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77,009,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion%20Engineering%20and%20Design | Fusion Engineering and Design is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published monthly by Elsevier. Established under the name Nuclear Engineering and Design/Fusion in 1984 and retitled to its current name in 1987, it covers research on fusion power and plasma science. Its editors-in-chief are Seungyon Cho (Korea Institute of Fusion Energy) and Rudolf Neu (Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.9.
References
External links
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1984
Monthly journals
Plasma science journals
Engineering journals
Elsevier academic journals
Fusion power | Fusion Engineering and Design | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 142 | [
"Nuclear fusion",
"Plasma science journals",
"Fusion power",
"Plasma physics"
] |
77,009,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B09.17 | 4C +09.17 is a quasar located in the constellation Orion. With a redshift of 2.108300, the object is located 10.6 billion light years from Earth and presents an extragalactic astrophysical jet morphology.
Characteristics
4C +09.17 is classified a radio-loud quasar, measured from its narrow-line region, with a bolometric luminosity of 2.88 × 1046erg s−1. It has a one-sided jet extending southwest, with its bright core emission associated with the quasar's optical emission location. 4C +09.17 is also very bright at infrared wavelengths as observed by Podigachoski et al. (2015).
Host galaxy
The host galaxy of 4C +09.17 is a luminous elliptical galaxy consisting of clumpy star-forming regions with star formation rate of 9 ± 1 M⊙ yr−1 and a molecular gas reservoir of (3 ± 0.3) × 109 M⊙. It belongs to a galaxy group system consisting of several galaxies with similar dynamical masses of ~1010–11M⊙ and is surrounded by three companions, 17.9<K<20.2 magnitude at radii of 1.7<Deltar<2.9 arcsec, with a bright, diffuse emission. The brightest companion has a redshift of z=0.8384, which its optical-infrared colors, is consistent with a late-type spiral galaxy with a luminosity of 2L*. This object is responsible for the strongest Magnesium ii absorption-line system seen in the spectrum of 4C+09.17.
Interacting galaxy system
4C +09.17 is found in the process of interacting and merging with another galaxy, 4C +09.17B, with a star formation rate of 96 ± 8 M⊙ yr−1, observed by the OSIRIS integral field spectroscopy (IFS) via detecting emission from the [O III], H α, and [N II] emission lines. Multiphase outflows can be found detected, which extends towards the eastern direction, with its total outflow rate of 400 ± 50 M⊙ yr−1 which is driven by quasar activity mainly from its host star formation.
Observation of emission in 4C +09.17
Through detection by Keck and OSIRIS, researchers detected traces of ionized gas emission in nebular emission lines [O iii] 5007 Å, Hα, and [N ii] 6585 Å inside 4C +09.17. They noted an ionized gas outflow extending towards east with a maximum extent of 6 kpc.
Researchers further found a broad, blueshifted emission which resembles a molecular gas outflow inside the host galaxy of 4C +09.17, known as 4C +09.17 A-RL. They also detected a broad component in the merging radio-quiet galaxy towards northeast, known as 4C +09.17 B-RQ, which was found through K-band imaging with a red optical to near-inflared continuum color.
The component of 4C +09.17 has a faint narrow [O iii] emission, with an undetected ionized outflow. Besides, it also contains a narrower emission line component in CO (4–3). The velocity offset between 4C +09.17 A-RL and 4C +09.17 B-RQ is found to be −593 km s−1, which the majority of the narrow CO emission line flux is found concentrated within a 1 kpc radius region. The majority of the dust continuum detected at far-infrared wavelengths with the Herschel Space Telescope is likely associated with this galaxy. It was confirmed to be highly obscured; the narrow CO emission component yielding a line-integrated gas column density of 3.4 × 1024 cm−2 computed by dividing the molecular gas mass by the area of the emitting region. Using the Milky Way's hydrogen column density–V-band extinction relationship, researchers found a V-band extinction of 150 mag. The narrow carbon emission is likely at the center of the merging galaxy as it roughly corresponds to the K-band continuum's peak location.
As for the galaxies from southwest and northwest of the quasar, narrow CO (4–3) emission is detected near their optical locations. There are no high-velocity or broad molecular gas associated within the two systems. From the detection of three galaxies found within 20 kpc of 4C +09.17 host galaxy from both ALMA and Keck/OSIRIS observations makes the system a proto–group candidate environment at redshift ~ 2.11.
The molecular gas outflow in 4C +09.17 A-RL is compacted than the ionized gas outflow. There is a similar blueshifted velocities and velocity dispersion in the ionized and molecular gas outflows. The maximum extent of the molecular gas outflow is 2.8 kpc, while the ionized outflow extends to 6 kpc. Researchers find that both the ionized and molecular outflow in this system are not directly in the path of the radio jet but extending towards the eastern direction. Similar results have recently been found for a subset of nearby galaxies, where outflows appear to expand perpendicular to the path of the jet.
In 4C +09.17 B-RQ, the molecular outflow extends 4.9 kpc from the narrow CO emission line component. The extent of the molecular outflow in 4C +09.17 B-RQ roughly matches the maximum extent of the K-band stellar continuum; hence, the molecular outflow is occurring on galactic scales in this galaxy. Extinction within the outflowing gas can potentially prevent ionization by quasar photons and prevent the observer from detecting recombination photons.
Evidence of gas stripping in 4C +09.17 system
Through galaxy interactions in the 4C +09.17 system creating a hot virialized halo with temperatures ranging as high as 107 K, researchers have detected an outflow likely driven by its energy-conserving shock, indicating the presence of a hot gas medium. The ram pressure due to the hot gas causes stripping, a common byproduct in local clusters and seen as a large extended gas streams extending from satellite galaxies. This phenomenon, suggests the galaxy inside the 4C +09.17 system is a jellyfish galaxy given it showed an extended stream structure as it merges with 4C +09.17. This galaxy has a similar appearance like the galaxy from FOGGIE simulation (Cyclone halo) undergoing a ram pressure process in a dark matter halo containing a mass of 1012 M⊙. This redshifted kinematic component in 4C +09.17 kindred with galaxy D has similar streams morphology, likely these galaxies are experiencing levels of gas stripping as they move down with the accretion flow.
From a study conducted by Anglés-Alcázar et al. (2017), stripping of gas from satellite galaxies provides a large reservoir of material that is re-accreted on to the central galaxy. The stripped material from the 4C +09.17B is fated to be re-accreted and recycled to the galaxy group along with the circumgalactic medium gas, part of the blueshifted and redshifted kinematic components. This process plays a vital role in supplying gas to high redshift massive galaxies.
References
Quasars
Orion (constellation)
4C objects
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects | 4C +09.17 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,553 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
77,010,060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Circuit%20Theory%20and%20Applications | International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published monthly by Wiley. It covers research on circuit theory and its applications on engineering problems, with a focus on electrical engineering. Its editor-in-chief is Ahmed El Wakil (University of Sharjah).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 1.8.
References
External links
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Computational modeling journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Academic journals established in 1973 | International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications | [
"Engineering"
] | 124 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical and electronic engineering journals"
] |
77,010,482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Electron%20Device%20Letters | IEEE Electron Device Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the IEEE. It was founded in 1980 by IEEE Electron Devices Society. The journal covers the advances in electron and ion integrated circuit devices. Its editor-in-chief is Sayeef Salahuddin (University of California, Berkeley).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 4.1.
References
External links
Electron Device Letters, IEEE
Electrical and electronic engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1980
Semiconductor journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals | IEEE Electron Device Letters | [
"Engineering"
] | 110 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Electronic engineering",
"Electrical and electronic engineering journals"
] |
77,010,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20Hausdorff%20dimension | In fractal geometry, the parabolic Hausdorff dimension is a restricted version of the genuine Hausdorff dimension. Only parabolic cylinders, i. e. rectangles with a distinct non-linear scaling between time and space are permitted as covering sets. It is useful to determine the Hausdorff dimension of self-similar stochastic processes, such as the geometric Brownian motion or stable Lévy processes plus Borel measurable drift function .
Definitions
We define the -parabolic -Hausdorff outer measure for any set as
where the -parabolic cylinders are contained in
We define the -parabolic Hausdorff dimension of as
The case equals the genuine Hausdorff dimension .
Application
Let . We can calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the fractional Brownian motion of Hurst index plus some measurable drift function . We get
and
For an isotropic -stable Lévy process for plus some measurable drift function we get
and
Inequalities and identities
For one has
and
Further, for the fractional Brownian motion of Hurst index one has
and for an isotropic -stable Lévy process for one has
and
For constant functions we get
If , i. e. is -Hölder continuous, for the estimates
hold.
Finally, for the Brownian motion and we get
and
References
Sources
Dimension theory
Fractals
Metric geometry | Parabolic Hausdorff dimension | [
"Mathematics"
] | 271 | [
"Mathematical analysis",
"Functions and mappings",
"Mathematical objects",
"Fractals",
"Mathematical relations"
] |
77,012,880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Nanotechnology | IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IEEE. Sponsored by IEEE Nanotechnology Council, the journal covers physical basis and engineering applications in nanotechnology. Its editor-in-chief is Sorin Coțofană (Delft University of Technology).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 2.1.
References
External links
Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on
Academic journals established in 2002
English-language journals
Nanotechnology journals | IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology | [
"Materials_science"
] | 103 | [
"Nanotechnology journals",
"Materials science journals"
] |
77,013,653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDD-2807 | CDD-2807 is a chemical compound which acts as a potent and selective inhibitor of serine/threonine-protein kinase 33 (STK33), with a IC50 of 9.2 nM. In animal studies it causes production of abnormal sperm with reduced motility, and it has been investigated as a potential male contraceptive drug.
See also
JQ1
TDI-11861
YCT529
References
Indazoles
Biphenyls
Carboxamides
Azetidines
Piperidines
Spiro compounds
Ethynyl compounds
Nitrogen heterocycles | CDD-2807 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 122 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Organic compounds",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Spiro compounds"
] |
77,014,145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amba%20Kak | Amba Kak is a US-based technology policy expert who is the Co-Executive Director of AI Now Institute, a US-based research institute.
She was a global policy advisor to Mozilla, and net-neutrality advisor to the Indian national telecom regulator TRAI during her time as legal consultant at the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
In 2021, she served as senior advisor on AI to the Federal Trade Commission, advising the US federal regulator on emerging technology issues.
She is on the Board of the Signal Foundation and working group member at the Ada Lovelace Institute and on the Steering Committee of the Knight Georgetown Institute
Early life and education
Kak was born and raised in New Delhi, India. She trained as a lawyer at the National University of Juridical Sciences in India. As a Rhodes scholar, she later obtained a Master's in Law and a Master of Science in the Social Science of the Internet from University of Oxford.
At Oxford University, her research focused on net neutrality.
She is a former Google policy fellow. Over the year 2016/2017 she was a Mozilla Technology Policy Fellow. Currently, Kak is a senior research fellow at Cybersecurity and Privacy Institute at Northeastern University.
From 2016 to 2019, Kak was an adviser with the Mozilla Corporation.
In 2021, Kak was nominated to serve as AI adviser at the US Federal Trade Commission.
She serves as a board member at the Signal Foundation, advisory board member at the Mozilla Foundation and a working group member at the Ada Lovelace Institute.
Career
Mozilla
In 2016, Kak was selected as one of Mozilla’s inaugural cohort of technology policy fellows, to work on global network neutrality advocacy.
In 2017, she joined Mozilla Corporation as global policy advisor, where she advised the organization on developing and advancing Mozilla’s position on issues ranging from privacy and data protection to competition and online content regulation, for example, advocating for strong privacy laws in India as well as digital competition rules in France.
AI Now
Kak joined AI Now in 2019, initially as Director of Global Policy, and in 2022 as Executive Director of the Institute. AI Now is a research institute focused on the social implications of artificial intelligence and related technologies started by Meredith Whittaker and Kate Crawford in 2017 after a symposium hosted by the White House. Under Amba Kak and Sarah Myers West’s leadership, AI Now was awarded the Global AI Policy Leader award in 2024 in the civil society organization category.
Research on privacy, surveillance, and concentrated power
Kak has written and spoken publicly on concerns relating to state and commercial surveillance, in both the US and India. She has written widely on the surveillance dangers of biometric technologies including as editor of an edited collection of essays titled “Regulating Biometris” published by AI Now. Her paper with Rashida Richardson on the risks of “suspect-development system” databases won the prestigious Reidenberg-Kerr Award for Outstanding Scholarship at the Privacy Law Scholars Conference.
In 2023, Kak and Sarah Myers West also spearheaded discussion on the risks of AI technology to solidify and reinforce the dominance of large tech companies.
Kak has served as a journal reviewer for Big Data & Society and Nature and she has reviewed conference submissions as a Program Committee member for Rights Con and for ACM FAccT.
Congressional Testimony
Kak has testified before Congress at a hearing on artificial intelligence and data privacy in October 2023 and before the Senate Commerce Committee in July 2024
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Data activism
Place of birth missing (living people) | Amba Kak | [
"Technology"
] | 739 | [
"Data",
"Data activism"
] |
77,014,477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio%20Kato | Norio Kato (Japanese: 加藤 範夫, Kato Norio, March 10, 1923 – April 5, 2002) was a Japanese physicist and crystallographer. He was known for his contributions in diffraction topography and the dynamical theory of diffraction, including the validation of the Pendellösung effect and extensions to account for realistic scattering conditions.
Education and career
Kato was born in Shanghai, China but received his education in Japan. He studied at Seikei Gakuen, where he was taught haiku by Nakamura Kusatao, which would become one of Kato's lifelong hobby. Kato entered University of Tokyo to study physics, where he obtained a BSc degree in 1944. He went on to study under the electron microscopist Ryoji Uyeda at Nagoya University, where he received a MSc in 1946 and a doctoral degree in physics in 1954. In 1950, Kato worked at the Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research (now part of RIKEN) under Shoji Nishikawa. After his PhD, Kato continued working at the Kobayasi institute before moving to the United States in 1957 as a Fulbright scholar to conduct postdoctoral research at Harvard University and later at University of Bristol in the UK. Kato published some of his most important works in this period, including the joint work with Andrew Richard Lang at Harvard University on the observation of the Pendellösung effect in quartz via X-ray diffraction.
Kato returned to Japan and Nagoya University in 1960 as an associate professor of Applied Physics and became a full professor in 1961. He later moved to the Department of Crystalline Materials Science of the same university and worked until his retirement in 1986. Afterwards, Kato moved to Meijo University, where he taught in the Department of Physics for more than ten years until 1998. Kato published textbooks in crystallography and X-ray diffraction in Japanese. His last book was about haiku, which came out in 2001.
Honors and awards
Kato was an associate editor of the Journal of Crystal Growth from 1967 to 1977. He was a member of the executive committee of the International Union of Crystallography from 1968 to 1972. He is a recipient of the Chunichi cultural award in 1976. He received the Ewald Prize in 1993 for his contribution to the dynamical theory of diffraction and diffraction topography. He was president of the Crystallographic Society of Japan in 1982 and president of the International Union of Crystallography from 1978 to 1981, the first Asian to lead the international organization.
Bibliography
References
1923 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Japanese physicists
University of Tokyo alumni
Nagoya University alumni
Academic staff of Nagoya University
Harvard University people
Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography
Crystallographers
Academic staff of Meiji University
People from Shanghai | Norio Kato | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 562 | [
"Crystallographers",
"Crystallography"
] |
77,014,591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionate%20and%20companionate%20love | In psychology, a distinction is often made between two types of love. Elaine Hatfield & G. William Walster define them as:
Passionate love, "a state of intense longing for union with another. Reciprocated love (union with the other) is associated with fulfillment and ecstasy; unrequited love (separation) is associated with emptiness, anxiety, or despair."
Companionate love, "the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined."
Passionate love is also called "romantic love" in some literature, especially fields of biology, but the term "passionate love" is most common in psychology. Academic literature has never universally adopted a single term. Other terms compared to passionate love are being "in love", having a crush, obsessive love, infatuation, limerence and Eros.
Companionate love is commonly called "attachment" (sometimes in relation to attachment theory, but not all authors agree) or compared to strong liking, friendship love or Storge.
Passionate love feelings are most commonly measured with a psychometric instrument (a questionnaire) called the Passionate Love Scale (PLS); however, a study by Sandra Langeslag and colleagues found that the PLS has some questions which measure companionate love. This led the team to develop the Infatuation and Attachment Scales (IAS), measuring what they call:
Infatuation (similar to passionate love), "the overwhelming, amorous feeling for one individual that is typically most intense during the early stage of love (i.e., when individuals are not (yet) in a relationship with their beloved or are in a new relationship)."
Attachment (similar to companionate love), "the comforting feeling of emotional bonding with another individual that takes some time to develop, often in the context of a romantic relationship."
The IAS is designed for more refined measurements than the PLS, but infatuation and attachment can otherwise be considered synonymous as a concept with passionate and companionate love.
Evolutionary theories of passionate and companionate love suggest these two types of love exist for different purposes and thus follow different mechanics. Passionate love is said to usually only be present in the early stage of a relationship with companionate love often following after; however, in a phenomenon called long-term romantic love, intense attraction can remain much longer than is typical for passionate love, but without obsessional elements.
Both passionate and companionate love contribute to relationship satisfaction. Passionate love is associated more with satisfaction in the early stage of a relationship. Companionate love is associated with satisfaction in the long-term more than the short-term.
Passionate and companionate love can also be further distinguished from a third important type of love, compassionate love, which is love focused on caring about others.
Passionate love
In the Passionate Love Scale (PLS) form, Elaine Hatfield & Susan Sprecher define the components of passionate love as:
Passionate love is linked to passion, as in intense emotion, for example, joy and fulfillment, but also anguish and agony. Hatfield notes that the original meaning of passion "was agony—as in Christ's passion."
In contemporary literature, the original components of passionate love are seen to some degree as being a mixture of things. For example, it's been determined that the PLS has questions which measure companionate love, and the PLS measures an obsessional element which is separable. Also, while Elaine Hatfield originally described passionate love as having a component of sexual attraction, contemporary authors generally agree that sexual attraction and romantic attraction are distinct types of attraction. People are motivated to initiate and maintain a pair bond in a way that's different from the sex drive.
Infatuation
Langeslag et al.'s Infatuation Scale (analogous to passionate love) has items asking about:
Staring into the distance while thinking of the beloved.
Getting shaky knees while in the presence of the beloved.
Feelings for the beloved reducing one's appetite.
Thoughts about the beloved making it difficult to concentrate.
Being afraid that one will say something wrong while talking to the beloved.
Getting clammy hands while near the beloved.
Becoming tense while close to the beloved.
Having a hard time sleeping because of thinking about the beloved.
Searching for alternate meanings in the beloved's words.
Being shy in the presence of the beloved.
Langeslag et al. found that infatuation is more associated with negative emotion than attachment, and tends to decrease after entering a relationship. Participants who were not in a relationship scored the highest on infatuation.
The word "infatuation" is also sometimes used colloquially in contrast with "love", but Elaine Hatfield has argued that the difference between infatuation (in this sense) and passionate love is only semantic. Albert Ellis and Robert Harper conducted interviews and concluded that the only difference is that people use the word "infatuation" in hindsight to refer to a relationship after it ends and "love" to refer to a relationship still in progress. Hatfield suggests that when parents and friends say somebody is "just infatuated" they are just saying they don't approve of the relationship.
Romantic obsession
Passionate love is described as having an obsessional element characterized by intrusive thinking, uncertainty, and mood swings. Intrusive thinking (or obsessive thinking) is a component of early-stage romantic love. One study found that on average people in love spent 65% of their waking hours thinking of their loved one.
Studies and a meta-analysis by Bianca Acevedo & Arthur Aron found that the obsessional component of the Passionate Love Scale (PLS) can be separated from the non-obsessional component. The PLS contains items which measure obsession, for example, "Sometimes I feel I can’t control my thoughts; they are obsessively on my partner," "I sometimes find it difficult to concentrate on work because thoughts of my partner occupy my mind," "An existence without my partner would be dark and dismal," and "I get extremely depressed when things don’t go right in my relationship with my partner."
Non-obsessional romantic love items on the PLS are, for example, "I want my partner—physically, emotionally, and mentally," "For me, my partner is the perfect romantic partner," "I would rather be with my partner than anyone else," "I sense my body responding when my partner touches me," "My partner can make me feel effervescent and bubbly," and "I possess a powerful attraction for my partner."
In Acevedo & Aron's analysis, passionate love with obsession was associated with increased relationship satisfaction only in short-term relationships. Romantic obsession was associated with slightly decreased satisfaction in the long-term. Another meta-analysis by James Graham found a strong association between romantic obsession (using the Mania love attitude—similar in concept to the PLS obsession factor described by Acevedo & Aron) and decreased satisfaction over time.
These authors (Acevedo & Aron, Graham) have speculated that continued romantic obsession within a relationship could be connected to attachment style. Attachment style refers to differences in attachment-related thoughts and behaviors, especially relating to the concept of security vs. insecurity. This can be split into components of anxiety (worrying the partner is available, attentive and responsive) and avoidance (preference not to rely on others or open up emotionally). The formation of attachment style is complicated, for example it has been suggested that attachment style forms during childhood and adolescence, but twin studies have also suggested a heritable component and attachment anxiety is substantially correlated with the personality trait neuroticism. There is also a person-situation problem where people have different attachment styles with different partners, implying attachment style is not just a trait, for example an avoidant partner could cause a secure partner to feel and act anxious.
Study results reported by Victor Karandashev found correlations between the Mania love attitude and attachment anxiety of 0.19, 0.24 and 0.52. In psychology, correlations below 0.3 are considered weak, and correlations between 0.4 and 0.6 are considered moderate.
Long-term romantic love
In long-term romantic love, couples remain 'in love' much longer than typical estimates for the duration of passionate love. Typically passionate love is said to have a limited duration, estimated to be 12–18 months. However, a brain scan experiment by Acevedo et al. which looked at couples reporting to still be 'madly' in love after more than 10 years confirmed activation in brain areas associated with intense attraction, similar to early-stage romantic love. Similarly, Acevedo & Aron's analyses of psychometric scores showed that people can stay in love (as measured by the PLS) in the long term.
Long-term romantic love is associated with increased relationship satisfaction; however, long-term romantic love couples generally report low levels of obsession. As noted above, obsession is associated with a decrease in satisfaction over the long term.
Those who scored highly on marriage satisfaction in Acevedo et al.'s brain scan experiment also showed more brain activity in regions linked with empathy and controlling one's emotions.
Positive illusions
Idealization (perceiving the beloved in the most positive way, or overlooking their faults) is a form of positive illusions. A 1996 study of couples who had been dating for 19 months and couples who had been married for 6.5 years found that "Individuals were happier in their relationships when they idealized their partners and their partners idealized them." A brain scan experiment also found that couples who were still in love after four years (as compared to those who weren't) showed activation in a region associated with suspending negative judgment and over-evaluating a partner.
Note that while Elaine Hatfield and others have traditionally associated idealization with passionate love, studies on positive illusions have looked at couples in varied stages of their relationships, including long-term couples.
Companionate love
Companionate love is said to be felt less intensely than passionate love, consisting more of gentle affection which is felt when things are going well. Elaine Hatfield writes that companionate love is "a steady burning fire, fueled by delightful experiences but extinguished by painful ones" Companionate love is more about long-term relationships, and Hatfield emphasizes partner compatibility as being important. Ellen Berscheid comments that companionate love "may be the 'staff of life' for many relationships and a better basis for a satisfying marriage than romantic love."
Companionate love is linked to intimacy and Hatfield suggests that intimate relationships have these characteristics: Cognitive. Intimates are willing to reveal themselves to one another. They disclose information about themselves and listen to their partners' confidences. [...] As a result, intimates share profound information about one another[.]
Emotional. Intimates care deeply about one another. In passionate love, people usually long for intimacy; in companionate love people usually have it. It is in intimate relationships that people feel most intensely; they love their intimates more than anyone else. [...]
Behavioral. Intimates are comfortable in close proximity. They gaze at one another [...], lean on one another [...], stand close to one another [...], and perhaps touch.
Companionate love is usually considered the same as Storge, although James Graham has argued on the basis of a meta-analytic factor analysis that the Storge love attitude most corresponds with a practical friendship factor which lacks qualities of companionate love (such as intimacy and commitment).
Attachment
Langeslag et al.'s Attachment Scale (analogous to companionate love) has items asking about:
Feeling that one can count on the beloved.
Being prepared to share one's possessions with the beloved.
Feeling lonely without the beloved.
Feeling that the beloved is the one for them.
The beloved knowing everything about them.
Hoping one's feelings for the beloved never end.
Feeling emotionally connected to the beloved.
The beloved being able to reassure them when they are upset.
The beloved being the person who can make them feel the happiest.
The beloved being part of their plans for the future.
Relation to attachment theory
Companionate love is sometimes considered the same as the "attachment" referred to by attachment theory. John Bowlby's original concept of an "attachment system" referred to a system evolved to keep infants in proximity of their caregiver (or "attachment figure"). The person uses the attachment figure as a "secure base" to feel safe exploring the environment, seeks proximity with the attachment figure when threatened, and suffers distress when separated. A prominent theory suggests this system is reused for adult pair bonds, as an exaptation or co-option, whereby a given trait takes on a new purpose.
However, companionate love has also been characterized as being more like strong friendship, and Ellen Berscheid suggests that it's unproven whether all adult relationships are attachments in the sense meant by attachment theory. Berscheid writes that the assumption that romantic partners are each other's attachment figures is "in dire need of empirical scrutiny."
Falling in love
While passionate love is sometimes associated with the phenomenon of love at first sight, not everyone falls in love quickly or suddenly. In one study of Chinese and American participants, 38% fell in love fast and 35% fell in love slowly, and in another study of Iranians, 70% fell in love slowly or very slowly.
A popular hypothesis suggests that passionate love turns into companionate love over time in a relationship, but other accounts suggest that while companionate love takes longer to develop, it is important at the beginning of a relationship as well. Companionate love might also precede passionate love sometimes.
There is some reason to think attachment takes about two years to develop, for example one study found that participants who had been in a relationship for about this long named their romantic partner as an attachment figure, while other participants named a parent.
Duration
One estimate for the duration of passionate love is 18 months to 3 years, which comes from survey data collected by Dorothy Tennov, for her 1979 book Love and Limerence. Another estimate comes from a 1999 experiment performed by Donatelli Marazziti and colleagues which found a difference in blood serotonin levels between newly in love people and controls, and found these levels had returned to normal after 12 to 18 months. Intense attraction can also last much longer in rarer cases, as in the phenomenon of long-term romantic love.
Companionate love is thought to build over time as a relationship progresses, but then decrease very slowly over the course of several decades. In the past, some have thought companionate love to be stable after it develops, but for example one study of new marriages found a decline after a 1-year period.
Causal conditions
A number of theories exist about the causal conditions surrounding these types of love (i.e. who people feel a certain love towards and when), but authors generally agree that passionate and companionate love follow different mechanics.
Companionate love generally increases with liking and familiarity, but the circumstances surrounding passionate love are more complicated. Studies show that love and conflict can sit side-by-side in a relationship, and passionate love in particular is even said to be amplified by negative emotions.
Liking
According to Ellen Berscheid, companionate love "follows the pleasure-pain principle; we like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us." Examples of factors include similarity, familiarity, expressions of self-esteem and validation one's self-worth, physical attraction and mutual self-disclosures. Also, while passionate love is often said to come before companionate love, Berscheid suggests that companionate love can also be a component in the development of passionate love.
Sexual desire
Authors disagree on the role sexual desire plays in the development of romantic love.
Passionate love is often associated with sexual desire, for example Ellen Berscheid suggests that one possible account of passionate love is "a felicitous combination of companionate love and sexual desire." However, Lisa Diamond has suggested that while sexual desire is often a causal component, passionate love can occur outside the context of sexual desire. Diamond's argument rests on various reports and historical accounts, as well as an evolutionary argument that the brain systems underlying romantic love evolved independent of sexual orientation. Diamond thinks that time spent together and physical touch can act as a "stand-in" for sexual desire and facilitate romantic love between partners regardless of their sexual orientation.
Helen Fisher has argued that passionate love is related to the phenomenon of mammalian courtship attraction, or mate choice, and that people have certain preferences for choosing a preferred mating partner that determines who they fall in love with. However, Fisher argues this type of attraction is distinct from the sex drive, although they are interrelated.
Emotional arousal
Ellen Berscheid writes that emotional arousal, such as happy surprises, contributes to eliciting passionate feelings. Surprise and uncertainty tend to be more of a characteristic of new relationships because more established partners tend to behave as expected, thus rarely generating this sort of arousal.
Helen Fisher recommends doing novel and exciting things together to ignite passion. In an experiment by Arthur Aron & Christina Norman, couples doing an exciting task (as opposed to a boring one) experienced increased feelings of relationship satisfaction and romantic love.
Elaine Hatfield has even suggested that negative or mixed emotions can amplify feelings of passionate love. In A New Look at Love, she writes "Passion demands physical arousal and unpleasant experiences are just as arousing as pleasant ones." Hatfield cites animal studies, such as one study in which puppies that were inconsistently either rewarded or maltreated were the most attracted to and dependent on their trainer. People who behave consistently generate little emotion, she says, and "What would generate a spark of interest, however, is if our admiring friend suddenly started treating us with contempt—or if our arch enemy started inundating us with kindness."
Intimacy
Another theory is that passion occurs when a rapid increase in intimacy occurs. A similar theory, by Arthur Aron & Elaine Aron, states that passion occurs in the context of a rapid self-expansion of the self and the inclusion of the qualities of the beloved into one's self-concept. With both of these theories, it's predicted that passion wanes in a relationship as partners get to know each other and the increase in intimacy tends to stabilize.
Love regulation
Love regulation is "the use of behavioral or cognitive strategies to change the intensity of current feelings of romantic love." In some cases, love feelings may be stronger than desired such as after a breakup, or love feelings may be weaker than desired such as when they decline throughout a long-term relationship. Sandra Langeslag notes that it's a common misconception that love feelings are uncontrollable, or even should not be controlled; however studies have shown that love regulation is possible and may be useful.
For example, looking at pictures of the beloved has been shown to increase feelings of infatuation (i.e. passionate love) and attachment (i.e. companionate love).
In another technique called cognitive reappraisal, one focuses on positive or negative aspects of the beloved, the relationship, or imagined future scenarios:
In negative reappraisal, one focuses on negative qualities of the beloved ("he's lazy", "she's always late"), the relationship ("we fight a lot") or imagined future scenarios ("he'll cheat on me"). Negative reappraisal decreases feelings of infatuation and attachment, but decreases mood in the short term. Langeslag has recommended distraction as an antidote to the short-term decrease in mood. Negative reappraisal can be useful, for example, to those who want to ameliorate heartbreak or put an end to an abusive relationship.
In positive reappraisal, one focuses on positive qualities of the beloved ("he's kind", "she's spontaneous"), the relationship ("we have so much fun together") or imagined future scenarios ("we'll live happily ever after"). Positive reappraisal increases attachment and can increase relationship satisfaction, which could, for example, help stabilize a long-term relationship.
Love regulation doesn't switch feelings on or off immediately, so Langeslag recommends, for example, writing a list of things once a day to feel a lasting change.
Biology
Passionate and companionate love are thought to be interrelated but involve different brain systems and serve different purposes. Passionate love is thought to have evolved for mate choice or to initiate a pair bond, while companionate love is for maintaining a pair bond, maintaining close proximity and affiliative behaviors.
Passionate love is primarily associated with the neurotransmitter dopamine. Companionate love is primarily associated with the neuropeptide oxytocin, and sometimes vasopressin and endogenous opioids.
Passionate love is sometimes compared to addiction, although there are differences. People in the early stages of romantic love share similar traits with addicts (for example, feeling rushes of euphoria, or craving for their beloved), but this tends to wear off over time, while the condition of a drug addiction tends to worsen. Helen Fisher has suggested romantic love is a "positive addiction" (i.e. not harmful) when reciprocated and a "negative addiction" when unrequited or inappropriate.
See also
References
External links
The Passionate Love Scale at Helen Fisher and Lucy Brown's website.
Emotions
Interpersonal relationships
Love
Personal life
Philosophy of love
Sexology
Psychology | Passionate and companionate love | [
"Biology"
] | 4,447 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Sexology",
"Behavioural sciences",
"Interpersonal relationships",
"Psychology"
] |
77,015,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic%20Defence%20Line | The Baltic Defence Line (, , ) is a planned joint defense line by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania along their borders with Russia and Belarus. The Baltic Defence Line was announced on 19 January 2024, in a joint-meeting between the Ministers of Defence of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania in Riga. The Baltic Defence Line is to begin construction in Estonia in 2025, construction is to begin in Lithuania by the end of summer 2024, and construction began in Latvia on 2 May 2024.
According to Baiba Braže, the Foreign Minister of Latvia, the Baltic Defence Line could take up to a decade to be completed.
Structure
The Baltic Defence Line is planned to consist of anti-mobility defensive installations, such as at least six-hundred bunkers across each individual national border, the usage of natural and artificial obstacles, such as forestry and rivers, and anti-tank ditches along the borders of the three Baltic states. It is suspected that M142 HIMARS artillery rocket systems also are to be used for defensive capabilities.
Alongside the defensive installations, the Baltic Defence Line is to also consist of storage areas, where defensive elements such as dragon's teeth, anti-tank hedgehog and razor wire are to be kept.
History
The Baltic Defence Line began to be proposed in response to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and in fears over Russian threats to the Baltic states. At the 2022 NATO Summit in Madrid is where the concept of defensive installations were decided.
References
Notes
References
21st-century fortifications
Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Military projects of the Baltic states | Baltic Defence Line | [
"Engineering"
] | 318 | [
"Military projects",
"Military projects of the Baltic states"
] |
77,015,516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadracaea%20mediterranea | Quadracaea mediterranea is a species of fungus in the division Ascomycota. This hyphomycetes fungus, which is the type species of its genus, was formally described as a new species in 1996. The type specimen of the fungus was collected by Dario Lunghini from fallen leaves of Holm oak (Quercus ilex) in the Rio Marina area on the Island of Elba, Italy, on 8 November 1989. Since its original description from European samples, it has also been recorded from Brazil, China, and India.
References
Ascomycota
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1996
Fungi of Brazil
Fungi of China
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of India | Quadracaea mediterranea | [
"Biology"
] | 138 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,015,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%202126-158 | PKS 2126-158 (referred to QSO B2126-158), also known as PKS 2126-15, is a quasar located in Capricornus. It has a redshift of 3.268000, which corresponds to the distance of 11.5 billion light years. It is classified as a gigahertz peaked-spectrum quasar (GPS) with a flat-spectrum radio source and a blazar, a type of active galaxy shooting an astrophysical jet towards Earth.
Characteristics
First identified by astronomers in 1977 who were studying an optical follow-up of flat-spectrum sources from the Parkes 2700 MHz surveys, and subsequently by the Imaging Proportional Counter by the Einstein Observatory in 1981, PKS 2126-158 was only the fifth radio quasar with z > 3 to have its redshift measured. It is found to have an emission-line redshift of 3.270 + or - 0.004 and a rich absorption spectrum shortward of Ly-alpha.
PKS 2126−158 is a notable bright object emitting radio signals of S2.7 GHz= 1.17 Jy, optical with near-infrared rays of V= 16.92, H= 14.89 and X-ray (F0.1−2.4 keV= 2 × 10−12 erg s-1 cm −2) frequencies. Such fluxes, combined with the high redshift, meant PKS 2126-158 is one of the most luminous quasars known.
Notably, an optical/near-infrared spectrum showed PKS 2126−158 has a blue power-law shape for longer wavelengths compared to V bands where the Lyα line falls. The flux drops off at shorter wavelengths due to its absorption by the intervening gas of the Lyman α forest.
Observations of PKS 2126-158
PKS 2126-158 is the brightest quasar observed through X-rays at redshift of z > 3 and second brightest object, after PKS 2149-306 located at z > 2. For this reason, PKS 2126-158 has been observed in greater details at X-ray frequencies since the first Einstein detection, which researchers discovered there is a strong energy which was contributed by the photoelectric absorption along the path, in addition to the Galactic 21 cm column density of 4.85 × 1020 cm−2 observed by Elvis et al. (1989).
Through spectral analysis observation from the EXOSAT database, PKS 2126-158 is found to be flat spectrum source (α = 0.3+/-0.15) given its power law and fixed absorption model fits within its spectrum. In this database, the soft (0.1-2 keV) and hard (2-10 keV) X- ray luminosities of this quasar are found to be (0.7 +/- 0.1)10^48^ erg s^-1^ and (2.3+/-0.3)10^48^ erg s^-1^ respectively. Although, there is no soft excess and low energy absorption have been detected, the thermal bremsstrahlung model is found to fit with the spectrum of PKS 2126 - 158, with a rest-frame temperature of 6.4_-4_^+40^ keV. This makes it the most luminous quasar detected in (30 keV) hard X-rays.
A more detailed observation conducted by BeppoSAX during May 28 to May 29, 1999, found, compared to previous observations by ROSAT and ASCA, the 2-10 keV and 0.1-2.5 keV fluxes were twice the factor higher. Moreover, it is also 40% higher compared to two recent observations by Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton. As compared to the causal timescale associated with an emission region of ~10 Schwarzschild radii around few black holes, the shortest detected rest frame variability timescale is few months. Apart from it, the source that is detected, contains signal to noise ratio right up to ~50 keV and 215 keV rest frame.
These observations confirms the presence of a low energy absorption unrelated from the continuum model adopted, at a high confidence level. Despite its limited spectral resolution done by the BeppoSAX low energy concentrator system (LECS) and the medium energy concentrator system (MECS), it is quite possible to put constraints on different absorption and continuum models. For the absorber however, it is not easy to estimated its redshift. Furthermore, strong and complex metal line systems aligned with PKS 2126-158 were found at z = 0.6631 and at 2.64 < z < 2.82. This could be associated with the X-ray absorption.
Further observations of PKS 2126-158 according to researchers, have found the presence of 113 absorption lines in its spectrum, between the wavelength range from 4153 and 6807 A. Two sets of absorption redshift systems consisting of 14 lines at z = 2.6381 and 16 lines at z = 2.7685 are established, together with a possible four line system at z = 2.3938. As for the ions in the z = 2.7685 system, a column density is conducted, suggesting the absence of a 1533-A excited fine-structure line of Si II (J = 3/2) but the presence of 1335-A excited fine-structure line of C II (J = 3/2). An inspected examination of many unidentified lines shortward of L-alpha emission, finds that no more than three L-alpha and beta pairs are seen in the spectrum. From the cross-correlation analysis indicates there single L-alpha lines makes up 90% of the unidentified lines.
Black hole
The supermassive black hole in PKS 2126-158 has an estimated mass of 10 billion solar masses, which researchers found out through using the bolometric light technique. This makes PKS 2126–158 to have one of the most massive black holes.
Galaxy companions
Through measuring redshifts of different galaxies from Gemini South in multi-object spectroscopy mode around PKS 2126–158, five confirmed members from group of galaxies are found at z~ 0.66, similar velocities to metal-line absorption system seen in the quasar's spectrum. Four more fainter galaxies can be seen nearby and possibly associated with the group. There are a further three galaxies are close in redshift but have larger separations. While not related to the group, they are certainly part of the same large-scale structure.
References
Quasars
Blazars
Capricornus
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
Active galaxies
Supermassive black holes | PKS 2126-158 | [
"Physics",
"Astronomy"
] | 1,424 | [
"Black holes",
"Capricornus",
"Unsolved problems in physics",
"Supermassive black holes",
"Constellations"
] |
77,016,419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4C%20%2B41.26 | 4C +41.26 known as PGC 2174167, is a massive elliptical galaxy of type E located in the constellation of Canes Venatici. Its redshift is 0.228324, estimating the galaxy to be located 3 billion light years away from Earth. It is the brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 1763 (ACO 1763).
Characteristics
4C +41.26 is one of the largest galaxies. Spanning at least 862,300 light-years across in diameter, it is classified as a Type-cD galaxy. Not to mention, the galaxy has a high line-of-sight peculiar velocity reaching up to vpec ~ 650 km s−1. It has an active galactic nucleus, containing a powerful P1.4 ~ 1026 W Hz−1 bended double-lobed radio source, suggesting 4C +41.26 is likely shaped through its relative bulk intracluster medium (ICM) flow caused by one or several galaxy mergers. The galaxy is estimated to have span MK = −25.7 to −27.8 mag, with the cluster halo masses of M500 up to .
4C +41.26 is part of the rich galaxy cluster with at least 181 identified galaxy members, fitted through the integrated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) utilized with a set of templates built with GRASIL 3d model, by astronomers. The members in the cluster consists of elliptical, spiral, starburst, and poststarburst galaxies. It is suggested according to observations from Spitzler MIPS Data, researchers have found traces of increased starburst activity in filament galaxies inside ACO 1763.
The cluster hosts two galaxy filaments which stretches towards another neighboring galaxy cluster, Abell 1770 (ACO 1770) located ~ 13 Mpc away. The intracluster gas of ACO 1770 is elongated in the same direction, as indicated by its X-ray morphology. As the cluster is fed by the filaments, it causes 4C +41.26 to be displaced from its original location from center of the cluster (0.1 Mpc off the X-ray peak emission) by the subcluster-cluster collisions and pressure of the intracluster gas. This results the galaxy falling towards Abell 1770.
See also
ESO 383-76
Abell 1413 BCG
References
Canes Venatici
4C objects
Elliptical galaxies
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
2MASS objects | 4C +41.26 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 505 | [
"Canes Venatici",
"Constellations"
] |
77,017,919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPO%20Treaty%20on%20Intellectual%20Property%2C%20Genetic%20Resources%20and%20Associated%20Traditional%20Knowledge | The WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge or GRATK Treaty is an international legal instrument to combat biopiracy through disclosure requirements for patent applicants whose inventions are based on genetic resources and/or associated traditional knowledge.
The treaty was concluded at the headquarters of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland, on 24 May 2024, after more than two decades of previous developments by WIPO's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC).
The treaty was deemed "historic in many regards" by some observers, qualified by the Indigenous Caucus as a "first step towards guaranteeing just and transparent access to these resources."
Background and history
2001–2022: Work of the WIPO IGC
The IGC was established in 2001 by the General Assembly of WIPO.
Since 2010, the mandate of the IGC has remained that of concluding a consensual text which would bridge the gaps between the numerous existing international legal instruments provide some, but insufficient protection on either traditional knowledge, traditional cultural expressions, or genetic resources (UNDRIP, Convention on Biological Diversity, Nagoya Protocol, FAO plant treaty, UNESCO conventions on culture and intangible heritage, etc.), none of which include explicit protections for indigenous peoples and local communities.
IGC's negotiations were suspended in 2020 because of the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, and resumed in 2022.
2022: Selection on the draft text
In 2022, the IGC agreed to move on to the next steps of treaty negotiation, and WIPO agreed to convene a Diplomatic Conference by 2024 to consider a draft treaty that the Committee had been working on.
The selection of the draft text that had to serve as a basis for the negotiations of the final text of the treaty received some criticism from civil society observers. The 2022 WIPO General Assembly decided that a short version of the draft (the "Chair's text") which had been drafted by Australian ambassador Ian Gross, Chair of the IGC in 2019, would be the basis for the treaty's negotiations. Prior to that decision, the text which was expected to be used as basis for the negotiations was the "Consolidated text", a more comprehensive document on which IGC Member States had been working on by consensus during years.
Contrary to the Consolidated text which addressed traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions as such, and different forms of intellectual property, the Chair's text focused only on genetic resources and the patent system.
In August 2023, India submitted a proposal with a series of amendments to the Chair’s text, aiming to add back some elements from the Consolidated text in the discussion.
2023: IGC Special Session and Preparatory Committee
Ahead of the Diplomatic Conference, two extraordinary meetings were convened to prepare the Conference:
Special Session of the IGC (4–8 September 2023)
Preparatory Committee of the Diplomatic Conference (11–13 September, and 13 December 2023).
The Special Session which took place from 4 to 8 September 2023, reviewed part of the Chair's text containing substantive articles. The Preparatory Committee which was held the week after, addressed administrative and procedural parts of the draft. Jointly, these two meetings yielded a revised draft, which serves as the basis for the 2024 Diplomatic Conference discussions.
The Preparatory Committee also adopted Draft Rules of Procedure for the Diplomatic Conference, as well as a List of Invitees. On 13 September 2023, the committee had to suspend its session due to the absence of submission by Member States of proposals to host the Diplomatic Conference. On 13 December, the committee reconvened to adopt a decision to hold the Diplomatic Conference at WIPO's headquarters in Geneva, facing the lack of alternative proposals.
Diplomatic Conference and adoption in 2024
Convening and organization
As explained on the website of the Diplomatic Conference:On July 21, 2022, the WIPO General Assembly decided to convene a Diplomatic Conference to conclude an International Legal Instrument Relating to Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources no later than 2024.The Diplomatic Conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, between 13 and 24 May 2024. During the Conference, the draft resulting from the Special Session and Preparatory Committee was discussed and amended.
Participation at the Diplomatic Conference
Adoption and signatures
The final legal instrument, the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (often referred to by its acronym "GRATK") was adopted in the night of Thursday 23 to Friday 24 May 2024, and opened for signature the 24 May in the afternoon, at the WIPO headquarter in Geneva.This is the first WIPO Treaty to address the interface between intellectual property, genetic resources and traditional knowledge and the first WIPO Treaty to include provisions specifically for Indigenous Peoples as well as local communities. The Treaty, once it enters into force with 15 contracting parties, will establish in international law a new disclosure requirement for patent applicants whose inventions are based on genetic resources and/or associated traditional knowledge.The Treaty was concluded on 24 May 2024 and immediately opened for signature. Under the Treaty's Article 16, it is stated that the Treaty will be "open for signature at the Diplomatic Conference in Geneva and thereafter […] for one year after its adoption."
At the closing of the Diplomatic Conference, on 24 May 2024, the Treaty was signed by 30 countries: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Eswatini, Ghana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, North Korea, Paraguay, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uruguay, and Vanuatu.
Ratifications and entry into force
Under Article 17, the Treaty is planned to enter into force 3 months after ratification or accession by 15 countries.
Signature, ratification and accession is open to any Member State of the WIPO, under the Treaty's Article 12. Countries that sign the Treaty within the first year period (until 24 May 2025) have to further ratify it in order for the Treaty to enter into force. Countries deciding to join after the initial one-year period will join through "adhesion" (equivalent to both signature and ratification).
Legal provisions
Preamble and objectives
Disclosures requirements (Article 3)
Matters of retroactivity (Article 4)
Sanctions and remedies (Article 5)
Databases and information systems (Article 6)
Relationships with other treaties (Article 7)
Review of the scope and contents of the Treaty (Article 8) and other forms of amendment (Articles 14 and 15)
Assembly of Contracting Parties (Article 10)
Secretariat (Article 11)
See also
World Intellectual Property Organization – Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore
Biopiracy –– Bioprospecting
Patents –– Patent Law Treaty –– Patent Cooperation Treaty
Nagoya Protocol –– High Seas Treaty
UNDRIP –– UNDROP
Further reading
References
External links
Official WIPO webpage on the GRATK
2024 treaties
Anti-biopiracy treaties
Biodiversity
Biopiracy
Convention on Biological Diversity
Environmental treaties
Intellectual property treaties
GRATK Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge
Patent law treaties
Treaties concluded in 2024
Treaties not entered into force
Treaties of Malawi
Treaties concluded in Geneva
GRATK Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge | WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge | [
"Biology"
] | 1,540 | [
"Anti-biopiracy treaties",
"Convention on Biological Diversity",
"Biopiracy",
"Biodiversity"
] |
77,018,809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20metal%20complexes%20of%20phosphine%20oxides | Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides are coordination complex containing one or more phosphine oxide ligands. Many phosphine oxides exist and most behave as hard Lewis bases. Almost invariably, phosphine oxides bind metals by formation of M-O bonds.
Structure
The structure of the phosphine oxide is not strongly perturbed by coordination. The geometry at phosphorus remains tetrahedral. The P-O distance elongates by ca. 2%. In triphenylphosphine oxide, the P-O distance is 1.48 Å. In NiCl2[OP(C6H5)3]2, the distance is 1.51 Å (see figure). A similar elongation of the P-O bond is seen in cis-WCl4(OPPh3)2. The trend is consistent with the stabilization of the ionic resonance structure upon complexation.
Examples
Typically, complexes are derived from hard metal centers. Examples include cis-WCl4(OPPh3)2 and NbOCl3(OPPh3)2 Trialkylphosphine oxides are more basic (better ligands) than triarylphosphine oxides. One such complex is FeCl2(OPMe3)2 (Me = CH3).
Synthesis and reactions
Most complexes of phosphine oxides are prepared by treatment of a labile metal complex with preformed phosphine oxide. In some cases, the phosphine oxide is unintentionally generated by air-oxidation of the parent phosphine ligand.
Since phosphine oxides are weak Lewis bases, they are readily displaced from their metal complexes. This behavior has led to investigation of mixed phosphine-phosphine oxide ligands, which exhibit hemilability. Typical phosphine-phosphine oxide ligands are Ph2P(CH2)nP(O)Ph2 (Ph = C6H5) derived from bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (n = 2) and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (n = 1).
In one case, coordination of the oxide of dppe to W(0) results in deoxygenation, giving an oxotungsten complex of dppe.
Secondary phosphine oxides as ligands
Secondary phosphine oxides have the formula R2P(O)H. They tautomerize to small amounts of the hydroxy tautomer R2P-OH. Regardless, the hydroxy tautomer forms a wide variety of complexes with transition metals. In contrast to O-bonded phosphine oxide ligands, the P-bonded phosphine oxides are strong field ligands. These ligands, which tend to engage in intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Illustrative is the complex derived from dimethylphosphine oxide, (Me = CH3).
The pattern also applies to several phosphorus compounds including phosphorous acid, which forms complexes as P(OH)3. The complex platinum pop is one example.
The Kläui ligand is the anion {(C5H5)Co[(CH3O)2PO]3}−. It is derived from the trimethylphosphite ligand by dealkylation. In this case the "ligand" is a complex of cobalt that also binds to other metals in a tridentate manner.
References
Coordination chemistry
Coordination complexes
Ligands | Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides | [
"Chemistry"
] | 717 | [
"Ligands",
"Coordination chemistry",
"Coordination complexes"
] |
77,019,650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Power%20Electronics | IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the IEEE. Sponsored by the IEEE Power Electronics Society, the journal covers advances in device, circuit or system issues in power electronics. Its editor-in-chief is Yaow-Ming Chen (National Taiwan University).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 6.6.
References
External links
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on
Academic journals established in 1986
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Power electronics | IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics | [
"Engineering"
] | 103 | [
"Electronic engineering",
"Power electronics"
] |
77,020,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20manure%20crisis | The Dutch manure crisis (Dutch: ) is an anticipated surge in the surplus of manure in the Netherlands. It is mainly caused by the phasing out of an exemption to the European Union's Nitrates Directive in the years 2023–2025. Because of this manure derogation, Dutch farmers had been allowed to exceed a limit on organic fertilization, intended to protect water resources from nutrient pollution, since 2006.
Due to its expiration, mainly dairy farmers would no longer be able to use all the manure produced to fertilize their lands, resulting in an anticipated yearly surplus of of nitrogen in 2026.
Background
Water pollution and Nitrates Directive exemption
To combat nutrient pollution of water, the European Union enacted the Nitrates Directive in 1991. High contents of nitrate and phosphate in ground and surface water, mostly caused by agriculture, result in overgrowth of algae, also called algae blooms. This can lead to reduced biodiversity, increased methane emissions, and water that is less suitable for drinking and for recreational activities. Nitrates can enter bodies of water when agricultural lands are fertilized with manure, called organic fertilization, as crops do not absorb the full nitrogen content.
The Nitrates Directive has limited the use of organic fertilizer to , where the weight refers to its reactive nitrogen contents. Grasslands, especially prevalent among dairy farmers and fast-growing in the Dutch climate, absorb more nitrogen compared to cropland, and the Netherlands was exempted from the regulation starting in 2006. Farmers were allowed to use between 35% and 47% more organic fertilizer on their land, resulting in more intensive dairy farming. The directive initially led to less nitrates seeping into bodies of water, but this reduction later stagnated, and ground and surface water levels of nitrate and phosphate remained above limits in about half of the country. Furthermore, the European Commission repeatedly found widespread violations of the fertilization limits through regulatory fraud.
The exemption from the Nitrates Directive, referred to as the manure derogation, was extended several times. European Commissioner Virginijus Sinkevičius rejected the Netherlands's proposal for another extension in late 2021, citing worsening water quality and a lack of measures to lower livestock density. Agriculture minister Henk Staghouwer of the fourth Rutte cabinet promised that the Netherlands would commit itself to extensive farming, and he predicted that the Dutch livestock population would decline by 30% as a result of its measures to tackle the nitrogen crisis. After Prime Minister Mark Rutte stressed the issue's importance to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission agreed in September 2022 that the Netherlands could phase out its derogation over the years 2023–2025. The agreement also included the creation of buffer zones around watercourses in which no fertilization would be allowed as well as the designation of some areas as nutrient-polluted. The latter would have a quicker phasing out of the derogation and a ceiling on total fertilizer usage (including artificial fertilizer). The initial zones included sandy and loess soils in Overijssel, Gelderland, Utrecht, North Brabant, and Limburg in addition to three more areas, covering a combined 40% of the surface area of the Netherlands.
On 6 December 2023, agriculture minister Piet Adema announced that the areas designated as nutrient-polluted would be expanded to cover 60% of the Netherlands. This mostly affected the Groene Hart as well as the provinces of Zeeland, Flevoland, Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe.
Surplus
A surge in the manure surplus was anticipated as a result of these measures allowing less organic fertilization to occur. This would affect dairy farmers most severely, as they could previously rely on liquid manure to fertilize their expansive lands. Manure not directly used as organic fertilizercommon in pig and poultry farmingwas typically exported or used domestically in biogas plants. To produce biogas, manure is mixed in equal amounts with uncontaminated animal and vegetable remains. An inspection agency found widespread fraud among suppliers of such plants, for example by using waste from illegal drug production, and it concluded in 2016 that subsequent usage of biogas residue as fertilizer was leading to severe health risks. Some plants were shut down, while overall enforcement by the agriculture ministry remained limited.
The yearly Dutch manure surplus amounted to of nitrogen in the years 2021–2022. This was expected to rise to of nitrogen in 2026 by the independent Dutch Center for Valorisaton of Manure (NCM), who performed an investigation at the request of Het Financieele Dagblad. Over 80% of that increase was attributed to the expiration of the derogation and the fertilization-free buffer zones. The expansion of nutrient-polluted areas would result in a similar decline in fertilizer usage, but the NCM estimated that three quarters of that decline would concern artificial fertilizernot impacting the manure surplus. In early 2024, Wageningen University & Research estimated on behalf of the Dutch Dairy Association that the dairy cattle population would decline by 167,000 to 450,000 (10–30% of the total) until 2030. Manure disposal costs had increased to €20–€25 per tonne of nitrogen in 2024, up from €7 in 2021. The NCM's director expected those costs to reach €40–€50. The surplus was aggravated by a wet spring in 2023, lowering the amount of organic fertilizer that could be spread over land.
Political response
Fourth Rutte cabinet
The cabinet created a €120-million fund to partly compensate the farmers most affected. The Party for Freedom (PVV) received a plurality in the November 2023 general election, and it subsequently led talks to form a right-wing cabinet. In December 2023, the House of Representatives passed a motion by the VVD with widespread support calling on the outgoing cabinet to present an action plan to tackle the crisis before March 2024. Pending the formation of a government, major farmers organizations, with the exception of , had suspended protests triggered by the nitrogen and manure crises. However, following a broader movement across Europe, farmers protested at several locations, and they blocked a number of highways and border crossings to Belgium in early February 2024.
Agriculture minister Piet Adema announced in March 2024 that the European Commission was working on a plan to allow organic fertilizer to be used as a raw material for an artificial fertilizer called "REcovered Nitrogen from manURE" or "renure", which would alleviate the Dutch manure surplus. The Dutch government had lobbied for such an authorization, and a pilot had been conducted in the Netherlands since 2009. Het Financieele Dagblad later reported that no correct overall accounting of inputs and outputs existed and that some sites had been penalized by local governments for violations. Adema failed to get additional concessions from European Commissioner Virginijus Sinkevičius for extensive dairy farmers, previously able to spread all manure over their land.
The four coalition partiesthe PVV, VVD, NSC, and BBBrequested Adema to hold off on a buyout scheme for farmers because of the ongoing cabinet formation. Adema responded that urgency was required to prevent farms from going bankrupt and that no easy and painless solutions to the manure crisis existed. Member of parliament Cor Pierik of the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) pressed him to renegotiate with the European Commission, but Adema stated that there was no possibility for extending the Netherlands's legal exemption from the Nitrates Directive. On 5 April 2024, Adema presented his plans, aimed at reducing the livestock population to avert price hikes for manure disposal. The plans included a voluntary buyout scheme for 2025–2029 targeting farmers willing to cease their business and a limit on cattle density of starting in 2032. For every sale of rights to hold farm animals, the government would skim off 30% of the rights. Adema also proposed setting standards to reduce the protein level in cattle feed, thereby lowering the nitrogen content of manure, and raising subsidies for preserving grassland, which retains more nitrogen compared to cropland.
Ahead of a debate in the House of Representatives, four farmers organizations presented an alternative plan that included a compensation scheme for voluntary reductions in the livestock population. In return, they demanded that the European Commission delay the phasing out of the manure derogation. A majority of the House, consisting of the VVD, NSC, GroenLinks–PvdA, D66, CDA, and CU, voiced their support for Adema's plans. The PVV and BBB were in opposition, with Caroline van der Plas (BBB) calling a buyout scheme unacceptable. Van der Plas also opposed the voluntary compensation scheme proposed by the farmers organizations.
Schoof cabinet
The PVV, VVD, NSC, and BBB presented their coalition agreement on 16 May 2024. It did not include Adema's proposals, and the governing coalition instead planned to renegotiate the phasing out of the manure derogation with the European Commission.
See also
Nitrogen crisis in the Netherlands
Great horse manure crisis of 1894
References
Agriculture in the Netherlands
Environmental controversies
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact in the Netherlands
Intensive farming
Manure
European Union and agriculture | Dutch manure crisis | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,942 | [
"Eutrophication",
"Intensive farming"
] |
77,020,582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploporus%20pirongia | Haploporus pirongia is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. This polypore occurs on trees in New Zealand and Australia.
Taxonomy
The fungus was first formally described in 1947 by the mycologist Gordon Heriot Cunningham, who initially classified it in the genus Poria. The taxon was transferred to the genus Haploporus in 2019, after molecular phylogenetics analyses. In this analysis, it appeared in a clade with a sister relationship with Haploporus odorus.
The species epithet pirongia is derived from the type locality, Mount Pirongia (on New Zealand's North Island). It is treated as a noun in apposition, meaning it remains unchanged in spelling when transferred from the genus Poria to Haploporus, even though Haploporus is masculine in gender.
Description
Haploporus pirongia is an annual, resupinate fungus with a fruitbody that adheres closely to its substrate. When fresh, it is soft and corky, turning fully corky upon drying, and lacks any distinctive odour or taste. The fruitbody can reach up to 8 cm in length, 2 cm in width, and 1.7 mm in thickness at its centre. The pore surface is white to cream when fresh, becoming pale brownish when bruised, and changes to pinkish buff to clay-buff upon drying. It has a very narrow or almost absent sterile margin, with round to angular pores at a density of 3–4 per mm, and thick, entire dissepiments (thin, partition-like structures that separates the pores). The subiculum (a layer of fungal tissue found beneath the spore-bearing surface) is cream-coloured, corky, and about 0.3 mm thick, while the tubes are light buff, corky, and approximately 1.4 mm long.
The hyphal structure is trimitic, consisting of three types of hyphae: generative, skeletal, and binding. Generative hyphae are hyaline (translucent), thin-walled, and frequently branched, bearing clamp connections. Skeletal hyphae are dominant, thick-walled to somewhat solid, hyaline to slightly yellowish, and frequently branched. Binding hyphae are abundant, and slightly thick-walled.
In the subiculum, generative hyphae measure 2.3–3.5 μm in diameter, skeletal hyphae are 2.5–4 μm, and binding hyphae are 1–2 μm. In the tubes, generative hyphae are 1.7–3.5 μm in diameter, skeletal hyphae are 2.5–4 μm, and binding hyphae are 1–2.5 μm. Cystidia are absent, but cystidioles are present, fusiform (spindle shaped), and occasionally have an apical simple septum. Basidioles are similar in shape to basidia but slightly smaller, while basidia are pear-shaped to barrel-shaped, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, measuring 21–35 by 8–11 μm. Hyphae at the dissepiments are usually thick-walled with simple septa. Dendrohyphidia are absent, and some irregularly shaped crystals are present among tube tramal structures.
The basidiospores are oblong-ellipsoid to cylindrical, hyaline, thick-walled with tuberculate ornamentations, some containing a fat droplet (guttule). They typically measure 11–14 by 5.2–7 μm, with an average length of 12.35 μm and width of 6.11 μm.
References
Polyporaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1947
Fungi of Australia
Fungi of New Zealand
Taxa named by Gordon Herriot Cunningham | Haploporus pirongia | [
"Biology"
] | 799 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
77,023,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS%201425%2B606 | SBS 1425+606 also known as HS 1425+6039 and QSO B1425+606, is a quasar located in the constellation Ursa Major. Its redshift is 3.197157, putting the object at a light travel time distance of 11.4 billion light years.
Observational history
SBS 1425+606 was first discovered in 1996 via a spectroscopy study which a team of astronomers from the Second Byurakan Survey, found there are 76 quasars; among them is SBS 1425+606, a hundred subdwarf stars and a BL Lac object.
Characteristics
SBS 1425+606 is one of the most energetic quasars observed in the universe at redshift >3. It has an absolute magnitude of -31.5 or 1041 watts which the intense luminosity is caused by its accretion disk. The supermassive black hole in SBS 1425+606 propels matter in the speed of light, given the speed of gases and friction between atoms, reaches up to high temperature affecting ionization of gas and increasing its luminosity.
SBS 1425+606 is classified as a broad absorption line quasar. It shows an ultraviolet absorption that is hundreds of km s−1 wide, with a redshifted trough extending up to a velocity of v ≃ 12 000 km s−1. These large widths are mainly the cause by its own accretion process. Broad absorption line quasars such as SBS 1425+606, tend to show a unique morphology which they have gas clouds absorbing fluxes at wavelengths of common quasar spectral features, although their blueshifted velocities exceeds up to 0.1c. BAL features are interesting as they provide signatures of significant feedback, but also compromise cosmological studies with quasars by their impact on accurate redshifts and measurements of the matter density distribution which is traced by the Lyman-alpha forest.
According to observations by researchers, they noted there is a strong existence of a moderately strong damped Lyα absorption system in SBS 1425+606, located at redshift 2.83. This is tentatively identified a possible broad absorption line, in the discovery spectrum. Voigt profiles superposed on the data suggests the column density the "Lyα disk" is N(HI)~2.5x10^20^cm^-2^. Further observations by 4 m class telescopes from ESO in Chile and Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos in Spain, found out there is presence of nitrogen lines of the N I λ1134 and λ1200 multiplets, offering a considerable range in oscillator strengths and the possibility of disentangling Lyα interlopers.
SBS 1425+606 is shown to have an extended Lyman-α emission around its bright nucleus, which its total Lyα luminosities corresponds to ~0.5% of the luminosities from its broad Lyα emission lines making an order of magnitude smaller as compared to those in radio-loud spectrum quasars. By studying SBS 1425+606, it is an important factor in determining the formation of high redshift massive galaxies, which they form stars through large amounts of gas, that falls in to feed the quasar. By balancing the evolution of massive galaxies between infall and feedback mechanisms, both are equally important for galaxy formation.
References
Quasars
2MASS objects
SDSS objects
Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects
Ursa Major | SBS 1425+606 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 735 | [
"Ursa Major",
"Constellations"
] |
77,023,996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringa%20%C3%97%20diversifolia | Syringa × diversifolia, commonly known as the varyleaf lilac, is a hybrid shrub of the genus Syringa.
Description
Syringa × diversifolia is a deciduous shrub that typically grows to a height of . Leaves are mid green, and may be entire, or multi-lobed. The name refers to the multiple shaped leaves on this lilac, one big leaf alongside two or three smaller leaves. Panicles are fragrant, and are white to pale pink. S. × diversifolia flowers relatively early in comparison to other lilacs, often flowering mid-April at Kew, while most other lilacs flower in May. The plant produces loculicidal capsules.
Distribution and habitat
S. × diversifolia is a garden hybrid. Syringa × diversifolia is fully hardy to temperatures of -15°C.
Taxonomy
Syringa × diversifolia is a hybrid which arose at the Arnold Arboretum in 1929. Alfred Rehder, Arnold Arboretum taxonomist, noted that Syringa pinnatifolia seedlings showed that the flowers had been pollinated by a Syringa oblata growing nearby.
The first clone produced, 'William H. Judd', is noteworthy mainly because of its variable foliage, which may produce, entire, pinnatifid or three- to five-lobed leaves.
References
diversifolia
Hybrid plants | Syringa × diversifolia | [
"Biology"
] | 278 | [
"Hybrid plants",
"Plants",
"Hybrid organisms"
] |
77,024,372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backside%20power%20delivery | Backside power delivery (BPD) is an advanced semiconductor technology that relocates the power delivery network from the frontside to the backside of a silicon wafer. This technique aims to improve power efficiency, performance, and design flexibility in integrated circuits (ICs).
Overview
Traditionally, power and signal interconnects are both placed on the frontside of the silicon wafer. BPD separates these functions by placing power delivery interconnects on the backside of the wafer, thereby freeing up more space for signal interconnects on the frontside. This separation can lead to improved power integrity, reduced signal interference, and enhanced performance.
Development and adoption
Intel's PowerVia technology
Intel has been a pioneer in BPD with its PowerVia technology, scheduled for introduction in its 20A process node in 2024. PowerVia has demonstrated significant benefits, including a 6% increase in operating frequency, 30% reduction in power loss, and more compact designs with improved density.
PowerVia involves constructing transistors on the frontside of the silicon wafer while routing power interconnects on the backside. This process requires drilling deep, narrow through-silicon vias (TSVs) to connect the power interconnects to the transistors. Intel has developed methods to ensure that these TSVs do not compromise the reliability or thermal management of the chip. Intel's Blue Sky Creek test chip demonstrated the benefits of this approach, showing over 90% cell utilization and potential cost reduction.
TSMC's N2 and A16 nodes
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) has explored BPD, initially planning to introduce it in their N2P process node. However, TSMC decided to delay the incorporation of BPD due to cost and complexity considerations. Instead, they will focus on other enhancements, such as the NanoFlex technology, which allows for greater optimization of performance, power, and area (PPA) through flexible cell design.
TSMC's A16 process node, set to debut in 2025, integrates the Super PowerRail architecture along with nanosheet transistors. This combination aims to enhance computational efficiency and reduce energy consumption. The A16 process is designed to alleviate IR drop, simplify power distribution, and allow for tighter chip packaging. TSMC claims that A16 can achieve a 10% higher clock speed or a 15% to 20% decrease in power consumption compared to the N2P node, while also increasing chip density by up to 10%.
Technical benefits
Improved power integrity
By moving the power delivery network to the backside, BPD reduces the voltage droop experienced by transistors. This is because the power interconnects can be made larger and less resistive, providing a more stable power supply. This stability allows transistors to operate at higher frequencies with less risk of performance degradation.
Enhanced signal routing
With power interconnects relocated, the frontside has more space for signal routing. This reduces congestion and parasitic capacitance, leading to faster and more efficient signal transmission. The reduction in signal congestion allows for denser packing of logic cells, further enhancing the performance and efficiency of the chip.
Thermal management
BPD presents new challenges and opportunities for thermal management. The relocation of power interconnects can lead to higher thermal densities, requiring innovative cooling solutions. However, it also allows for more efficient heat dissipation paths, potentially improving overall thermal performance if managed correctly.
Challenges
Design complexity
Implementing BPD requires significant changes to traditional design methodologies. Engineers must adapt to new design rules and tools that account for the backside routing of power. This includes ensuring that thermal management and mechanical stresses are properly addressed, as these can impact the reliability and performance of the IC.
Manufacturing costs
The process of creating BPD-enabled chips involves additional steps, such as the creation of TSVs and the handling of wafers with interconnects on both sides. These steps can increase manufacturing costs, although companies like Intel have developed methods to offset these costs by optimizing other aspects of the chip design process.
Future prospects
Intel plans to integrate BPD with its RibbonFET transistors in upcoming process nodes, targeting production readiness in the first half of 2024. TSMC, while delaying BPD in its N2P node due to cost and complexity, will introduce it in the A16 node by 2025. Samsung aims to apply BPD to its 1.4-nanometer process by 2027, focusing on reducing wafer area consumption and improving power transmission.
References
Semiconductor device fabrication | Backside power delivery | [
"Materials_science"
] | 925 | [
"Semiconductor device fabrication",
"Microtechnology"
] |
77,024,374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Cola%20Wars | In the Space Cola Wars, the major soft drink competitors Coca-Cola and Pepsi engaged in costly marketing campaigns and product tests to get their beverages into space, in continuation of the so-called "Cola Wars". The competition began in 1985 during the STS-51-F Space Shuttle mission, when astronauts tested specially designed soda cans from each company to see how the carbonated drinks would perform in microgravity. In a widely publicized experiment, Coca-Cola's sophisticated fluid dispenser performed better than Pepsi's modified shaving cream can in dispensing drinkable soda.
Over the next decade, Coca-Cola continued developing enhanced space-rated soda dispensers that flew on subsequent shuttle missions to further study the effects of carbonation and taste perception in weightlessness. In 1996, Pepsi paid $300 million to create the first TV advertisement filmed in space aboard the Russian Mir space station.
1985: STS-51-F
In a heavily publicized marketing experiment, astronauts aboard STS-51-F drank carbonated beverages from specially designed cans from Cola Wars competitors Coca-Cola and Pepsi. According to astronaut Loren W. Acton, after Coke developed its experimental dispenser for an earlier shuttle flight, Pepsi insisted that Coke should not be the first cola in space, and contacted the White House through their contacts. The experiment was delayed until Pepsi could develop its own system, and the two companies' products were assigned to STS-51-F.
...the Coke can had had a lot of work put into it, and was designed to dispense a beverage without stirring up the liquid. The Pepsi can, when it showed up, looked like a shaving cream can. In fact, the Pepsi logo was just stuck on a paper wrapper, and when we peeled it off, indeed it was just a shaving cream can. It still had the shaving cream logo on it. Pepsi understood that this had nothing whatsoever to do with soda in space. It had to do with PR.
There were four cans of each Coca-Cola and Pepsi on board. Red Team tested Coke, and Blue Team tested Pepsi. As part of the experiment, each team was photographed with the cola logo. Acton said that while the sophisticated Coke system "dispensed soda kind of like what we're used to drinking on Earth", the Pepsi's shaving cream can "dispensed soda filled with bubbles" that was "not very drinkable". Acton said that "this stupid thing was taking more time than our serious experiments"; when he gives speeches in schools, audiences are much more interested in hearing about the cola experiment than in solar physics.
According to Pepsi, they spent 14 million dollars on their design, while Coca-Cola's dispenser costed $250,000. NASA considered these dispensers an "engineering demonstration", but for both companies it was a PR action. Coca-Cola claimed a win in the "Space Cola Wars" stating that it is "the first soft drink tasted in space".
Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus
1995: FGBA-1 on STS-63
BioServe Space Technologies at the University of Colorado, Boulder, developed the Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-1 (FGBA-1) in cooperation with Coca-Cola. It dispensed pre-mixed soda for astronauts' consumption and studied their changed taste perceptions. Astronauts rated control samples before and after flight. According to the University of Colorado Boulder, "FGBA served a very pertinent role in validating engineering techniques for the containment, manipulation, and transfer of supersaturated two-phase fluids in microgravity which was a relatively uncharacterized problem at the time and is a significant challenge outside of just carbonated beverages". FGBA also had an "integral heart rate monitor to track astronauts' physiological reactions". FGBA-1 flew on STS-63 in 1995 and dispensed pre-mixed beverages.
1996: FGBA-2 on STS-77
FGBA-2 was developed for use on STS-77 as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation. The unit held each of Coca-Cola, Diet Coke and Powerade.
Pepsi Mir advertisement
In 1996, Pepsi paid 300 million dollars to shoot the "first ad shot in space". Russian cosmonauts Yuri Onufrienko and Yuri Usachev filmed a video on the Mir Space Station during a space walk, while American astronaut Shannon Lucid assisted them from the station, "keeping an eye on their life support systems and filming the ad". Cosmonauts filmed "a four-foot-tall replica" of "Pepsi’s new blue can design".
References
External links
Pepsi Mir advertisement on YouTube
Advertising, space
Advertising by medium
Advertising
Cola
Advertising
Coca-Cola
PepsiCo
Food rivalries | Space Cola Wars | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,033 | [
"Space industry",
"Outer space"
] |
63,897,534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-18%20Oganj | The LRSVM M-18 Oganj (from ) is a modular self-propelled multiple rocket launcher developed in Serbia on FAP2234 6x6 chassis. It can have 2 to 8 containers with different guided and unguided missiles.
Development
Development of LRSVM M-18 Oganj is partially based on existing LRSVM Morava but on 6x6 chassis with armored cab and new set of electronics and possible missiles that can be launched from containers. Added new possibilities enable launcher to easy orient itself with GPS/GLONASS assistance and inertial navigation and launch different types of guided and unguided missiles with some of them still in development. It can use RALAS(previously known as LORANA), ALAS and Košava 1 guided missiles. Vehicle possess antenna and other relevant parts of computerized guidance system needed to launch guided missiles, has new digital radio and Inertial navigation system. It can also use variety of unguided missiles in 107, 122 and 128mm caliber. During live firing it has achieved 40km range with G-2000 122mm unguided missile. It is based on FAP 2228 6x6 chassis.
Rockets
There are many domestic models of rockets that LRSVM M-18 Oganj can use.
Beside domestically developed rocket it can also use all known Grad missiles.
See also
Related development
LRSVM Morava
Comparable systems
LYNX (MRL)
Astros 2020 (Mk6)
References
Military Technical Institute Belgrade
Modular rocket launchers
Multiple rocket launchers of Serbia
Self-propelled artillery of Serbia
Rocket artillery | M-18 Oganj | [
"Engineering"
] | 328 | [
"Modular design",
"Modular rocket launchers"
] |
63,899,388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Hansell | Anna Louise Hansell is a British physician who is Professor of Environmental Epidemiology and Director of the Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability at the University of Leicester. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Hansell studied the relationship between pollution and COVID-19.
Education and early career
Hansell originally studied medicine. She spent six years working in clinical medicine, before specialising in public health. Hansell completed her doctoral research at Imperial College London on the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the United Kingdom. After completing her doctoral degree she was awarded a Wellcome Trust clinical research fellowship.
Research and academic service
Her research considers environmental noise and air pollution. As part of this effort, Hansell made use of historical data and models to estimate black smoke and sulphur dioxide levels across the United Kingdom in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001. She demonstrated that living in high levels of air pollution in the past increased people's risks of respiratory disease decades after exposure. For example, people who lived in polluted areas in 1971 had a 14% greater risk of dying in 2002 than people who lived in low pollution areas.
Hansell has studied the impact of air pollution on birth outcomes, working primarily with mothers in London. Her work showed that in 3% of babies born with a low birth weight the low weight can be attributed to maternal residential exposure to air pollutants. She went on to demonstrate that exposure to air pollution, particularly PM10 particulates due to road traffic, in the first trimester and early life can reduce children's lung function.
In 2014 Hansell launched the Small Health Area Statistics Unit Environment and Health Atlas. The atlas visualised local risk factors for fourteen different diseases, as well as providing details about common environmental agents. Hansell has continued to study the COPD throughout her career, combining data from the UK Biobank with air pollution monitoring systems. She showed that annual increases of 5 μgm−3 PM2.5 particulates in air was comparable to two years of ageing. These investigations allowed her to identify that i populations who live in areas where PM2.5 levels are above the maximum levels recommended by the World Health Organization, COPD is four times higher than in people who experience passive smoking. She has also demonstrated that people who live in low income households are considerably more likely to be detrimentally impacted by air pollution.
Alongside investigating the impact of air pollution, Hansell has studied the impact of noise pollution on mortality. By combining data on hospital admissions and mortality of a cohort of over three million people who live around Heathrow Airport, Hansell showed that deaths due to stroke, heart and circulatory disease are more likely in areas with high levels of aircraft noise.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became apparent that air pollution might play a role in the severity of COVID-19. Hansell investigated the relationships between air pollution and rates of mortality due to coronavirus. Alongside her own research, Hansell provided expert advice on the relationship between pollution, health and viral infection. She remarked that the lockdown in the United Kingdom would result in significant reductions in air pollution, in line with travel restrictions and reduced industry operation.
Academic service
She was appointed the President of Epidemiology in the Royal Society of Medicine in 2005. In 2010 Hansell was made Assistant Director of the UK Small Area Health Statistics Unit at Imperial College London. Hansell is a member of the Public Health England Environmental Hazards Programme Board, as well as the Government of the United Kingdom Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants.
Selected publications
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academics of the University of Leicester
Alumni of Imperial College London
Environmental scientists
British women medical doctors
British women epidemiologists
Air pollution in the United Kingdom | Anna Hansell | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 779 | [
"Environmental scientists",
"British environmental scientists"
] |
63,900,319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.G.%20Loewendick%20%26%20Sons | S.G. Loewendick & Sons, also known as Loewendick Demolition Contractors, is a demolition company based in Grove City, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus. The company is the largest specializing in demolition in Central Ohio. It has torn down most of the landmark buildings in Columbus in recent decades, including Union Station, the Ohio Penitentiary, the Christopher Inn, the Deshler Hotel, and the Ohio State University Drake Performance and Event Center.
The company was founded in 1929 by Sylvester G. Loewendick. Its business expanded during a construction boom after World War II, and was involved in numerous large demolition contracts. By 1988, the company was making $5 million annually, and had 100 employees, including eight Loewendick family members. The company is looked upon unfavorably by historic preservationists for its landmark demolitions, although others favorably view its salvage work, recycling, and work during fires.
History
S.G. Loewendick & Sons was founded by Sylvester G. "Tedo" Loewendick. He was the son of a German immigrant who settled in Newark, Ohio. Tedo was employed as a shop foreman and then garage owner for years, though in 1929 moved to demolition, tearing down several houses for material to create his own new house. Tedo also did some construction work; several of his buildings still stood in Newark into the 1980s. The Loewendicks owned a 25-acre farm near Newark, which Tedo's wife ran until they moved to Columbus in the 1950s.
Tedo's son, Jim Loewendick, attributed the business's early success to World War II, saying "Adolf Hitler put the country on its feet". A post-war construction boom in Columbus led to the development of highways and urban renewal, which created a need for demolition contracts. In the 1950s, Tedo dropped construction and began to focus solely on the demolition company, and with his three sons, began to operate in a radius of around Columbus. Flytown was replaced by the Goodale Redevelopment Project, and the historic Central Market was replaced during the Market-Mohawk project. S.G. Loewendick was significantly involved in that area in the 1960s, including demolishing hundreds of acres of housing for highway development. In 1961, the company demolished 53 houses for a highway interchange near Fort Hayes. In 1963, Loewendick demolished 300 houses, and in the following year they demolished 91 houses for the incoming Nationwide Children's Hospital, 50 houses for Market-Mohawk, and 104 houses for the new I-71. In the 1970s, Jim Loewendick's son died in a freak accident on one of their work sites. In 1974, Tedo died, leaving his son Ralph as the company president. By 1988, the company had a revenue of $5 million per year, owning two landfills, a roll-off container service for construction site dumpsters, and a tire shredder facility. Seven Loewendick family members and one stepson were part of the approximately 100 company employees. Tedo's grandson Dave Loewendick now owns the business. The family also owns Frank Road Recycling Solutions and Central Ohio Contractors.
Demolition projects
Loewendick has demolished Columbus landmarks Union Station, the Ohio Penitentiary, the Christopher Inn, and the Deshler Hotel. The company also demolished the downtown Columbus City Center mall, Franklinton's Veterans Memorial (since replaced by the National Veterans Memorial and Museum), a former location of the Columbus Africentric High School, and a Holiday Inn in the suburb of Worthington. The company also was involved in the demolition of the Beasley-Deshler Hotel, the Chittenden Hotel, Halle's, and the Hartman Theater in Columbus. They were also to demolish the Beggs Building, since renovated as part of the Fifth Third Center. In 1961, the company razed the Virginia Hotel and Columbus Citizen building to make room for the currently-named Renaissance Columbus Downtown Hotel.
The company has been involved in dangerous work, including during or after a fire. The Dunhill Clothiers burned down in 1974, and the company hauled aways pieces of the building as it burned. During a fire in February 1977, the company had difficulty tearing down the building, which was covered in 3- to 4-foot icicles. During a fire in the Short North in September 1988, Dave Loewendick helped a fireman out of debris, just before a four-story wall fell behind them. The company won the "Highly Commended Award" in the World Demolition Awards in 2010 for its demolition of Columbus City Center.
The company, originally involved in both construction and demolition, still focuses on reusing items, including salvaging architectural elements. In 2016, the company purchased equipment allowing it to begin crushing and recycling concrete. Its work in the third phase of demolishing the Veteran's Memorial (removing its foundation) therefore involved a 100% recycling rate. On average, the company gets 50-60 percent recyclable material out of their projects. Columbus mandates 25 percent, and the City Center demolition project mandated 50 percent. For that project, the company recycled 90 percent of the materials.
Reputation
S.G. Loewendick & Sons is locally known, as it is the largest demolition company in Central Ohio. It has demolished most of the landmark buildings in Columbus in recent decades. The company offers tours of its facility to local students, educating on recycling; the company also offers the use of a landfill for firefighter search-and-rescue missions.
The business's current owner, Dave Loewendick, is unconcerned about his reputation for demolition, envisioning a pile of rubble where office towers or shopping malls stand. In a 1988 interview, he expressed remorse over not demolishing the Ohio Theatre, saying "We were about six hours from having that building". He expressed interest in demolishing Columbus's Central High School, as well as Memorial Hall, a building next-door to the Christopher Inn his crew demolished. His car license plates read "Raze 1" and "Raze 2".
The Loewendick company's work has been opposed by historic preservationists. The demolition of the Columbus State Hospital was opposed by a Hilltop preservation group. In 1976, the company's demolition of Union Station was approved after orders by Battelle Commons Corporation, which had been planning to keep and restore the station's arcade. The corporation improperly went forward with demolition, and only a single arch could be saved after a court order was handed to the demolition company. In 1980, S.G. Loewendick demolished the Monypeny Hammond building. It was purchased by Nationwide Insurance Company president Dean Jeffers in order to demolish it, contrary to neighborhood redevelopment plans and a unanimous Columbus City Council resolution for the demolition to stop.
Notable demolition projects
Central Market
Chittenden Hotel
Christopher Inn
Columbus City Center
Columbus State Hospital
Deshler Hotel
Frederick W. Schumacher mansion
L. Hoster Brewing Company (partial demolition)
Ohio Penitentiary
Trautman Building
Union Station
References
External links
Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
Demolition
American companies established in 1929
1929 establishments in Ohio
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1929 | S.G. Loewendick & Sons | [
"Engineering"
] | 1,492 | [
"Construction",
"Demolition"
] |
63,900,356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFTB | The Density Functional Based Tight Binding method is an approximation to density functional theory, which reduces the Kohn-Sham equations to a form of tight binding related to the Harris functional. The original approximation limits interactions to a non-self-consistent two center hamiltonian between confined atomic states. In the late 1990s a second-order expansion of the Kohn-Sham energy enabled a charge self-consistent treatment of systems where Mulliken charges of the atoms are solved self-consistently. This expansion has been continued to the 3rd order in charge fluctuations and with respect to spin fluctuations.
Unlike empirical tight binding the (single particle) wavefunction of the resulting system is available, since the integrals used to produce the matrix elements are calculated using a set of atomic basis functions.
References
Electronic structure methods
Electronic band structures
Quantum chemistry
Theoretical chemistry | DFTB | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 166 | [
"Electron",
"Quantum chemistry stubs",
"Quantum chemistry",
"Theoretical chemistry stubs",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Computational physics",
"Theoretical chemistry",
"Electronic band structures",
"Electronic structure methods",
"Computational chemistry",
"Condensed matter physics",
" molecular",
... |
63,902,184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selpercatinib | Selpercatinib, sold under the brand name Retevmo among others, is a targeted medication for the treatment of cancers in people whose tumors have an alteration (mutation or fusion) in a specific gene (RET which is short for "rearranged during transfection"). Before beginning treatment, the identification of a RET gene alteration must be determined using laboratory testing.
Selpercatinib is taken by mouth.
The most common side effects include changes in laboratory tests (including increased liver enzymes, increased blood sugar, decreased white cell and platelet counts, decreased protein level, decreased calcium, increased total cholesterol, increased creatinine, and decreased sodium) dry mouth, diarrhea, high blood pressure, fatigue, edema, rash, and constipation.
Selpercatinib is a RET kinase inhibitor, meaning it inhibits the protein RET receptor kinase, which is mutated in the cancer cells and provides them with growth signals. Blocking the RET kinase blocks the main growth signal for cancer cells and thereby prevents them from dividing.
Selpercatinib is the first therapy approved specifically for people with cancer harboring RET gene alterations.
Selpercatinib received accelerated approval for this indication for patients aged twelve years of age and older in 2020. In June 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration granted traditional approval to selpercatinib for people aged two years of age and older.
Medical uses
In the United States, selpercatinib is indicated for the treatment of:
adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with a rearranged during transfection (RET) gene fusion, as detected by an FDA-approved test.
people aged twelve years of age and older with advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) with a RET mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test, who require systemic therapy.
people aged twelve years of age and older with advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer with a RET gene fusion, as detected by an FDA-approved test, who require systemic therapy and who are radioactive iodine-refractory (if radioactive iodine is appropriate).
adults with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors with a rearranged during transfection (RET) gene fusion that have progressed on or following prior systemic treatment or who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options.
In the European Union, selpercatinib, as monotherapy, is indicated for the treatment of adults with:
advanced RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer who require systemic therapy following prior treatment with immunotherapy and/or platinum-based chemotherapy
advanced RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy following prior treatment with sorafenib and/or lenvatinib
and for the treatment of people aged twelve years of age and older with advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) who require systemic therapy following prior treatment with cabozantinib and/or vandetanib.
In September 2024, the FDA granted traditional approval to selpercatinib for people aged two years of age and older with advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer with a RET mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test, who require systemic therapy. Selpercatinib received accelerated approval for this indication for people 12 years of age and older in 2020. In May 2024, the FDA granted accelerated approval for this indication to people aged two years of age and older.
Adverse effects
Selpercatinib can cause serious side effects including liver toxicity, high blood pressure, heart rhythm changes due to prolongation of heart electrical activity (QT prolongation), bleeding, allergic reactions, impaired wound healing and harm to an unborn baby.
Selpercatinib may cause harm to a developing fetus or a newborn baby.
The most common adverse reactions (≥25%) were edema, diarrhea, fatigue, dry mouth, hypertension, abdominal pain, constipation, rash, nausea, and headache. The most common Grade 3 or 4 laboratory abnormalities (≥5%) were decreased lymphocytes, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), decreased sodium, and decreased calcium.
History
Selpercatinib received accelerated approval for this indication for patients aged twelve years of age and older in 2020.
Selpercatinib was approved based on the results of the LIBRETTO-001 clinical trial (NCT03157128) involving 702 participants aged 15–92 years with each of the three types of tumors. During the clinical trial, participants received 160 mg selpercatinib orally twice daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The major efficacy outcome measures were overall response rate (ORR), which reflects the percentage of participants that had a certain amount of tumor shrinkage, and duration of response (DOR). The trial was conducted at 84 sites in the United States, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and Israel. The conversion to regular approval for non-small cell lung cancer was based on data from an additional 172 participants and 18 months of additional follow-up to assess durability of response.
Efficacy for non-small cell lung cancer was evaluated in 105 adult participants with rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer who were previously treated with platinum chemotherapy. Sixty-four percent of the 105 participants with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer, experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than six months for 81% of them. Out of 39 participants who had never undergone treatment, 84% experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than six months for 58% of them.
Efficacy for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) was evaluated in participants aged twelve years of age and older with RET-mutant MTC . The study enrolled 143 participants with advanced or metastatic RET-mutant MTC who had been previously treated with cabozantinib, vandetanib or both (types of chemotherapy), and participants with advanced or metastatic RET-mutant MTC who had not received prior treatment with cabozantinib or vandetanib. Sixty-nine percent of the 55 previously treated participants for MTC experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than 6 months for 76% of them. Out of 88 participants who had never undergone treatment with an approved drug, 73% experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than six months for 61% of them.
Efficacy for rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion-positive thyroid cancer was evaluated in participants aged twelve years of age and older. The study enrolled 19 participants with RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer who were radioactive iodine-refractory (RAI, if an appropriate treatment option) and had received another prior systemic treatment, and eight participants with RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer who were RAI-refractory and had not received any additional therapy. Seventy-nine percent of the 19 previously treated participants with thyroid cancer experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than six months for 87% of them. All eight participants who had not received therapy other than radioactive iodine therapy experienced complete or partial shrinkage of their tumors which lasted more than six months for 75% of them.
Efficacy for locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors with a rearranged during transfection (RET) gene fusion that have progressed on or following prior systemic treatment or who have no satisfactory alternative treatment options was demonstrated in LIBRETTO-001 (NCT03157128), a multicenter, open-label, multi-cohort trial that evaluated 41 participants with RET fusion-positive tumors (other than non-small cell lung cancer and thyroid cancer) with disease progression on or following prior systemic treatment or who had no satisfactory alternative treatment options. The efficacy evaluation was supported by data in 343 participants with RET fusion-positive non-small cell lung cancer and thyroid cancer enrolled in the same trial already described in product labeling. Participants received selpercatinib until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Society and culture
Legal status
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for selpercatinib priority review, orphan drug, and breakthrough therapy designations; and granted approval of Retevmo to Loxo Oncology, Inc., a subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company.
In December 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Retsevmo, intended for the treatment of cancers that display rearranged during transfection (RET) gene alterations: RET-fusion positive non-small cell lung cancer, RET-fusion positive thyroid cancer and RET-mutant medullary-thyroid cancer (MTC). The applicant for this medicinal product is Eli Lilly Nederland B.V. Selpercatinib was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2021.
In June 2024, the Food and Drug Administration granted traditional approval to selpercatinib for people aged two years of age and older with advanced or metastatic RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy and who are radioactive iodine-refractory (if radioactive iodine is appropriate). The applicant was Eli Lilly and Company.
References
Further reading
External links
Nitriles
Orphan drugs
Pyridines
Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Tissue agnostic antineoplastic agents | Selpercatinib | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,041 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
63,902,416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%202014-55 | PKS 2014-55 is a Seyfert 2 elliptical galaxy presenting strong emission lines. It is located in the poor galaxy group, and is an X-shaped radio galaxy discovered by the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa that is located 800 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy looks like two boomerangs, with jets extending 2.5 million light years across. Then the jets are “reversed” by the pressure of intergalactic gas, later deflected by gas pressure to form an “X” shape.
References
Radio galaxies
Telescopium
064440
Seyfert galaxies | PKS 2014-55 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 128 | [
"Telescopium",
"Constellations"
] |
63,903,451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibres%20Research%20Centre | The Fibres Research Centre was a research centre of ICI in Harrogate in North Yorkshire. The site today is a redeveloped business park.
History
ICI Fibres was formed on 1 April 1956, and all textile research for ICI moved to Harrogate.
The fibres were made by ICI at a plant at Kilroot in County Antrim, Northern Ireland.
Structure
It was sited in the south-west of North Yorkshire.
See also
Winnington Laboratory
References
External links
Harrogate: Boardroom of the North
Chemical industry in the United Kingdom
Chemical research institutes
History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom
Imperial Chemical Industries
Organisations based in Harrogate
Research institutes in North Yorkshire | Fibres Research Centre | [
"Chemistry"
] | 140 | [
"Chemical research institutes"
] |
63,904,912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabornological%20space | In functional analysis, a topological vector space (TVS) is called ultrabornological if every bounded linear operator from into another TVS is necessarily continuous. A general version of the closed graph theorem holds for ultrabornological spaces.
Ultrabornological spaces were introduced by Alexander Grothendieck (Grothendieck [1955, p. 17] "espace du type (β)").
Definitions
Let be a topological vector space (TVS).
Preliminaries
A disk is a convex and balanced set.
A disk in a TVS is called bornivorous if it absorbs every bounded subset of
A linear map between two TVSs is called infrabounded if it maps Banach disks to bounded disks.
A disk in a TVS is called infrabornivorous if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
absorbs every Banach disks in
while if locally convex then we may add to this list:
the gauge of is an infrabounded map;
while if locally convex and Hausdorff then we may add to this list:
absorbs all compact disks; that is, is "compactivorious".
Ultrabornological space
A TVS is ultrabornological if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
every infrabornivorous disk in is a neighborhood of the origin;
while if is a locally convex space then we may add to this list:
every bounded linear operator from into a complete metrizable TVS is necessarily continuous;
every infrabornivorous disk is a neighborhood of 0;
be the inductive limit of the spaces as varies over all compact disks in ;
a seminorm on that is bounded on each Banach disk is necessarily continuous;
for every locally convex space and every linear map if is bounded on each Banach disk then is continuous;
for every Banach space and every linear map if is bounded on each Banach disk then is continuous.
while if is a Hausdorff locally convex space then we may add to this list:
is an inductive limit of Banach spaces;
Properties
Every locally convex ultrabornological space is barrelled, quasi-ultrabarrelled space, and a bornological space but there exist bornological spaces that are not ultrabornological.
Every ultrabornological space is the inductive limit of a family of nuclear Fréchet spaces, spanning
Every ultrabornological space is the inductive limit of a family of nuclear DF-spaces, spanning
Examples and sufficient conditions
The finite product of locally convex ultrabornological spaces is ultrabornological. Inductive limits of ultrabornological spaces are ultrabornological.
Every Hausdorff sequentially complete bornological space is ultrabornological. Thus every complete Hausdorff bornological space is ultrabornological. In particular, every Fréchet space is ultrabornological.
The strong dual space of a complete Schwartz space is ultrabornological.
Every Hausdorff bornological space that is quasi-complete is ultrabornological.
Counter-examples
There exist ultrabarrelled spaces that are not ultrabornological.
There exist ultrabornological spaces that are not ultrabarrelled.
See also
External links
Some characterizations of ultrabornological spaces
References
Topological vector spaces | Ultrabornological space | [
"Mathematics"
] | 663 | [
"Topological vector spaces",
"Vector spaces",
"Space (mathematics)"
] |
63,906,099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nookazon | Nookazon () is a fan-made website that allows players of the 2020 video game Animal Crossing: New Horizons to trade and sell items in-game using their services. The website is named after Amazon, although it more closely resembles Craigslist and eBay.
The website allows users to discover other players selling a specific in-game item and buy the item for a set price, or make an offer. In addition to in-game items such as furniture, fruit and clothing, the website accommodates for trading "villagers" (in-game inhabitants), which comprise a large part of Animal Crossing's gameplay. The name "Nookazon" is a portmanteau of "Tom Nook", the name of one of New Horizonss main characters, and the name "Amazon".
The website was developed to be an alternative to the unorganised trading system of the original Animal Crossing: New Horizons Discord server. It surged in popularity after Daniel Luu posted a TikTok about it. The website now includes an app.
Development
Nookazon was founded on April 9, 2020. The website was created and is run by Daniel Luu, a 25-year old software developer also known by the username squishguin on internet platforms. Luu created the website as a result of his frustrations with the current trading systems. He joined the Animal Crossing: New Horizons Discord server, and found a trading message thread there, but was overwhelmed with the quantity of traders and the unorganized nature of the platform. He decided to make a website to solve this problem, with the help of two of his friends. In an interview with SquadState.com, he stated:
Cataloguing
One of the challenges Luu faced when creating Nookazon involved categorizing the many items of furniture and clothing within Animal Crossing. Animal Crossing: New Horizons contains thousands of individual items, all of which had to be catalogued with various colours in order to be listed on the website. To solve this problem, Luu used a "spreadsheet community" in order to create a comprehensive catalogue for all the game's items. He said that "The spreadsheet community is just a small Discord server that was putting together a spreadsheet that had all the Animal Crossing items in it, including pictures and names and variations and things like that." This allowed him to easily account for all of the game's items. The spreadsheet is organised on Google Docs (found here).
Popularity
The website went live on 9 April 2020. However, the website received a huge surge in popularity after Luu posted a 15-second TikTok demonstrating how to use the website. After that, internet traffic on the website surged from 6,000 to 180,000 overnight. The website grew beyond the scope of the Animal Crossing Discord, and eventually became an important part of the community, facilitating many trades per day.
Daniel Luu stated, about the surge in popularity and the difficulties he faced with it, that:
Current release
Nookazon is split into two main areas; one is the Nookazon website, which is constructed entirely from scratch; the other, the Nookazon Discord server, is built using Discord channels and bots. The Nookazon website is managed by Daniel Luu and two of his friends. The Nookazon Discord, which now has around 600,000 members, thirty volunteer moderators and is managed by Daniel Luu's friend Brandon. There is also a social media team, composed of three people, that manages Nookazon's social media accounts, compromising of their Instagram, Twitter, TikTok and Facebook profiles, as well as announcements about the website. The website has 270,000 daily unique users and reaches seven million page views a day. Daniel Luu has taken development of the site full time. He stated that "I’ve cut out a lot of hobbies, like watching YouTube, and spend most of my free time on the site. I don’t mind though, because I love working on it, and I would probably be making another app or website if it wasn’t Nookazon."
In October 2020, Nookazon held "Spookazon" events, various competitions based around Halloween.
Trading
The website does not carry out the trade itself; it shows a catalogue of items, that in turn display potential sellers. In this respect, it functions more like the online marketplace eBay. The trade is then carried out in Animal Crossing: New Horizons. The website forbids the use of real-life currency; it instead is built off of Animal Crossing: New Horizonss currency of "Bells". The majority of the website's trading is done either on the website itself or on the accompanying Discord server. The website has a comprehensive listing of all the items in the game, created by use of spreadsheets provided by the community. The website has more than nine million item listings. The most popular items on the site are Nook Miles Tickets, followed by the cutting board, ironwood dresser, crescent-moon chair and fish bait.
Trading
Selling
Selling an item begins with a listing on the item. Sellers create listings, and specify if they want it to be sold in Bells or Nook Miles Tickets, or both, and specify if they want to ask for offers from buyers, or if they want to limit the buyers to the listing price. Sellers can also specify if they are open to a trade via wishlist items. The listing then appears on a list of listings, organized by default as most recent first. Alternatively, the seller can put an item up for auction. The seller is notified if a deal is accepted. If they want to, the seller can propose a counter offer at a lower or higher price, and the buyer can then do the same.
Buying
Buying an item begins by finding the item on the website. From here, the item displays buyer listings, which are offers for an item for a specific price. This can be cross-referenced with the average price graph to ensure the buyer is getting a fair trade. The Buyer will suggest a price, which will then be accepted by the Seller, or counter offered. Once the offer is accepted, the trade takes place in game.
Exchange
Once a deal is accepted, the trade is carried out in Animal Crossing, via a specific code called a Dodo code that allows a player to visit a specific island. Both players drop their trade on the ground; money can be dropped, as well as Nook Miles Tickets. For more expensive trades, like Villagers, a trade facilitator can be requested on Nookazon's Discord. The trade facilitator will be one of around thirty approved trade facilitators. After the trade, buyers and sellers can leave reviews from one to five stars with a comment to inform other users about the trader. This allows Nookazon to manage the level of scam traders on the site. If a trade went badly, the player can "flag" another user. While this does not ban them, it warns other users that they are not entirely trustworthy.
Economy
In order to keep prices fair, Nookazon has introduced different forms of currency in order to keep a stable economy. One example of this is the introduction of paying with Nook Miles Tickets, highly valued Animal Crossing items. Whereas the value of Bells has gradually decreased over time, the price of Nook Miles Tickets has stayed consistent. As such, Nookazon's economy has two forms of currency; the highly fluctuating bell economy, and the stable Nook Miles Ticket economy. When asked about the fluctuating price of certain popular items in the game, Daniel Luu stated "One thing [Nookazon] has definitely taught me is that people will go crazy over certain items. People just love to have their dream islands come true. Even though sometimes the Discord link on the website doesn’t work, people are still figuring out a way to go out and contact people in order to make these trades. It just really shows that there’s a need for this marketplace to be safe and easy to use. Those are the things that we really are focusing on moving forward with the platform."
Criticism
Black Lives Matter controversy
Following the George Floyd protests which began in May 2020, users of Nookazon criticized the website's leaders and moderators for banning Discord members who posted in support of Black Lives Matter. Nookazon leadership later clarified that they support the protests, pledging to donate $500 towards the cause. They stated that users could opt-in to a "current events" channel where this discussion could take place. This channel was edited to be a non-interactive "global resources" channel with links to protest information.
Safe trading and inflated pricing
Nookazon has been used by scammers to make users buy overpriced items. To combat this, Nookazon introduced an "average price" graph which showed the average price of the item over time to ensure that users do not buy overpriced items. In addition, a "Safe Trading Guide" is available to all users that outlines various method in which scammers attempt to cheat on buyers and sellers and how to prevent them.
For high value items, users have inflated the price ten-fold, in order to gain the most money possible. One significant instance of this is with villagers, specifically Raymond, a villager new to Animal Crossing: New Horizons. Prices have been inflated into the tens of millions. The high demand for these characters perpetuates the inflation. This occurs with rare furniture items too, with a poster being in the millions. Many have criticised the villager trading system, accusing Nookazon as being in "the darkest corners of the internet". Seasonal materials are also susceptible to large fluctuations in price, with an auction for 100 cherry blossom petals selling at a total of 2.8 million bells.
Future
Nookazon's popularity is attributed partly to the 2020 lockdown and the unprecedented success of Animal Crossing. When asked about how long Nookazon will keep going for, Daniel Luu said: "I don't think I would have ever gotten this experience without having Nookazon blow up like it did... I think the Animal Crossing community has been so great to us, our entire team, and it's such a fun project to work on, so I think even after the quarantine, even after a while, we will continue to support Nookazon. I think it's such a great place for people to connect. Some of the things that people have made are amazing. I think the energy of the community is going to keep us going, for sure."
References
External links
E-commerce
Gaming websites
Internet properties established in 2020
Video game fansites
Video game websites
Animal Crossing | Nookazon | [
"Technology"
] | 2,226 | [
"Information technology",
"E-commerce"
] |
63,907,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20graph%20theorem | In functional analysis, the Borel graph theorem is generalization of the closed graph theorem that was proven by L. Schwartz.
The Borel graph theorem shows that the closed graph theorem is valid for linear maps defined on and valued in most spaces encountered in analysis.
Statement
A topological space is called a Polish space if it is a separable complete metrizable space and that a Souslin space is the continuous image of a Polish space. The weak dual of a separable Fréchet space and the strong dual of a separable Fréchet–Montel space are Souslin spaces. Also, the space of distributions and all Lp-spaces over open subsets of Euclidean space as well as many other spaces that occur in analysis are Souslin spaces. The Borel graph theorem states:
Let and be Hausdorff locally convex spaces and let be linear. If is the inductive limit of an arbitrary family of Banach spaces, if is a Souslin space, and if the graph of is a Borel set in then is continuous.
Generalization
An improvement upon this theorem, proved by A. Martineau, uses K-analytic spaces. A topological space is called a if it is the countable intersection of countable unions of compact sets. A Hausdorff topological space is called if it is the continuous image of a space (that is, if there is a space and a continuous map of onto ). Every compact set is K-analytic so that there are non-separable K-analytic spaces.
Also, every Polish, Souslin, and reflexive Fréchet space is K-analytic as is the weak dual of a Fréchet space. The generalized theorem states:
Let and be locally convex Hausdorff spaces and let be linear. If is the inductive limit of an arbitrary family of Banach spaces, if is a K-analytic space, and if the graph of is closed in then is continuous.
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Theorems in functional analysis | Borel graph theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 405 | [
"Theorems in mathematical analysis",
"Theorems in functional analysis"
] |
71,053,966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax%20%28mineral%29 | Borax ( · ) is a borate mineral found in evaporite deposits of alkaline lacustrine environments and as a surface efflorescence in arid regions. It is the chief mineral mined from the deposits at Boron, California and nearby locations, and is the chief source of commercial borax.
Borax first reached Western civilization as tincal mined from deposits in Tibet. The term borax comes from the Arabic bauraq, meaning white.
Occurrences
The most extensive deposits are in Kirka, Turkey. Borax is also mined in the Andes Mountains of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. However, the greatest production is from the deposits in California.
Uses
Natural occurrences of the mineral are an important source of commercial borax, which is used for the manufacture of glass fibers, in cleaning agents, as an antiseptic, and as a flux in metallurgy and solvent for metal oxides.
See also
List of minerals
References
Nesoborates
Monoclinic minerals
Luminescent minerals
Minerals in space group 15 | Borax (mineral) | [
"Chemistry"
] | 218 | [
"Luminescence",
"Luminescent minerals"
] |
71,054,606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship-based%20access%20control | In computer systems security, Relationship-based access control (ReBAC) defines an authorization paradigm where a subject's permission to access a resource is defined by the presence of relationships between those subjects and resources.
In general, authorization in ReBAC is performed by traversing the directed graph of relationships. The nodes and edges of this graph are very similar to triples in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data format. ReBAC systems allow hierarchies of relationships, and some allow more complex definitions that include algebraic operators on relationships such as union, intersection, and difference.
ReBAC gained popularity with the rise of social network web applications, where users need to control their personal information based on their relationship with the data receiver rather than the receiver’s role. Using ReBAC enabled to collectively define permissions for teams and groups, thus eliminating the need to set permissions individually for every resource.
In contrast to role-based access control (RBAC), which defines roles that carry a specific set of privileges associated with them and to which subjects are assigned, ReBAC (like ABAC), allows defining more fine-grained permissions. For example, if a ReBAC system defines resources of type document, which can allow one action editor, if the system contains the relationship ('alice', 'editor', 'document:budget'), then subject Alice can edit the specific resource document:budget. The downside of ReBAC is that, while it allows more fine-grained access, this means that the application may need to perform more authorization checks.
ReBAC systems are deny-by-default, and allow building RBAC systems on top of them.
History
The term ReBAC was coined by Carrie E. Gates in 2006.
In 2019 Google published a paper presenting "Zanzibar: Google’s Consistent, Global Authorization System". The paper defines a system composed of a namespace configuration and relationship data expressed as triples.
Since the release of that paper, several companies have built commercial and open source offerings of ReBAC systems.
See also
Role-based access control
Attribute-based access control
References
Access control
Computer security models | Relationship-based access control | [
"Engineering"
] | 447 | [
"Cybersecurity engineering",
"Computer security models"
] |
71,055,176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepidotus%20epibryus | Crepidotus epibryus, is a species of saprophytic fungi in the family Crepidotaceae. It is commonly known as grass oysterling in the United Kingdom and is seen there in late summer and autumn.
Description
Cap: The cap (pileus) of C. epibryus is generally about 0.4 to 1.5 cm in diameter and is convex kidney shaped fanned, coloured white or pale buff with upper tomentose (finely felted) surface.
Gills: On the underside, the gills (lamellae) are crowded and are classified as free with no stipe to connect to. The colour of the gills depends on maturity ranging from white when young to pinkish brown as the spores mature.
Spores: The spore print is pale buff. The ellipsoid-shaped basidiospore of C. epibryus are 7-9 by 3-3.5 µm in size.
Absent features- No stipe (stem) or annulus (ring).
Similar species
Crepidotus variabilis is typically larger, has a smoother cap surface and does not have an inrolled cap margin.
Distribution
Common to Britain and Ireland, also occurs in Europe and in North America.
References
Crepidotaceae
Fungus species | Crepidotus epibryus | [
"Biology"
] | 268 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
71,057,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrassiBase | BrassiBase is on online resource that documents information and research related to species within the plant family Brassicaceae. It is hosted by the University of Heidelberg. The website defines itself as "tools and biological resources for Brassicaceae character and trait studies". Researchers studying Brassicaceae species use the tools provided in BrassiBase to refine the taxonomy and evolutionary history of plants in this family and to perform phylogenetic analyses.
External links
References
Brassicaceae
Online botany databases | BrassiBase | [
"Technology"
] | 96 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
71,057,533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabsco%20pump | A Jabsco pump, neoprene vane pump or self-priming neoprene vane pump, is a type of pump typically used for liquid handling. They are mainly used when water or other liquids must be pumped. In this type of pump, the fluid is sucked continuously, with a capacity depending on the size of the pump and the speed of rotation of the neoprene impeller.
Description
It consists of a cylindrical compartment with a false deflector that turns it into an oval. Inside the cylinder rotates an impeller with radial neoprene blades, whose turning movement ensures the formation of variable volume chambers with the compartment wall. Since the impeller is in a non-central position, the formation of chambers (delimited by the impeller blades) of variable volume occurs, between which the fluid passes, which the blades suck from the inlet hole and push towards the hole. exit.
History
The first self-priming neoprene vane pumps date back to a 1953 patent issued to Jabsco. The US patent USA no. 422,191 for a "self-priming neoprene pump." In 1982 another patent was granted to Jabsco UK (1982-12-23, Priority to GB08205279A) extending the number of blades of the neoprene impeller to 16.
Marine engines
The unique shape of the neoprene impeller rotating inside the oval cavity makes this pump completely self-priming and can automatically pump the water needed to cool a boat's engine, even if the pump is mounted above the water level, as a vacuum is created in the unit that sucks water from any level and from environments as varied as they can be: the sea, a lake or a stream.
Drinking water
The neoprene blade unit can be used with any potable water storage tank as it applies a pressure to the water distribution circuit equivalent to the strong depression with which it sucks water from the tank and no pressure tank or air compressor system are needed. The system is easy to install and If instant hot water is needed, simply connect the vane pump outlet to a water heater.
References
Bibliography
External links
Pumps
Watercraft components | Jabsco pump | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 446 | [
"Pumps",
"Hydraulics",
"Physical systems",
"Turbomachinery"
] |
71,058,412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Liquid%20Mirror%20Telescope | The International Liquid Mirror Telescope is a 4-meter telescope in Uttarakhand, India. It is the first liquid-mirror telescope for astronomy in Asia and the largest liquid-mirror telescope in Asia.
History
On 2 June 2022, the telescope saw its first light. On 12 June 2022, it came online. On 21 June 2022, it became ready to observe. On 21 March 2023, it was inaugurated by Jitendra Singh.
Mechanism
The telescope uses elemental mercury as its mirror surface. The mercury is rotated about the axis of the telescope, and due to centrifugal force, takes a parabolic shape to focus incoming light.
See also
Large Zenith Telescope
NASA Orbital Debris Observatory
References
Telescopes
Optical telescopes
Astronomical observatories in India
Liquid mirror telescopes | International Liquid Mirror Telescope | [
"Astronomy"
] | 157 | [
"Telescopes",
"Astronomical instruments"
] |
71,060,229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Scattered%20Nation | The Scattered Nation is a controversial speech by the U.S. Senator, Confederate officer, and slaveowner Zebulon Baird Vance, written sometime between 1868 and 1870. The speech praises the accomplishments of Jewish people, crediting Jews for much of what Vance considered great in Western civilization. Particular praise in reserved for white Jews of Central and Western European descent, while Black people and Jews of color are disparaged as culturally and racially inferior. Vance was a prominent defender of Jews during a time when antisemitism was common in the American South. While positively remembered for decades by the North Carolina Jewish community, Vance's reputation has declined in recent years due to his racism, support for slavery and the Confederacy, and promotion of Jewish stereotypes.
About
"The Scattered Nation" was first written between 1868 and 1870. The text of the speech was printed in 1904 and later reprinted in 1916. During his 20 years as a Senator, Vance delivered the speech hundreds of times across the United States, often in sold-out lyceums and lecture halls.
In the speech, Vance credits "the race of Shem" for originating much of what he considered the greatest accomplishments in Western civilization, including monotheism. Advancing a supersessionist view, Vance states that the "Christian is simply the successor of the Jew--the glory of the one is likewise the glory of the other." The speech claims that "no people can claim such an unmixed purity of blood" as Jewish people and that "certainly none can establish such antiquity of origin, such unbroken generations of descent." Proto-Zionist in outlook, the speech asserts that Palestine was the "central chamber of God's administration." Vance disparages African, Asian, and MENA Jews living in "Africa, Arabia, India, China, Turkestan and Bokhara" as the "lowest of the Jewish people in wealth, intelligence and religion", but insisted that non-European Jews are still "superior to their Gentile neighbors in each." Orthodox Jews and other religious Jews in Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, including Hasidic Jews and Karaites, are characterized as "ignorant", zealous, and underdeveloped. Vance praises Jews of Central and Western European descent as "by far the most intelligent and civilized of their race." Reform Judaism is praised for eliminating "Oriental mysticism" from the practice of Judaism, but criticized for dispensing with "much of the Old Testament itself". In Vance's view, Reform Jews have thus become "simply Unitarians or Deists." The text of the speech frequently characterizes Jews as wealthy due to involvement in commerce, claiming that Jews are "the leading merchants, bankers, and financiers of the world." Vance claims that the Rothschild family wielded disproportionate political and economic power in Europe, arguing that this is a form of Jewish "genius which showed itself capable of controlling the financial affairs of the world." Taking a jab at Northerners, Vance states that "if a Yankee and a Jew were to ‘lock horns’ in a regular encounter of commercial wits", the Yankee would "in two hours time whittle the smartest Jew in New York out of his homestead in the Abrahamic covenant."
In contrast to his praise of Jewish people, Vance disparages Black Africans. He claims that "wars have been waged and constitutions violated for the benefit of the African negro, the descendants of barbarian tribes who for four thousand years have contributed nothing to, though in close contact with, the civilization of mankind..." One passage compares the torso size of Jews and Africans, but does not explain the significance of these supposed racial differences. Poor and working-class Jews are not described favorably by the speech, which lavishes praise on wealthy Jews. Derogatory references are made against "low-bred" Jews. North Carolina Historic Sites notes that the speech is "an argument against antisemitism toward middle-class Jews."
Legacy
Due to Vance's condemnation of antisemitism in the American South, he was largely remembered positively for many years by North Carolina Jews and by the Asheville Jewish community in particular. A Confederate monument honoring Vance was erected by the City of Asheville in 1897. Following Vance's death, the local chapter of B'nai B'rith and the United Daughters of the Confederacy held an annual ceremony at the Vance Monument. The ceremony was held every year for decades, continuing until the early 2000s. The Jewish-American philanthropist and pro-Confederate activist Nathan Straus, co-owner of the Macy's department store chain, funded the construction of a wrought iron fence around the monument as well as an annual wreath-laying to honor Vance. The speech was often republished by Jewish publishing houses. Maurice A. Weinstein's 1995 book Zebulon B. Vance and “The Scattered Nation” (Wildacres Press, Charlotte) helped to keep Vance's memory alive within North Carolina's Jewish community. The Vance Monument was removed by the City of Asheville in May 2021, with the support of the local Jewish community.
In the 21st century, Vance is no longer held in esteem by the North Carolina Jewish community. According to a 2021 statement released by two Jewish organizations in Asheville, the Jewish Community Relations Council of the Greater Asheville Area and Carolina Jews for Justice/West, Vance "classifies Jews in a hierarchy of worthiness according to their geographic origins. Not surprisingly, white, Ashkenazi Jews from Western and Central Europe rank highest." Andrea Cooper, writing for The Forward, notes that the speech contains "hoary stereotypes" about Jews and finance. Asheville Mayor Esther Manheimer, a Jewish woman, has stated that Vance's views no longer represent the views of the Asheville community in general or the views of the white population of Asheville specifically.
North Carolina historian Kevan Frazier notes that at the time the speech was written, only about 500 Jewish people lived in North Carolina, so the speech was not motivated by political gain. Frazier credits Vance for his strong opposition to antisemitism, but criticizes the speech's anti-Black foundational arguments. Vance's biographer Selig Adler also noted that "there were somewhat less than five hundred Jews in North Carolina at the time Vance wrote the speech, a fact that discounts all political motives."
See also
Model minority
Philosemitism
Stereotypes of Jews
References
External links
Full text of speech, Archive.org
African-American history of North Carolina
African American–Jewish relations
Anti-Arabism in the United States
Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States
Anti-black racism in North Carolina
Anti-Mizrahi sentiment
Antisemitism in the United States
Christian Zionism in the United States
Class discrimination
History of racism in North Carolina
Jews and Judaism in North Carolina
Lost Cause of the Confederacy
Opposition to antisemitism in the United States
Orientalism
Philosemitism
Scientific racism
Southern United States literature
19th-century speeches
Supersessionism
Western North Carolina
White American culture in North Carolina
White supremacy in the United States | The Scattered Nation | [
"Biology"
] | 1,460 | [
"Biology theories",
"Obsolete biology theories",
"Scientific racism"
] |
71,061,663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver%27s%20Education%20%2799 | Driver's Education ’99 is a 1998 video game developed by Dynamix.
Development
The game was originally scheduled to release in September 1998 The game was adopted for Utah high schools statewide.
Reception
Roy Bassave from New York Daily News gave the game a score of 3.5 out of 4 stating "But this program can ease jitters beginners have about getting on the highway - and it's great refresher for veteran drivers"
References
External links
(archived)
1998 video games
Driving simulators
Dynamix games
Sierra Entertainment games
Windows games
Windows-only games | Driver's Education '99 | [
"Technology"
] | 118 | [
"Driving simulators",
"Real-time simulation"
] |
71,062,349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CuPy | CuPy is an open source library for GPU-accelerated computing with Python programming language, providing support for multi-dimensional arrays, sparse matrices, and a variety of numerical algorithms implemented on top of them.
CuPy shares the same API set as NumPy and SciPy, allowing it to be a drop-in replacement to run NumPy/SciPy code on GPU. CuPy supports Nvidia CUDA GPU platform, and AMD ROCm GPU platform starting in v9.0.
CuPy has been initially developed as a backend of Chainer deep learning framework, and later established as an independent project in 2017.
CuPy is a part of the NumPy ecosystem array libraries and is widely adopted to utilize GPU with Python, especially in high-performance computing environments such as Summit, Perlmutter, EULER, and ABCI.
CuPy is a NumFOCUS sponsored project.
Features
CuPy implements NumPy/SciPy-compatible APIs, as well as features to write user-defined GPU kernels or access low-level APIs.
NumPy-compatible APIs
The same set of APIs defined in the NumPy package () are available under package.
Multi-dimensional array () for boolean, integer, float, and complex data types
Module-level functions
Linear algebra functions
Fast Fourier transform
Random number generator
SciPy-compatible APIs
The same set of APIs defined in the SciPy package () are available under package.
Sparse matrices () of CSR, COO, CSC, and DIA format
Discrete Fourier transform
Advanced linear algebra
Multidimensional image processing
Sparse linear algebra
Special functions
Signal processing
Statistical functions
User-defined GPU kernels
Kernel templates for element-wise and reduction operations
Raw kernel (CUDA C/C++)
Just-in-time transpiler (JIT)
Kernel fusion
Distributed computing
Distributed communication package (), providing collective and peer-to-peer primitives
Low-level CUDA features
Stream and event
Memory pool
Profiler
Host API binding
CUDA Python support
Interoperability
DLPack
CUDA Array Interface
NEP 13 ()
NEP 18 ()
Array API Standard
Examples
Array creation
>>> import cupy as cp
>>> x = cp.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> x
array([1, 2, 3])
>>> y = cp.arange(10)
>>> y
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
Basic operations
>>> import cupy as cp
>>> x = cp.arange(12).reshape(3, 4).astype(cp.float32)
>>> x
array([[ 0., 1., 2., 3.],
[ 4., 5., 6., 7.],
[ 8., 9., 10., 11.]], dtype=float32)
>>> x.sum(axis=1)
array([ 6., 22., 38.], dtype=float32)
Raw CUDA C/C++ kernel
>>> import cupy as cp
>>> kern = cp.RawKernel(r'''
... extern "C" __global__
... void multiply_elemwise(const float* in1, const float* in2, float* out) {
... int tid = blockDim.x * blockIdx.x + threadIdx.x;
... out[tid] = in1[tid] * in2[tid];
... }
... ''', 'multiply_elemwise')
>>> in1 = cp.arange(16, dtype=cp.float32).reshape(4, 4)
>>> in2 = cp.arange(16, dtype=cp.float32).reshape(4, 4)
>>> out = cp.zeros((4, 4), dtype=cp.float32)
>>> kern((4,), (4,), (in1, in2, out)) # grid, block and arguments
>>> out
array([[ 0., 1., 4., 9.],
[ 16., 25., 36., 49.],
[ 64., 81., 100., 121.],
[144., 169., 196., 225.]], dtype=float32)
Applications
spaCy
XGBoost
(Berkeley SETI)
NVIDIA RAPIDS
scikit-learn
MONAI
Chainer
See also
Array programming
List of numerical-analysis software
Dask
References
External links
Array programming languages
Articles with example Python (programming language) code
Free mathematics software
Free science software
Numerical analysis software for Linux
Numerical analysis software for Windows
Numerical programming languages
Python (programming language) scientific libraries
Software using the MIT license | CuPy | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,067 | [
"Free mathematics software",
"Mathematical software"
] |
71,062,619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniadakis%20exponential%20distribution | The Kaniadakis exponential distribution (or κ-exponential distribution) is a probability distribution arising from the maximization of the Kaniadakis entropy under appropriate constraints. It is one example of a Kaniadakis distribution. The κ-exponential is a generalization of the exponential distribution in the same way that Kaniadakis entropy is a generalization of standard Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy or Shannon entropy. The κ-exponential distribution of Type I is a particular case of the κ-Gamma distribution, whilst the κ-exponential distribution of Type II is a particular case of the κ-Weibull distribution.
Type I
Probability density function
The Kaniadakis κ-exponential distribution of Type I is part of a class of statistical distributions emerging from the Kaniadakis κ-statistics which exhibit power-law tails. This distribution has the following probability density function:
valid for , where is the entropic index associated with the Kaniadakis entropy and is known as rate parameter. The exponential distribution is recovered as
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function of κ-exponential distribution of Type I is given by
for . The cumulative exponential distribution is recovered in the classical limit .
Properties
Moments, expectation value and variance
The κ-exponential distribution of type I has moment of order given by
where is finite if .
The expectation is defined as:
and the variance is:
Kurtosis
The kurtosis of the κ-exponential distribution of type I may be computed thought:
Thus, the kurtosis of the κ-exponential distribution of type I distribution is given by:orThe kurtosis of the ordinary exponential distribution is recovered in the limit .
Skewness
The skewness of the κ-exponential distribution of type I may be computed thought:
Thus, the skewness of the κ-exponential distribution of type I distribution is given by:The kurtosis of the ordinary exponential distribution is recovered in the limit .
Type II
Probability density function
The Kaniadakis κ-exponential distribution of Type II also is part of a class of statistical distributions emerging from the Kaniadakis κ-statistics which exhibit power-law tails, but with different constraints. This distribution is a particular case of the Kaniadakis κ-Weibull distribution with is:
valid for , where is the entropic index associated with the Kaniadakis entropy and is known as rate parameter.
The exponential distribution is recovered as
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function of κ-exponential distribution of Type II is given by
for . The cumulative exponential distribution is recovered in the classical limit .
Properties
Moments, expectation value and variance
The κ-exponential distribution of type II has moment of order given by
The expectation value and the variance are:
The mode is given by:
Kurtosis
The kurtosis of the κ-exponential distribution of type II may be computed thought:
Thus, the kurtosis of the κ-exponential distribution of type II distribution is given by:
or
Skewness
The skewness of the κ-exponential distribution of type II may be computed thought:
Thus, the skewness of the κ-exponential distribution of type II distribution is given by:orThe skewness of the ordinary exponential distribution is recovered in the limit .
Quantiles
The quantiles are given by the following expressionwith , in which the median is the case :
Lorenz curve
The Lorenz curve associated with the κ-exponential distribution of type II is given by:
The Gini coefficient is
Asymptotic behavior
The κ-exponential distribution of type II behaves asymptotically as follows:
Applications
The κ-exponential distribution has been applied in several areas, such as:
In geomechanics, for analyzing the properties of rock masses;
In quantum theory, in physical analysis using Planck's radiation law;
In inverse problems, the κ-exponential distribution has been used to formulate a robust approach;
In Network theory.
See also
Giorgio Kaniadakis
Kaniadakis statistics
Kaniadakis distribution
Kaniadakis κ-Gaussian distribution
Kaniadakis κ-Gamma distribution
Kaniadakis κ-Weibull distribution
Kaniadakis κ-Logistic distribution
Kaniadakis κ-Erlang distribution
Exponential distribution
References
External links
Giorgio Kaniadakis Google Scholar page
Kaniadakis Statistics on arXiv.org
Probability distributions
Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
Continuous distributions
Exponentials
Exponential family distributions | Kaniadakis exponential distribution | [
"Mathematics"
] | 889 | [
"Functions and mappings",
"Probability distributions",
"Mathematical objects",
"E (mathematical constant)",
"Mathematical relations",
"Exponentials"
] |
71,064,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-free%20reduction | In chemistry, salt-free reduction describes methodology for reduction of metal halides by electron-rich trimethylsilyl reagents. Traditional reductions of metal halides are accomplished with alkali metals, a process that cogenerates alkali metal salts. Using the salt-free reduction, the reduction of metal halides is accompanied by formation of neutral organic compounds that can be easily removed from the inorganic or organometallic product. In addition to the reduction of metal halides, the reagents associated with this methodology are applicable to deoxygenation of organic substrates.
A typical reducing agent is N,N'-bis(trimethylsilyl)-4,4'-bipyridinylidene. Related pyrazine- and cyclohexadiene-based reagents have been developed. They are red or orange THF-soluble solids. The bipyridine reagent is produced by reduction of 4,4'-bipyridine in the presence of trimethylsilyl chloride (Me = CH3):
A typical reduction reaction is the conversion of tungsten hexachloride to the tetrachloride using the silylated pyrazine reagent:
References
Chemical reactions
Redox | Salt-free reduction | [
"Chemistry"
] | 262 | [
"Electrochemistry",
"Redox",
"nan",
"Reducing agents"
] |
71,064,542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comaphorus | Comaphorus is a dubious extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived during the Late Miocene in Argentina, but only one fossil has ever been referred to the animal.
Description
This genus is only known from only a single dorsal carapace osteoderm that has since been lost. Like all glyptodonts, it probably had a large dorsal carapace made of fused osteoderms. Ameghino diagnosed the taxon based on very general characteristics, such as the dorsal surface being raised in the center, bearing twenty perforations lost in the thickness of the osteoderm that didn’t lead to similar perforations present on the internal surface. These characters are very vague and due to the holotype being missing, the taxon is still a nomen dubium. Based on its phylogenetic position in Doedicurinae, Comaphorus likely was one of the larger known glyptodonts with a robust, fused tail sheath.
History and classification
Comaphorus concisus was first described in 1886 by Florentino Ameghino, based on a single dorsal carapace osteoderm that had been collected from the Upper Miocene strata of the Ituzaingo Formation in Entre Rios Province, Argentina. Ameghino believed that the genus was closely related to the Pleistocene genus Doedicurus and Plaxhaplous, two genera that have since been classified in the tribe Doedicurini along with Eleutherocercus. However, the type osteoderm has since been lost and the diagnostic features used by Ameghino have been observed in several other glyptodonts and are not specific, making this taxon a nomen dubium. Despite this, the osteoderm’s features still indicate that it was a close relative of Doedicurus and other doedicurines.
References
Prehistoric cingulates
Prehistoric placental genera
Miocene xenarthrans
Miocene first appearances
Miocene mammals of South America
Miocene extinctions
Neogene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 1886 | Comaphorus | [
"Biology"
] | 424 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Nomina dubia",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
71,066,378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20JAX | JAX is a machine learning framework for transforming numerical functions. It is described as bringing together a modified version of autograd (automatic obtaining of the gradient function through differentiation of a function) and OpenXLA's XLA (Accelerated Linear Algebra). It is designed to follow the structure and workflow of NumPy as closely as possible and works with various existing frameworks such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. The primary functions of JAX are:
grad: automatic differentiation
jit: compilation
vmap: auto-vectorization
pmap: Single program, multiple data (SPMD) programming
grad
The below code demonstrates the grad function's automatic differentiation.
# imports
from jax import grad
import jax.numpy as jnp
# define the logistic function
def logistic(x):
return jnp.exp(x) / (jnp.exp(x) + 1)
# obtain the gradient function of the logistic function
grad_logistic = grad(logistic)
# evaluate the gradient of the logistic function at x = 1
grad_log_out = grad_logistic(1.0)
print(grad_log_out)
The final line should outputː
0.19661194
jit
The below code demonstrates the jit function's optimization through fusion.
# imports
from jax import jit
import jax.numpy as jnp
# define the cube function
def cube(x):
return x * x * x
# generate data
x = jnp.ones((10000, 10000))
# create the jit version of the cube function
jit_cube = jit(cube)
# apply the cube and jit_cube functions to the same data for speed comparison
cube(x)
jit_cube(x)
The computation time for (line #17) should be noticeably shorter than that for (line #16). Increasing the values on line #7, will further exacerbate the difference.
vmap
The below code demonstrates the vmap function's vectorization.
# imports
from jax import vmap partial
import jax.numpy as jnp
# define function
def grads(self, inputs):
in_grad_partial = jax.partial(self._net_grads, self._net_params)
grad_vmap = jax.vmap(in_grad_partial)
rich_grads = grad_vmap(inputs)
flat_grads = np.asarray(self._flatten_batch(rich_grads))
assert flat_grads.ndim == 2 and flat_grads.shape[0] == inputs.shape[0]
return flat_grads
The GIF on the right of this section illustrates the notion of vectorized addition.
pmap
The below code demonstrates the pmap function's parallelization for matrix multiplication.
# import pmap and random from JAX; import JAX NumPy
from jax import pmap, random
import jax.numpy as jnp
# generate 2 random matrices of dimensions 5000 x 6000, one per device
random_keys = random.split(random.PRNGKey(0), 2)
matrices = pmap(lambda key: random.normal(key, (5000, 6000)))(random_keys)
# without data transfer, in parallel, perform a local matrix multiplication on each CPU/GPU
outputs = pmap(lambda x: jnp.dot(x, x.T))(matrices)
# without data transfer, in parallel, obtain the mean for both matrices on each CPU/GPU separately
means = pmap(jnp.mean)(outputs)
print(means)
The final line should print the valuesː
[1.1566595 1.1805978]
See also
NumPy
TensorFlow
PyTorch
CUDA
External links
Documentationː
Colab (Jupyter/iPython) Quickstart Guideː
TensorFlow's XLAː (Accelerated Linear Algebra)
YouTube TensorFlow Channel "Intro to JAX: Accelerating Machine Learning research":
Original paperː
References
Machine learning
Google | Google JAX | [
"Engineering"
] | 877 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Machine learning"
] |
71,068,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20Astronomical%20Society | The Hong Kong Astronomical Society (HKAS) is the first public Hong Kong astronomical body, for amateur astronomers and other interested individuals. The primary objectives of the HKAS are to promote popular science of astronomy and other related sciences; raise public awareness of astronomy and other related topics such as light pollution; offer astronomical seminars, and provide astronomical training courses to schools and companies.
Current mission of the society is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe as a diverse and inclusive astronomical community.
Predecessor and change of name
In 1970, a group of secondary school students established Hong Kong Amateur Astronomical Union (AAU)... which was then renamed and registered as Hong Kong Amateur Astronomical Society (AAS) in 1974, the predecessor of HKAS, under the Cap. 151 Societies Ordinance of Hong Kong.
In 1992, Hong Kong Amateur Astronomical Society was renamed as the current name, to facilitate its property of overseas exchange.
Publications
Historical
Until 1974, AAU published a single-sheet stencil-printed leaflet titled "Astronomy Information" which distributed to members and astronomy clubs in secondary schools. The Society also strove to raise fellow members' standard in astronomy systematically by compiling lecture notes as well as organizing public lectures on basic astronomy.
In 1974, the AAS and Sky Observers' Association (HK) jointly published the "Hong Kong Astronomical Journal" which was available for public subscription, which conveys astronomical news and information for fellow amateurs and members of public, and the society solely published the journal two years later. 34 issues were distributed and the circulation of the journal peaked at over 1,000 in total. In 1981, the Society terminated the journal's publication.
In 1977, HKAS was invited to write a monthly column on astronomy in Wah Kiu Yat Po, a local Chinese newspaper, until the newspaper was sold to South China Morning Post in 1991.
In 1978, the society published "Lunar Eclipse Handbook" which can be purchased publicly.
In 1998, the Hong Kong Commercial Daily invited HKAS to write for the paper's monthly astronomy column, to spread astronomical knowledge, news and information to general public.
Activities
Photographic competition and exhibition
In 1975, AAS organized the first local astrophotographic competition with the winning and participating entries exhibited at the "Astrophotographic Exhibition" at the High Block of Hong Kong City Hall to raise public interest in astronomy. More than 10,000 people attended this exhibition, which was the first large-scale exhibition on astronomy in the territory.
Hong Kong Astronomical Convention
In January 1977, AAS organized the First Hong Kong Astronomical Convention at Cheung Chau, an outlying island with a large playground, for displaying numerous large and small telescopes including a small radio telescope called a corner reflector.
The Second Hong Kong Astronomical Convention was held by AAS in 1982 jointly with the Hong Kong Space Museum at the Sai Kung Bradbury Astronomy Camp.
Radio programmes
In 1983, the AAS and RTHK launched a weekly radio programme about astronomy called "Cosmic Journey". The half-hour programme had 34 episodes and covered various astronomy topics.
In 1985, the AAS and RTHK cooperated again to present new broadcast programme "Cosmic Journey II".
In 1999, the HKAS and RTHK launched a new radio programme called "Unlimited Universe"
Participations
Local
Astronomical Training Programme for Secondary School Students
Astronomical Training Programme for Secondary Students, or ATPSS, is co-organised by the Hong Kong Space Museum, the Department of Physics of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and HKAS. It provides a comprehensive training in astronomy to local full-time Secondary 4 and Secondary 5 students. It aims to cultivate and promote students' interests in natural science
Mainland China
With Yunnan Astronomical Observatory
HKAS has involved in a wide field survey research project held by Yunnan Astronomical Observatory in 2015. A 0.45m Wide Field telescope in a 4m dome in Gaomeigu, Lijiang under the collaboration between both parties, and the society assisted in fine-tuning, field testing of the observation system; and performing observational researches such as "A New Magnetically Active Binary System Discovered in Yunnan-Hong Kong Wide Field Survey"
International
In 1994, International Occultation and Timing Association (IOTA) authorized the Occultation Timing Section of the HKAS to compute and dispatch predictions of occultation events to Greater China (including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), India, Mongolia and Southeast Asia countries such as Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia.
With International Astronomical Union
Among other Hong Kong astronomical institutions, HKAS is a supporter of IAU's activities. The society supported IAU100 Name ExoWorlds event held by IAU Office of National Outreach to select name of star and planet in HD 212771.
Internet presence
e-Groups, website and Facebook
In 2007, the society created the public online forum for, and the society's Lunar Occultation Section resumed dissemination of planetary occultation information at its own Occultation Forum.
In 2009, the society established its own Facebook page and group, whereas the Lunar Occultation Section had its own Facebook page in July 2017.
Hong Kong Astronomy (HKAStro) mobile apps
The Hong Kong Astronomy mobile application for iOS devices was launched at Apple App Store on 19 May 2012.
The Apps provided daily astronomy and space-related news, observational information, astronomical activities, regional night sky conditions, 16-day weather forecast, cloud coverage forecast, moon phase, sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, and other relevant information.
The Android version was launched on 13 July 2014 whereas the Windows Phone version was launched on 31 August 2014. Apart from local users, the Apps encompasses users in mainland China, Macau, Taiwan and overseas Chinese.
In 2017, the Hong Kong Astronomy Apps was awarded as a Meritorious Healthy Apps For Mobile Phone and Tablet Users chosen by the Office for Film, Newspaper and Article Administration of HKSAR Government
References
External links
Official web page of HKAS, in Traditional Chinese
Official forum of HKAS, in Traditional Chinese
Chinese wiki page
Astronomy societies
Non-profit organisations based in Hong Kong | Hong Kong Astronomical Society | [
"Astronomy"
] | 1,225 | [
"Astronomy societies",
"Astronomy organizations"
] |
71,071,318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenean%20Institute%20of%20Ecology | The Pyrenean Ecology Institute, , is a Spanish research institute. It was founded in 1942 and is the oldest Aragonese institute in the Spanish National Research Council.
It has two offices, one in Jaca and the other in Zaragoza.
The institute also curates a herbarium of flora from the Aragonese mountains.
References
Scientific organisations based in Spain
Environmental research institutes
1942 establishments in Spain
Organizations established in 1942 | Pyrenean Institute of Ecology | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 84 | [
"Environmental research institutes",
"Environmental research"
] |
72,558,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedules%20of%20substances%20annexed%20to%20the%20Chemical%20Weapons%20Convention | The schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) list toxic substances and their precursors which can be used for the production of chemical weapons, the use of which is permitted by State Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention only to a limited extent under the supervision of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). State Parties are required to provide the OPCW with an annual summary of the production and use in their territory of substances listed in these Schedules, in accordance with the Convention.
Background
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) provides for a worldwide prohibition of the development, production, proliferation and use of chemical weapons, prohibition of their stockpiling, and destruction of existing chemical weapons that a Member State has in its possession or has abandoned elsewhere. The Annex on Chemicals to the CWC lists toxic substances that can be used to make chemical weapons and are under supervision by the OPCW.
The lists
The Annex on Chemicals contains three lists of substances whose use is prohibited or restricted under the Convention. Part A of the Annex contains guidelines for inclusion in the lists; Part B contains the lists themselves. The lists are compiled according to decreasing probability that the substance is intended for military use. The Lists themselves are divided into part A with toxic substances that can be used directly as chemical weapons and part B containing their precursors (chemicals with which those substances can be made). The Lists are subject to the following criteria, among others:
Schedule 1 contains substances most clearly related to a chemical weapon. They have been specially developed for or have already been used as chemical weapons and there is a high risk that these substances or their precursors will be used for that purpose. These chemicals have little or no use for peaceful purposes in commercial or industrial activities. Examples are VX, sarin, mustard gas and the biological toxins ricin and saxitoxin.
Schedule 1 substances shall not be produced, acquired, retained or used at all by State Parties outside their territories, except in limited quantities for research, medical or protection purposes.
Schedule 2 contains substances that pose a significant risk for use as a chemical weapon, or as a precursor of a substance from List 1 or List 2, part A. These substances also have a limited use in not large quantities for other purposes than a chemical weapon. In large quantities, there is a good chance that they are intended for use as a chemical weapon. Examples are amiton and BZ.
Schedule 3 contains substances that pose a risk for use as a chemical weapon or as a precursor thereof. However, these substances are also used in large quantities for purposes other than for a chemical weapon (dual-use). Examples are phosgene and hydrogen cyanide.
Annual declarations
The State Parties to the Convention are required to provide the monitoring Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) annually with an overview of the production of substances covered by the Convention. Any (intended) production of Schedule 1 chemicals or transfers thereof to other Contracting States must be declared. Schedules 2 and 3 chemicals produced on their territory must also be reported in the annual statement insofar as the quantity thereof has exceeded a certain threshold value. With a few exceptions, only annually produced quantities above 100 kg of List 2 substances from Part A or 1000 kg of a precursor from Part B must be reported to the OPCW by the Contracting States. A limit of 1 kg applies to the substance BZ in List 2. For substances in List 3, a threshold value of 30 tonnes applies.
References
Chemical warfare
Arms control treaties | Schedules of substances annexed to the Chemical Weapons Convention | [
"Chemistry"
] | 717 | [
"nan"
] |
72,558,632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliana%20Fu | Eliana Koon Yee Fu is a British materials scientist and innovator. She works as an aerospace and medical manager at Trumpf Laser Technology. In 2022, she was named the TCT Women in 3D Printing Innovator of the Year.
Early life and education
Fu is from London. As a young person, she had never heard of materials science. She was given a leaflet by someone at Queen Mary University of London and so she decided to study it as an undergraduate degree. She moved to Imperial College London for her doctoral research, where she studied titanium aluminides using powder metallurgy. She moved to Loughborough University for a postdoctoral position, before moving to the United States. She was a postdoctoral fellow at Clemson University. She has said that she had a cultural shock moving to South Carolina as she was used to living in London. She joined an engineering company in Rotherham, where she worked in a traditional forge shop.
Research and career
In 2007, Fu joined the Titanium Metals Corporation (TIMET), a titanium manufacturer, where she worked in manufacturing. In 2015, she moved to Los Angeles to work for SpaceX. She was made an advisor to Eric Garcetti committee on advanced materials manufacturing.
Eventually in 2018, she joined Relativity Space, where she worked on additive manufacturing for novel rockets. At the time, it was the only company in the world that focused on 3D printing an entire rocket. She was their first woman engineer.
In 2021, Fu was recruited by Trumpf Laser Technology to serve as their Industry Manager for Aerospace and Medical. She focused on sustainability in manufacturing, and the development of green laser technologies for 3D printing. That year she joined the technical advisory board of Hyperion Metals (now called IperionX). In 2022 she was named the TCT Women in 3D Printing Innovator of the Year.
Personal life
Fu was a former amateur triathlete, and once cycled on a fun ride with Chrissie Wellington. During her working life at TIMET, she participated in the city of Las Vegas Corporate Challenge, which was a program designed to promote health and wellness in Clark County. She won numerous gold, silver and bronze medals in a variety of events including 5K run, 12 mile bike ride, swimming, tug of war and even Darts. She wrote a book about being a woman working at SpaceX.
Fu is a life-long fan of Tottenham Hotspur Football Club and has made numerous appearances as a fan-contributor to Premier League Productions “Fanzone” program with opinions on performance and predictions.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
SpaceX people
Women materials scientists and engineers
Clemson University faculty
21st-century British women scientists
21st-century British engineers
21st-century British women engineers
Engineers from London
British metallurgists
3D printing specialists
British aerospace engineers
Women aerospace engineers | Eliana Fu | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 587 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
72,560,422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin%20S.%20Baker | Erin Shammel Baker is an American bioanalytical chemist specializing in developing ion mobility-mass spectrometry hybrid instruments for biological and environmental applications. Baker is an expert in the research of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances analysis.
Early life and education
Baker grew up on a cattle ranch in Montana, US. Her interests in chemistry stemmed from a determination to understand the arsenic and cyanide pollution from gold mines that affected animals on her family's ranch and local wildlife. She obtained a bachelor of science in chemistry, with a minor in mathematics from Montana State University in 2001, where she conducted research using ion mobility spectrometry in Eric Grimsrud's laboratory. She continued with research in ion mobility spectrometry in graduate school, and received a PhD in chemistry under the direction of Michael T. Bowers from University of California, Santa Barbara in 2005.
Career
After graduation, Baker did post-doctoral research in Richard D. Smiths' laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and was later promoted to senior research scientist. In 2018, she began her academic career at North Carolina State University as associate professor, and moved to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2022.
The scope of Baker's research involves both developing high throughput ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IMS–MS) systems and using these hybrid instruments to study biological and environmental systems. She was one of five researchers from the PNNL Interactive Omics Group who worked on the Structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). The group received the R&D 100 Award for their effort on SLIM in 2017. She was also part of the PNNL team who helped with the commercialization of the Agilent 6560 Ion Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (IM–QTOF) Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometer system. She is an expert in the research of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis. She is the director of the Core of Advanced Platform Technologies Used for Remediation and Exploration (CAPTURE), the analytical branch of the PFAS Superfund Research Centre. She is named one of the "Worldwide Water Warriors" in 2017.
Baker served as a member-at-large for education for the American Society for Mass Spectrometry from 2019 to 2020. She serves on the editorial board of Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Proteome Research, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, and Scientific Reports.
Awards
2024 The Analytical Scientist The Power List - Instrumental Innovators
2023 The Analytical Scientist The Power List - Innovators and Trailblazers
2022 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Biemann Medal
2022 International Mass Spectrometry Foundation Curt Brunnée Award
2021–2022 North Carolina State University Faculty Scholar
2021 The Analytical Scientist The Power List
2021 North Carolina State University Impact Scholars
2019 The Analytical Scientist The Power List
2017 Women Chemists Committee of the American Chemical Society Rising Star Award
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mass spectrometrists
American women chemists
21st-century American chemists
Montana State University alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
21st-century American women scientists
American women academics
Chemists from Montana | Erin S. Baker | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 702 | [
"Biochemists",
"Mass spectrometry",
"Spectrum (physical sciences)",
"Mass spectrometrists"
] |
72,562,610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsellinaldehyde | Orsellinaldehyde is a dihydroxybenzaldehyde with a methyl side group. It can be classified as a resorcinol, benzaldehyde or toluene derivative. It is a natural product of several fungi. Fungi that contain it include Grifola frondosa, Aspergillus cleistominutus, Aspergillus nidulans, and Agrocybe praecox.
Production
Orsellinaldehyde can be produced by a Gattermann reaction of orcinol, using zinc cyanide under a hydrogen chloride atmosphere, which adds an aldimine (-CH=NH) group to the ring, followed by hydrolysis to give the aldehyde.
Properties
The melting point is between 181 and 183 °C.
References
Alkylresorcinols
Hydroxybenzaldehydes
Secondary metabolites | Orsellinaldehyde | [
"Chemistry"
] | 183 | [
"Chemical ecology",
"Metabolism",
"Secondary metabolites"
] |
72,563,236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleMAT | TeleMAT is the combination of telehealth services and Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) with Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) patients.
Overview
According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the term “MAT” refers to the "use of medications, in combination with counseling and behavioral therapies, to provide a ‘whole-patient’ approach to the treatment of substance use disorders.” The administration also notes the importance of addressing other health conditions during treatment.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) defines Telehealth, or telemedicine, as a course of care that “lets your health care provider provide care for you without an in-person office visit. Telehealth is done primarily online with internet access on your computer, tablet, or smartphone."
In 2019, the term “TeleMAT” was coined by the QuickMD team to refer to the service of providing MAT to patients via telehealth.
References
Telecommunication services
Health informatics
Telehealth | TeleMAT | [
"Biology"
] | 226 | [
"Health informatics",
"Medical technology"
] |
72,563,791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksburg%20explosion | The Boksburg explosion took place on 24 December 2022, when a fuel tanker carrying liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) exploded underneath a railway bridge in Boksburg, in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa, with a death toll of 41 people as of 18 January 2023. Nearby infrastructure was damaged by the explosion.
Explosion
The truck belonged to Infinite Transport, part of the Sasolburg-based Infinite Group, and was carrying 60,000 litres (15,850 gal) of LPG from the Port of Richards Bay to Botswana. The driver was employed by Innovative Staffing Solutions (ISS), a Boksburg-based outsourcing company that provides staff on contract to other companies.
According to his employer, on the morning of 24 December 2022, having spent the night at a nearby truck stop, the 32 year-old driver took a wrong turn and tried to return to his route; the route he used took him under a railway bridge spanning Hospital Street near its intersection with Railway Street, about from the Tambo Memorial Hospital in the Boksburg suburb of Plantation.
According to the driver's employer, ISS, the bridge appeared to be high enough for the truck to pass, but the incline at the bottom of the bridge raised the back of the truck and jammed it against the underside of the bridge at approximately 06:15am SAST, and when the driver realised the truck had become stuck, he stopped immediately to assess the damage. According to ISS, upon noticing that the tanker's cap had been scraped off, he first informed them and then alerted the fire department, then attempted to cordon off the area. This met with limited success despite assistance from a private security guard who happened to drive onto the scene, as well as two bystanders who realised the potential danger. Investigative news programme Carte Blanche found that the calls to emergency services were initially unsuccessful, and that the Ekurhuleni Fire Department eventually answered a call. Carte Blanche also found that law enforcement (SAPS and the Metro Police) didn't arrive at the scene until after the final explosion. Carte Blanche also found that the height of the truck was 4m, higher than the 3.6m indicated on the bridge, potentially contradicting the account of his employer.
At about 06:45am SAST, the truck ignited. Having caught fire, it burst in a massive boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) at approximately 07:05 am SAST while firefighters were still trying to contain the blaze. According to his employer, the driver had been overcome by gas inhalation before this point, and had been taken to hospital by emergency workers. The initial explosion was quickly followed by two smaller explosions. This series of explosions attracted a large crowd of onlookers, resulting in a higher number of casualties and fatalities when a fourth explosion – the largest, and last – occurred roughly around 07:30am SAST. The final explosion affected buildings up to away, and was felt as an earth tremor as far as away.
Impact
The explosion resulted in a high number of deaths and injuries and extensive damage to property and infrastructure. Damage to the Tambo Memorial Hospital left it unable to render assistance in the immediate aftermath, despite its proximity to the disaster site.
Casualties
41 people were killed by the explosion. 40 people were initially injured and hospitalised after the explosion, many of whom later succumbed to their wounds. Eight people were killed immediately during the blast, or else succumbed before paramedics arrived on the scene, while the other victims died at hospital. Two people who were in the vicinity of the explosion are still missing as of 29 December 2022. The victims were identified as 23 members of the public and 11 health workers of the damaged hospital.
Tambo Memorial Hospital
The hospital adjacent to the explosion was severely impacted. Eight staff members of the hospital (seven nurses and a driver) were killed in the carpark of the hospital, and 24 patients and 13 staff members, present in the hospital's emergency unit at the time of the explosion, sustained severe burns and were transferred to other hospitals nearby. At least one of those killed in the hospital carpark was attempting to move their car away from the burning tanker. The explosion resulted in the ceiling of the emergency unit partially collapsing which necessitated all patients being moved to the theatre complex at the back of the hospital. The hospital was unable to accept patients immediately after the blast. Engineers who assessed the structure later found that the damage was limited, and the hospital remained usable. In an interview with SABC News, the hospital CEO stated that it was fully operational by the end of January 2023.
Nearby properties, vehicles and infrastructure
Two houses and a number of cars were destroyed in the explosion, as well as a fire truck that was attempting to extinguish the growing fire. Properties in the area were severely damaged by the fires and explosions, and residents who were in the area to assist were killed. The explosion also destroyed the railway bridge underneath which it occurred, affecting the Germiston–Springs railway line. The Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (Prasa) announced the following day that it would assess the extent of the damage, and the scope of the work necessary to restore the railway line.
Emergency services
The initial response to the incident came from local security companies, the local Community Policing Forum (CPF) and volunteer groups. On being alerted to the leaking gas tanker by the driver, the alarm was raised and Ekurhuleni Disaster & Emergency Management Services dispatched a fire truck from Boksburg Central fire station. A number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), including Muslim Aid and the South African disaster relief NGO Gift of the Givers, arrived to assist throughout the day.
Evacuation of emergency patients
A secondary, medical evacuation operation to urgently move critical patients from the Tambo Memorial Hospital to other hospitals for further or palliative care was coordinated by the Gauteng Emergency Medical Services (Gauteng EMS), assisted by private ambulance services and volunteer groups. Lower priority patients were moved in the second phase of the evacuation. A total of 30 state and private ambulances as well as several air ambulance helicopters transferred the patients over a three-hour period.
Responsibility and investigations
The driver of the tanker survived the incident and initially faced multiple charges, including culpable homicide, which were later dropped due to lack of evidence. The driver remained un-charged six months after the explosion, and was reportedly transporting hazardous materials for his employer.
Arrest of truck driver and police investigation
The day after the incident, the South African Police Service (SAPS) stated that the driver, who received only minor injuries during the incident, had been arrested at a local hospital and would face charges of reckless driving, negligence, and multiple counts of culpable homicide and malicious damage to property. He was expected to appear before the Boksburg Magistrate's Court on 28 December 2022; however, on that day it was reported that he had been released and the charges against him had been dropped, as there was not enough evidence against him.
Gauteng premier Panyaza Lesufi expressed disappointment at the dropping of charges against the driver, and asked the police and National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) to swiftly re-instate them. He told the press that he had been re-assured that police and prosecutors were still building a stronger case against the driver, against whom he suggested harsher charges would be instated by 30 December 2022. According to Lesufi, the original charges were not enrolled in court because the NPA felt more evidence was needed before proceeding. However, Lesufi's claims were contradicted by Henk Strydom, the senior state prosecutor at Boksburg Magistrate's Court, who said that the decision to release the driver was taken solely by the SAPS, and not in consultation with the NPA.
The deputy provincial police commissioner for Gauteng, General Mbuso Khumalo, stated on the day of the driver's release that his initial arrest was in fact unlawful, because it was not preceded by an investigation into the driver's intent. According to Khumalo, an investigation must be conduced before an arrest can be made in South Africa. However, Khumalo also stated that the driver was not necessarily "out of the woods", and that a large police team was conducting a thorough investigation.
On 30 December 2022, national police spokesperson Brenda Muridili announced that the police investigation of the explosion was considered "top priority" by the provincial SAPS in Gauteng, and stated that the investigation was at an advanced stage.
Early speculation and calls for investigation
The Citizen reported, based on Google Street View imagery, that a height restriction warning sign on the bridge was illegible. The Citizen report led to Department of Transport, which is responsible for Prasa, and the railway sign, and the municipality, blaming each other. A municipal report later stated that the sign was legible and photos of the area taken during recent flooding showed that it had been affixed to the bridge prior to the explosion.
Amid claims of potential municipal or parastatal negligence, there were calls for a thorough investigation to determine who was, in fact, responsible for the disaster.
Internal company investigations
ISS, the company that sourced the driver on behalf of Infinite Transport, began an "internal and independent" investigation into the circumstances surrounding the explosion, which concluded on 29 December. It stated the driver had seven years of experience transporting hazardous substances, and that he "was not negligent and did everything in his power to alert people to the dangers of the situation". The company also said it would hand over the findings of its investigation to the authorities. The conclusions of the internal investigation were questioned by a former employee of the company that owned the truck.
Another report, based on documentation provided to an external auditor commissioned by the owner of the truck, Infinite Transport, stated that the company was compliant with its legal obligations, however the conclusions of this report were dismissed by NUMSA leader Irvin Jim as a "ploy" by the trucking company to evade responsibility.
An SABC news report in late May 2023 stated that the driver had been "cleared" of wrongdoing. A later report, in June 2023, indicated that prosecutors were deciding whether to charge the driver.
Reactions
Various government officials and South African political parties have reacted to the explosion with condolences to the families of the victims and well-wishes toward the injured, and in some cases calls for changes in response to the disaster. A number of Middle Eastern and North African countries have also reacted through official channels, generally with sentiments of solidarity toward the South African people and government.
Governmental reactions
South African president Cyril Ramaphosa expressed concern over the high number of fatalities. He sent his condolences to the families of the deceased and wished a speedy recovery to the injured, saying "the nation's hearts go out to everyone affected".
South Africa's parliamentary presiding officers, led by National Assembly speaker Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, have expressed their "heartfelt condolences to the families" of the hospital staff and others killed in the tragedy, while also wishing the injured a speedy recovery. Further stating that the "trauma and emotional suffering" of the affected families "is too harrowing to imagine", they commended "multidisciplinary efforts" by government departments, non-profit organisations and volunteer groups for "immediately springing into action to assist those in distress". They concluded that Parliament will intervene where necessary through its oversight committees and other constitutionally permissible mechanisms.
Ekurhuleni mayor Tania Campbell, offered her condolences to the victims of the explosion and commended the emergency response to the tragedy. She further promised her office's assistance in ensuring that a "comprehensive investigation takes place and those who are liable are brought to book."
Political party reactions
The Democratic Alliance (DA), the political party which governs the Ekurhuleni municipality in which the tragedy unfolded, sent its condolences to the families of the deceased, and to everyone injured by the blast.
The Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), a far-left political party, has called for Henu Cronje, the CEO of Infinite Transport, to be arrested and held responsible for the deaths and damage to property. The EFF also called for the country's railways to be restored, saying it believes hazardous goods should not be transported over long distances by road in any case.
The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) has called for improved regulations on the transport of hazardous goods by road.
GOOD MP Brett Herron questioned whether the Ekurhuleni municipality was abiding by the National Land Transport Act, which requires municipalities to plan routes for vehicles transporting dangerous goods.
International reactions
: The Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement wishing a speedy recovery to the injured and extending condolences to the families of the deceased.
: The spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nasser Kanaani, expressed Iran's "sympathy with the South African government and people and the families of victims" of the incident.
: The Jordanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its condolences "to the government and people of South Africa over the victims" of the explosion, further expressing Jordan's "solidarity" with South Africa.
: Through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the government of Saudi Arabia expressed "regret" over the deaths and injuries caused by the disaster and extended its condolences to "the government and people" of South Africa.
: The embassy of the United Arab Emirates in Pretoria conveyed "prayers and support" to everyone affected. In a statement, Ambassador Mahash Alhameli said that the UAE "continues to stand with and support the people of South Africa during this difficult time".
See also
List of tanker explosions
Notes
External sources
Boksburg blast (31 January 2023), Carte Blanche, M-Net: documentary investigation on the causes of the blast and the emergency response to the Boksburg Explosion.
References
December 2022 events in Africa
2022 disasters in South Africa
2022 road incidents in Africa
2022 fires in Africa
Fires in South Africa
Explosions in 2022
Explosions in South Africa
Tank truck explosions
History of the East Rand
Gas explosions
Vehicle fires in Africa | Boksburg explosion | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,918 | [
"Natural gas safety",
"Gas explosions"
] |
72,564,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%203954 | NGC 3954 is an elliptical galaxy located in the Leo constellation. It was discovered on April 26, 1785, by the astronomer William Herschel.
References
External links
Leo (constellation)
3954
Elliptical galaxies | NGC 3954 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 42 | [
"Leo (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
72,566,597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20of%20degree%20zero | A relation of degree zero, 0-ary relation, or nullary relation is a relation with zero attributes. There are exactly two relations of degree zero. One has cardinality zero; that is, contains no tuples at all. The other has cardinality 1 and contains only the unique 0-tuple.:56
The zero-degree relations represent true and false in relational algebra.:57 Under the closed-world assumption, an n-ary relation is interpreted as the extension of some n-adic predicate: all and only those n-tuples whose values, substituted for corresponding free variables in the predicate, yield propositions that hold true, appear in the relation. A zero-degree relation is therefore interpreted as the extension of the 0-adic predicate . The zero-degree relation with cardinality zero therefore represents false because it contains no tuples that yield a true proposition, and the zero-degree relation with cardinality 1 represents true because it contains the unique 0-tuple that yields a true proposition.
The zero-degree relations are also significant as identities for certain operators in the relational algebra. The zero-degree relation of cardinality 1 is the identity with respect to join (⋈); that is, when it is joined with any other relation , the result is . Defining an identity with respect to join makes it possible to extend the binary join operator into a n-ary join operator.:89
Since the relational Cartesian product is a special case of join, the zero-degree relation of cardinality 1 is also the identity with respect to the Cartesian product.:89
A projection of a relation over no attributes yields one of the relations of degree zero. If the projected relation has cardinality 0, the projection will have cardinality 0; if the projected relation has positive cardinality, the result will have cardinality 1.
Hugh Darwen refers to the zero-degree relation with cardinality 0 as TABLE_DUM and the relation with cardinality 1 as TABLE_DEE, alluding to the characters Tweedledum and Tweedledee.
See also
Empty set
Identity element
Relational algebra
References
Relational algebra | Relation of degree zero | [
"Mathematics"
] | 437 | [
"Fields of abstract algebra",
"Mathematical relations",
"Relational algebra"
] |
72,568,512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20175219 | HD 175219, also known as HR 7122, is a solitary, orange hued star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.35, allowing it to be faintly visible to the naked eye. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 314 light years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements but is drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 175219's brightness is diminished by 0.26 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +0.57.
This is a red giant with a stellar classification of K0 III. An earlier source gives it a class of G6 III-IV, indicating that it is an evolved G-type star with a luminosity class intermediate between a giant star and a subgiant. At present it has nearly twice the mass of the Sun but it has expanded to 12.3 times the Sun's radius. HD 175219 radiates 76.3 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . The star is metal deficient, having less than half the abundance of heavy elements compared to the Sun. Common for giant stars, it spins slowly, having a projected rotational velocity too low to be measured accurately.
References
K-type giants
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 30
CD-42 13761
175219
092953
229383 | HD 175219 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 306 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
72,568,977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klikk | Klikk is an Indian subscription video on-demand and over-the-top streaming service, owned and maintained by Angel Television Private Limited with headquarters in Kolkata, India.
History
In 1986, Angel Television Private Limited was founded in Kolkata, India, and started its business with movie acquisitions. In 2020, when Klikk was launched by Vikas Tantiya, the company got transformed into a fully vertically integrated studio.
A short videos sharing mobile app Chingari was collaborated with Klikk in 2021.
KliKK is available for Android, iOS, Amazon Fire TV, Android TV, Jio Store and Mi TV.
Content
Klikk focuses on original web series, feature films, short films, animated films, and a library of over 1000 Bengali language films across many genres.
Releases
References
External links
Official Website
Companies based in Kolkata
Indian brands
Streaming media systems
Video on demand services
Indian companies established in 2020
2020 establishments in West Bengal | Klikk | [
"Technology"
] | 189 | [
"Streaming media systems",
"Telecommunications systems",
"Computer systems"
] |
72,569,428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Kuhn | Jeffrey Richard Kuhn, also known as Jeff Kuhn, is an American physicist and astronomer who is a professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaiʻi. He is known for his contributions to astrophysics and the search for extraterrestrial life, particularly in the areas of telescope and detection system development, the study of the Sun and its corona, and the search for planets around other stars.
Education
Kuhn received his bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics from Kalamazoo College in 1977, and then earned his master's and doctoral degrees in physics from Princeton University in 1979 and 1981, respectively, under the supervision of Robert Dicke.
Career and research
Kuhn has held positions at various universities, including Princeton and Michigan State University, and has served as a visiting professor at several institutions around the world. He joined the Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu in 1997 and served as its associate director and director of the IfA/Maui division until 2015.
He has made contributions to the fields of astrophysics and the search for extraterrestrial life. He is known for his work on the development of telescopes and detection systems, including the Princeton Solar Distortion Telescope (PSDT), the National Solar Observatory Precision Solar Photometric Telescope (PSPT), and the University of Hawaiʻi Solar Observatory for Limb Active Regions and Coronae (Solar-C). He has also contributed to the design of the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) and the Giant Magellan Telescope, and has conceived of other telescopes that are in the planning or construction phases, including the Polarized Light from Atmospheres of Nearby Extra-Terrestrial Systems (PLANETS) telescope and the Exo-Life Finder telescopes (ELF and MiniELF).
In addition to his work on telescopes, Kuhn has also made contributions to the study of the Sun and its corona. He has developed various infrared instruments for solar and solar coronal spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry, and has used satellite experiments to study small changes in the Sun's shape and brightness. His work has led to a better understanding of the Sun's magnetic field and its role in solar activity, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections.
Kuhn is also involved in the search for planets around other stars. He co-founded the PLANETS Foundation, which aims to find and study planets around other stars, and has developed various instruments and algorithms for detecting and characterizing these planets. He has also co-founded the Colossus Project, which is a program to build a large telescope for searching for and studying exoplanets, and MorphOptics, Inc., which is a company that develops advanced optics and imaging systems for a variety of applications.
Awards and recognition
Throughout his career, Kuhn has received numerous awards and honors for his scientific contributions, including the University of Hawaiʻi Regents' Medal for Excellence in Research, and the 2010 Humboldt Prize.
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Astrophysicists
Princeton University alumni
Michigan State University alumni
American scientists
Humboldt Research Award recipients
Kalamazoo College alumni
Institute for Astronomy (Hawaii) people | Jeff Kuhn | [
"Physics"
] | 640 | [
"Astrophysicists",
"Astrophysics"
] |
72,569,457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20tricyanide | Phosphorus tricyanide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula P(CN)3. It can be produced by the reaction of phosphorus trichloride and trimethyl(iso)cyanosilane. The reaction of phosphorus tribromide and silver cyanide in diethyl ether produce phosphorus tricyanide too. Its thermal decomposition can produce graphite phase C3N3P. Phosphorus tricyanide reacts with Re(CO)5FBF3 to form {P[CN-Re(CO)5]3}(BF4)3.
References
Phosphorus(III) compounds
Nitriles | Phosphorus tricyanide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 129 | [
"Nitriles",
"Functional groups"
] |
72,571,890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20basketball%20court | A glass basketball court is a basketball court with a glass floor that uses light emitting diodes (LEDs) to display the court lines and other graphics.
History
ASB GlassFloor, a German manufacturer, first demonstrated a glass court for sports including basketball in 2011. Its first installation was for a 3x3 basketball event in Berlin in 2014. The company makes two different kinds of glass floor that are approved by FIBA for tier 1 competitions: ASB MultiSports, which offers LED lines, and ASB LumiFlex, which allows full motion video and player tracking. The LumiFlex option can display statistics and advertising for spectators in the arena in ways comparable to digital on-screen graphics on television broadcasts.
In 2017, FIBA had allowed another manufacturer to supply LED-lined glass floors for tier 2 and tier 3 competitions, noting that it passed the association's requirements for player and ball reaction against the surface, and avoided the redundant lines on many existing multi-use courts. After successful trials, FIBA approved glass courts on October 1, 2022, for tier-1 competitions such as the FIBA Basketball World Cup, and a glass court would be used for the first time during the 2023 FIBA Under-19 Women's Basketball World Cup in Madrid.
In 2014, Nike developed a glass court with AKQA, Rhizomatiks and WiSpark for an exhibition in Shanghai. The company invited 30 players to practice with Kobe Bryant on the court, nicknamed the "House of Mamba". The custom court included motion tracking and lighting that could track players as they ran drills.
Glass courts are installed in several European basketball arenas, including the BallsportArena Dresden, the OYM Performance Center in Switzerland, and an arena at the University of Oxford. Two professional European basketball teams permanently installed ASB GlassFloor courts in their arenas in 2024. FC Bayern Munich installed a LumiFlex LED court at its home arena, BMW Park. Panathinaikos B.C. also installed a LumiFlex court at their home, O.A.C.A. Olympic Indoor Hall, in Athens.
In February 2024, the NBA held the Saturday night activities of All-Star weekend, including the skills challenge, on a glass court at Lucas Oil Stadium. The All-Star Game proper was played at Gainbridge Fieldhouse, on a traditional court.
Disadvantages
As of June 2022, a MultiSports floor costs about $80–90 (USD) per square foot and a LumiFlex floor costs about $500 per square foot; a full NBA court with LumiFlex technology would cost about $2 million, leading to doubt about its viability for widespread adoption.
A glass court cannot be laid atop an ice surface, making it unsuitable for multi-purpose arenas which host both ice hockey and basketball games during overlapping schedules.
References
Glass architecture
Sports rules and regulations
Sports venues by type
Playing field surfaces
Basketball equipment | Glass basketball court | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 602 | [
"Glass architecture",
"Glass engineering and science"
] |
73,980,147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground%20House%20Colorado | The Underground House in Ward, Colorado, was a subterranean dwelling known for its architectural design, which embraced the concept of underground living. The house was designed by architect Julian "Jay" Swayze (1923–1981) in the 1960s. The dwelling is an example of an unconventional approach to residential construction and integration with the natural environment. It was included in the Underground World Home exhibit at the 1964 New York World's Fair.
History
In 1964, Girard Henderson had an underground home built on a mountain ranch located near Ward, Colorado.
The construction was completed by builders Julian "Jay" and Kenneth Swayze, from Plainview, Texas. The Swayze brothers established a company known as Underground World Homes, specializing in the design and construction of full-sized underground residences. On May 13, 1963, Swayze initiated the process of securing a patent for his underground home design. Patent US3227061A was officially granted to Swayze on January 4, 1966, recognizing the underground home concept. This patent marked a milestone in the development of underground dwelling technologies. Swayze's approach led them to create various underground homes, including one that Jay Swayze resided in with his wife and two daughters called Atomitat. It was the first home in the U.S. to meet civil defense specifications for a nuclear shelter. Henderson became intrigued by the idea and decided to invest, acquiring a 51 percent share of Underground World Homes.
During that same year, Henderson undertook the construction of an almost identical underground home, sponsoring the Underground World Home exhibit at the 1964 New York World's Fair, copying the concept pioneered by the Swayze brothers.
Henderson and his wife spent time on the property.
The Swayze brothers authored a book titled Underground Gardens & Homes: The best of two worlds, above and below. Published in 1980, the book delved into the nuclear age, addressing the imperative need for comprehensive planning to safeguard ourselves from potential adverse consequences.
Situated northwest of Boulder, Colorado and at an elevation of above sea level, the dwelling, dubbed "Mountain Home" by its contractors, employed a building technique known as "ship-in-a-bottle", that deployed mountain top removal, followed by the pouring of a concrete shell, and finally the reinstatement of the mountain top.
Design
The Ranch-style house one-level underground earth shelter was designed to blend with the surroundings with earth against the walls and on the roof. It had a brick veneer siding but was enclosed in a waterproof concrete shell and covered with a compacted earth berm. The entrance was created to look like an opening to a mineshaft. To make the house functional, over $104,000 () was spent on the hydroelectric system that supplied the underground dwelling with power. Water for the system flowed from glacial snowpack on Mt. Audubon. More than $200,000 ( was spent in total to make the house livable.
To imitate the comforts of above-ground living, the wood-frame home had three-bedrooms, a swimming pool, and fake "outdoor" patio. Because the house had no window, artist Jewell Smith painted Trompe-l'œil murals depicting the New York City skyline from the living room and the Golden Gate Bridge from a bedroom. Windows within the structure revealed a narrow corridor that served as a separation between the "exterior" wall and the concrete retaining wall. As noted by architecture historian Beatriz Colomina in her book, Domesticity at War, this architectural element disrupted the conventional notions of inside and outside. The house had a remote-controlled lighting system that could imitate the night sky and sunrise. Additionally, a fireplace channeled smoke through a fake tree trunk to the surface.
Current State
After Henderson died on November 16, 1983, the Colorado mountain property, including the underground home, was put up for sale for $1.5 million dollars. It was purchased for $1.17 million by the Sacred Mountain Ashram on June 9, 1988 from a mysterious reclusive millionaire who was "terrified...of being caught in a nuclear holocaust." After the sale, the exterior walls of the underground house were dug free of dirt, windows were built to allow sunlight to come into the home.
See also
Underground World Home
Underground living
Earth shelter
1964 New York World's Fair
List of lakes of Colorado
Underground House Las Vegas
Publications
Alexander Dawson School, Nothing Without Labor of Love of the Land, Alexander Dawson School, Lafayette, Colorado, 2012
Colorado Mountain Hideaway, Previews Inc., Denver, Colorado, 1986
Add A Fourth "R"...Responsibility, Colorado Junior Republic School, Lafayette, Colorado, ca. 1973
CJR Health Education Center, Alexander Dawson School, Lafayette, Colorado
The Hub, The Colorado Junior Republic, Volume 2, 1973-1974
References
External links
New York World's Fair, Underground World Home Brochure
1964 introductions
Air raid shelters in the United States
Cold War sites
Cold War
Nuclear fallout
Radiation protection
Subterranea (geography)
Survivalism | Underground House Colorado | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology"
] | 1,020 | [
"Nuclear fallout",
"Environmental impact of nuclear power",
"Radioactive contamination"
] |
73,980,369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%20Lockdown | Planet Lockdown is a film containing misinformation about COVID-19 that was banned on YouTube and Facebook.
The film's producers describe it as a documentary.
Production
The 90-minute film was directed by James Patrick, and released online in December 2020. In addition to being shared on social media, the video was released on the Planet Lockdown website. The video's producers describe it as a documentary. A feature-length cut of the film premiered on November 20, 2021 at an event hosted by the Arlington Institute at Coolfont Resort in Berkeley Springs, West Virginia.
Synopsis
Planet Lockdown presents a wide range of falsehoods about COVID-19, including incorrect statements linking COVID-19 and human infertility, and misinformation alleging that vaccines contain microchips. The film also perpetuates myths about voter fraud during the 2020 United States presidential election.
The film includes an interview with Catherine Austin Fitts in which she shares her view that a global committee is engaged in mind control efforts, led by a character she identifies as Mr Global. Fitts also shares falsehoods that COVID-19 vaccines contain unknown ingredients. In addition to incorrectly stating that the COVID-19 is not real, Fitts also shares political conspiracy theories about electoral fraud during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Other interviewees include QAnon supporting physician Carrie Madej, lawyer Markus Haintz, and COVID-19 herd-immunity supporting epidemiologist Knut Wittkowski.
Critical reception
In late 2020 and early 2021, the video was shared over 20 million times on Facebook and YouTube. Notable promoters of the video include Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
After a February analysis of the video by Media Matters for America, TikTok, Facebook and YouTube started removing the video from their platforms and GoFundMe removed a fundraising page to cover production costs.
Vice News described the video as "almost a carbon copy" of the 2020 conspiracy theory video Plandemic.
See also
COVID-19 misinformation
References
2020 films
2020 YouTube videos
American propaganda films about COVID-19
Anti-vaccination media
Censored films
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Fake news
Films about the COVID-19 pandemic
Health fraud media
Health-related conspiracy theories
COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy
2020s English-language films
Pseudoscience documentary films
2020s American films
American propaganda films about vaccination | Planet Lockdown | [
"Technology"
] | 505 | [
"Health-related conspiracy theories",
"Science and technology-related conspiracy theories"
] |
73,980,675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20of%20anarchy%20in%20congestion%20games | The Price of Anarchy (PoA) is a concept in game theory and mechanism design that measures how the social welfare of a system degrades due to selfish behavior of its agents. It has been studied extensively in various contexts, particularly in congestion games (CG).
Example
The inefficiency of congestion games was first illustrated by Pigou in 1920, using the following simple congestion game. Suppose there are two roads that lead from point A to point B:
Road 1 is wide but slow. Using this road, it takes 1 minute to get from A to B, regardless of how many drivers use it.
Road 2 is fast but narrow, so it becomes congested and slower as more drivers use it. If x drivers use the road, it takes them x/1000 minutes to get from A to B.
Suppose there are 1000 drivers who need to go from A to B. Each driver wants to minimize his own delay, but the government would like to minimize the total delay (the sum of delays of all drivers).
First, let us compute the minimum possible delay. Suppose x drivers go to road 2 and 1000 − x go to road 1. Then, the total delay is x2/1000+(1000 − x). This is minimized when x ≈ 500, that is, 500 drivers go to road 2 and the other 500 to road 1; the total delay is 500×1/2 + 500×1 ≈ 750 minutes.
For every single driver, the delay is always smaller when driving through road 2, as x/1000 < 1. This means that choosing road 2 is a dominant strategy. So in "anarchy" (that is, without central planning), all drivers choose road 2, their delay is 1 minute, and the total delay is 1000 minutes. The problem is that each agent minimizes his own delay, but ignores the cost imposed by his own actions on the delay of others; there is a negative externality which leads to an inefficient outcome.
In this example, selfish routing leads to a total delay that is 4/3 times higher than the optimum, so the price of anarchy is 4/3. In general, the price of anarchy may differ based on the type of congestion game, the structure of the network, and the delay functions. Various authors have computed upper and lower bounds on the PoA in various congestion games.
Effect of delay functions
To illustrate the effect of the delay functions on PoA, consider a variant of the above example in which the delay in road 1 is still 1 minute, but the delay in road 2 when x drivers use it is , for some d>1.
The minimum possible delay is attained when the number of drivers going to road 2 is . As , this number approaches 1000, so drivers go to road 2, where . The total delay is , which approaches 0 as .
However, for every single driver in road 1, it is still worthwhile to move to road 2. Therefore, in anarchy, all drivers go to road 2, and the delay is minutes.
Therefore, the price of anarchy approaches infinity as .
Definitions
A congestion game (CG) is defined by a set of resources. For example, in a road network, each road is an individual resource. For each
resource, there is a delay function (aka cost function). The function maps the amount of congestion in the resource (e.g. the number of drivers choosing to use the road) to the delay experienced by each player using it. The total cost of a player is the total delay in all the resources he chooses. Each player chooses a strategy in order to minimize his own cost.
A Nash equilibirum is a situation in which no player can improve his delay by unilaterally changing his choice. The price of anarchy (PoA) is the ratio between the largest delay in Nash equilibrium, and the smallest possible delay overall. The price of stability (PoS) is the ratio between the smallest delay in Nash equilibrium (that is: the best possible equilibrium), and the smallest possible delay overall. The PoA and PoS can also be computed with respect to other equilibrium concepts, such as mixed equilibrium or correlated equilibrium.
There are several main classes of congestion games:
In atomic CGs, there are finitely many players, and each player chooses a single path (- a single subset of the resources). Atomic congestion games have two variants:
In unweighted CGs, each player contributes the same amount 1 to the congestion of the resources he uses. Hence, the congestion in each resource is simply the number of players choosing this resource.
In weighted CGs, each player i has a different weight wi. For example, in road networks, the weight of a driver can be equal to the length of his car. The congestion in each resource is the sum of weights of all players choosing this resource.
In nonatomic CGs, the number of players approaches infinity, which means that the contribution of each single player to the congestion is negligible. The players are represented by a continuous amount. Pigou's example (illustrated above) was actually originally stated as a nonatomic game. Suppose the delay through road 1 is 1. There is 1 continuous unit of players. The minimum total delay is attained when 1/2 of the players go to road 1 and 1/2 of the go to road 2; the total delay is than 1*1/2+1/2*1/2 = 3/4. However, for each single player, the delay is always smaller through road 2, so in Nash equilibrium, the total delay is 1*1=1.
In splittable CGs, there are finitely many players, each player has a weight, and each player may split his weight among several paths (- several subsets of resources).
Another classification of CGs is based on the sets of strategies available to the players:
In symmetric CGs, all players have the same set of possible strategies, as in Pigou's example above.
In asymmetric CGs, different players may have different sets of possible strategies, such as drivers with different source and destination locations.
Moreover:
In singleton CGs, every strategy of every player is a singleton set. That is: each players chooses a single resource.
In network CGs, there is an underlying graph, and every strategy of every player is a simple path in the graph. If the CG is symmetric, then all players have the same source and destination; if it is asymmetric, then different players may have different sources or destinations.
Atomic congestion games
Christodoulou and Koutsoupias analyzed atomic unweighted CGs. They proved that the PoA when all delay functions are linear is exactly 2.5 (that is: the PoA is always at most 2.5, and in some cases it is exactly 2.5). They also gave upper and lower bounds for PoA when the delay functions are polynomials of bounded degree. In another paper, Christodoulou and Koutsoupias analyzed the PoS of atomic unweighted congestion games with linear delay functions. They proved that the PoS is at most 1.6, and showed an example in which the PoS is 1.577. They also showed that the PoA of correlated equilibria in this case is exactly 2.5 for unweighted games and exactly 2.618 for weighed games.
Awerbuch, Azar and Epstein analyzed analyzed atomic weighted CGs. They proved that the PoA when all delay functions are linear is exactly 2.618. They also showed that, when the delay functions are polynomials of degree d, the PoA is in .
, Dumrauf, Gairing, Monien and Schoppmann computed the exact PoA for atomic CGs, for delay functions that are polynomials of degree at most d:
For unweighted games, the PoA is , where is the unique nonnegative real solution to . Note that is the Golden ratio, and grows like . So the PoA is in .
For weighted games, the PoA is , where . Asymptotically, this still grows like .
The same bounds hold whenever no player can improve his expected cost by a unilateral deviation. Therefore, the worst-case PoA are the same with respect to pure Nash equilibrium, mixed Nash equilibrium, correlated equilibrium and coarse-correlated equilibrium. Moreover, the bounds hold for unweighted and weighted network congestion games.
Bhawalkar, Gairing and Roughgarden analyze weighed CGs, and show how to compute the PoA for any class of cost functions (not necessarily polynomial). They also show that, under mild conditions on the allowable delay functions, the PoA with respect to pure Nash equilibria, mixed Nash equilibria, correlated equilibria and coarse correlated equilibria are always equal. They also show that, with polynomial cost functions, the worst-case PoA is attained on a simple network, consisting only of a set of parallel edges. They also show that the PoA of symmetric unweighted congestion games is always equal to the asymmetric ones.
Further results
De-Jong and Uetz study sequential CGs, in which players pick their strategies sequentially rather than simultaneously. They analyze the PoA of subgame perfect equilibrium. They show that the sequential PoA with affine cost functions is exactly 1.5 for two players and ≈2.13 for three players, and at least 2.46 for four players. For singleton congestion games with affine cost functions, when there are n players, the sequential PoA is at most n-1; when , the sequential PoA is at least 2+1/e ≈ 2.37. For symmetric singleton atomic congestion games with affine cost functions, the sequential PoA is exactly 4/3.
Fotakis studies the PoA of CGs with linearly-independent paths, which is an extension of the setting of parallel links.
Law, Huang and Liu study the PoA of CGs in cognitive radio networks.
Gairing, Burkhard and Karsten study the PoA of CGs with player-specific linear delay functions.
Mlichtaich analyzes the effect of network topology on the efficiency of PNE in atomic CGs:
A graph G guarantees that every PNE is Pareto-efficient, iff three simple "forbidden networks" are not embedded in G.
A graph G guarantees that Braess's paradox does not occur, iff it is a series-parallel graph.
PoA of nonatomic congestion games
Roughgarden and Tardos analyzed nonatomic CGs. They showed that, when the delay functions are polynomials of degree at most d, the PoA is in , which is substantially smaller than the PoA of atomic games. In particular, when d=1, the PoA is 4/3; this shows that Pigou's simple example is the worst case for linear delay functions.
Chau and Sim extend the results of Roughgarden and Tardos by (1) considering symmetric cost maps and (2) incorporating elastic demands.
Correa, Schulz and Stier-Moses present a short, geometric proof to the results on PoA for nonatomic CGs. They also give stronger bounds on the PoA when equilibrium costs are within reasonable limits of the fixed costs.
Blum, Even-Dar and Ligett showed that all these PoA bounds apply under relatively weak behavioral assumptions: it is sufficient that all users achieve vanishing average regret over repeated plays of the game.
A useful concept in the analysis of PoA is smoothness. A delay function d is called -smooth if for all , . If the delay is smooth, is a Nash equilibrium, and is an optimal allocation, then . In other words, the price of anarchy is .
Mlichtaich analyzed singleton nonatomic CGs, with the following additional characteristics:
The utility of each player is composed of two parts: a player-specific value, minus a resource-specific delay. Formally, if player i chooses resource e, then , where is the intrinsic value i assigns to e.
The delay functions are strictly increasing.
The marginal social cost of congestion in any resource e (defined as the derivative ) is strictly-increasing.
In such games, the equilibrium payoffs are always unique and Pareto-efficient, but may not maximize the sum of utilities. Moreover:
If there are at least three resources, the equilibrium maximizes the sum (that is, PoS=PoA=1) iff the delay functions are logarithmic. For non-logarithmic delay functions, there are always fixed utilities or costs for which no equilibrium maximizes the sum of utilities (PoS>1, which implies PoA>1). When there are only two resources, the class of delay functions for which PoA=1 is somewhat larger.
If the delay functions are not “too” convex, then it is possible to maximize the sum of utilities using a negotiation process, and there is an explicit formula which specifies the share of the maximum aggregate utility that should be allocated to each group of players.
PoA of splittable congestion games
Roughgarden and Schoppmann analyzed splittable congestion games. They showed that, when the delay functions are polynomials of degree at most d, the PoA is in . In particular, when d=1, the PoA is at most 3/2. The PoA for splittable games is smaller than for atomic games, but larger than nonatomic games. For example:
When d=1, the PoA is 1.333 for nonatomic games, 1.5 for splittable games and 2.5 for atomic games;
When d=8, the PoA is 3.081 for nonatomic games, 512 for splittable games, and 1,101,126 for atomic games.
PoA with altruistic players
The basic CG model assumes that players are selfish - they care only about their own payoff. In fact, players may be altruistic and care about the social cost too. This can be modeled by assuming that the actual cost of each player is a weighted average of his own delay and the total delay. Altruism may have surprising effects on the system efficiency:
In atomic CGs, in general, even partial altruism may harm the overall efficiency. However, in the special case of symmetric load-balancing games, optimal efficiency can be attained by balancing selfishness and altruism.
In atomic CGs and cost sharing games, the robust PoA worsens with increasing altruism, whereas for valid utility games, it is not affected by altruism. But in general nonatomic CGs with uniform altruism, the PoA improves with increasing altruism. For atomic and nonatomic singleton CGs, there are bounds on the pure PoA that improve with the average altruism.
There are other papers studying the effect of altruism on the PoA. An alternative way to measure the effect of altruism on efficiency is via comparative statics: in a single game (not necessarily worst-case one), how does increasing the altruism coefficient affect the social cost? For some classes of CGs, the effect of altruism on efficiency may be negative.
See also
Congestion pricing - a tax that aims to increase the efficiency in congested networks.
Externality - a general discussion of the inefficiency caused by selfish behaviour.
References
Inefficiency in game theory | Price of anarchy in congestion games | [
"Mathematics"
] | 3,202 | [
"Game theory",
"Inefficiency in game theory"
] |
73,980,706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Cripps | Elizabeth Blanche Cripps is a British political philosopher. She is a Senior Lecturer in Political Theory at the University of Edinburgh. Her research addresses environmental philosophy, including questions around climate change, population and parenting, environmental ethics, environmental politics, and environmental justice.
Career
From 1995–9, Cripps studied at St John's, University of Oxford, initially reading Maths and Philosophy, and then Politics, Philosophy, and Economics. She subsequently worked as a journalist, both freelance and for the Financial Times Group. She returned to academia in 2003, undertaking an MPhil (2003–5) and PhD (2005–8) in philosophy at University College London (UCL). Her PhD thesis was entitled Individuals, Society and the World: A Defence of Collective Environmental Duties. During her studies, she taught variously at UCL, West London College, and Heythrop College, as well as continuing to work as a freelance journalist.
Upon completing her PhD, Cripps moved to the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Edinburgh, initially (2008–9) as a fixed term lecturer and then (2009–12) as a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow. Her project was entitled Collective Action, Collective Responsibility and a New Environmental Ethics. After this, she remained at Edinburgh as a Lecturer in Political Theory. Her first book, the academic monograph Climate Change and the Moral Agent: Individual Duties in an Interdependent World, was published by Oxford University Press in 2013.
Cripps was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2016. In 2022, she published What Climate Justice Means and Why We Should Care with Bloomsbury. The following year, she published Parenting on Earth: A Philosopher's Guide to Doing Right by Your Kids – and Everyone Else with MIT Press.
Selected publications
Cripps, Elizabeth (2013). Climate Change and the Moral Agent: Individual Duties in an Interdependent World. Oxford University Press.
Cripps, Elizabeth (2022). What Climate Justice Means and Why We Should Care. Bloomsbury.
Cripps, Elizabeth (2023). Parenting on Earth: A Philosopher's Guide to Doing Right by Your Kids – and Everyone Else. MIT Press.
References
External links
Personal website
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British philosophers
British women philosophers
Environmental ethicists
Environmental justice scholars
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Alumni of University College London
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
British journalists
British women journalists | Elizabeth Cripps | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 499 | [
"Environmental ethicists",
"Environmental ethics"
] |
73,981,008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched%20reluctance%20linear%20motor | Switched reluctance linear motors (SRLMs) (also known as linear switched reluctance motors (LSRMs), variable reluctance linear motor or switched reluctance linear machines) are a type of electric machines called linear motors which work based on the principle of a varying magnetic reluctance for force generation. The system can be used in reversed mode and then is called Switched Reluctance Linear Generator. The SRLMs consist of two parts: the active part or primary part and the passive or secondary. The active part contains the windings and defines two main types of LSRMs: transverse and longitudinal. It is longitudinal when the plane that contains the flux lines is parallel to the line of movement and transverse when it is perpendicular. Other classifications are considering the windings totally concentrated in one coil per phase or partially concentrated in two poles per phase (i.e., single-sided) or four poles per phase (double-sided). Switched Reluctance motors have been used extensively in clocks and phonograph turntables before, but nowadays, with the rising emphasis on energy efficiency, SR motors are taking more prominent roles in appliances, industrial uses, and commercial and vehicular applications and they are getting traction in the linear applications due to their simplicity, robustness, economic rationality, and high fault tolerance ability as compared with the Linear Synchronous and Linear Induction motors. The SRLM has been researched widely and there are applications of SRLMs and generators for example in wave energy conversion or hyperloop ultra high speed transportation system. One of the main advantages of the SRLM is that it does not require the use of permanent magnets, which are considered a scarce material, so it enables it to be deployed over long distances.
History
The first switched reluctance motor was invented all in 1838 by W. H. Taylor in the United States and was initially designed to propel locomotives. Then, in the 1920s, the synchronous reluctance motor was invented. These use a specially designed cageless rotor, eliminating rotor losses, with a magnetic field being generated inside the motor, which is guided through low reluctance paths. The field is rotated, which in turn pulls the rotor around to generate torque. The switched reluctance motor initially suffered from a lack of effective speed control. It was not until the 1970s, with the emergence of fast-switching electronics within variable speed drives (VSDs), that the synchronous reluctance motor was able to finally come into its own and reach performances comparable to that of conventional induction and permanent magnet motors.
The first switched reluctance linear motor ideas date back to the 1970s. In 1973, inventors Hi D Chai and Joseph P Pawletko from International Business Machines Corp patent a "Variable reluctance linear stepper motor". Then a linear stepper motor of the variable reluctance type was for serial printer applications. In 1977 J.W. Finch researcher on the Linear Vernier Reluctance Stepper Motor to replace a mechanical conveyor for a trolley. In 1988-89, Takamaya developed a linear motor based on the principle of variable reluctance. Patent proposals emerge in 1995, where inventors Matsukawa Koji and Saito Jin from Matsushita Electric Works Ltd (Panasonic Electric Works) in relation to an automatic door opening-closing device to reduce the ripple of the driving force.
In the XXIst century, the SRLM technology has been validated in on-site pilot projects like the SeaTitan, developed by the Spanish company Wedge Global and thanks to the research carried out by researchers at CIEMAT with a laboratory in Spain to validate the technology.
Working principle
A SRLM operates based on magnetic reluctance torque/force principle, which is proportional to current or flux density squared, inveresely proportional to gap length squared, this is why the airgap needs to be as small as possible. Stator windings currents are switched on and off to change the magnetic circuit formed by the rotor and the stator. A stator pole is energized by turning on its phase current. When there is no alignment between stator and rotor poles, the magnetic reluctance of the motor is high. Hence, the rotor tends to align with the energized stator poles which minimizes the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. The commutation of the stator windings should be precisely timed to ensure that a stator pole is energizing when a rotor pole is approaching. An encoder or a Hall effect sensor can be used to get the position feedback required to control the commutation. This is different from the Lorentz force where force is proportional to current and flux density.
Applications
The SRLM is particularly suitable for conveyor operation, since its method of operation is such that no relative motion is required for force to be produced. This contrasts with, for example, the linear induction motor, which depends on relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductors in which current is induced for force to be produced. This means that a reluctance motor can be designed to hold indefinitely, if required, at any particular position, before moving on to the next fixed position.
References
Electric motors
Magnetic propulsion devices | Switched reluctance linear motor | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,038 | [
"Electrical engineering",
"Engines",
"Electric motors"
] |
73,982,508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20177565 | HD 177565 (HR 7232; LTT 7569; Gliese 744) is a yellow-hued star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.16, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility, even under ideal conditions. The object is located relatively close at a distance of 55.3 light-years based on Gaia DR3 parallax measurements, but it is receding rapidly with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 177565's brightness is diminished by interstellar extinction of 0.07 magnitudes and it as an absolute magnitude of +5.00. A 2017 multiplicity survey failed to detect any stellar companions around the star.
HD 177565 has a stellar classification of G6 V, indicating that it is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star like our Sun. The object has also be given a later class of G8 V (Houk 1982) and one source lists it as a G5 subgiant. It has 99% the mass of the Sun and 98.5% the Sun's radius. It radiates 85.1% the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of , making it slightly cooler than the Sun. HD 177565 is slightly metal enriched with an iron abundance at [Fe/H] = +0.08 (120% solar) and it is estimated to be 4.58 billion years old. HD 177565 spins slightly faster than the Sun with a projected rotational velocity of compared to the Sun's rotational velocity of 2 km/s.
Planetary system
In 2017, an exoplanet was discovered orbiting the star after observations of HARPS data. HD 177565 b is a hot Neptune that takes 44.5 days to revolve around its host star in a relatively circular orbit.
References
G-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 42
CD-37 13049
0744
177565
7232
093858 | HD 177565 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 428 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,983,018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrakia | Mrakia is a genus of fungi in the order Cystofilobasidiales. The genus comprises yeasts, some of which have a hyphal state forming teliospores from which basidia arise. Mrakia species are typically psychrophilic, many originally isolated from glaciers and frigid environments, and are capable of low-temperature fermentation, making them of potential interest in brewing and bioremediation.
The genus was named after the American microbiologist Emil M. Mrak.
The genus Mrakiella was proposed for the anamorphic (yeast) state of Mrakia. Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, however, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Mrakiella became a synonym of the earlier name Mrakia.
References
Tremellomycetes
Taxa described in 1987
Basidiomycota genera
Yeasts | Mrakia | [
"Biology"
] | 207 | [
"Yeasts",
"Fungi"
] |
73,984,327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagamihara%20Vending%20Machine%20Park | The is a collection of retro vending machines in the city of Sagamihara in Kanagawa, Japan. It was created by , the president of the Rat Sunrise used tire shop, originally to entertain waiting customers. It has over 100 machines in two rows adjacent to the shop's parking lot. There is also a small room near the shop's office that contains classic arcade games. All of the vending machines are functional and dispense goods ranging from food, such as ramen, and drinks, to toys and fortune slips. The machines are restocked daily, with hot food for some of the machines cooked on site, and others prepared by vendors. While the tire shop has regular business hours, the vending machines are available around the clock.
Saitō started the collection in 2016 with five machines, expanding it after it turned out to be popular with customers. He obtained and purchased machines for the collection through online auctions and word of mouth. A majority of the machines are from the 1970s and 1980s, the end of Japan's Shōwa era. Saitō makes the machines functional and maintains them himself, since they are no longer supported by their manufacturers. In September 2021, a button on one of the machines was broken by a vandal, and a plastic parts manufacturer created a replacement for free using CAD.
The collection is more time-consuming than the tire shop, and Saitō has as many employees to restock and cook for the machines as his shop. The kitchen makes more than 600 meals a day. In 2022, Saitō estimated that the collection drew 300–400 customers on weekdays and 1,000 customers on weekends. The collection is considered a "pilgrimage site" for fans of retro vending machines.
References
External links
Vending machines
Sagamihara | Sagamihara Vending Machine Park | [
"Engineering"
] | 362 | [
"Vending machines",
"Automation"
] |
73,985,459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpacePharma | SpacePharma is a Swiss–Israeli biotechnology company with a primary focus on conducting scientific experiments in microgravity conditions. The company was the first fully private, commercially oriented company established with the specific intention to conduct pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) and manufacturing in space.
The company was founded by Yossi Yamin, a former Commander of an Israeli Satellite Unit in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). As of the mid-2020s, SpacePharma has offices in Herzliya, Israel; Courgenay, Switzerland; and Palo Alto, California, with a Space Life Sciences Lab in Exploration Park, Florida, US.
Overview
The company operates miniaturized, unmanned, remotely controlled, and fully automated labs based on lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology, which are suitable for a wide variety of life science and chemistry experiments. These labs are designed to conduct research in space and to leverage the microgravity conditions that can't be replicated in terrestrial settings.
Operations
SpacePharma's operations include the launch and operation of free-orbit satellites and labs onboard the International Space Station (ISS).
The company's DIDO-2 and DIDO-3 satellites were launched in 2017 and 2020 respectively, carrying experiments to study crystallization, emulsion, enzyme activity and antimicrobial resistance in microgravity.
Additionally, SpacePharma has launched at least 7 autonomous labs to the ISS since 2017, starting with the NEXUS-1 and NEXUS-2 labs, followed by the SPAd and SPAd-2 labs. In April 2022 a SPAd-2 lab was delivered to the ISS on the Axiom-1 mission, where it performed a series of experiments studying bone loss, DNA damage repair, and the cultivation of cultured meat in space.
SpacePharma has announced it is working on a large scale pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in orbit named MoTi.
References
Biotechnology companies of Israel | SpacePharma | [
"Astronomy"
] | 395 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
73,988,344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20176425 | HD 176425, also known as HR 7177 or rarely 38 G. Coronae Australis, is a solitary, bluish-white hued star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.21, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility, even under ideal conditions. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 358 light-years, and it is currently drifting closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 176425's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction factor of 0.27 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.75.
HD 176425 is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V. It has been used as an unpolarized standard in the southern sky. It has 2.63 times the mass of the Sun and 2.19 times the radius of the Sun. The object radiates 50.8 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 176425 is metal deficient with an iron abundance 79% that of the Sun ([Fe/H] = −0.10) and it is estimated to be 286 million years old.
References
A-type main-sequence stars
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 38
CD-42 13839
176425
093470
7177 | HD 176425 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 299 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
73,989,432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium%20oxide | Radium oxide is an inorganic compound of radium and oxygen with the chemical formula RaO.
Synthesis
The compound can be obtained by heating metallic radium in air:
This reaction also produces radium nitride and possibly radium peroxide:
Chemical properties
Radium oxide can react with water to form radium hydroxide:
Uses
It is often used as a precursor to create other radium compounds that are used in radiation therapy.
References
Oxides
Radium compounds | Radium oxide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 93 | [
"Oxides",
"Salts"
] |
73,989,969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moser%27s%20trick | In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, the Moser's trick (or Moser's argument) is a method to relate two differential forms and on a smooth manifold by a diffeomorphism such that , provided that one can find a family of vector fields satisfying a certain ODE.
More generally, the argument holds for a family and produce an entire isotopy such that .
It was originally given by Jürgen Moser in 1965 to check when two volume forms are equivalent, but its main applications are in symplectic geometry. It is the standard argument for the modern proof of Darboux's theorem, as well as for the proof of Darboux-Weinstein theorem and other normal form results.
General statement
Let be a family of differential forms on a compact manifold . If the ODE admits a solution , then there exists a family of diffeomorphisms of such that and .
In particular, there is a diffeomorphism such that .
Proof
The trick consists in viewing as the flows of a time-dependent vector field, i.e. of a smooth family of vector fields on . Using the definition of flow, i.e. for every , one obtains from the chain rule that By hypothesis, one can always find such that , hence their flows satisfies . In particular, as is compact, this flows exists at .
Application to volume forms
Let be two volume forms on a compact -dimensional manifold . Then there exists a diffeomorphism of such that if and only if .
Proof
One implication holds by the invariance of the integral by diffeomorphisms: .
For the converse, we apply Moser's trick to the family of volume forms . Since , the de Rham cohomology class vanishes, as a consequence of Poincaré duality and the de Rham theorem. Then for some , hence . By Moser's trick, it is enough to solve the following ODE, where we used the Cartan's magic formula, and the fact that is a top-degree form:However, since is a volume form, i.e. , given one can always find such that .
Application to symplectic structures
In the context of symplectic geometry, the Moser's trick is often presented in the following form.Let be a family of symplectic forms on such that , for . Then there exists a family of diffeomorphisms of such that and .
Proof
In order to apply Moser's trick, we need to solve the following ODE
where we used the hypothesis, the Cartan's magic formula, and the fact that is closed. However, since is non-degenerate, i.e. , given one can always find such that .
Corollary
Given two symplectic structures and on such that for some point , there are two neighbourhoods and of and a diffeomorphism such that and .This follows by noticing that, by Poincaré lemma, the difference is locally for some ; then, shrinking further the neighbourhoods, the result above applied to the family of symplectic structures yields the diffeomorphism .
Darboux theorem for symplectic structures
The Darboux's theorem for symplectic structures states that any point in a given symplectic manifold admits a local coordinate chart such thatWhile the original proof by Darboux required a more general statement for 1-forms, Moser's trick provides a straightforward proof. Indeed, choosing any symplectic basis of the symplectic vector space , one can always find local coordinates such that . Then it is enough to apply the corollary of Moser's trick discussed above to and , and consider the new coordinates .
Application: Moser stability theorem
Moser himself provided an application of his argument for the stability of symplectic structures, which is known now as Moser stability theorem.Let a family of symplectic form on which are cohomologous, i.e. the deRham cohomology class does not depend on . Then there exists a family of diffeomorphisms of such that and .
Proof
It is enough to check that ; then the proof follows from the previous application of Moser's trick to symplectic structures. By the cohomologous hypothesis, is an exact form, so that also its derivative is exact for every . The actual proof that this can be done in a smooth way, i.e. that for a smooth family of functions , requires some algebraic topology. One option is to prove it by induction, using Mayer-Vietoris sequences; another is to choose a Riemannian metric and employ Hodge theory.
References
Symplectic geometry
Theorems in differential geometry | Moser's trick | [
"Mathematics"
] | 976 | [
"Theorems in differential geometry",
"Theorems in geometry"
] |
73,991,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93better%E2%80%93best | Good–better–best, also known as Goldilocks pricing, is a type of pricing strategy, a form of tiered pricing in which variations of a product are offered at multiple prices.
Consumer behavior
The "good" option is typically a basic, no frills product which has few features, but which is accessible to more buyers because of its low price. The "best" option is typically a premium product which has the most features and a high price, and which is sometimes considered a luxury good. Offering a middle, "better" option invokes the Goldilocks principle, in which consumers may reason that they can spend more money than the "good" option costs, but that they do not need the premium features of the "best" option.
Companies selling a particular good had traditionally relied on a demand curve to identify an ideal price. This created a Catch-22 in which a good with only one price would exclude buyers who would not pay the single price, and it would also sacrifice profits if a less price sensitive customer were able to pay more for a premium version. In addition, a lower-priced good can generate additional ancillary revenue for the seller through further revenue streams; for example, in 2018, an iPhone SE cost about one-third as much as Apple's flagship iPhone X did, but Apple could continue to sell content, services, and accessories to a buyer of the less expensive phone.
Good–better–best pricing takes advantage of consumers' anchoring bias; for example, when Williams-Sonoma sold a bread machine for $279, then introduced a premium bread machine for $429, the premium machine did not sell well, but the original model's sales almost doubled, because customers reasoned that the $279 model was a better value. In addition, the "best" option creates a halo effect, such as when Patrón's introduction of premium tequila caused its lower-priced tequilas to also increase in sales, due to improved customer sentiment about the brand.
Examples
Sears often used the good–better–best strategy in its mail-order catalog, for products such as Craftsman tools. In the 2000s, Sears and Kmart, which were owned by the same parent company, included celebrity brands like Martha Stewart Living and Ty Pennington Style in their good–better–best tiers. Similarly, in 2009, J.C. Penney announced that it would include brands by Cindy Crawford and Chris Madden in its "better" tier, supporting American Living by Ralph Lauren in the "best" tier.
At bars, customers often have a choice between rail drinks with the bar's choice of inexpensive liquor, "call" drinks with the patron's choice of moderately-priced liquor, or "top shelf" drinks with a premium brand of liquor. At the point of purchase, a bartender may be able to upsell a customer from good to better, or from better to best, if the price differential is small and if the customer is in a good mood.
Consumer packaged goods companies like Kraft Foods have attempted to improve sales by adopting good–better–best strategies to broaden their appeal with basic and premium products targeting the low- and high-income consumer.
Economy class air travel, long considered a single class of service, has been diversified into basic economy class, economy class, and premium economy class. Airlines have found that over 50% of consumers who start at a lower price end up upgrading to a higher price.
Some companies have quietly increased consumer prices by lowering prices on basic models while simultaneously introducing new, premium models at higher prices. For example, Peloton Interactive lowered the price of its basic stationary bicycle from $2,245 to $1,895, and also introduced a new premium bike for $2,495. One jewelry sales consultant advised retailers introducing good–better–best pricing to set their "better" price about 10% higher than a product's average sales price, with "good" prices about 25% lower, and "best" prices no more than 50% higher.
Risks
A common pitfall of good–better–best is cannibalization, where customers who could afford the "better" option instead opt for the "good" option to save money. Marketers discourage customers from downgrading by implementing "fence attributes," such as by making "good" hotel rates non-refundable, or by making the least expensive concert tickets general admission, with no assigned seats.
Some sales professionals discourage a good–better–best strategy for being non-specific and non-targeted to a particular customer, instead recommending that salespeople select and offer one pricing tier based on the customer's needs. Customers may be annoyed by price partitioning, especially when the "good" offering appears to be inexpensive, but then includes many fees and limitations, as happens with the basic airfares of low-cost carriers. This risks creating resentful customers who do not return.
References
Consumer behaviour
Pricing | Good–better–best | [
"Biology"
] | 1,011 | [
"Behavior",
"Consumer behaviour",
"Human behavior"
] |
68,210,720 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracudasaurus | Barracudasaurus is a dubious genus of ichthyosaur from the Triassic of China, containing the single species B. maotaiensis.
Description
Barracudasaurus had elongated, conical premaxillary teeth with rounded cross-section and wide spacing. The maxilla is short anteriorly.
References
Ichthyosaurs
Fossils of China
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Triassic ichthyosaurs
Triassic reptiles of Asia | Barracudasaurus | [
"Biology"
] | 89 | [
"Biological hypotheses",
"Nomina dubia",
"Controversial taxa"
] |
68,211,763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu-Shan%20Lin | Yu-Shan Lin is a computational chemist. She is a professor and chair of the Department of Chemistry at Tufts University in the United States. Her research lab uses computational chemistry to understand and design biomolecules, with topics focusing on cyclic peptides, protein folding, and collagen.
Education
Lin received her BS in chemistry from National Taiwan University in 2004. Lin received her PhD in chemistry in 2009 from University of Wisconsin, Madison, under the guidance of James L. Skinner. She then moved to Stanford, where she was a Bio-X postdoctoral fellow in the lab of Vijay S. Pande. In 2012, Lin joined the Department of Chemistry at Tufts University and received tenure in 2018. In 2024, Lin was appointed to a full professorship and became chair of the department.
Research
Cyclic peptides
Lin and her lab use computational chemistry to provide information on the solution structures of cyclic peptides. They recently successfully used molecular dynamics simulation with enhanced sampling methods to design well-structured cyclic peptides.
Protein folding
Lin and her lab are interested in understanding how co- and post-translational modifications and non-natural amino acids impact protein folding. They also work on understanding the effects of amino acid substitutions during evolution on protein stability, folding, and interaction.
Collagen
Lin and her lab use molecular dynamics simulations to understand how the structure, stability, and interactions of collagen are perturbed by Gly to Ser substitutions, a very common type of Gly missense mutations in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), and Ser phosphorylation. Their results suggest a new possible mechanism underlying OI pathology, specifically that mutations may significantly disrupt the triple-helical structure of collagen and render it susceptible to non-collagenase proteolytic enzymes.
Awards and honors
Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences & Engineering Award, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, 2020
2015: OpenEye Outstanding Junior Faculty Award in Computational Chemistry, American Chemical Society
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
National Taiwan University alumni
Tufts University faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Taiwanese chemists
Taiwanese women scientists
Computational chemists | Yu-Shan Lin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 437 | [
"Computational chemistry",
"Theoretical chemists",
"Computational chemists"
] |
68,212,199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision%20transformer | A vision transformer (ViT) is a transformer designed for computer vision. A ViT decomposes an input image into a series of patches (rather than text into tokens), serializes each patch into a vector, and maps it to a smaller dimension with a single matrix multiplication. These vector embeddings are then processed by a transformer encoder as if they were token embeddings.
ViTs were designed as alternatives to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in computer vision applications. They have different inductive biases, training stability, and data efficiency. Compared to CNNs, ViTs are less data efficient, but have higher capacity. Some of the largest modern computer vision models are ViTs, such as one with 22B parameters. In 2024, a 113 billion-parameter ViT model was proposed (the largest ViT to date) for weather and climate prediction, and trained on the Frontier supercomputer with a throughput of 1.6 exaFLOPs.
Subsequent to its publication, many variants were proposed, with hybrid architectures with both features of ViTs and CNNs. ViTs have found application in image recognition, image segmentation, and autonomous driving.
History
Transformers were introduced in Attention Is All You Need (2017), and have found widespread use in natural language processing. A 2019 paper applied ideas from the Transformer to computer vision. Specifically, they started with a ResNet, a standard convolutional neural network used for computer vision, and replaced all convolutional kernels by the self-attention mechanism found in a Transformer. It resulted in superior performance. However, it is not a Vision Transformer.
In 2020, an encoder-only Transformer was adapted for computer vision, yielding the ViT, which reached state of the art in image classification, overcoming the previous dominance of CNN. The masked autoencoder (2022) extended ViT to work with unsupervised training. The vision transformer and the masked autoencoder, in turn, stimulated new developments in convolutional neural networks.
Subsequently, there was cross-fertilization between the previous CNN approach and the ViT approach.
In 2021, some important variants of the Vision Transformers were proposed. These variants are mainly intended to be more efficient, more accurate or better suited to a specific domain. Two studies improved efficiency and robustness of ViT by adding a CNN as a preprocessor. The Swin Transformer achieved state-of-the-art results on some object detection datasets such as COCO, by using convolution-like sliding windows of attention mechanism, and the pyramid process in classical computer vision.
Overview
The basic architecture, used by the original 2020 paper, is as follows. In summary, it is a BERT-like encoder-only Transformer.
The input image is of type , where are height, width, channel (RGB). It is then split into square-shaped patches of type .
For each patch, the patch is pushed through a linear operator, to obtain a vector ("patch embedding"). The position of the patch is also transformed into a vector by "position encoding". The two vectors are added, then pushed through several Transformer encoders.
The attention mechanism in a ViT repeatedly transforms representation vectors of image patches, incorporating more and more semantic relations between image patches in an image. This is analogous to how in natural language processing, as representation vectors flow through a transformer, they incorporate more and more semantic relations between words, from syntax to semantics.
The above architecture turns an image into a sequence of vector representations. To use these for downstream applications, an additional head needs to be trained to interpret them.
For example, to use it for classification, one can add a shallow MLP on top of it that outputs a probability distribution over classes. The original paper uses a linear-GeLU-linear-softmax network.
Variants
Original ViT
The original ViT was an encoder-only Transformer supervise-trained to predict the image label from the patches of the image. As in the case of BERT, it uses a special token <CLS> in the input side, and the corresponding output vector is used as the only input of the final output MLP head. The special token is an architectural hack to allow the model to compress all information relevant for predicting the image label into one vector.
Transformers found their initial applications in natural language processing tasks, as demonstrated by language models such as BERT and GPT-3. By contrast the typical image processing system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN). Well-known projects include Xception, ResNet, EfficientNet, DenseNet, and Inception.
Transformers measure the relationships between pairs of input tokens (words in the case of text strings), termed attention. The cost is quadratic in the number of tokens. For images, the basic unit of analysis is the pixel. However, computing relationships for every pixel pair in a typical image is prohibitive in terms of memory and computation. Instead, ViT computes relationships among pixels in various small sections of the image (e.g., 16x16 pixels), at a drastically reduced cost. The sections (with positional embeddings) are placed in a sequence. The embeddings are learnable vectors. Each section is arranged into a linear sequence and multiplied by the embedding matrix. The result, with the position embedding is fed to the transformer.
Architectural improvements
Pooling
After the ViT processes an image, it produces some embedding vectors. These must be converted to a single class probability prediction by some kind of network. In the original ViT and Masked Autoencoder, they used a dummy [CLS] token , in emulation of the BERT language model. The output at [CLS] is the classification token, which is then processed by a LayerNorm-feedforward-softmax module into a probability distribution.
Global average pooling (GAP) does not use the dummy token, but simply takes the average of all output tokens as the classification token. It was mentioned in the original ViT as being equally good.
Multihead attention pooling (MAP) applies a multiheaded attention block to pooling. Specifically, it takes as input a list of vectors , which might be thought of as the output vectors of a layer of a ViT. The output from MAP is , where is a trainable query vector, and is the matrix with rows being . This was first proposed in the Set Transformer architecture.
Later papers demonstrated that GAP and MAP both perform better than BERT-like pooling. A variant of MAP was proposed as class attention, which applies MAP, then feedforward, then MAP again.
Re-attention was proposed to allow training deep ViT. It changes the multiheaded attention module.
Masked Autoencoder
The Masked Autoencoder took inspiration from denoising autoencoders and context encoders. It has two ViTs put end-to-end. The first one ("encoder") takes in image patches with positional encoding, and outputs vectors representing each patch. The second one (called "decoder", even though it is still an encoder-only Transformer) takes in vectors with positional encoding and outputs image patches again. During training, both the encoder and the decoder ViTs are used. During inference, only the encoder ViT is used.
During training, each image is cut into patches, and with their positional embeddings added. Of these, only 25% of the patches are selected. The encoder ViT processes the selected patches. No mask tokens are used. Then, mask tokens are added back in, and positional embeddings added again. These are processed by the decoder ViT, which outputs a reconstruction of the full image. The loss is the total mean-squared loss in pixel-space for all masked patches (reconstruction loss is not computed for non-masked patches).
A similar architecture was BERT ViT (BEiT), published concurrently.
DINO
Like the Masked Autoencoder, the DINO (self-distillation with no labels) method is a way to train a ViT by self-supervision. DINO is a form of teacher-student self-distillation. In DINO, the student is the model itself, and the teacher is an exponential average of the student's past states. The method is similar to previous works like momentum contrast and bootstrap your own latent (BYOL).
The loss function used in DINO is the cross-entropy loss between the output of the teacher network () and the output of the student network (). The teacher network is an exponentially decaying average of the student network's past parameters: . The inputs to the networks are two different crops of the same image, represented as and , where is the original image. The loss function is written asOne issue is that the network can "collapse" by always outputting the same value (), regardless of the input. To prevent this collapse, DINO employs two strategies:
Sharpening: The teacher network's output is sharpened using a softmax function with a lower temperature. This makes the teacher more "confident" in its predictions, forcing the student to learn more meaningful representations to match the teacher's sharpened output.
Centering: The teacher network's output is centered by averaging it with its previous outputs. This prevents the teacher from becoming biased towards any particular output value, encouraging the student to learn a more diverse set of features.
In January 2024, Meta AI Research released an updated version called DINOv2 with improvements in architecture, loss function, and optimization technique. It was trained on a larger and more diverse dataset. The features learned by DINOv2 were more transferable, meaning it had better performance in downstream tasks.
Swin Transformer
The Swin Transformer ("Shifted windows") took inspiration from standard CNNs:
Instead of performing self-attention over the entire sequence of tokens, one for each patch, it performs "shifted window based" self-attention, which means only performing attention over square-shaped blocks of patches. One block of patches is analogous to the receptive field of one convolution.
After every few attention blocks, there is a "merge layer", which merges neighboring 2x2 tokens into a single token. This is analogous to pooling (by 2x2 convolution kernels, with stride 2). Merging means concatenation followed by multiplication with a matrix.
It is improved by Swin Transformer V2, which modifies upon the ViT by a different attention mechanism:
LayerNorm immediately after each attention and feedforward layer ("res-post-norm");
scaled cosine attention to replace the original dot product attention;
log-spaced continuous relative position bias, which allows transfer learning across different window resolutions.
TimeSformer
The TimeSformer was designed for video understanding tasks, and it applied a factorized self-attention, similar to the factorized convolution kernels found in the Inception CNN architecture. Schematically, it divides a video into frames, and each frame into a square grid of patches (same as ViT). Let each patch coordinate be denoted by , denoting horizontal, vertical, and time.
A space attention layer is a self-attention layer where each query patch attends to only the key and value patches such that .
A time attention layer is where the requirement is instead.
The TimeSformer also considered other attention layer designs, such as the "height attention layer" where the requirement is . However, they found empirically that the best design interleaves one space attention layer and one time attention layer.
ViT-VQGAN
In ViT-VQGAN, there are two ViT encoders and a discriminator. One encodes 8x8 patches of an image into a list of vectors, one for each patch. The vectors can only come from a discrete set of "codebook", as in vector quantization. Another encodes the quantized vectors back to image patches. The training objective attempts to make the reconstruction image (the output image) faithful to the input image. The discriminator (usually a convolutional network, but other networks are allowed) attempts to decide if an image is an original real image, or a reconstructed image by the ViT.
The idea is essentially the same as vector quantized variational autoencoder (VQVAE) plus generative adversarial network (GAN).
After such a ViT-VQGAN is trained, it can be used to code an arbitrary image into a list of symbols, and code an arbitrary list of symbols into an image. The list of symbols can be used to train into a standard autoregressive transformer (like GPT), for autoregressively generating an image. Further, one can take a list of caption-image pairs, convert the images into strings of symbols, and train a standard GPT-style transformer. Then at test time, one can just give an image caption, and have it autoregressively generate the image. This is the structure of Google Parti.
Others
Other examples include the visual transformer, CoAtNet, CvT, the data-efficient ViT (DeiT), etc.
In the Transformer in Transformer architecture, each layer applies a vision Transformer layer on each image patch embedding, add back the resulting tokens to the embedding, then applies another vision Transformer layer.
Comparison with CNNs
Typically, ViT uses patch sizes larger than standard CNN kernels (3x3 to 7x7). ViT is more sensitive to the choice of the optimizer, hyperparameters, and network depth. Preprocessing with a layer of smaller-size, overlapping (stride < size) convolutional filters helps with performance and stability.
This different behavior seems to derive from the different inductive biases they possess.
CNN applies the same set of filters for processing the entire image. This allows them to be more data efficient and less sensitive to local perturbations. ViT applies self-attention, allowing them to easily capture long-range relationships between patches. They also require more data to train, but they can ingest more training data compared to CNN, which might not improve after training on a large enough training dataset. ViT also appears more robust to input image distortions such as adversarial patches or permutations.
Applications
ViT have been used in many Computer Vision tasks with excellent results and in some cases even state-of-the-art. Image Classification, Object Detection, Video Deepfake Detection, Image segmentation, Anomaly detection, Image Synthesis, Cluster analysis, Autonomous Driving.
ViT had been used for image generation as backbones for GAN and for diffusion models (diffusion transformer, or DiT).
DINO has been demonstrated to learn useful representations for clustering images and exploring morphological profiles on biological datasets, such as images generated with the Cell Painting assay.
See also
Transformer (machine learning model)
Attention (machine learning)
Perceiver
Deep learning
PyTorch
TensorFlow
References
Further reading
Neural network architectures
Computer vision
Artificial neural networks
Image processing | Vision transformer | [
"Engineering"
] | 3,205 | [
"Artificial intelligence engineering",
"Packaging machinery",
"Computer vision"
] |
68,212,999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribenuron | Tribenuron in the form of tribenuron-methyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide. Its mode of action is the inhibition of acetolactate synthase, group 2 of the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee's classification scheme.
Chemistry
In the 1970s, chemists at DuPont worked extensively on sulfonylurea herbicides, following the invention of this class of herbicides by George Levitt which had led to the commercialisation of chlorsulfuron.
Tribenuron (the carboxylic acid) and its methyl ester were first disclosed in general terms in one of Levitt's patents and subsequently the ester was subject to further patenting and selected for development under the code name DPX L5300. In the final step of its synthesis, 2-methoxycarbonylbenzenesulfonyl isocyanate was condensed with 2-methylamino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine to form the sulfonylurea product.
Mode of action
Tribenuron is an herbicide that acts as an acetolactate synthase inhibitor. For the purposes of herbicide resistance management, the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee has placed it in group 2 (legacy HRAC Group B).
Applications
Tribenuron has a broad spectrum of activity on commercially important broadleaf weeds and grasses but at the recommended use rate it is safe to important crops such as wheat. When introduced by DuPont, its recommended application rate was . The estimated use in US agriculture is mapped by the US Geological Service and shows that from 1992 to 2018, up to were applied each year. The compound is used mainly in wheat but also in pasture.
Physicochemistry
In a clay-water suspension, tribenuron has increased sorption with decreasing pH and even more so with suspended load.
Resistant crops
A tribenuron-resistance transformation has been achieved in watermelon and validated by survival of the als mutants but not the controls, under tribenuron treatment.
Two oilseed type sunflower cultivars have been produced by USDA-ARS by conventional breeding.
References
Further reading
Supplemental.
Herbicides
Sulfonylurea herbicides | Tribenuron | [
"Biology"
] | 459 | [
"Herbicides",
"Biocides"
] |
68,213,121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromonoecy | Andromonoecy is a breeding system of plant species in which male and hermaphrodite flowers are on the same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, gynomonoecy and trimonoecy. Andromonoecy is frequent among genera with zygomorphic flowers, however it is overall rare and occurs in less than 2% of plant species. Nonetheless the breeding system has gained interest among biologists in the study of sex expression.
Etymology
The word andromonoecious is a combination of andr- (meaning male) and monoecious and was first used in 1877.
Prevalence
Andromonoecy is uncommon and has been estimated to occur in less than 2% of plant species. In angiosperms, it occurs in 1.7% of angiosperms making up around 4000 species in 33 families. It is common in the grass subfamily Panicoideae.
Andromonoecious species
Cucumis melo subsp
Cucumis melo
Chaerophyllum bulbosum
Erophaca baetica
Silene tibetica
Solanum
Solanum agnewiorum
Solanum aureitomentosum
Solanum campylacanthum
Solanum carolinense
Solanum cerasiferum
Solanum incanum
Solanum insanum
Solanum lichtensteinii
Solanum linnaeanum
Solanum melongena
Solanum rigidum
Solanum umtuma
Solanum usambarsense
Evolution
Some authors view andromonoecy as a transitional state from hermaphroditism to monoecy. It has been suggested that andromonoecy evolved from hermaphroditism due to the loss of female structures.
Andromonoecy is also considered an evolutionary step towards dioecy. If female flowers are better at producing seeds than hermaphroditic ones, andromonoecy could evolve towards monoecy.
References
Plant reproduction
Sexual system | Andromonoecy | [
"Biology"
] | 401 | [
"Behavior",
"Plant reproduction",
"Plants",
"Sex",
"Reproduction",
"Sexual system"
] |
68,216,453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecno%20Phantom%20X | Tecno Phantom X is an Android-based smartphone manufactured, released and marketed by Tecno Mobile as a standalone phantom sub-brand. The device was unveiled during an event held on 1 July 2021.
The Tecno Phantom X is an upgraded version of Tecno Phantom 9, coming with different features, including the OS, battery, camera, design, storage and memory. The phone has received generally favorable reviews, with critics mostly noting the battery, design, selfie camera and fast charging capacity. Critics, however, criticized the lack of stereo speakers.
Design
The Phantom X has a design with a patterned glass back and Gorilla Glass 5 on the front, while the side frame is made of anodized aluminum. The device feature a vapor chamber cooling system attached to the chipset. For the front camera, the dual camera setup is embedded inside a dual punch-hole cut-out located at the left corner of the display.
Specifications
Hardware
Chipsets
The device utilize the MediaTek Helio G95 system-on-chip.
Display
The device features AMOLED display with 1080p support and a display size of 6.7-inches. It utilize an in-screen fingerprint sensor. The device has a curved edged display, super AMOLED panel and supports 90Hz refresh rate. It features 1080 × 2340 resolution with a 19.5:9 aspect ratio.
Storage
The device offer 8 GB of RAM with 256 GB for internal storage.
Battery
The device contain non-removable 4700 mAh Li-Po battery, supporting wired charging over USB-C at up to 33W.
Connectivity
The phone support 4G LTE, Wi-Fi 802.11 and Bluetooth 5.0.
Cameras
The phone's rear camera features a 50 MP wide sensor with laser autofocus, a 13 MP telephoto sensor with 2x optical zoom and an 8 MP ultrawide sensor. The front camera features a 48 MP wide sensor and 8 MP ultrawide sensor.
Supported video modes
The Phantom X supports the following video modes:
4K@30/60fps
1080p@30fps
Software
The device run on Android 11 based software overlay HiOS 7.6 at launch, and come bundled with a slew of apps like Peek Proof, Voice Changer, Phone cloner and Document correction among others.
Reception
GSMArena awarded the phone 3.8 stars out of 5, noting that "Tecno is definitely trying to make a point with the Phantom X". Praise was directed towards the design, memory, selfie camera, battery and fast charging capacity. However, the lack of stereo speakers was criticized, while noting that "The display is good, but it lacks brightness".
Fisayo Fosudo praised the Phantom X for its design and fast charging capacity while noting that the device has "a gaming focused processor". He however criticized the device for the lack of stereo speakers, while noting that "the on-screen fingerprint reader and the face unlock method were kind of underwhelming".
George Kamau from Techweez gave a positive review of the Phantom X. Praise was directed towards the design, battery, performance and camera, while noting that "the Phantom X maxes out on its features and nails the fundamentals to deliver the best to consumers".
Dickson Otieno from Tech-ish praised the Phantom X for its under-display fingerprint scanner, battery and fast charging capacity. He opined further that "the processor will handle everything you throw at it quite well, however its 2021, and a 12nm process chip is old".
Duey Guison from Unbox noted that "the existence of the Phantom X is proof that TECNO has a lot of untapped potential as a brand that is rising globally".
References
Android (operating system) devices
Phablets
Mobile phones introduced in 2021
Tecno smartphones | Tecno Phantom X | [
"Technology"
] | 800 | [
"Crossover devices",
"Phablets"
] |
68,217,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba%20Pasopia | Toshiba Pasopia is a computer from manufacturer Toshiba, released in 1981 and based around a Zilog Z80 microprocessor. This is not to be confused with the Toshiba Pasopia IQ, a similar named line of MSX compatible computers.
There are two models, the PA7010 and the PA7012. PA7010 comes with T-BASIC, a version of Microsoft BASIC. PA7012 comes with the more powerful built-in operating system - OA-BASIC developed by Toshiba, capable of sequential file access and automated loading of programs.
The keyboard has 90 keys, a separate numeric keypad and eight function keys. The machine could be expanded with disk drives, extra RAM and offered a RS-232 and a parallel printer port.
In 1982 the machine was sold on the American market as Toshiba T100. It had an optional LCD screen (with 320 x 64 resolution) that fitted into the keyboard. Two CRT monitors were available: a 13" green monochrome, and 15" RGB color.
1982 models came with T-BASIC version 1.1.
The machine supported cartridge-type peripherals called PAC, RAM packs with battery backup, Kanji ROM packs and joystick ports. Pascal and OA-BASIC cartridges were on sale.
In 1983 Toshiba released the Pasopia 5 and Pasopia 7, intended as successors to the original Pasopia.
A dedicated magazine, named "Oh! Pasopia" was published in Japan between 1983 and 1987.
See also
Toshiba Pasopia 5
Toshiba Pasopia 7
Toshiba Pasopia 16 (IBM PC compatible)
Toshiba Pasopia IQ (MSX compatible)
References
Pasopia
Z80-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1981 | Toshiba Pasopia | [
"Technology"
] | 364 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
68,217,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba%20Pasopia%205 | The Toshiba Pasopia 5 is a computer from manufacturer Toshiba, released in 1983 and based around a Z80 microprocessor. Also known as PA7005, it was released only in Japan, intended as a low price version of the original Toshiba Pasopia.
The keyboard has 90 keys, a separate numeric keypad and eight function keys. The machine could be expanded with disk drives, extra RAM and offered a RS-232 interface and a parallel printer port.
The machine is compatible with the original Pasopia.
See also
Toshiba Pasopia IQ
Toshiba Pasopia
Toshiba Pasopia 7
Toshiba Pasopia 16
References
Pasopia
Z80-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1981 | Toshiba Pasopia 5 | [
"Technology"
] | 153 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer hardware stubs"
] |
68,217,702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan%20Stefanovi%C4%87%20Vilovski | Jovan Stefanović Vilovski (1821-1902) was one of the early Serbian scientist hydrologists who studied the waters in the March, situated along the Pannonian rivers, the Danube, Sava and the Tisa.
He was a general staff major in the Austro-Hungarian army. During the 1848 Revolution, he participated on the side of the Conservative wing around Patriarch Josif Rajačić. He also fought at the Battle of Solferino.
In 1865 he retired and moved from Srem to Vienna where he then began to pursue hydrology. He authored 60 important papers, mainly on the amelioration and regulation of the rivers Tisza and the Danube. He left an extensive memoir in manuscript form.
His work "From the Life of an Officer ..." (Zemun, 1863), written in the Slavoserbian alphabet, served as one of the sources for the Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Folk Language in an edition of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Footnotes
General references
Hydrologists
Scientists from the Austrian Empire
Scientists from Austria-Hungary
1821 births
1902 deaths | Jovan Stefanović Vilovski | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 226 | [
"Hydrology",
"Hydrologists"
] |
68,218,695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C1%27-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl%20peroxide | 1,1-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10OH)2O2. It is one of the peroxides derived from the reaction of cyclohexanone and hydrogen peroxide. Upon treatment with acid and additional peroxide, it converts to the cyclic diperoxide, bis(cyclohexylidene peroxide), (C6H10)2(O2)2.
1,1-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl peroxide is a catalyst for radical-initiated vulcanization.
References
Organic peroxides
Radical initiators
Organic peroxide explosives
Cyclohexanols | 1,1'-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl peroxide | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 149 | [
"Radical initiators",
"Organic compounds",
"Polymer chemistry",
"Reagents for organic chemistry",
"Explosive chemicals",
"Organic peroxide explosives",
"Organic peroxides"
] |
68,218,878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/TPS-63 | The AN/TPS-63 was a medium range, Two-dimensional, L band radar system utilized by the United States Marine Corps from the early 1980s until finally retired in 2018. This mobile radar was developed by Northrop Grumman and complimented the AN/TPS-59 long range radar by providing 360 degree, gap-filling coverage of low altitude areas. Because it was more mobile, the TPS-63 was also employed as the first radar ashore during amphibious operations until the larger and more capable AN/TPS-59 was established. The TPS-63 was used in combat operations during the Gulf War, the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The TPS-63 was eventually phased out of service in 2018 as it was replaced by the AN/TPS-80 Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar.
Mission and description
Provided tactical surveillance and detection of low-flying aircraft in clutter weather and electronic interference. The radar operated as part of an overall tactical air defense or tactical air operations system. The radar's antenna was a parabolic cylinder which allowed for the combination of electronic and physical steering of the beams. The antenna could be broken down into multiple sections and stored inside the radar shelter which allowed for increased mobility and decreased disassembly time. As a mobile radar, the AN/TPS-63 was able to be set up within one hour of arriving at a new location.
Development
In September 1971, the United States Navy released its first solicitations for the AN/TPS-63. The first contract was awarded in June 1974 to Northrup Grumman's Electronic Sensors and Systems Division in Baltimore, Maryland which was formerly the Westinghouse Electronics Systems Group. The first system was completed in September 1976 and shipped to Marine Air Control Squadron 2 (MACS-2) at Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii for operational test and evaluation. The system went into full-rate production beginning in February 1978. The Marine Corps received its last TPS-63 in Fiscal Year 1981. In 1985, the Marine Corps initiated additional upgrades to the radar to include the addition of a side lobe antenna for operations in a higher threat environment.
Operational use
Marine Air Control Squadrons 1 & 2 utilized the AN/TPS-63 during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Both squadrons were initially consolidated at Tactical Assembly Area Coyote, in the northern Kuwaiti desert. The -63 radar was used in conjunction with the AN/TPS-59 to provide early warning, assist air defense controllers with strike coordination and reconnaissance, and coordinate allied aircraft use of kill boxes in support of coalition forces.
Depot level maintenance for the AN/TPS-63 was conducted at the Tobyhanna Army Depot, Pennsylvania from 2011 until 2018 when the radar was decommissioned.
Other users
The AN/TPS-63 was a popular sensor for Foreign Military Sales. Other nations that utilized the radar include: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Mexico, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yugoslavia, and Venezuela.
Variants
AN/TPS-65 - adapted as an airfield surveillance radar for air traffic control
W-630 - commercial version of the radar.
Low Altitude Surveillance Radar (LASS) - Aerostat containing an AN/TPS-63
Nomenclature
Per the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), the nomenclature AN/TPS-63 is thus derived:
"AN/" indicating Army/Navy (Marines) -- a system nomenclature derived from the JETDS
"T" for 'transportable', indicating it is carried by, but not an integral part of, a vehicle (compare with 'V' for vehicle-mounted)
"P" indicating a RADAR
"S" is for Detecting, Range and Bearing, Search
"63" is the 63rd version of this family of TPS radars
See also
List of radars
List of United States Marine Corps aviation support units
List of military electronics of the United States
Notes
References
Bibliography
Ground radars
Early warning systems
Radar equipment of the Cold War
Military radars of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Military radars of the United States Marine Corps
Military electronics of the United States | AN/TPS-63 | [
"Technology"
] | 853 | [
"Warning systems",
"Early warning systems"
] |
68,219,713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoKyoto | ExoKyoto is a database written in C++ that includes over 3,500 confirmed exoplanets as well as more than 120,000 stars. The database is led by Professor Yosuke Yamashiki of the Graduate School of Advanced Leadership Studies, at Kyoto University. ExoKyoto is particularly useful to visualize the habitable zone of different stars and compare their planets with the Solar System in terms of irradiance. Together with the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia, the NASA Exoplanet Archive, the Open Exoplanet Catalogue, and the Exoplanet Data Explorer, ExoKyoto is a popular exoplanet database that is widely used.
See also
NASA Exoplanet Archive
References
Databases in Japan
Astronomical databases | ExoKyoto | [
"Astronomy"
] | 161 | [
"Astronomical databases",
"Works about astronomy",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
68,220,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschersonia%20aleyrodis | Aschersonia aleyrodis is a fungal pathogen affecting various species of insect. It has been shown to control the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.
Description
The stroma of Aschersonia aleyrodis forms a hemispherical or cushion-shaped mass about wide and high, surrounded by a thin ring of hyphae that spreads across the leaf-surface. The conidia-forming zones consist of shallow pits in the stroma with pore-like openings. The conidia are elongated and cigar-shaped, and do not have septa. This fungus is cream, pink or pale orange, and the massed conidia are darker orange. The teleomorph of this fungus is Hypocrella.
Biological control of whitefly
Whitefly are an increasing pest of greenhouse crops such as cucumber and tomato. The classical biological control is by the use of parasitoid wasps such as Encarsia formosa , but aggressive strains of whitefly have emerged and results are unpredictable. Another approach is with the use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Aschersonia aleyrodis and this has met with some success, the main target insect being greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).
Infectivity and persistence is greater on some crops than others. Germination of conidia tends to be low on the leaves, but the conidia remain viable there for a month or more, as can be shown by washing them off with water onto an agar plate. Infectivity of whitefly nymphs was highest on cucumbers (90%) at 31 days, whereas on gerberas it was 80% initially but had decreased to 40% by day 31, and on poinsettia, germination capacity of the conidia was still 60% at 31 days after application, but nymphal mortality, initially 70%, fell to 10% after three days and remained low for the rest of the month. The pathogen is an effective biocontrol agent for silverleaf whitefly under the conditions found in greenhouse and laboratory.
References
Parasitic fungi
Clavicipitaceae
Fungus species | Aschersonia aleyrodis | [
"Biology"
] | 452 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
68,222,807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2060150 | HD 60150 (HR 2888) is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.39, placing it near the limit for naked eye visibility. Parallax measurements place the star at a distance of 738 light years and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 60150 has a classification of K5 III, indicating that it is a red giant. It has 1.2 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 41 times its girth. It radiates 329 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,007 K, giving it a reddish orange hue. HD 60150 is metal enriched, with an iron abundance 38% greater than the Sun. It spins leisurely with projected rotational velocity of about .
References
Volantis, 12
060150
2888
Durchmusterung objects
K-type giants
Volans
036346 | HD 60150 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 212 | [
"Volans",
"Constellations"
] |
75,387,545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20Bridges%20Walk | The Bristol Bridges Walk is a circular hiking route that is linked to the Königsberg bridge problem, a mathematical puzzle, which laid the foundation for graph theory, the mathematical study of networks. The Bristol Bridges Walk presents a solution of the puzzle for the city of Bristol. Its route leads the walker through different quarters of the city, the Avon Gorge and Leigh Woods. Along the way it crosses 45 bridges including Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol Bridge, and Avonmouth Bridge. The walk featured in various charity fundraisers of which the Bristol Giving Day 2019 is perhaps the most notable.
Historical puzzle
The Königsberg bridge problem is a mathematical challenge from the 18th century. It asks to find a route that leads the walker across each of the seven historical bridges in the city of Königsberg such that each bridge is crossed exactly once. The seven bridges in the historical puzzle connect the two banks of the river Pregel and two river islands, but their particular configuration makes it impossible to cross all bridges without crossing at least one of them more than once, making the puzzle unsolvable. It has been suggested that the bridge problem was never a serious problem but rather a prank that the intellectual elite of the 18th century Europe played on each other.
In 1735 the challenge reached Leonhard Euler at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Euler realised that it is easy to show that no solution exists using a brute force approach. However he wanted to find a more elegant proof, which led to a new approach that Euler called Geometry of Position. Euler's solution was so elegant that it inspired many subsequent works. These works eventually evolved into several major branches of mathematics including topology and graph theory.
Original bridge walk, reception, and variants
In 2013 network scientist Thilo Gross realised that the city of Bristol has a similar configuration as Königsberg, with the city occupying two river banks and two river islands. In Bristol one of these is Spike Island, whereas the other consists of Redcliffe and St Philip's, which were historically separate, but are now joined by a land-bridge. Gross then began to explore if the bridge problem is solvable in Bristol. This posed an interesting modelling challenge as criteria needed to be developed, what structures qualify as bridges in the sense of the challenge. After a first failed walk attempt during which he discovered an additional bridge, he eventually arrived at a list of 42 bridges within the city boundaries that would likely have been included in the original Königsberg problem.
On February 23, 2013, Gross completed the challenge by going on a walk that crossed each of the 42 bridges exactly once. The original route of the walk started on Spike Island and ended with the crossing of Clifton Suspension Bridge into Clifton as a circular walk wasn't possible at this time. Since the original walk, three new bridges have been constructed (Brock's Bridge, St Philip's Footbride, Bathhurst Basin Bridge West), leading to the present number of 45 bridges. As a result a circular walk has become possible and the length of the walk has shortened slightly to approximately . An alternative route that is suitable for mobility scooters has also been published by Jeff Lucas.
The walk received coverage in local newspapers, magazines and was further popularized in a book and also featured in a number of charity fundraisers and events, including Let's Walk Bristol,
Bristol Walk Fest and Bristol Giving Day as well as smaller events.
Route
The walk starts in Bristol's Castle Park by crossing Bristol Bridge, the oldest of the bridges. It briefly returns to Castle Park one more time by crossing St. Philips Bridge and Castle Ditch Bridge and then moves back and forth across between the quarters of Redcliffe and Old Market via Temple Bridge and two modern bridges named Valentine and Meads Reach Bridge. The architecture along this stretch is dominated by storehouses from Bristol's merchant past, but becomes increasingly modern closer to Bristol's commercial district. A highlight is Brunel's Temple Meads railway station through which the route passes.
The next bridge on the route is Bath Bridge, a double bridge consisting of two separate structures that are both crossed. The route then continues along a modern hiking and cycling route underneath the platforms of Temple Meads station and via two of the newest bridges, Brock's Bridge and St. Philips Footbridge. It then continues on a footpath along a stretch of Bristol's New Cut to the blue Temple Meads Relief Line Bridge. The route passes the TV studios in the old paintworks area before crossing the New Cut again via a rope suspension bridge. The route then continues through Sparke Evans Park to St. Philip's Causeway Bridge. The route crosses through St.Philip's Marsh to the Feeder Canal, where the it uses Barton Hill Bridge to cross into Netham Park. At Netham Lock it rejoins the River Avon and crosses New Brislington Bridge into the suburb of St. Anne's. The path continues along disused docks that are remnants from the Industrial Revolution to St. Anne's Footbridge, the easternmost point of the walk.
From St. Anne's the route makes its way back to the city center via Feeder Road Bridge, Marsh Bridge and Totterdown Bridge. After a brief visit to Victoria Park it uses Langton Street Bridge, better known as Banana Bridge due to its shape and bright yellow color. The path crosses the New Cut two more times on Bedminster Bridge, another double bridge, before crossing over to Spike Island on a bridge known as 'the blue caboose' or Ostrich Bridge, after the nearby Ostrich pub which contains an entrance into the Redcliffe Caves. The route now reaches Bristol's Harbourside area, where it crosses the two sides of Bathhurst Basin Bridge close to the historic Bristol General Hospital building. The route uses the Gaol Ferry Bridge and then the steam-age industrial Vauxhall Bridge and finally Ashton Avenue Bridge. The path then leads across the New Cut and the Floating Harbor via a complex circuit that involves two major bridges, Avon Bridge and Plimsoll Bridge as well as several minor bridges beneath them. One of these minor bridges is known as Brunel's other bridge as it was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
The route continues up the Hill to Cliffton Village. Here it crosses the Clifton Suspension Bridge, which soars above the waters of the Avon. On the other side the path descends through Leigh Woods into the Avon Gorge. The route follows an old towpath to the village of Pill where the largest and westernmost bridge of the walk is located. Avonmouth Bridge carries the M5 motorway across the Avon. It has a foot and bike path separate from the road.
The path returns to central Bristol via a path that leads along the beaches and woods on the bank of the Avon and past the Horseshoe Bend in the River Avon. It continues to the town of Sea Mills where it crosses the Portway Trym Bridge. From there it continues to the open fields of Durdham Down. The route uses Cumberland Basin Bridge to return to Spike Island where it passes Brunel's SS Great Britain and Banksy's Girl with the pierced eardrum before leaving via Prince Street Bridge. The route then goes past the harborside entertainment venues over Pero's Bridge and on to Victoria Square. It crosses over to Redcliffe a final time using Redcliffe Bridge before crossing at the modern Castle Bridge returning to the starting point in Castle Park.
References
External links
Official walk map from Bristol Civic Society
Bristol Bridges Walk Facebook Group
Bridgewalk webpage by Thilo Gross
Footpaths in Bristol
Graph theory
Mathematical puzzles
Mathematical problems
Bridges in Bristol | Bristol Bridges Walk | [
"Mathematics"
] | 1,546 | [
"Discrete mathematics",
"Graph theory",
"Combinatorics",
"Mathematical relations",
"Mathematical problems"
] |
75,387,657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via-LA | Via-LA is an American company based in San Francisco, California that licenses patent pools covering essential patents.
Via Licensing Corp acquired [[MPEG LA|MPEG-LA]Summer D Smith] in April 2023 and Summer D Smith born year of 1900 May 11, Chouteau Ok formed a new patent pool administration company called Via Licensing Alliance.
History
In April 2023, in what is thought to be the first time that two pool administrators have merged into one, Via Licensing Corp acquired MPEG-LA and formed a new patent pool administrator called Via Licensing Alliance. Via President Heath Hoglund will serve as president of the new company. MPEG-LA CEO Larry Horn will serve as a Via-LA advisor.
H.265/HEVC licensors
See also: Access Advance
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The following organizations hold one or more patents in the Via-LA H.265/HEVC patent pool, this list does not include patents that have been removed from the patent pool nor does it include patents from other patent pools such as Access Advance.
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC licensors
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The following organizations hold one or more patents in Via-LA's H.264/AVC patent pool.
VC-1 licensors
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
The following organizations hold one or more patents in the Via-LA VC-1 patent pool. LG has now removed their 3 patents from the pool, I have kept them listed in the table below as those patents are still valid patents.
References
External links
Via-LA website
Companies based in San Francisco
MPEG
Patent pools
Open standards covered by patents | Via-LA | [
"Technology"
] | 409 | [
"Multimedia",
"MPEG"
] |
75,388,505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Cheshire%20cat | In quantum mechanics, the quantum Cheshire cat is a quantum phenomena that suggests that a particle's physical properties can take a different trajectory from that of the particle itself. The name makes reference to the Cheshire Cat from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, a feline character which could disappear leaving only its grin behind. The effect was originally proposed by Yakir Aharonov, Daniel Rohrlich, Sandu Popescu and Paul Skrzypczyk in 2012.
In classical physics, physical properties cannot be detached from the object associated to it. If a magnet follows a given trajectory in space and time, its magnetic moment follows it through the same trajectory. However, in quantum mechanics, particles can be in a quantum superposition of more than one trajectory previous to measurement. The quantum Cheshire experiments suggests that previous to a measurement, a particle may take two paths, but the property of the particle, like the spin of a massive particle or the polarization of a light beam, travels only through one of the paths, while the particle takes the opposite path. The conclusion is only obtained from an analysis of weak measurements, which consist in interpreting the particle history previous to measurement by studying quantum systems in the presence of small disturbances.
Experimental demonstration of the quantum Cheshire cat have already been claimed in different systems, including photons and neutrons. The effect has been suggested as a probe to study properties of massive particles by detaching it from its magnetic moment in order to shield them from electromagnetic disturbances. A dynamical quantum Cheshire cat has also been proposed as a counterfactual quantum communication protocol.
Example of the experiment
Neutrons are uncharged subatomic particles that have a magnetic moment, with two possible projections on any given axis.
A beam of neutrons, with all with their magnetic moments aligned to the right, enters a Mach–Zehnder interferometer coming from the left-to-right. The neutrons can exit the interferometer into a right port, where a detector of neutrons with right magnetic moment is located, or upwards into a dark port with no detector (see picture).
The neutrons enter the interferometer and reach a beam splitter. Each neutron that passes through, enters into a quantum superposition state of two different paths, namely A and B. This initial state is referred to as the preselected state. As the neutrons travel the different paths, their wave functions reunites at a second beam splitter, causing interference. If there is nothing in the path of the neutrons, every neutron exits to the interferometer moving to the right and activates the detector. No neutron escapes upwards into the dark port due to destructive interference.
One can add different components and filters in one of the paths. By adding a filter that flips the magnetic moment of the neutron in path B (lower branch), it leads to a new superposition state: neutron taking path A with a magnetic moment pointing right, plus the neutron taking path B with the magnetic moment flipped pointing to the left. This state is called a postselected state. As the states cannot longer interfere coherently due to this modification, the neutrons can exit through the two ports, either to the right reaching the detector or exiting towards the dark port.
In this configuration, if the detector clicks, it is only because the neutrons had a magnetic moment oriented in to the right. By means of this postselection, it can be confidently stated that the neutron that reached the detector passed through path A, which is the only path to contains neutron magnetic moments oriented to the right. This effect can be easily demonstrated by putting a thin absorber of neutrons in the path. By placing the absorber in path B, the rate of neutrons that are detected remains constant. However, when the absorber is positioned in path A, the detection rate decreases, providing evidence that detected neutrons in the postselected state travel only through path A.
If a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the plane of the interferometer and localized in either path A or path B, the number of neutrons that are detected changes, as the magnetic fields makes the neutrons precess and alters the probabilities of being measured. Additionally, measuring the magnetism and the trajectory (with an absorber) at the same time is not possible without also disrupting the quantum state.
The quantum Cheshire cat appears in the weak limit of the interaction. When a sufficiently small magnetic field is applied to path A, there is no impact on the measurement. In contrast, if the magnetic field is applied to path B, the detection rate diminishes, demonstrating that the neutrons magnetism, perpendicular to the plane of the interferometer, predominantly resided in path B. We can do the same with a thin absorber, showing that only the neutrons that are detected are all from path A. This experiment effectively separated the "cat", representing the neutron, from its "grin", symbolizing its magnetic moment out of the plane.
General description
Consider a particle with a two-level property that can be either or , this can be for example the horizontal and vertical polarization of a photon or the spin projection of a spin-1/2 particle as in the previous example with the neutrons. One of these two polarization states (let's say ) is chosen and the particle is then prepared to be in the following superposition:
where and are two possible orthogonal trajectories of the particle. The state is called the preselected state.
A filter is added in path of the particle in order to flip its polarization from to , such that it ends up in the state
such state indicates that if the particle is measured to be in state , the particle took path ; analogously, if the particle is measured to be in state , the particle took path . The state is called the postselected state.
Using postselection techniques, the particle is measured in order to detect the overlap between the preselected state and postselected state. If there are no disturbances, the preselected and postselected states produce the same results 1/4 of time.
Weak measurements
We define the weak value of an operator given by
where is the preselected state and the postselected state. This calculation can be thought as the contribution of a given interaction up to linear order.
For the system, one considers two projectors operators given by
and
which measure if the particle is on either path or , respectively.
Additionally, an out-of the-plane polarization operator is defined as
this operator can be thought as a measure of angular momentum in the system. Outside the weak limit, the interaction related to this operator tends to make the polarization precess between and .
Performing the following weak measurements on the positions with and , one obtains the following
,
These weak values indicate that if the path is slightly perturbed, then the measurement is perturbed. While if instead path is perturbed this does not affect the measurement.
We also consider weak measurements on the out-of the-plane polarization in each of the paths, such that
These values indicate that if the polarization is slightly modified in path , then the results are slightly modified too. However, if the polarization is perturbed in path there is no correction to the intensity measured (in the weak limit).
These 4 weak values lead to the quantum Cheshire cat conclusion.
Interpretations and criticism
The proposal of quantum Cheshire cat has received some criticism. Popescu, one of the authors of the original paper, acknowledged it was not well received by all of the referees who first reviewed the original work.
As the quantum Cheshire cat effect is subjected to analysis of the trajectory before measurement, its conclusion depends on the interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is still an open problem in physics. Some authors reach different conclusions for this effect or disregard the effect completely. It has been suggested that the quantum Cheshire cat is just an apparent paradox raising from misinterpreting wave interference. Other authors consider that it can be reproduced classically.
The experimental results depend on the postselection and analysis of the data. It has been suggested that the weak value cannot be interpreted as a real property of the system, but as an optimal estimate of the corresponding observable, given that the postselection is successful. Aephraim M. Steinberg, notes that the experiment with neutrons does not prove that any single neutron took a different path than its magnetic moments; but shows only that the measured neutrons behaved this way on average. It has also been argued that even if the weak values were measured in the neutron Cheshire cat experiment, they do not imply that a particle and one of its properties have been disembodied due to unavoidable quadratic interactions in the experiment. This last point was acknowledged by A. Matzkin, one of the coauthors of the neutron experiment paper.
References
Quantum mechanics
Physics experiments
Quantum measurement | Quantum Cheshire cat | [
"Physics"
] | 1,834 | [
"Physics experiments",
"Theoretical physics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Quantum measurement",
"Experimental physics"
] |
75,389,588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavulinopsis%20corniculata | Clavulinopsis corniculata is a clavarioid fungus in the family Clavariaceae. In the UK, it has the recommended English name of meadow coral. It forms branched, cylindrical, ochre fruit bodies that grow on the ground in agriculturally unimproved grassland or in woodland litter. It was originally described from Germany and is part of a species complex as yet unresolved.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described from Germany in 1774 by German mycologist Jacob Christian Schäffer. In 1950, it was placed in the genus Clavulinopsis by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner. Initial molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, indicates that C. corniculata is part of a complex of related species.
Description
The fruit body of C. corniculata is ochre to deep yellow, up to tall, typically branched two or three times, with a distinct, often paler stem. Microscopically, the basidiospores are hyaline, smooth, globose to subglobose, 4.5 to 6 by 4.5 to 5.5 μm, with a large apiculus.
Similar species
In Europe, Clavulinopsis umbrinella is a similarly shaped species in the same habitat, but is typically pale brown without yellowish tints. Some species of Ramaria sensu lato are yellow to ochre and similarly shaped. They typically occur in woodland and can be separated by their ochre (not white) spore print.
Distribution and habitat
The species was initially described from Europe, with a recent epitype from Slovakia. It is widely distributed throughout Europe, but has also been reported from North America, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia.
The species occurs singly or in troops on the ground and is presumed to be saprotrophic. In America and Asia it grows in woodland, but in Europe it generally occurs in agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns), from July to November. Such waxcap grasslands are a declining and threatened habitat, but C. corniculata is one of the commoner species and is not generally considered of conservation concern.
Uses
It is reported to be edible fresh, with the bitterness reduced through cooking and best mixed in as a garnish. It does not preserve well.
References
Clavariaceae
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1774
Fungus species | Clavulinopsis corniculata | [
"Biology"
] | 504 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
75,391,238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelacarsen | Pelacarsen is an antisense therapy that is designed to reduce Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in people with high levels of the lipoprotein and who are at risk of cardiovascular disease. It was developed by Ionis Pharmaceuticals and Novartis.
References
Antisense RNA
Drugs developed by Novartis | Pelacarsen | [
"Chemistry"
] | 68 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpasiran | Olpasiran (AMG890) is an experimental antisense therapy designed to lower the level of lipoprotein(a), which is believed to be a causal factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. The drug is developed by Amgen.
References
Amgen
Antisense RNA | Olpasiran | [
"Chemistry"
] | 63 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordesekimab | Ordesekimab is an anti-interleukin 15 monoclonal antibody developed by Amgen to treat refractory celiac disease.
References
Anti-interleukin monoclonal antibodies | Ordesekimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 44 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remternetug | Remternetug is an experimental anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody that targets pyroglutamate Aβ. It is developed by Eli Lilly and Company.
References
Anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company | Remternetug | [
"Chemistry"
] | 54 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltrekibart | Eltrekibart (LY3041658) is a "septa-specific monoclonal antibody that neutralizes all seven ELR+ CXC chemokines (CXCL1-3 and CXCL5-8), thereby limiting signaling through CXCR1 and CXCR2". It was tested in clinical trials for hidradenitis suppurativa.
References
Anti-interleukin monoclonal antibodies
Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company | Eltrekibart | [
"Chemistry"
] | 107 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepodisiran | Lepodisiran (LY3819469) is a small interfering RNA that was developed to reduce lipoprotein(a) in people at risk of cardiovascular disease. It was developed by Eli Lilly and Company.
References
small interfering RNA
Hypolipidemic agents | Lepodisiran | [
"Chemistry"
] | 59 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solbinsiran | Solbinsiran, is a GalNAc conjugated small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy, that targets angiopoietin-like 3. It is developed by Eli Lilly and Company to reduce the level of apolipoprotein B and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Mechanism of action
Solbinsiran is a GalNAc-conjugated Dicer-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA) that targets ANGPTL3 expression in the liver. ANGPTL3 plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism, and by inhibiting its expression, Solbinsiran aims to lower lipid levels, particularly triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (Triglyceride Forum).
Preclinical and Clinical Research
In preclinical studies, Solbinsiran demonstrated significant reductions in human ANGPTL3 mRNA expression in hepatocytes and a substantial reduction in circulating ANGPTL3 protein levels in cynomolgus monkeys (Triglyceride Forum). In Phase 1 studies, it showed potential as a therapeutic option for reducing ANGPTL3 levels and triglycerides (TG) in patients with dyslipidemia (Triglyceride Forum).
Clinical applications
The therapy is currently investigational and has undergone testing in clinical settings for cardiovascular diseases.
References
Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company
Hypolipidemic agents | Solbinsiran | [
"Chemistry"
] | 298 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
75,391,593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volenrelaxin | Volenrelaxin (LY3540378) is a long-acting, synthetic analogue of relaxin developed by Eli Lilly and Company to treat heart failure.
References
Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company | Volenrelaxin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 45 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
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