalization () is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually do so. The term is som... | Vernalization | [
"Biology"
] | 1,616 | [
"Plant physiology",
"Plants"
] |
152,036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-100%20bus | The S-100 bus or Altair bus, IEEE 696-1983 (inactive-withdrawn), is an early computer bus designed in 1974 as a part of the Altair 8800. The bus was the first industry standard expansion bus for the microcomputer industry. computers, consisting of processor and peripheral cards, were produced by a number of manufactu... | S-100 bus | [
"Technology"
] | 2,015 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEEE standards"
] |
152,038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype | A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an individual, including the number... | Karyotype | [
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 6,794 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Evolutionary biology",
"Cell biology",
"Genetic engineering"
] |
152,109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable%20Coherent%20Interface | The Scalable Coherent Interface or Scalable Coherent Interconnect (SCI), is a high-speed interconnect standard for shared memory multiprocessing and message passing. The goal was to scale well, provide system-wide memory coherence and a simple interface; i.e. a standard to replace existing buses in multiprocessor syste... | Scalable Coherent Interface | [
"Technology"
] | 2,025 | [
"Supercomputing"
] |
152,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s%20stone | The philosopher's stone is a mythic alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold or silver; it was also known as "the tincture" and "the powder". Alchemists additionally believed that it could be used to make an elixir of life which made possible rejuvenation and immortality.
For many ... | Philosopher's stone | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 3,114 | [
"Stones",
"Alchemical substances",
"Magic items",
"Mythological substances",
"Physical objects",
"Matter"
] |
152,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcing%20%28mathematics%29 | In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence results. Intuitively, forcing can be thought of as a technique to expand the set theoretical universe to a larger universe by introducing a new "generic" object .
Forcing was first used by Paul Cohen in 1963... | Forcing (mathematics) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,873 | [
"Forcing (mathematics)",
"Mathematical logic"
] |
152,207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactness%20theorem | In mathematical logic, the compactness theorem states that a set of first-order sentences has a model if and only if every finite subset of it has a model. This theorem is an important tool in model theory, as it provides a useful (but generally not effective) method for constructing models of any set of sentences that... | Compactness theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,476 | [
"Foundations of mathematics",
"Mathematical logic",
"Model theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Theorems in the foundations of mathematics"
] |
152,214 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermelo%E2%80%93Fraenkel%20set%20theory | In set theory, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in the early twentieth century in order to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox. Today, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, with the historicall... | Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,879 | [
"Z notation",
"Foundations of mathematics"
] |
152,260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooibos | Rooibos ( ; , ), or , is a broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's Fynbos biome.
The leaves are used to make a caffeine free herbal tea that is called rooibos (especially in Southern Africa), bush tea, red tea, or redbush tea (predominantly in Great Britain).
The tea has been popul... | Rooibos | [
"Biology"
] | 3,090 | [
"Biopiracy",
"Biodiversity"
] |
152,262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp | In folklore, a will-o'-the-wisp, will-o'-wisp, or ; ), is an atmospheric ghost light seen by travellers at night, especially over bogs, swamps or marshes.
The phenomenon is known in the United Kingdom by a variety of names, including jack-o'-lantern, friar's lantern, and hinkypunk, and is said to mislead and/or guide ... | Will-o'-the-wisp | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 5,932 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Hydrology",
"Methane",
"Wetlands"
] |
152,277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Addams | Laura Jane Addams (September 6, 1860May 21, 1935) was an American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator, philosopher, and author. She was a leader in the history of social work and Women's suffrage. In 1889, Addams co-founded Hull House, one of America's most famous settlement ... | Jane Addams | [
"Technology"
] | 14,490 | [
"Women Nobel laureates",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
152,323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian%20cuneiform%20numerals | Babylonian cuneiform numerals, also used in Assyria and Chaldea, were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to print a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record.
The Babylonians, who were famous for their astronomical observations, as well as t... | Babylonian cuneiform numerals | [
"Mathematics"
] | 957 | [
"Numeral systems",
"Numerals",
"Mathematical objects",
"Numbers"
] |
152,420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passphrase | A passphrase is a sequence of words or other text used to control access to a computer system, program or data. It is similar to a password in usage, but a passphrase is generally longer for added security. Passphrases are often used to control both access to, and the operation of, cryptographic programs and systems, e... | Passphrase | [
"Mathematics",
"Engineering"
] | 1,888 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Cryptography",
"Cybersecurity engineering"
] |
152,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva%27s%20theorem | In Euclidean geometry, Ceva's theorem is a theorem about triangles. Given a triangle , let the lines be drawn from the vertices to a common point (not on one of the sides of ), to meet opposite sides at respectively. (The segments are known as cevians.) Then, using signed lengths of segments,
In other words, the l... | Ceva's theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,478 | [
"Articles containing proofs",
"Planes (geometry)",
"Euclidean plane geometry"
] |
152,440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20nucleosynthesis | In astrophysics, stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. As a predictive theory, it yields accurate estimates of the observed abundances of... | Stellar nucleosynthesis | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Astronomy"
] | 3,098 | [
"Nuclear fission",
"Concepts in astrophysics",
"Concepts in astronomy",
"Astrophysics",
"Nucleosynthesis",
"Nuclear physics",
"Concepts in stellar astronomy",
"Nuclear fusion",
"Astronomical sub-disciplines",
"Stellar astronomy"
] |
152,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurebus | Futurebus (IEEE 896) is a computer bus standard designed to replace all local bus connections in a computer, including the CPU, plug-in cards, and even some LAN links between machines. The project started in 1979 and was completed in 1987, but then went through a redesign until 1994. It has seen little real-world use, ... | Futurebus | [
"Technology"
] | 542 | [
"Computer standards",
"IEEE standards"
] |
152,464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide | Nuclides (or nucleides, from nucleus, also known as nuclear species) are a class of atoms characterized by their number of protons, Z, their number of neutrons, N, and their nuclear energy state.
The word nuclide was coined by the American nuclear physicist Truman P. Kohman in 1947. Kohman defined nuclide as a "specie... | Nuclide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,140 | [
"Isotopes",
"Nuclear physics"
] |
152,465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20nerve | In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal... | Optic nerve | [
"Biology"
] | 2,064 | [
"Organ systems",
"Nervous system"
] |
152,518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Ruffini%20theorem | In mathematics, the Abel–Ruffini theorem (also known as Abel's impossibility theorem) states that there is no solution in radicals to general polynomial equations of degree five or higher with arbitrary coefficients. Here, general means that the coefficients of the equation are viewed and manipulated as indeterminates.... | Abel–Ruffini theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,520 | [
"Theorems in algebra",
"Articles containing proofs",
"Theorems about polynomials"
] |
152,547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection | In geometry, bisection is the division of something into two equal or congruent parts (having the same shape and size). Usually it involves a bisecting line, also called a bisector. The most often considered types of bisectors are the segment bisector, a line that passes through the midpoint of a given segment, and the... | Bisection | [
"Mathematics"
] | 2,824 | [
"Elementary mathematics",
"Elementary geometry"
] |
152,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospike%20engine | The aerospike engine is a type of rocket engine that maintains its aerodynamic efficiency across a wide range of altitudes. It belongs to the class of altitude compensating nozzle engines. Aerospike engines were proposed for many single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) designs. They were a contender for the Space Shuttle main eng... | Aerospike engine | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 2,835 | [
"Industrial design",
"Design engineering",
"Engines",
"Rocket engines",
"Design"
] |
152,567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Riemann%20hypothesis | The Riemann hypothesis is one of the most important conjectures in mathematics. It is a statement about the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Various geometrical and arithmetical objects can be described by so-called global L-functions, which are formally similar to the Riemann zeta-function. One can then ask the sam... | Generalized Riemann hypothesis | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,278 | [
"Unsolved problems in mathematics",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Conjectures",
"Algebraic geometry",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
152,611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20differentiation | Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation happens multiple times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues an... | Cellular differentiation | [
"Biology"
] | 5,938 | [
"Behavior",
"Developmental biology",
"Stem cell research",
"Reproduction",
"Cellular processes",
"Induced stem cells"
] |
152,623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology | Radiology ( ) is the medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide treatment within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities. This includes technologies that use ... | Radiology | [
"Physics"
] | 6,611 | [
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Medical physics"
] |
152,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand%20fan | A handheld fan, or simply hand fan, is a broad, flat surface that is waved back-and-forth to create an airflow. Generally, purpose-made handheld fans are folding fans, which are shaped like a sector of a circle and made of a thin material (such as paper or feathers) mounted on slats which revolve around a pivot so that... | Hand fan | [
"Engineering"
] | 5,183 | [
"Human–machine interaction",
"Hand tools"
] |
152,664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20quantum%20gravity | Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic quantum gravity case. It is an attempt to develop a quantum theory of gravity based directly on Albert Einstein's geometric formulation rather than the treatment of g... | Loop quantum gravity | [
"Physics"
] | 12,357 | [
"Theoretical physics",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Particle physics",
"Theories of gravity",
"Physics beyond the Standard Model"
] |
152,671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3%20%28computer%29 | The Z3 was a German electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse in 1938, and completed in 1941. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2,600 relays, implementing a 22-bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code ... | Z3 (computer) | [
"Technology"
] | 2,297 | [
"Serial computers",
"Computers"
] |
152,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor | A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and tra... | Tractor | [
"Engineering"
] | 11,145 | [
"Engineering vehicles",
"Tractors"
] |
152,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BARK%20%28computer%29 | BARK () was an early electromechanical computer. BARK was built using standard telephone relays, implementing a 32-bit binary machine. It could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms. It had a memory with 50 registers and 100 constants. It was later expanded to double the memory. Howard Aiken stated in... | BARK (computer) | [
"Technology"
] | 393 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
152,703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20third%20problem | The third of Hilbert's list of mathematical problems, presented in 1900, was the first to be solved. The problem is related to the following question: given any two polyhedra of equal volume, is it always possible to cut the first into finitely many polyhedral pieces which can be reassembled to yield the second? Based ... | Hilbert's third problem | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 1,348 | [
"Geometry problems",
"Euclidean solid geometry",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Space",
"Geometry",
"Spacetime",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
152,710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptor%20%28constellation%29 | Sculptor is a faint constellation in the southern sky. It represents a sculptor. It was introduced by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. He originally named it Apparatus Sculptoris (the sculptor's studio), but the name was later shortened.
History
The region to the south of Cetus and Aquarius had been nam... | Sculptor (constellation) | [
"Astronomy"
] | 926 | [
"Sculptor (constellation)",
"Southern constellations",
"Constellations",
"Constellations listed by Lacaille"
] |
152,759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20second%20problem | In mathematics, Hilbert's second problem was posed by David Hilbert in 1900 as one of his 23 problems. It asks for a proof that arithmetic is consistent – free of any internal contradictions. Hilbert stated that the axioms he considered for arithmetic were the ones given in , which include a second order completeness... | Hilbert's second problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,396 | [
"Hilbert's problems",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
152,760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20fifth%20problem | Hilbert's fifth problem is the fifth mathematical problem from the problem list publicized in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert, and concerns the characterization of Lie groups.
The theory of Lie groups describes continuous symmetry in mathematics; its importance there and in theoretical physics (for example quark t... | Hilbert's fifth problem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 806 | [
"Lie groups",
"Mathematical structures",
"Hilbert's problems",
"Algebraic structures",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
152,772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive%20farming | Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming (as opposed to extensive farming), conventional, or industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher us... | Intensive farming | [
"Chemistry"
] | 4,256 | [
"Eutrophication",
"Intensive farming"
] |
152,776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20%28biology%29 | In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. In the hierarchy of life, an organ lies between tissue and an organ system. Tissues are formed from same type cells to act together in a function. Tissues of different types combine to form an organ ... | Organ (biology) | [
"Biology"
] | 2,252 | [
"Organ systems",
"Levels of organization (Biology)"
] |
152,900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitism | Finitism is a philosophy of mathematics that accepts the existence only of finite mathematical objects. It is best understood in comparison to the mainstream philosophy of mathematics where infinite mathematical objects (e.g., infinite sets) are accepted as existing.
Main idea
The main idea of finitistic mathematics ... | Finitism | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,125 | [
"Mathematical objects",
"Mathematical logic",
"Infinity",
"Constructivism (mathematics)"
] |
152,928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebell%20wood | A bluebell wood is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the competitive ground-cover is suppressed, encouraging a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early ... | Bluebell wood | [
"Biology"
] | 472 | [
"Forests",
"Ecosystems"
] |
152,952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20man%20o%27%20war | The Portuguese war (Physalia physalis), also known as the man-of-war or bluebottle, is a marine hydrozoan found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is considered to be the same species as the Pacific man o' war or bluebottle, which is found mainly in the Pacific Ocean. The Portuguese man o' war is the only ... | Portuguese man o' war | [
"Biology"
] | 3,712 | [
"Colonial animals",
"Animals"
] |
152,958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexokinase | A hexokinase is an enzyme that irreversibly phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate. In most organisms, glucose is the most important substrate for hexokinases, and glucose-6-phosphate is the most important product. Hexokinase possesses the ability to transfer an inorganic phosphate group f... | Hexokinase | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,744 | [
"Carbohydrate metabolism",
"Glycolysis"
] |
152,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutectic%20system | A eutectic system or eutectic mixture ( ) is a type of a homogeneous mixture that has a melting point lower than those of the constituents. The lowest possible melting point over all of the mixing ratios of the constituents is called the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram, the eutectic temperature is seen as the ... | Eutectic system | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 3,434 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Phase transitions",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics",
"Phases of matter",
"Materials science",
"Critical phenomena",
"nan",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Matter"
] |
152,970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglenid | Euglenids or euglenoids are one of the best-known groups of eukaryotic flagellates: single-celled organisms with flagella, or whip-like tails. They are classified in the phylum Euglenophyta, class Euglenida or Euglenoidea. Euglenids are commonly found in fresh water, especially when it is rich in organic materials, but... | Euglenid | [
"Biology"
] | 1,922 | [
"Algae",
"Algal taxonomy"
] |
153,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot%20theory | In topology, knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life, such as those in shoelaces and rope, a mathematical knot differs in that the ends are joined so it cannot be undone, the simplest knot being a ring (or "unknot"). In mathematical language, a knot is an embed... | Knot theory | [
"Mathematics"
] | 5,887 | [
"Topology",
"Low-dimensional topology"
] |
153,095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20navigation | Radio navigation or radionavigation is the application of radio waves to determine a position of an object on the Earth, either the vessel or an obstruction. Like radiolocation, it is a type of radiodetermination.
The basic principles are measurements from/to electric beacons, especially
Angular directions, e.g. by ... | Radio navigation | [
"Physics",
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 6,219 | [
"Geometric measurement",
"Scalar physical quantities",
"Physical quantities",
"Wireless locating",
"Surveying",
"Civil engineering",
"Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities",
"Angle"
] |
153,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20closure%20%28group%20theory%29 | In group theory, the normal closure of a subset of a group is the smallest normal subgroup of containing
Properties and description
Formally, if is a group and is a subset of the normal closure of is the intersection of all normal subgroups of containing :
The normal closure is the smallest normal subgrou... | Normal closure (group theory) | [
"Mathematics"
] | 200 | [
"Group theory",
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Order theory",
"Closure operators"
] |
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