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72,550,055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echegaray%20Medal | The Echegaray Medal (Spanish: La Medalla Echegaray) is the highest scientific award granted by the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences. The award was created by Alfonso XIII at the request of Santiago Ramón y Cajal after the award of the Nobel Prize to José Echegaray and is awarded in recognition of an exceptional scientific career.
The first time it was granted was in 1907 to the eponymous José Echegaray. More than a hundred years after the award was created, the first woman to receive the Echegaray Medal was Margarita Salas in 2016 during a ceremony which was presided over by Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain.
Past recipients
1907 José Echegaray
1910 Eduardo Saavedra
1913 SAS el Príncipe Alberto I de Mónaco
1916 Leonardo Torres Quevedo
1919 Svante Arrhenius
1922 Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1925 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
1928 Ignacio Bolívar
1931 Ernest Rutherford
1934 Joaquín María de Castellarnau
1968 Obdulio Fernández
1975 José María Otero de Navascués
1979 José García Santesmases
1998 Manuel Lora Tamayo
2016 Margarita Salas
2018 Mariano Barbacid
2020 Francisco Guinea
2022 José A. Carrillo
References
Academic awards
Spanish awards
Science and technology in Spain | Echegaray Medal | [
"Technology"
] | 257 | [
"Science and technology awards",
"Science award stubs"
] |
72,551,201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20168592 | HD 168592, also designated as HR 6862 or rarely 7 G. Coronae Australis, is a solitary star located in the southern constellation Corona Australis. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued star with an apparent magnitude of 5.07. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements place it at a distance of 490 light years and is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 168592's brightness is diminished by 0.38 magnitudes due to interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of −0.76.
HD 168592 has a stellar classification of K4/5 III, indicating that it is an evolved K-type star with the characteristics of a K4 and K5 giant star. It has a comparable mass to the Sun but the star has expanded to 43.6 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 666 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 168592 is slightly metal deficient with an iron abundance 26% below solar levels. The star spins slowly, as is common for giant stars, with a projected rotational velocity of .
References
K-type giants
Corona Australis
Coronae Australis, 7
CD-38 12729
168592
090037
6862 | HD 168592 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 287 | [
"Corona Australis",
"Constellations"
] |
72,551,387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotus%20abieticola | Pleurotus abieticola is an edible species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae, described as new to science by mycologists R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes in 1997. It grows on rotten wood of Picea in subalpine forests dominated by it. It has been reported first in far‐eastern Russia (Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve), and then northeastern China (Songjianghe and in Jilin) and northwestern Russia (north of Saint Petersburg). It can be cultivated. Phylogenetic research has shown that while it belongs to P. ostreatus clade, it forms its own intersterility group.
See also
List of Pleurotus species
References
External links
Fungi described in 1997
Pleurotaceae
Fungus species | Pleurotus abieticola | [
"Biology"
] | 160 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
72,555,200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20age-related%20terms%20with%20negative%20connotations | The following is a list of terms used in relation to age with negative connotations. Many age-negative terms intersect with ableism, or are derogatory toward people with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Age-negative terms are used about young people as well as older people. A large number of these terms are United States slang. Style guides such as the "Age Writing Guide" by the University of Bristol have been implemented in some institutions to attempt to eliminate the use of ageist terms in academic writing.
Some of these terms may not be pejorative depending on context.
Terms
A
Adorable: Not necessarily negative, a term that, when specifically applied to an older person or a senior citizen, can be considered patronizing and mocking in nature, particularly if the term is being used to refer to mental disabilities or dependency.
Adult diaper: A type of disposable diaper or underpants for adults who struggle with urinary or fecal incontinence or other medical issues that affect bladder and bowel control; it is recommended by groups such as AgingCare that nurses and other professional care staff not use the term "diaper" due to its connotation with infants and children; preferred terms are adult descriptors such as "briefs", "panties", or the product's brand name, for example Depends.
Alligator bait, gator bait: A racist slur used to describe black children and young people, comparing their worth to bait used to catch alligators; the term gator bait was banned from a common cheer in Florida due to its offensive meaning, and is generally no longer used.
Ancient: An insulting term to refer to an older person or senior citizen.
B
Baba Yaga: A Slavic mythological figure and slang term referring to an unsightly old woman, who frightens or upsets children.
Baby: Term often used to tease others for being childish or too young, or for behaving in an immature way.
Bag lady: A homeless old woman or vagrant.
Barely legal: A term used to market pornography featuring young people who are "barely legal" (only just reached legal age of majority or the age of consent, or both). The term fetishizes young people sexually.
Bed blocker: A derogatory term used to describe older people taking up hospital beds in a healthcare system.
Beldame: An outdated term referring to an old woman, especially an ugly one.
Biddy: An annoying, gossipy or interfering old lady.
Blue-hair: Derogatory term referring to older women who color their hair a distinctive silvery-blue.
Boomer: A postwar era-born person from the "Baby Boom", or a "baby boomer"; this term can also be used in a neutral context.
Boomer Remover: A slang term used to describe the COVID-19 pandemic; the term drew criticism for trivializing and mocking the high death rates of aging people due to the pandemic.
Boomerang kid: A term for an adult who ceases to live independently from their parents and moves back home, typically derogatory.
Brat: A term used to describe a badly-behaved or spoiled child.
Burden: A term (also ableist) of contempt or disdain used to describe old and infirm or disabled people who either don't contribute to society or who contribute in a limited way; this lack of contribution may be imposed or facilitated by social stigma and other factors.
C
Christmas cake: A Japanese term referring to a woman who is unmarried past the age of 25, likening them to a Christmas cake that is unsold after the 25th (of December) and no longer desirable.
Codger: An old-fashioned or eccentric old man.
Coot: A crazy and foolish old man; senile man.
Cougar: An American slang term referring to older women who have romantic or sexual relations with younger men, although the term can also have a positive connotation depending on the situation or circumstance.
Crone: An ugly or witch-like old woman.
Curmudgeon: An ill-tempered, grumpy or surly old man (although the term is most often applied to old men, it can be used more broadly: for example, in the 2008 film Marley & Me, John Grogan, a forty-year-old man, is called a curmudgeon for complaining about the prevalence of aesthetically ugly high-rise condos popping up in his city).
D
Dinosaur: Slang term used to describe an out-of-touch older person, a clueless person or an ignorant older man.
Dirty old man: An old pervert, specifically referring to older men who make unwanted sexual advances or remarks, or who often engage in sex-related activities. The term suggests that it is inappropriate and unnatural for older men to be sexually active. The term, other than being ageist, has misandrist connotations in the West.
Dotard: A weak older person with limited mental faculties, or a mentally disabled older person.
Dried up: Slang for a sexually-inactive older person, often used to refer to post-menopausal women.
E
Empty nesters: Older people with children who have moved out of the family residence; people who are downsizing their living quarters.
F
Failure to launch: A term referring to a young adult who has not yet met the societal standards of their culture for being a typical adult, such as going to university, moving to their own residence or getting a job.
Fogey: An old man who has old-fashioned or conservative interests and tastes.
Fuddy-duddy: A silly or foolish old man.
G
Geezer: A significantly aged old man. In the UK, it is a slang term used most often to refer simply to a "man" or "guy".
Geriatric: Offensive slang only when used in a non-medical context.
Gerry: (Not to be confused with the pejorative ethnic term towards German people; "gerry" in this context is short for "geriatric").
Gold-digger: A younger person, typically a woman, who seduces and then gets money, affection and possessions from an older person; the term can also have criminal implications.
Golden Girls: A group of older women who are friends; originates from the term "golden years", and from the 1980s sitcom The Golden Girls.
Guang Gun: A derogatory Chinese slang term loosely translating to "bare branches" or "bare sticks", used to describe unmarried men who have no legitimate children and therefore don't carry on the family tree or family name; the male equivalent of "spinster" or "Sheng nu".
H
Harold and Maude: A couple consisting of two partners between whom there is a large age gap; slang term originates from the 1971 comedy feature film Harold and Maude.
Has-been: An older person out-of-touch with modern trends, or outmoded and no longer wanted/needed by their place of employment or society. It is used also towards a living "washed-up" or no longer relevant or influential personality, like a former celebrity.
Having a "senior moment": A temporary mental lapse jokingly attributed to senility or old age.
Hipster: A term (often pejorative) referring to young people who are pretentious and heavily focused on keeping up with certain high-end fashion and lifestyle choices.
J
Jailbait: A slang term used to identify a young girl or boy who is under the age of consent as a sexual object.
K
Kidult: An adult with an interest in childish things and things from childhood that they are nostalgic for; for example, a grown man with no children who plays with My Little Pony figurines or sleeps with plush toys. The term is used positively or neutrally in animation for kid-looking adult characters like Mickey Mouse, SpongeBob, Chip & Dale and Cuphead & Mugman (in both their 1930s cartoon-style video game and the animated series based on it)
L
Little old lady: A harmless and helpless older woman; innocent and pitiful older woman.
Lolita: A term for a sexualized minor child, typically a girl; the term has pedophilic connotations and is often used to fetishize or exploit vulnerable preteen girls. "Lolita" is a term of endearment from the book Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov.
Luddite: A person who resists new technology, especially digital technology; this term may be misused to refer to people with anti-establishment views, e.g. someone who boycotts Amazon or refuses to own a mobile phone. It is a misuse of "luddite" which refers to a 19th century group of British textile workers with certain religious and philosophical beliefs about social order and technological advancements.
M
Maggot(s) in the rice: A derogatory term in contemporary Chinese culture referring to baby girls; the term is typically associated with 20th century China's authoritarian "One Child Policy", which limited birth of children per family and also favoured male children. China's government has since implemented efforts to change this perception.
Mama-san: A term (often considered pejorative, outdated) referring to an older woman from East Asia in an authority position.
Man-child or Man-baby: A grown adult man who lives like a child or teenager typically would.
MILF: An acronym slang term meaning "mother I'd like to fuck"; considered sexist and ageist by some and positive or neutral by others.
Mrs. Robinson: Refers to a character in the 1967 feature film "The Graduate"; slang term referring to an older woman pursuing someone younger than herself, typically an adolescent male.
O
Okay, boomer: Pejorative term and internet meme that is used as a retort to opinions that are associated with the Baby boomer generation — some consider the term ageist.
Old bag / Old hag: An older, unappealing and ugly woman.
Old bat: A senile older woman.
Old cow: A rude term for an older woman, especially one who is overweight or obese and homely.
Old fart: A boring and old-fashioned silly person.
Old maid: An older never married lady.
Olderly: Newfoundland slang term for "elderly"; can be offensive or neutral depending on the context.
Oldster: An offensive term that gained strong pejorative status during the COVID-19 pandemic; used to describe senior citizens affected by the pandemic.
Old white man/men: A derogatory term for older white men usually in reference to that demographic's perceived disproportionate political power and higher rate of conservative belief.
Out to pasture: Euphemism for retirement, likening retirement to putting a working livestock animal, such as a horse or ox, out to pasture for grazing.
P
Pensioner: An older person living on an old-age pension; sometimes used as an insult to refer to aging people draining the welfare system.
Peter Pan: A term describing a grown adult, typically a man, who behaves like a child or teenager and refuses, either actively or passively, to act their true age. It is also used as a positive way, even as a compliment, depending on the context and circumstance.
Pops: A condescending (depending on context) term for an older, out-of-touch man.
Punk: A misbehaved young person, not to be confused with punk subculture.
S
Senile: Senility; broad term (with some legitimate medical usage) referring to older people with declining mental capabilities. The term is used also against people with still good mental capabilities, merely due to their age.
Sheng nu: A derogatory Chinese slang term loosely translating to "leftover women", used to describe unmarried older women.
Silver fox: A sexually-attractive or promiscuous older person, typically a woman.
Spinster: A woman who, in her own culture, is single beyond the age at which most people get married.
W
Whippersnapper: A young person who thinks they know more than they do, typically a teenager or young adult; a smartass.
Witch: An older woman who is cranky, physically unattractive, and bitter.
Wrinkle room: A term in gay culture referring to bars where old men congregate.
Wrinkled old prune: A derogatory term referring to old people by way of their wrinkled skin and consumption of fiber, comparing them to dehydrated plums.
Y
Young fogey: A British slang term referring to conservatively dressed, young preppy men.
Yuppie: An urban professional, typically of the 1980s era, a sellout; developed a pejorative connotation from the association with consumerism, gentrification and indifference towards socio-economic issues.
Yuppie flu: A pejorative term for chronic fatigue syndrome, originating in the 1980s as a stereotype of people with CFS as frustrated and spoiled young yuppies.
Z
Zoomer: A blend word of "Generation Z" and "boomer"; refers to people born in the late 1990s or early 2000. Like "boomer", the term can also be used neutrally.
See also
Ableism
Age discrimination in the United States
Age segregation
Ageism
Double standard of aging
Elder abuse
List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
References
Ageism
Harassment and bullying
Discrimination
Elderly care
Lists of pejorative terms for people
Lists of slang
Vulnerable adults | List of age-related terms with negative connotations | [
"Biology"
] | 2,804 | [
"Harassment and bullying",
"Behavior",
"Aggression",
"Discrimination"
] |
72,557,046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%20Karlskoga%20gas%20leak | On 10 January 1985, a gas leak occurred at Björkborn, Karlskoga Municipality, Sweden, when a chemical plant spewed sulfuric acid gas over Karlskoga. The incident forced 300 people to evacuate and injured 20 people.
Accident
On Thursday, January 10, 1985, at 7:30 PM local time, a gas leak was detected at the Björkborn Industrial Zone. The site is situated just northeast of Björkborn Manor.
The gas container stopped leaking by 3 AM local time still the gas had reacted with the fog. Thus, resulting in an almost opaque-like fog covering the town of Karlskoga.
Response
Schools and workplaces were closed, requiring all 36,000 inhabitants to remain inside their homes. Traffic on the European Route E18 came to a halt, and daily activities were put on hold, all in response to the gas leak.
In addition, approximately 20 people sought treatment at an emergency clinic set up at a local school, treating chest pains and coughing.
See also
Bofors
References
External links
Gas leak report at the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency
1985 in Sweden
History of Karlskoga
Chemical disasters
Man-made disasters in Sweden
Bofors | 1985 Karlskoga gas leak | [
"Chemistry"
] | 244 | [
"Chemical accident",
"Chemical disasters"
] |
75,373,324 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20201852 | HD 201852 (HR 8108; 57 G. Microscopii) is a solitary star located in the southern constellation Microscopium. It is faintly visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued point of light with an apparent magnitude of 5.95. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of 365 light-years and it is slowly receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 201852's brightness is diminished by an interstellar extinction of 0.11 magnitudes and it has an absolute magnitude of +0.73.
HD 201852 has a stellar classification of K0 III, indicating that it is an evolved K-type giant that has exhausted hydrogen at its core and left the main sequence. It has 1.87 times the mass of the Sun but at the age of 1.58 billion years, it has expanded to 9.89 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 58 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 201852 has a near solar metallicity at [Fe/H] = −0.02 and it spins too slowly for its projected rotational velocity to be measured accurately; it has been given an upper limit of . Based on its kinematics and elemental abundances, HD 201852 is said to be part of the thin disk population.
References
K-type giants
Microscopium
Microscopii, 57
CD-36 14676
201852
104752
8108
00159690250 | HD 201852 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 326 | [
"Microscopium",
"Constellations"
] |
75,373,775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RW%20Persei | RW Persei is a eclipsing binary star system in the northern constellation of Perseus. It has a peak apparent visual magnitude of 9.68, so this system is too faint to be viewed with the naked eye. During the primary eclipse the brightness decreases to magnitude 11.36, but only to magnitude 9.78 with the secondary eclipse. The distance to RW Persei is approximately 1,510 light years, based on parallax measurements. It is receding from the Sun with a radial velocity of .
Observations
The variability of this star was discovered by Sigurd Enebo, for which he received the 1906 Lindemann Award from the Astronomische Gesellschaft. He classified it as an Algol variable and found a period of 13.196 days. Enebo refined the period to 13.1989 days in 1910. The low brightness and relatively long period of this system meant that it received little study for many decades. In 1945, O. Struve found emission lines, but (except for the H-alpha emission lines) only during an eclipse. It has a deep primary eclipse with only a minor secondary eclipse. He interpreted the emission as a nebulous stream moving with the eclipsed star.
D. S. Hall noted a rapid decrease in the duration of the primary eclipse in 1967, becoming a partial eclipse. Observations made in 1974 suggested a possible period change in the eclipse cycle. In 1986, J. J. Dobias and M. J. Plavec determined the primary component to be a Be star with an optically thick accretion disk in orbit. The secondary is an ordinary K2 giant star. Subsequent observations in 1988 and 1989 failed to confirm this disk, although they did show that the primary component must be spinning at 30 times the rate of synchronous rotation.
In 1991, the eclipse amplitude was found to have changed multiple times, declining from a magnitude difference of 3.20 in 1900 down to 1.75 in blue light. This is the second system shown to undergo such large adjustments in eclipse amplitude after IU Aurigae. The changes suggested a wobble in the orbital plane caused by an orbiting third body in the system. Alterations in the O–C diagram supported this interpretation, giving an orbital period of 68 years for the third body. However, a photometric study in 1992 failed to confirm the presence of a third body in the system. Instead, it was proposed that changes in the polar radius of the primary, brought on by accretion and slowed rotation, may explain the variations.
References
Further reading
Be stars
K-type giants
Algol variables
Eclipsing binaries
Perseus (constellation)
BD+41 851
276247
020245
Persei, RW | RW Persei | [
"Astronomy"
] | 566 | [
"Perseus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
75,373,788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina%20Cornish | Katrina Cornish is an Ohio State University professor noted for developing natural rubber-producing alternatives to hevea brasiliensis.
Education
Cornish earned her B.Sc. with 1st class honors in 1978 at the University of Birmingham in the Biological Sciences program. In 1982, she completed a Ph.D. in Plant Biology at the same school.
Career
Cornish began her work on rubber in 1987 at Arizona State University. In 1989, the U.S. Department of Agriculture hired her to its ARS Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California where she led a program to produce natural rubber from goldenrod or guayule. In 1997, Cornish patented a process to produce hypoallengic latex from guayule, and the patent was licensed to Yulex. She joined Yulex in 2004 as Vice President of R&D. In 2010, Cornish joined the faculty at the Wooster, Ohio campus of Ohio State University as professor and research scholar for bioemergent materials.
Awards
2018 - Lifetime Achievement Award from the Bioenvironmental Polymer Society
2024 – Charles Goodyear Medal of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society
References
Living people
Polymer scientists and engineers
Ohio State University faculty
Women materials scientists and engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Place of birth missing (living people) | Katrina Cornish | [
"Materials_science",
"Technology"
] | 268 | [
"Women materials scientists and engineers",
"Materials scientists and engineers",
"Women in science and technology"
] |
75,374,898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InsideWood | InsideWood is an online resource and database for wood anatomy, serving as a reference, research, and teaching tool. Wood anatomy is a sub-area within the discipline of wood science. This freely accessible database is purely scientific and noncommercial. It was created by NC State University Libraries in 2004, using funds from NC State University and the National Science Foundation, with the donation of wood anatomy materials by several international researchers and members of the IAWA, mostly botanists, biologists and wood scientists.
Contents
The database contains categorized anatomical descriptions of wood based on the IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood and Softwood Identification, complemented by a comprehensive set of photomicrographs. As of November 2023, the database contained thousands of wood anatomical descriptions and nearly 66,000 photomicrographs of contemporary woods, along with more than 1,600 descriptions and 2,000 images of fossil woods. Its coverage is worldwide.
Hosted by North Carolina State University Libraries, this digital collection encompasses CITES-listed timber species and other endangered woody plants. Its significance lies in aiding wood identification through a multi-entry key, enabling searches based on the presence or absence of IAWA features. Additionally, it functions as a virtual reference collection, allowing users to retrieve descriptions and images by searching scientific or common names, or other relevant keywords. The whole database contains materials from over 10,000 woody species and 200 plant families.
Initiator for this wood anatomy database has been the American botanist and wood scientist Elisabeth Wheeler.
The database contains two distinctive menus for specific anatomical features of modern wood species:
Softwoods
Hardwoods
Identifying wood holds significance across several domains and is of critical importance for commercial, forensic, archaeological, and paleontological applications. Also, timber identification provides new tools needed for the tracking of illegal logging and transportation. Wood identification is also important from an economic point of view.
References
External links
InsideWood
Inside Wood – A Web resource for hardwood anatomy by Elisabeth Wheeler
Facebook
Wood sciences
Biological databases | InsideWood | [
"Materials_science",
"Engineering",
"Biology"
] | 401 | [
"Wood sciences",
"Bioinformatics",
"Biological databases",
"Materials science"
] |
75,377,115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality%20neuroscience | Personality neuroscience uses neuroscientific methods to study the neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in stable psychological attributes. Specifically, personality neuroscience aims to investigate the relationships between inter-individual variation in brain structures as well as functions and behavioral measures of persistent psychological traits, broadly defined as "predispositions and average tendencies to be in particular states", including but are not limited to personality traits, sociobehavioral tendencies, and psychopathological risk factors. Personality neuroscience is considered as an interdisciplinary field integrating research questions and methodologies from social psychology, personality psychology, and neuroscience. It is closely related to other interdisciplinary fields, such as social, cognitive, and affective neuroscience.
History
Personality neuroscience is a field built upon the study of personality, which has been a central theme in psychology and evolving through various theoretical perspectives as well as methodological approaches over many years. Specifically, personality neuroscience aims to understand what neurobiological mechanisms underlie and contribute to personality, and therefore, is primarily based on theories that attribute individual differences to physiological and biological systems of the human body or brain. These theories can be traced back to many theories proposed by early physicians, philosophers, and psychologists. Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates developed the theories of Humorism by identifying four vital bodily "humors" or fluids (i.e., blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) to be associated with temperaments (i.e., sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic, and choleric, respectively) as well as physical health outcomes. In the early 20th century, the psychoanalytic theories put forth by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud was anchored on the unconscious mental processes. Influenced by the psychoanalytic theories, American psychologist Henry A. Murray proposed five principles of personology, his term for the study and system of personality, in which the first principle states that "personality is rooted in the brain. The individual's cerebral physiology guides and govern every aspect of personality". Relatedly, Murray also suggested that "needs", which is the motivation that drive behaviors, arose as a result of "a physiochemical force in the brain". American psychologist William Sheldon was known for his work on defining three "somatotypes" (i.e., body types: endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs) to personality attributes.
As early as the late 19th century, the case study of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury from an accident and underwent a significant personality change, was the first to suggest a causal link between the brain and personality. In the 1940s, there were studies investigating the association between brain wave patterns and individual differences using twin study paradigms, demonstrating that identical twins showed remarkably similar brain wave patterns measured by electroencephalography (EEG) when compared to fraternal twins. However, results from these studies were deemed hard to interpret "in the absence of any satisfactory theory linking brain-wave patterns to personality". Building off these studies and other studies that investigated the genetic inheritance of psychological attributes, in 1951, Hans J. Eysenck and D.B. Prell experimentally tested the heredity of neuroticism using a twin study paradigm and concluded that "the factor of neuroticism is not a statistical [artifact], but constitutes a biological unit which is inherited as a whole" and "the neurotic predisposition is to a large extent hereditarily determined". Following this work, Eysenck continued to investigate psychological traits in relation to neurobiological systems, including the nervous systems, arousal, and brain structures (e.g., reticular formation and the limbic system). In 1961, American psychologist Gordon W. Allport defined personality as "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought", localizing personality within "psychophysical systems".
Development
Extending from Eysenck's theory on the biological basis of personality, Jeffrey A. Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality and his work that studied the neural mechanisms underlying personality traits set the foundation for the contemporary field in personality neuroscience. For example, Gray's work suggested that introversion involved both the ascending reticular activating system and an inhibitory system of brain areas including the orbital frontal cortex, medial septal area, and. the hippocampus. In 1999, a chapter titled "The neuroscience of personality" written by Alan D. Pickering and Jeffrey A. Gray was published in the Handbook of personality: Theory and research, in which it introduced ways to "build a modern, integrated neuroscience of personality".
Although there had long been theoretically driven interests and experimental endeavors to understand the neurobiological basis of personality, it wasn't until recent years that, with the advancement in neuroscientific methodologies (e.g., non-invasive neuroimaging methods), the focus of personality psychology began to shift from observing, describing, and categorizing the phenomenon of individual differences towards discovering what may contribute to these observed individual differences. In 2010, the name "personality neuroscience" was coined by Colin G. DeYoung, who is a psychology professor and the director of the DeYoung Personality Lab at the University of Minnesota. In 2018, the Personality Neuroscience journal was established to "[publish] papers in the neuroscience of personality (including cognitive abilities, emotionality, and other individual differences) concerned with understanding causal bases" with "its focus on the equal importance of personality and neuroscience".
Research methodologies
As personality neuroscience seeks to understand the link between personality and its underlying neurobiological mechanisms, generating testable hypotheses involve both the measurements of personality attributes and neurobiological structures and/or functions.
Measuring personality
In the field of personality psychology, there have been two main approaches to define personality traits:
Nomothetic approach defines personality traits in terms of dimensions and factors, or typologies comprising an organized group of trait-like characteristics, that are generalizable and universal to all people. Along with the development of the factor analysis and psychometrics, the nomothetic approach has been dominant in personality psychology as it offers quantitative measures of traits that can be easily incorporated in research designs and statistical analyses. Two popular models of personality traits are Eysenck's three-factor model (including three factors: neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism) and Goldberg's Big Five or McCrae and Costa's five-factor model (including five factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and impulsivity/openness), in which the latter two are made up of slightly different dimensions but often conceptualized interchangeably in the literature. Just as the Eysenck model and Golderberg/McCrae and Costa's model disagree fundamentally on the numbers of factors (three versus five, respectively), there exists ongoing debates about the numbers of orthogonal factors that may be sufficient to define the personality space. In recent years, a hierarchal model of the Big Five personality is proposed, grouping the five factors (or "domains") into two higher-order "metatraits": stability (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, and reverse-coded neuroticism) and plasticity (i.e., extraversion and openness/intellect) while dividing each domain into two aspects associated with different facets.
Idiographic approach emphasizes individuality and defines traits, including individualized traits and the pattern or organization of a combination of traits, in relation to a particular person. Allport, endorsing the idiographic approach, wrote that "the outstanding characteristic of man is his individuality", and his trait theory--centering on the cardinal, central, and secondary traits--were defined in idiographic terms. Personality research that adopted the idiographic approach have demonstrated that the nomothetic approach (e.g., the Big Five) may not be able to capture the within-person personality structure.
In personality neuroscience, personality is often defined using the nomothetic approach. Personality trait is typically measured using scales developed for the personality attributes of interests and administered through self-report surveys and questionnaires. One of the most commonly used ways to measure personality attributes in personality neuroscience research is the Big-Five personality traits. In addition to the criticism by proponents of the idiographic approach as mentioned above, self-report measures on personality traits in general are susceptible to response biases (e.g., social desirability bias, acquiescent response bias, etc.) and inaccurate introspection of mental states. Therefore, it is important to establish construct validity of the self-report measures of personality by using other scales of the same construct or other modalities of measures, such as behavioral data or aggregated ratings from other knowledgeable informants.
Another common nomothetic approach is the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS). The ANPS was originally published in 2003 and was used by neuroscientists to evaluate the primary emotional systems that underlie mental well-being and affective brain disorders. This scale was created by Jaak Panksepp so that researchers could use this self-report test to measure differences in the primary emotions, SEEKING, LUST, CARE, PLAY (the positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (the negative emotions). These differences in the emotions were then compared to the Big Five personality to look at the scale from an evolutionary perspective as the primary emotions were seen as a survival mechanism of inherited behavioral patterns by humans interacting with their environment. Each of these primary emotions have “been evolutionarily shaped in terms of inherited tools for survival and, more generally, for fitness” and are seen to regulate human nature. The SEEKING energy is used to seek valuable resources for survival, such as food, a mate, or shelter. The LUST energy is used to sustain the human species through reproductive means. The CARE system is significant in order to protect offspring so that they can grow into adults and the species is sustained once again. PLAY is important in order to foster social bonding between humans, to learn social and motor skills, and to regulate emotions. On the other hand with negative emotions, the FEAR energy is used for safety and to keep away from danger through means such as the flight or fight response. The SADNESS system, from an evolutionary perspective, is used to maintain socialness of an individual, as being isolated often evokes this emotion. The ANGER energy is important to protect resources from others or the environment.
However, since the late 2010s, researchers have begun to question the relevancy of ANPS and have identified areas of improvement. The primary emotional systems in psychopathologies often fluctuate. The assessment is also only found in one long version, and patients with depression who suffer from fatigue would benefit from a shorter version. Furthermore, the FEAR and SADNESS emotions exhibit high correlation because they are closely related, and it would be useful to find a method to disentangle them to better study them. Another concern is that the original ANPS does not assess individual differences in LUST.
Measuring brain structures and functions
To study the neurobiological mechanisms, or the structures and functions of the brain, underlying personality, personality neuroscience research employs established methods from neuroscience research. Some of the available neuroscientific methods are listed below with brief descriptions and how they can be incorporated in personality neuroscience research.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses the physical properties of magnetic fields and injection of radio-frequency pulses to examine the brain structure and functions with high spatial resolution. Both sMRI and fMRI have been used widely in both clinical and research settings to establish associations between the brain and a wide range of human socio-cognitive and psychological processes, as well as individual differences. Structural MRI (sMRI) of the brain provides the information on the neuroanatomical properties of the brain, such as the volumes of the gray and white matter. Functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain maps the functional organization of the brain by monitoring the localized brain activation through the change in blood oxygenation level as a result of the cerebral blood flow (CBF), either when participants are engaging in tasks (i.e., task-based fMRI) or at rest (i.e., resting-state fMRI). In addition to examine brain structure and function within localized brain regions, topological network analyses, such as graph theory in network neuroscience, can be conducted across brain regions to map out structural and functional connectivity patterns that vary with inter-individual variation in cognition and behaviors. In recent years, large MRI datasets, such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP), were collected with the aim to investigate the individual differences in structural and functional connectivity of the brain networks underlying a wide range of cognitive processes elicited by fMRI tasks.
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique that uses radiotracers to spatially localize and track the distribution of changes in metabolic processes. Specifically, PET neuroimaging scans have been widely used in pre-clinical and clinical settings in relation to epilepsy, dementia, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injuries.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a tool that directly measures and records the electrical activity generated in the brain with high temporal resolution but relatively low spatial resolution. The EEG signal can be obtained non-invasively by placing electrodes on the scalp to capture the electrical impulses produced by neurons in the brain. It is commonly used in clinical settings to assess and detect neurological abnormalities in brain functions, such as epilepsy, sleep disorder, and brain injuries; in research, it has been used in couple with tasks to probe brain activities underlying various cognitive and emotional processes.
Molecular genetics is a sub-field in biology that investigates the structure, expression, and functions of genes, informing brain development and functions at the level of the genome. In the context of personality neuroscience, methods in molecular genetics have been used to establish genetic underpinnings of personality traits.
Assay measures biological processes by detecting signals produced by reagents. It can be used to quantify "endogenous psychoactive substances or their byproducts" (e.g., levels of dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, etc.) that have been associated with psychological processes which may contribute to personality trait development or psychopathology.
Neuropharmocological manipulation involves the use of medication to induce changes in neurochemical processes and has been primarily studied for neurological or psychiatric drug treatments. Personality neuroscience can incorporate neuropsychopharmocological manipulation to establish causal link between personality traits and specific neurochemical processes (e.g., induced manipulation on levels of dopamine).
Current research
In the past two decades, research in the field of personality neuroscience, utilizing neuroscientific methods outlined in the previous section, has identified neural mechanisms underlying a wide range of trait variables. This section reviews some of the major research findings in the field.
Big-five personality traits
Neuroticism indicates the general proclivity to experience negative emotions and it is a risk factor as well as strong predictor for a wide range of psychopathology. People high in neuroticism may be extremely vulnerable to negative events and exhibit high levels of emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, sadness, and so on. A line of neuroimaging studies have established association between neuroticism and brain activity in the amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate, and medial prefrontal cortex. Through methods that probe the molecular or neurochemical mechanisms, neuroticism has been linked differentially to baseline or stressor-related levels of the stress hormone cortisol, lower levels of serotonergic function, and higher levels of norepinephrine. EEG studies have demonstrated that withdraw-related neuroticism is correlated with greater activation in the right frontal lobe in comparison to the left, whereas the aspect of anger-proneness in neuroticism is related to greater activation in the left frontal lobe in comparison to the right.
Extraversion captures the extent to which individuals are outgoing, assertive, sociable, gregarious, and enthusiastic. Extraverts thrive on social interactions with others and are inclined to engage in large social gatherings, whereas introverts may prefer to socialize in smaller groups or alone and engage in more solitary activities. A series of sMRI and fMRI studies have associated extraversion with the structure and function of brain regions that have been implicated in reward processing, including the medial orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and striatum. EEG studies on extraversion showed converging results that extraversion was correlated with an event-related waveform reflecting "dopaminergic signaling of reward". Consistent with the evidence from MRI and EEG studies, neuropharmocological manipulation methods have shown that extraversion was moderated by dopaminergic drugs and that dopamine influences the pattern of cortical arousal in relation to extraversion.
Openness to experience reflects an individual's inclination toward novelty, creativity, and intellectual curiosity. High scorers on openness to experience tend to be imaginative and open-minded, while low scorers on this trait may prefer a lifestyle of routine and familiarity. Recent work using the resting-state fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project has demonstrated that the individual functional connectivity matrices predicted openness to experience with accuracy almost on par with predictions for scores on intelligence tests, but not other four personality trait variables under the five-factor personality framework. In an fMRI study of older adults who underwent a visual memory encoding task in the scanner, a more similar functional memory brain-network activation patterns in older adults when compared to patterns in young adults, indicating a better preservation of the memory network, mediated the relationship between high openness scores and better memory performance. This result may suggest that openness to experience may serve as a protective factor against aging and memory deterioration.
Agreeableness is related to interpersonal and socio-behavioral tendencies, such as compassion, cooperation, and kindness. People who are high in agreeableness are more empathetic and cooperative in general, while low scorers may be more competitive, antisocial, or exploitative. Not often a trait of interest in the literature of personality neuroscience as the construct is "social" in its nature, agreeableness has been linked to neural activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex implicated in emotion regulation. In addition, one sMRI study has illustrated the correlation between agreeableness and volumes of brain areas that have been linked to social information processing (i.e., superior temporal sulcus, posterior cingulate cortex, and fusiform gyrus).
Conscientiousness encompasses traits related to self-discipline, organization, and dependability. Individuals high in conscientiousness are often goal-oriented, diligent, organized, and reliable, while those low in this trait may be more spontaneous and flexible. One sMRI study have discovered the association between conscientiousness and the volume of the middle frontal gyrus in lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to the association with volume in the middle frontal gyrus, another sMRI study also found the correlation between conscientiousness and the volume of bilateral superior parietal lobe, and that trait conscientiousness mediated the relationship between these brain regions and academic performance. Additionally, one fMRI study, which examined the functional connectivity within and across brain regions, identified a goal priority brain network (GPN) and its 5 sub-components. Functional connectivity within one GPN component (including regions of anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) as well as the functional connectivity between this one component and other 4 sub-components within the GPN network, was significantly related to conscientiousness ratings.
Empathy
Empathy, in the discussion here as a stable trait as in empathetic ability or capacity, can be defined as an affective response that "is similar to one’s perception (directly experienced or imagined) and understanding (cognitive empathy) of the stimulus emotion, with recognition that the source of the emotion is not one’s own", although there is still ongoing debate in the field on how to best define empathy. One sMRI study has demonstrated that inter subject variability in different facets of empathy is linked to neuroanatomical variation across different brain regions, such that (1) affective empathic abilities towards others were negatively correlated with the gray matter volumes of the precuneus, inferior frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate, (2) cognitive perspective taking abilities were positively correlated with the gray matter volume of the anterior cingulate, and (3) the ability to empathize with fictional characters was positively linked to gray matter changes in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A meta-analysis of a series of fMRI studies have revealed that, when humans engage in empathetic processes, a network of brain regions are engaged, encompassing the insula, inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal regions around the cingulate cortex, amygdala, thalamus, putamen, caudate, and primary somatosensory area SI. In addition to MRI studies, neuromodulation on mice and monkeys have shown that interference with oxytocin signaling causally influences empathy-related phenomena.
Genetic Factors
Prior research focused primarily on the causes of specific traits like extraversion, but 2018 research indicated that these individual traits do not alone determine personality. Researchers looked into the genes that are related to human personality. They identified the genes that interact with each other and one’s environment to create personality. Around 1000 of such genes that affect temperament and character were found. This was further studied by looking at 1000 people in Germany and a 1000 people in Korea, and they found that in both countries and cultures, the genes for personality were all expressed in the brain. Around 33% of the genes were involved in the expression of temperament and character, while 67% of the genes were involved in either one or the other. These genes for character were expressed primarily in the brain circuits that regulate complex cognitive processes, such as goal seeking, conflict solving, and self-awareness. The genes were found to affect temperament and were expressed primarily in the habit learning pathways. Through these studies, these researchers were able to determine that the components of personality are numerous complex profiles. They also found that many molecular pathways can cause the exact same personality trait. Furthermore, environmental influences had small interactions with the genes for temperament and character but still had significant influence.
Challenges and future directions
As an interdisciplinary field that lie between personality psychology and neuroscience, personality neuroscience research may benefit both fields by informing the formation of neuroscience hypotheses and helping interpret findings through theoretical framework developed in personality psychology, and in turn, developing and refining personality models and theories with an enhanced understanding of underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Nonetheless, in the meantime, the interdisciplinary nature aggregates paradigmatic and methodological challenges from both fields.
One prominent challenge for neuroimaging studies that aim to investigate individual differences is the low statistical power as a result of small sample sizes due to the high cost of data collection. Personality neuroscience research can thus benefit from data-sharing among studies and collective efforts to aggregate large neuroimaging datasets that include personality measures, such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Ongoing effort to collect data from more diverse sample is also recommended to allow for generalization of study results to a larger population or investigation of similarities/differences among diverse communities.
Another challenge is to establish reliable, systematic, and high-quality measurement of personality traits. Unlike intelligence tests that are performance-based, personality questionnaires are susceptible to biases as mentioned in earlier sections. As the theories of personality psychology continues to evolve and develop, extensive psychometric research may need to be conducted on various types of scales or assessments that are used to measure psychological traits to ensure that they produce reliable measures of personality variables of interest.
One other challenge is that personality neuroscience is a relatively young field. Because of this, many of the previously published studies may be proven to be false positives due to under-powered studies that use small samples. Larger sample sizes are needed to detect smaller effects, which are common in personality neuroscience. A sample size of around 200 is needed to have 80% power and detect a correlation .2, which is often the average effect size in personality neuroscience. Thus, larger sample sizes are a needed change for this field.
The complexity of both the brain and personality traits poses additional challenge to the interdisciplinary field of personality neuroscience which studies the relationship between these two complex systems. Current research suggests that there exists no one-to-one mapping between neurobiological and personality variables: multiple brain regions or neurochemical processes may underlie one trait variable, while in turn, one brain region or neurochemical processes may be instrumental for several cognitive and affective processes that may influence multiple traits. As a result, personality network neuroscience approaches, integrating quantitative methodologies from network analysis, have been proposed to encode the complex nature of both neural mechanisms and personality variables as networks to facilitate the investigation the brain-personality relationship.
See also
Affective neuroscience
Network neuroscience
Personality psychology
Social cognitive neuroscience
Social neuroscience
Social psychology
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Neuroscience
Psychology | Personality neuroscience | [
"Biology"
] | 5,301 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Neuroscience",
"Psychology",
"Behavior"
] |
75,381,527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egan%20conjecture | In geometry, the Egan conjecture gives a sufficient and necessary condition for the radii of two spheres and the distance of their centers, so that a simplex exists, which is completely contained inside the larger sphere and completely encloses the smaller sphere. The conjecture generalizes an equality discovered by William Chapple (and later independently by Leonhard Euler), which is a special case of Poncelet's closure theorem, as well as the Grace–Danielsson inequality in one dimension higher.
The conjecture was proposed in 2014 by the Australian mathematician and science-fiction author Greg Egan. The "sufficient" part was proved in 2018, and the "necessary" part was proved in 2023.
Basics
For an arbitrary triangle (-simplex), the radius of its inscribed circle, the radius of its circumcircle and the distance of their centers are related through Euler's theorem in geometry:
,
which was published by William Chapple in 1746 and by Leonhard Euler in 1765.
For two spheres (-spheres) with respective radii and , fulfilling , there exists a (non-regular) tetrahedron (-simplex), which is completely contained inside the larger sphere and completely encloses the smaller sphere, if and only if the distance of their centers fulfills the Grace–Danielsson inequality:
.
This result was independently proven by John Hilton Grace in 1917 and G. Danielsson in 1949. A connection of the inequality with quantum information theory was described by Anthony Milne.
Conjecture
Consider -dimensional euclidean space for . For two -spheres with respective radii and , fulfilling , there exists a -simplex, which is completely contained inside the larger sphere and completely encloses the smaller sphere, if and only if the distance of their centers fulfills:
.
The conjecture was proposed by Greg Egan in 2014.
For the case , where the inequality reduces to , the conjecture is true as well, but trivial. A -sphere is just composed of two points and a -simplex is just a closed interval. The desired -simplex of two given -spheres can simply be chosen as the closed interval between the two points of the larger sphere, which contains the smaller sphere if and only if it contains both of its points with respective distance and from the center of the larger sphere, hence if and only if the above inequality is satisfied.
Status
Greg Egan showed that the condition is sufficient in comments on a blog post by John Baez in 2014. The comments were lost in a rearrangement of the website, but the central parts were copied into the original blog post. Further comments by Greg Egan on 16 April 2018 concern the search for a generalized conjecture involving ellipsoids. Sergei Drozdov published a paper on ArXiv showing that the condition is also necessary in October 2023.
References
Conjectures that have been proved
Geometry | Egan conjecture | [
"Mathematics"
] | 584 | [
"Mathematical theorems",
"Mathematical problems",
"Geometry",
"Conjectures that have been proved"
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75,381,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo%20living | Solo living refers to the domestic situation of individuals who live alone. This has received attention from behavioral experts and researchers, in regard to how to help address the personal needs of such individuals, and to provide them with resources which can be beneficial. Various published articles address practical advice and methods for individuals who live alone, in order to help them find beneficial ways for improving various parts of daily life.
See also
Ethnomethodology
Simple living
References
External links
Govt studies
Perceptions of the Role of Living Alone in Providing Services to Patients With Cognitive Impairment, Official website of National Institutes of Health . Aug 1, 2023
Articles
It's hard to be sick when you're single.Ruth Pitt was successful and single with a grownup family. But when serious illness struck, she struggled to cope without the support of a 'significant other' by Ruth Pitt Jun 29, 2013, Guardian website.
When youre aging alone who will take care of you if you get sick, by Steven Petrow, Washington Post, July 2018.
How To Survive Being Sick When You Live Solo, Adrienne Breaux, updated May 4, 2019
Managing Stress, Mindfully, Tools for caregivers offered by Gale Lyman, RN, BSN, HNB-BC
Behavioral concepts
Personal life
Everyday life
Self-care
Social psychology
Living arrangements | Solo living | [
"Biology"
] | 266 | [
"Behavior",
"Behavioral concepts",
"Behaviorism"
] |
75,381,707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Path%20Collective | Open Path Collective is a nonprofit network of psychotherapy professionals who offer discounted services to members. Providers offer both in person and telemedicine services. Rates are offered at a significant discount to prevailing local prices for mental health services. The collective was started by Paul Fugelsang in 2013.
Membership is reserved for people who make less than $100,000 per year, and who cannot find providers through their insurance plan. To become a member, clients are asked to self certify that they are financially eligible, and cannot find appropriate care through their insurance. Clients also pay a one-time $65 fee to become a lifetime member. If their financial situation changes, members are expected to reevaluate the fee structure with their therapist. Couples who use the service are only charged one membership fee when they use couples therapy.
The network includes, licensed professional counselors, interns, and pre-licensed professionals; all of which offer their services at different prices. There is no cost for therapists to list their name in the directory.
References
Psychology
Psychotherapy
Healthcare in the United States | Open Path Collective | [
"Biology"
] | 222 | [
"Behavioural sciences",
"Behavior",
"Psychology"
] |
75,383,520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basima%20Abdulrahman | Basima Abdulrahman (born 1986/1987) is a Kurdish Iraqi structural engineer and the founder of KESK (meaning Green in Kurdish), an Iraqi company specialized in eco-friendly architecture.
Early life and education
Abdulrahman's parents moved to Baghdad, Iraq from southern Turkey; she was born in Iraq, and has both Turkish and Kurdish heritage. In 2006, the Iraqi conflict drove her family to relocate to the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq. As a result, Abdulrahman learned more about and became closer to her Kurdish heritage.
As a child, Abdulrahman's family encouraged her to become a doctor, but she disliked biology, instead preferring math and physics.
In 2011, Abdulrahman applied for a Fulbright Scholarship to study in the United States. Abdulrahman attended Auburn University in the United States, where she earned a master's degree in structural and civil engineering, graduating in 2014. She returned to the United States in 2016, where she completed a program by the US Green Building Council to become an accredited professional.
Career
When she returned to Iraq in 2015, Abdulrahman initially worked as a structural engineer for the United Nations.
In 2017, Abdulrahman founded KESK Green Building Consulting, the first Iraqi company to focus on "green" architecture. It took Abdulrahman nine months before she was able to find her first client. KESK combines modern environmentally-friendly building techniques with ancient techniques, such as building dome-shaped homes from clay bricks. The company also seeks to provide alternative energy sources to communities, particularly solar energy, in response to Iraq's unstable power grid. The company was also founded in part to assist with reconstruction following the war against the Islamic State, which began in 2014.
Abdulrahman also works for the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization as a national consultant and project manager, and as vice curator for the Global Shapers Erbil Hub, an initiative of the World Economic Forum.
Recognition
In 2021, Abdulrahman was one of eight entrepreneurs who won the Cartier Women's Initiative Award, with Abdulrahman representing the "Middle East & North Africa" category. She received $100,000 in prize money.
In November 2023, Abdulrahman was named to the BBC's 100 Women list.
Personal life
As of 2019, Abdulrahman is based in Erbil.
References
1980s births
Living people
21st-century businesswomen
21st-century engineers
21st-century Iraqi people
21st-century Iraqi women
21st-century women engineers
Auburn University alumni
Iraqi businesspeople
Iraqi civil engineers
Iraqi environmentalists
Iraqi Kurdish people
Iraqi Kurdish women
Iraqi people of Turkish descent
People from Baghdad
People from Erbil
Structural engineers
Women environmentalists | Basima Abdulrahman | [
"Engineering"
] | 543 | [
"Structural engineering",
"Structural engineers"
] |
75,383,618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%20theorems%20%28biochemistry%29 | In metabolic control analysis, a variety of theorems have been discovered and discussed in the literature. The most well known of these are flux and concentration control coefficient summation relationships. These theorems are the result of the stoichiometric structure and mass conservation properties of biochemical networks. Equivalent theorems have not been found, for example, in electrical or economic systems.
The summation of the flux and concentration control coefficients were discovered independently by the Kacser/Burns group and the Heinrich/Rapoport group in the early 1970s and late 1960s.
If we define the control coefficients using enzyme concentration, then the summation theorems are written as:
However these theorems depend on the assumption that reaction rates are proportional to enzyme concentration. An alternative way to write the theorems is to use control coefficients that are defined with respect to the local rates which is therefore independent of how rates respond to changes in enzyme concentration:
Although originally derived for simple linear chains of enzyme catalyzed reactions, it became apparent that the theorems applied to pathways of any structure including pathways with complex regulation involving feedback control.
Derivation
There are different ways to derive the summation theorems. One is analytical and rigorous using a combination of linear algebra and calculus. The other is less rigorous, but more operational and intuitive. The latter derivation is shown here.
Consider the two-step pathway:
where and are fixed species so that the system can achieve a steady-state.
Let the pathway be at steady-state and imagine increasing the concentration of enzyme, , catalyzing the first step, , by an amount, . The effect of this is to increase the steady-state levels of S and flux, J. Let us now increase the level of by such that the change in S is restored to the original value it had at steady-state.
The net effect of these two changes is by definition, .
There are two ways to look at this thought experiment, from the perspective of the system and from the perspective of local changes. For the system we can compute the overall change in flux or species concentration by adding the two control coefficient terms, thus:
We can also look at what is happening locally at every reaction step for which there will be two: one for , and another for . Since the thought experiment guarantees that , the local equations are quite simple:
where the terms are the elasticities. However, because the enzyme elasticity is equal to one, these reduce to:
Because the pathway is linear, at steady-state, . We can substitute these expressions into the system equations to give:
Note that at steady state the change in and must be the same, therefore .
Setting , we can rewrite the above equations as:
We then conclude through cancelation of since , that:
Interpretation
The summation theorems can be interpreted in various ways. The first is that the influence enzymes have over steady-state fluxes and concentrations is not necessarily concentrated at one location. In the past, control of a pathway was considered to be located at one point only, called the master reaction or rate limiting step. The summation theorem suggests this does not necessarily have to be the case.
The flux summation theorem also suggests that there is a total amount of flux control in a pathway such that if one step gains control another step most lose control.
Although flux control is shared, this doesn't imply that control is evenly distributed. For a large network, the average flux control will, according to the flux summation theorem, be equal to , that is a small number. In order for a biological cell to have any appreciable control over a pathway via changes in gene expression, some concentration of flux control at a small number of sites will be necessary. For example, in mammalian cancer cell lines, it has been shown that flux control is concentrated at four sites: glucose import, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and lactate export.
Moreover, Kacser and Burns suggested that since the flux–enzyme relationship is somewhat hyperbolic, and that for most enzymes, the wild-type diploid level of enzyme activity occurs where the curve is reaching a point in the curve where changes have little effect, then since a heterozygote of the wild-type with a null mutant will have half the enzyme activity it will not exhibit a noticeably reduced flux. Therefore, the wild type appears dominant and the mutant recessive because of the system characteristics of a metabolic pathway. Although originally suggested by Sewall Wright, the development of metabolic control analysis put the idea on a more sound theoretical footing. The flux summation theorem in particular is consistent with the flux summation theorem for large systems. Not all dominance properties can be explained in this way but it does offers an explanation for dominance at least at the metabolic level.
Concentration summation theorem
In contrast to the flux summation theorem, the concentration summation theorem sums to zero. The implications of this are that some enzymes will cause a given metabolite to increase while others, in order to satisfy the summation to zero, must cause the same metabolite to decrease. This is particularly noticeable in a linear chain of enzyme reactions where, given a metabolite located in the center of the pathway, an increase in expression of any enzyme upstream of the metabolite will cause the metabolite to increase in concentration. In contrast, an increase in expression of any enzyme downstream of the metabolite will cause the given metabolite to decrease in concentration.
See also
Control coefficient (biochemistry)
Elasticity coefficient
Metabolic control analysis
References
Biochemistry methods
Metabolism
Mathematical and theoretical biology
Systems biology | Summation theorems (biochemistry) | [
"Chemistry",
"Mathematics",
"Biology"
] | 1,134 | [
"Biochemistry methods",
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"Cellular processes",
"Biochemistry",
"Metabolism",
"Systems biology"
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75,384,564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Laboratory%20of%20Scientific%20Computation%20%28Brazil%29 | The National Laboratory of Scientific Computation or the National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC; Portuguese: Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica) is a Brazilian institution for scientific research and technological development linked to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI), specialized in scientific computing. It was created in 1980 and since 1988 it has been headquartered in the city of Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
The institution is known for its participation in the arrival of the internet in Brazil in the 1980s, as a result of joint work with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). It is also known for the Santos Dumond Supercomputer, the largest in Latin America.
The institution has a postgraduate program (master's and doctor's degree) in computational modeling. Some of the laboratory's lines of research focus on interdisciplinary areas such as biosystems, bioinformatics, computational biology, atmosphere and oceans, environment, multiscale science, among others. In addition to its academic role, it participates in some processes related to meteorology, computer modeling and is used by some companies, such as Petrobras.
References
1980 establishments in Brazil
Research institutes in Brazil
Science and technology in Brazil | National Laboratory of Scientific Computation (Brazil) | [
"Technology"
] | 259 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer network stubs"
] |
75,386,221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foscenvivint | Foscenvivint (PRI 724 or OP 724) is a CREB-binding protein/β-catenin inhibitor that is developed for the treatment of liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatitis C and B virus-induced liver cirrhosis.
References
Organophosphates
Prodrugs
Quinolines
Carboxamides
Small-molecule drugs | Foscenvivint | [
"Chemistry"
] | 92 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
75,386,288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadonilimab | Cadonilimab is a PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific monoclonal antibody developed to treat a variety of solid cancer types. In June, 2022 it was approved in China "for use in patients with relapsed or metastatic cervical cancer (r/mCC) who have progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy".
References
Cancer immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors | Cadonilimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 90 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
68,200,445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex%20%28biology%29 | Intersex is a general term for an organism that has sex characteristics that are between male and female. It typically applies to a minority of members of gonochoric animal species such as mammals (as opposed to hermaphroditic species in which the majority of members can have both male and female sex characteristics). Such organisms are usually sterile.
Intersexuality can occur due to both genetic and environmental factors and has been reported in mammals, fishes, nematodes, and crustaceans.
Mammals
Intersex can occur in mammals such as pigs, with it being estimated that 0.1% to 1.4% of pigs are intersex. In Vanuatu, Narave pigs are sacred intersex pigs that are found on Malo Island. An analysis of Narave pig mitochondrial DNA by Lum et al. (2006) found that they are descended from Southeast Asian pigs.
At least six different mole species have an intersex adaption where by the female mole has an ovotestis, "a hybrid organ made up of both ovarian and testicular tissue. This effectively makes them intersex, giving them an extra dose of testosterone to make them just as muscular and aggressive as male moles". The ovarian part of the ovotestis is reproductively functional.
Intersexuality in humans is relatively rare. Depending on the definition, the prevalence of intersex among humans has been reported to range around a figure of 0.018%.
Nematodes
Intersex is known to occur in all main groups of nematodes. Most of them are functionally female. Male intersexes with female characteristics have been reported but are less common.
Fishes
Gonadal intersex occurs in fishes, where the individual has both ovarian and testicular tissue. Although it is a rare anomaly among gonochoric fishes, it is a transitional state in fishes that are protandric or protogynous. Intersexuality has been reported in 23 fish families.
Crustaceans
The oldest evidence for intersexuality in crustaceans comes from fossils dating back 70 million years ago. Intersex has been reported in gonochoric crustaceans as early as 1729. A large amount of literature exists on intersexuality for isopoda and amphipoda, with there being reports of both intersex males and intersex females.
See also
Gynandromorphism
Hermaphrodite
Sexual differentiation
References
Intersex topics
Humans
Mammals
Fish
Nematode anatomy
Crustaceans
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Sexual reproduction
Genetic anomalies
Sexual dimorphism
Biological concepts | Intersex (biology) | [
"Physics",
"Biology"
] | 552 | [
"Mammals",
"Behavior",
"Animals",
"Fish",
"Sexual dimorphism",
"Reproduction",
"Sex",
"Intersex topics",
"Sexual anatomy",
"Sexual reproduction",
"nan",
"Asymmetry",
"Birds",
"Sexuality",
"Symmetry"
] |
68,200,658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization%20%28computing%29 | In software engineering, containerization is operating-system–level virtualization or application-level virtualization over multiple network resources so that software applications can run in isolated user spaces called containers in any cloud or non-cloud environment, regardless of type or vendor. The term "container" is overloaded, and it is important to ensure that the intended definition aligns with the audience's understanding.
Usage
Each container is basically a fully functional and portable cloud or non-cloud computing environment surrounding the application and keeping it independent of other environments running in parallel. Individually, each container simulates a different software application and runs isolated processes by bundling related configuration files, libraries and dependencies. But, collectively, multiple containers share a common operating system kernel (OS).
In recent times, containerization technology has been widely adopted by cloud computing platforms like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, and IBM Cloud. Containerization has also been pursued by the U.S. Department of Defense as a way of more rapidly developing and fielding software updates, with first application in its F-22 air superiority fighter.
Types of containers
OS containers
Application containers
Security issues
Because of the shared OS, security threats can affect the whole containerized system.
In containerized environments, security scanners generally protect the OS, but not the application containers, which adds unwanted vulnerability.
Container management, orchestration, clustering
Container orchestration or container management is mostly used in the context of application containers. Implementations providing such orchestration include Kubernetes and Docker swarm.
Container cluster management
Container clusters need to be managed. This includes functionality to create a cluster, to upgrade the software or repair it, balance the load between existing instances, scale by starting or stopping instances to adapt to the number of users, to log activities and monitor produced logs or the application itself by querying sensors. Open-source implementations of such software include OKD and Rancher. Quite a number of companies provide container cluster management as a managed service, like Alibaba, Amazon, Google, Microsoft.
See also
Docker (software)
Kubernetes
Open Container Initiative
Virtual machines
Further reading
Journal articles
Books
Gabriel N. Schenker, Hideto Saito, Hui-Chuan Chloe Lee, Ke-Jou Carol Hsu, (2019) Getting Started with Containerization: Reduce the operational burden on your system by automating and managing your containers, Packt Publishing,
Jeeva S. Chelladhurai, Vinod Singh, Pethuru Raj (2014), Learning Docker, Packt Publishing,
References
Cloud computing | Containerization (computing) | [
"Engineering"
] | 523 | [
"Software engineering",
"Software engineering stubs"
] |
68,200,682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacoside | Taraxacoside is an acylated γ-butyrolactone glycoside with the molecular formula C18H22O10 which has been isolated from roots of the plant Taraxacum officinale.
References
Further reading
Glycosides
Tetrahydrofurans
Phenyl compounds | Taraxacoside | [
"Chemistry"
] | 66 | [
"Glycobiology",
"Carbohydrates",
"Glycosides",
"Biomolecules"
] |
68,202,003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Lexchin | Joel Lexchin is a professor emeritus at the York University Faculty of Health where he taught about pharmaceutical policy, an Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto, an emergency physician at the Toronto General Hospital and a Fellow in the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. Lexchin is the author of over 160 peer-reviewed publications.
Biography
Lexchin received his MD from the University of Toronto in 1977.
From 1992 for two years Lexchin was a member of the Ontario Drug Quality and Therapeutics Committee. He was the chair of the Drugs and Pharmacotherapy Committee of the Ontario Medical Association from 1997 for two years.
In 2013, he was quoted in a learned article on Drug patents: the evergreening problem, and he wrote the article on the pharmaceutical industry for the Canadian Encyclopedia.
Lexchin is frequently critical of Canada's drug regulator, the Health Products and Food Branch, as has been noticed in the learned press.
In 2006, Lexchin was quoted by Manzer: "Drug approvals are not all science. There’s always decisions to be made around how much risk are we willing to take in terms of drugs, and I think as the industry takes on a larger role in funding the regulatory bodies that those kinds of decisions tend to be made more in favour of the drug companies," and in 2010 was noticed in a Toronto Star article entitled "Health Canada keeps some drug studies secret".
References
Canadian physicians
Living people
Drug control law
Drug safety
Pharmaceuticals policy
Year of birth missing (living people) | Joel Lexchin | [
"Chemistry"
] | 308 | [
"Drug control law",
"Regulation of chemicals",
"Drug safety"
] |
68,203,296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical%20Society%20of%20Edinburgh | The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh (ASE) is an association of amateur astronomers and other individuals interested in astronomy, which is based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The objectives are to encourage astronomical study and observation and to increase popular interest in astronomy.
History
The ASE was founded in 1924 as the Edinburgh Astronomical Association; it changed its name in 1937. The founding president was John McDougal Field, who was also deputy to the City Astronomer William Peck at the City Observatory on Calton Hill. At that time, the honorary presidents were Peck and the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, Ralph Allan Sampson. Field continued to run the City Observatory after Peck's death in 1925.
The painter John Henry Lorimer was a member and vice president from 1930 to 1933. Upon his death in 1936, the ASE inherited the bulk of his estate. The ASE created the Lorimer Medal, connected to a series of high-profile public lectures.
Field died in 1937, which led to an arrangement with the Edinburgh Corporation for the ASE to have a free lease of the Calton Hill Observatory and for a grant to the ASE to operate the observatory. This arrangement continued until 2009. In 1953, the ASE moved its own base and venue for its lectures and meetings from the Royal Scottish Geographical Society at Randolph Crescent to the Calton Hill Observatory.
Since leaving the City Observatory in 2009, the ASE has transferred the venue for its monthly lectures and meetings to the Augustine United Church hall on George IV Bridge in the centre of the Old Town in Edinburgh.
In person meetings are normally held on the first Friday of each month (except August), and are open to the public free of charge. During the Covid pandemic, the Society took many of its meetings online and dramatically increased its output from one meeting per month to two meetings per week, to keep people engaged and distracted from everything going on around them. Once the pandemic ended 2 meetings per month became the norm: one hybrid meeting in person and one online via Zoom for members and live streamed for visitors on the ASE's YouTube channel.
ASERO: Astronomical Society of Edinburgh Remote Observatory
As part of the Centenary celebrations, the ASE setup a remote observatory at Trevinca Skies in Galicia, Spain in 2023, completed in April 2024. ASERO consists of two telescopes on a JTW Trident P75 mount with a colour CMOS camera on a wide-field refractor and a mono CMOS camera plus 9 filters on a 0.3m Newtonian. The facility is used by members to take part in various projects such as imaging galaxies, clusters and nebulae, comet and variable star monitoring, exoplanet transits, Lunar imaging and more. A dedicated Flickr group exists for all images taken using ASERO.
Affiliations
The society is a member of the Federation of Astronomical Societies and is a registered Scottish charity (Charity Number SC022968).
Honorary Presidents
There are usually two Honorary Presidents, one of them the Astronomer Royal for Scotland. The current holders of the positions are:
Prof. Catherine Heymans, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, and Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Edinburgh
Prof. Andrew Lawrence, Regius Professor of Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh
See also
List of astronomical societies
References
Amateur astronomy organizations
British astronomy organisations
Astronomical observatories in Scotland
Calton Hill
Charities based in Edinburgh
Clubs and societies in Edinburgh
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Scientific organisations based in Scotland
1924 establishments in Scotland
Scientific organizations established in 1924 | Astronomical Society of Edinburgh | [
"Astronomy"
] | 708 | [
"British astronomy organisations",
"Amateur astronomy organizations",
"Astronomy organizations"
] |
68,204,205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley%20Carhart | Lesley Carhart aka hacks4pancakes is the principal incident responder and threat analyst at industrial cyber security company Dragos.
They were described as one of the top 10 influencers in cybersecurity in 2019 through to 2020 by GlobalData research.
They are involved with and comment on a broad range of cybersecurity topics including industrial control systems, the Solar Winds hack, ransomware attacks, smart device insecurity, remote working, multi-factor authentication, and the 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach.
They are active in the information security community, offering career advice and involved in conferences, including organizing PancakesCon.
Lesley served 15 years in the Air Force Reserve, in the 434th Communications Squadron (A subdivision of the 434th Air Refueling Wing's Mission Support Group), attaining the rank of Master Sergeant.
References
External links
Personal site
Computer security specialists
People in information technology
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
InfoSec Twitter | Lesley Carhart | [
"Technology"
] | 197 | [
"People in information technology",
"Information technology",
"Computer specialist stubs",
"Computing stubs"
] |
68,205,243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil%20Fuel%20Non-Proliferation%20Treaty%20Initiative | The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative is a diplomatic and civil society campaign to create a treaty to stop fossil fuel exploration and expansion and phase-out existing production in line with the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, while supporting a just transition to renewable energy.
The call for a treaty was first endorsed by the Pacific Island nations of Vanuatu and Tuvalu and to date, has the support of 13 national governments, the World Health Organization, the European Parliament, Nobel laureates, academics, researchers, activists, and a growing list of governments (municipal, subnational, national), and individual Parliamentarians.
The program includes the creation of a standalone Global Registry of Fossil Fuels to ensure transparency and accountability of production and reserves.
History
In 2015, Pacific Island leaders issued the "Suva Declaration On Climate Change" during the Pacific Islands Development Forum in Suva, Fiji. They called for "the implementation of an international moratorium on the development and expansion of fossil fuel extracting industries, particularly the construction of new coal mines, as an urgent step towards de-carbonising the global economy." The next year, in 2016, 14 Pacific Island nations continued to discuss the world's first "treaty" that would ban new coal mining and embrace the 1.5 °C goal set at the recent Paris climate talks.
In August 2017, a group of academics, activists, and analysts issued the Lofoten Declaration which stressed that climate policy and governance required a managed decline of fossil fuel production. The international manifesto called for fossil fuel divestment and phase-out of use with a just transition to a low-carbon economy. The declaration received the support of 744 organizations, spanning 76 countries and helped mobilize efforts for a global treaty on fossil fuel production. The government of Norway divested from exploration and production shortly afterward.
At the closing of United Nations Climate Change Conference, on 17 November 2017, the Democratic Republic of Ethiopia made a final statement on behalf of Least Developed Countries (LDC), which they stressed the need for "an increase in ambition by all countries to put us on track to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C by strengthening our national contributions, managing a phase-out of fossil fuels, promoting renewable energy and implementing the most ambitious climate action."
A year later, on 23 October 2018, Peter Newell and Andrew Simms, academics at the University of Sussex, wrote an op-ed in The Guardian that renewed these public calls for a "treaty": This time they presented the treaty idea as a "Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty." While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) advised reducing carbon emissions 45% by 2030 to hold global temperature rise below 1.5 °C, global demand for coal, oil and gas has continued to grow. Newell and Simms noted that fossil fuels accounted for 81% of energy use in 2018 with forecasts, including those by the International Energy Agency, anticipating greater demand in future decades. As a historical precedent for a fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty, Newell and Simms cited the Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere in 1988, where the threat of "climatic upheaval" was compared "second only to nuclear war"—a sentiment endorsed at the time by the CIA, MI5, United Nations. In 2019 and 2020, Newell and Simms continued to write and publish on the Treaty in non-specialist news and academic journals.
Launch
The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative officially launched at Climate Week NYC on September 25, 2020, at an event called "International Cooperation to Align Fossil Fuel Production with a 1.5°C World."
Tzeporah Berman, a Canadian environmental activist, was named the chair of the Treaty Initiative, and Alex Rafalowicz, the director of the Treaty Initiative. Berman has argued that by "explicitly addressing the supply side of the climate crisis, the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty offers a way for countries to shift course." Berman has since argued that the Treaty would be a more genuine and realistic way to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement than the "net zero" approach which, she claimed, is "delusional and based on bad science." As Rafalowicz has put it, the "Treaty aims to be a complementary mechanism to the Paris Agreement by directly addressing the fossil fuel industry and putting the just transition at its core." "The hope many academics, researchers, and activists have is that an international agreement to prevent the expansion of fossil fuels, to manage a fair global phase-out, and to guide a just transition could be used to preserve a planet that can support human life." "The Treaty aims to be a complementary mechanism to the Paris Agreement by directly addressing the fossil fuel industry and putting the just transition at its core," according to Rafalowicz.
Letter to World Leaders
On 21 April 2021, the Treaty Initiative coordinated a letter signed by 100 Nobel laureates, including scientists, peace makers, writers, and the Dalai Lama, urging world leaders "to take concrete steps to phase out fossil fuels in order to prevent catastrophic climate change."
The open letter referenced the importance of both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 2015 Paris Agreement which aims to limit global warming to "well below" 2 °C and, ideally, restrict any rise to 1.5 °C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It noted that failure to meet the 1.5 °C target would risk "pushing the world towards catastrophic global warming." It also added that the Paris Agreement makes no mention of oil, gas or coal. The letter highlighted a report from the United Nations Environment Programme, stating that "120% more coal, oil, and gas will be produced by 2030 than is consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C."
The letter concluded that the expansion of the fossil fuel industry "is unconscionable ... The fossil fuel system is global and requires a global solution—a solution the Leaders' Climate Summit must work towards. And the first step is to keep fossil fuels in the ground."
The open letter, published a day before U.S. President Joe Biden hosted the virtual 2021 Leaders' Climate Summit with leaders from various countries, described the burning of fossil fuels as "by far the major contributor to climate change."
Alongside the Dalai Lama, signatories to the letter included Jody Williams, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines' founding coordinator; the economist Christopher Pissarides; Shirin Ebadi, the first female judge in Iran; and former Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos. Other names included Liberian peace activist and advocate for women's rights, Leymah Gbowee, and Wole Soyinka, the Nigerian playwright, novelist and poet.
Global registry of fossil fuels
In February 2021, Carbon Tracker, a UK-based think tank, and Global Energy Monitor, a US-based research organization, announced the creation of an independent and standalone Global Registry of Fossil Fuels. The Registry is supported by the Treaty as an important step in ensuring transparency and accountability in fossil fuel production and reserves.
Mark Campanale, the founder and executive director of Carbon Tracker, wrote in the Financial Times that the registry "will allow governments, investors, researchers and civil society organisations, including the public, to assess the amount of embedded CO2 in coal, oil and gas projects globally. It will be a standalone tool and can provide a model for a potential UN-hosted registry."
At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Ted Nace, executive director of Global Energy Monitor, said "The development of this dataset is the first step in a virtuous circle of transparency. The more the inventory of carbon in the ground advances, the more useful it will become and the greater the pressure on countries and companies for full transparency."
Prospective Role in International Agreements
On Jan 31, 2023, journalist Gaye Taylor reported that, "ten years after Ecuador abandoned efforts to get the international community to pay it not to drill for oil in a corner of Yasuní National Park, one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, the cash-strapped country’s decision to double down on fossil exploration is signalling the need for a global fossil fuel non-proliferation agreement." A reassessment of that abandoned Yasuní-ITT Initiative points to the broader issue of how the Fossil Fuel Non-proliferation Treaty could be built and implemented as an international agreement and a compliance mechanism for a more fair fossil fuel phase-out.
United Nations Climate Change Conferences
2021
On 11 November, at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, "a group of young climate activists delivered a sharp rebuke to delegates at the COP26 climate summit...demanding that a fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty be put in place and calling out global leaders for their continued closeness to the coal, oil and gas industries...The activists did not mince their words when they took over the stage at the Glasgow conference, pointing out the absurdity of the fact that the very mentioning of "fossil fuels" in the meeting's agreement has become a sticking point. No COP agreement has ever mentioned fossil fuels as the main driver of the climate crisis.... The youth and the leaders of the Fridays for Future group [had] joined the already established Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative, a network of civil society organizations pushing for a speedy and just phaseout of fossil fuels."
2022
At the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Vanuatu and Tuvalu became the first countries to endorse a fossil fuel non proliferation treaty. Tuvalu's Prime Minister Kausea Natano in his speech stated “We all know that the leading cause of climate crisis is fossil fuels”, “ we have joined Vanuatu and other nations calling for a fossil fuels non-proliferation treaty… It’s getting too hot and there is very (little) time to slow and reverse the increasing temperature. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize fast acting strategies that avoids the most warming.”
2023
At the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Palau, Colombia, and Samoa all formally endorsed the treaty. On the 1 December, over 100 cities and subnational governments voiced their support for the treaty.
Endorsements
As of February 11, 2022, the initiative "has been supported by 101 Nobel Laureates, 2,600 academics, 170 parliamentarians, hundreds of prominent youth leaders, a growing group of faith leaders, and more than 1,300 civil society organisations, including Catalyst 2030, Limaatzuster, Citizens' Climate Europe, Both Ends and Fridays for Future Leeuwarden."
On July 21, 2022, the treaty was endorsed by the Vatican. On September 14, 2022, the World Health Organization, along with nearly 200 other health organizations endorsed the treaty. On October 20, 2022, the European Parliament endorsed the initiative.
As of December 2, 2023, 95 cities and subnational governments have either formally endorsed the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty or signed the Mayors Declaration.
Scientists and academics
As of September 14, 2021, the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative has received the endorsement of 2,185 scientists and researchers from 81 countries.
Cities
See also SAFE Cities.
Sub-national regional governments
National governments
Multi-National Organizations
International Organizations
See also
Powering Past Coal Alliance
Fossil fuel phase-out
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Stand.earth
Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy
References
External links
Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative - Official website
Research and Publications associated with the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative
Legislators, Parliamentarians and other individual elected officials call for a fossil fuel free future (also under "About" at the Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative website)
International climate change organizations
Proposed treaties
14th Dalai Lama
Climate change mitigation
Climate change policy
Emissions reduction
Energy policy
Open environmental policy proposals | Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative | [
"Chemistry",
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,424 | [
"Greenhouse gases",
"Environmental social science",
"Energy policy",
"Emissions reduction"
] |
68,205,517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol%20valerate/megestrol%20acetate | Estradiol valerate/megestrol acetate (EV/MGA) is a combined injectable contraceptive which was developed in China in the 1980s but was never marketed. It is an aqueous suspension of microcapsules (50–80 μm in diameter) containing 5 mg estradiol valerate (EV) and 15 mg megestrol acetate (MGA). It was also studied at doses of EV ranging from 0.5 to 5 mg and at doses of MGA ranging from 15 to 25 mg.
See also
List of combined sex-hormonal preparations § Estrogens and progestogens
Combined injectable birth control § Research
References
Abandoned drugs
Combined injectable contraceptives | Estradiol valerate/megestrol acetate | [
"Chemistry"
] | 152 | [
"Drug safety",
"Abandoned drugs"
] |
68,206,331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Transport%2C%20Petroleum%20and%20Chemical%20Workers%27%20Union | The General Transport, Petroleum and Chemical Workers' Union (GTPCWU) is a trade union representing workers in various industries in Ghana.
The union was founded in 1967 in Accra, to represent workers in the formal section of road transport, in air transport, and in the chemical and petroleum sectors. By 1985, membership had reached 29,185, but by 2018 this had fallen to 7,500.
References
Transportation trade unions
Trade unions established in 1967
Trade unions in Ghana
Chemical industry trade unions | General Transport, Petroleum and Chemical Workers' Union | [
"Chemistry"
] | 100 | [
"Chemical industry trade unions"
] |
68,206,574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuryl%20diazide | Sulfuryl diazide or sulfuryl azide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It was first described in the 1920s when its reactions with benzene and p-xylene were studied by Theodor Curtius and Karl Friedrich Schmidt. The compound is reported as having "exceedingly explosive, unpredictable properties" and "in many cases very violent explosions occurred without any apparent reason".
It was not until 2011 that sulfuryl diazide was isolated in a pure enough state to be fully characterized. It was characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy; its structure in the solid state was determined by x-ray crystallography. Its melting point is -15 °C. It was prepared by the reaction of sulfuryl chloride () with sodium azide () using acetonitrile as solvent:
Sulfuryl diazide has been used as a reagent to perform reactions that remove nitrogen from heterocyclic compounds:
See also
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide
References
Azido compounds
Sulfuryl compounds
Substances discovered in the 1920s | Sulfuryl diazide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 214 | [
"Sulfuryl compounds",
"Functional groups"
] |
68,206,830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2073468 | HD 73468 (HR 3417) is a solitary star in the southern circumpolar constellation Volans. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 6.10, and is estimated to be 420 light years away based on parallax measurements. However, it is approaching the Solar System with a heliocentric radial velocity of .
HD 73468 is a star with a classification of G8 III, indicating that it is a giant star. It is currently on the horizontal branch — generating energy via helium fusion in its core. HD 73468 has twice the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 10.24 times the radius of the Sun. It shines with a luminosity of from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,001 K, giving a yellow hue. HD 73468 is metal deficient with an iron abundance 81% that of the Sun and spins with a projected rotational velocity of about .
See also
Lists of stars
References
Volans
G-type giants
073468
3417
Volantis, 33
041907
CD -72 00471 | HD 73468 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 232 | [
"Volans",
"Constellations"
] |
68,208,250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrintNightmare | PrintNightmare is a critical security vulnerability affecting the Microsoft Windows operating system. The vulnerability occurred within the print spooler service. There were two variants, one permitting remote code execution (CVE-2021-34527), and the other leading to privilege escalation (CVE-2021-1675). A third vulnerability (CVE-2021-34481) was announced July 15, 2021, and upgraded to remote code execution by Microsoft in August.
On July 6, 2021, Microsoft started releasing out-of-band (unscheduled) patches attempting to address the vulnerability. Due to its severity, Microsoft released patches for Windows 7, for which support had ended in January 2020. The patches resulted in some printers ceasing to function. Researchers have noted that the vulnerability has not been fully addressed by the patches. After the patch is applied, only administrator accounts on Windows print server will be able to install printer drivers. Part of the vulnerability related to the ability of non-administrators to install printer drivers on the system, such as shared printers on system without sharing password protection.
The organization which discovered the vulnerability, Sangfor, published a proof of concept in a public GitHub repository. Apparently published in error, or as a result of a miscommunication between the researchers and Microsoft, the proof of concept was deleted shortly after. However, several copies have since appeared online.
See also
BlueKeep
EternalBlue
References
2021 in computing
Computer security exploits
Windows administration | PrintNightmare | [
"Technology"
] | 303 | [
"Computer security stubs",
"Computing stubs",
"Computer security exploits"
] |
68,209,537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMG-PEG%202000 | DMG-PEG 2000 is a synthetic lipid formed by the PEGylation of myristoyl diglyceride. It is used to manufacture lipid nanoparticles that are used in mRNA vaccines, and in particular forms part of the drug delivery system for the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine.
See also
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine nanoparticle ingredients
Distearoylphosphatidylcholine
SM-102
Cholesterol
References
Excipients
Polyethers
Polymers | DMG-PEG 2000 | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 107 | [
"Polymers",
"Polymer chemistry"
] |
68,209,884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abang%20Okpo | Abang Okpo Nyuserre Ini as popular known in Oron Nation is the grandson of Nyuserre Ini, he is also known as the Ancestral and putative father of the Oron Ukpabang people predominant in present day Akwa Ibom State, Cross River State of Nigeria and the Cameroon.
Life
According to Oron folklores Abang was the grandson of Nyuserre Ini an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the sixth ruler of the Fifth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period. Nyuserre was the younger son of Neferirkare Kakai and queen Khentkaus II, and the brother of the short-lived king Neferefre (meaning "least they forget" in Oron). He is credited with a reign of 24 to 35 years depending on the scholar, and likely lived in the second half of the 25th century BCE.
Abang left the Mediterranean region with his followers in the 24th century BCE at a tender age in other to establish a new Kingdom.
Oron folklore tells of Abang Okpo as a powerful warrior and the Chief wrestler of the art-form known as `Mbok'. The wrestling known as (Mbok) has been part and parcel of the Oron people and the date of its origin is unknown. It is said that Abang and his followers made it popular in the Mediterranean.
Abang in his advent of establishing a kingdom was said to have wandered with his children and followers through he Sudanic belt possibly presently into present Uganda, Zaire Congo Basin as a result of the war of the Pygmies (a dwarfish people of Equatorial Africa) which had scattered most of the Africans – known to Oro people as “ekung amamisim-isim asuan ofid oduobot". then they settle within the region now known as Jigawa State in Nigeria which is written and pronounce as `Oronny` inline with Oros` phonemes migration, as he was not comfortable among the Hausa, he made a major stop in the Cameroons Usahadit and Bakassi precisely called Isangele (Usakedet), That is why there is a prevalence of Oron names as Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, and Etang in the Cameroons today.
At Usangale Abang begot Do, who begat Donni, who in turn beget Oron and Obolo and their children with others in Usahadit. This tradition emphasize the now and former accepted relationship between the Oron people and Obolo people, Oro (called Adon by the Obolo) who is said to have led the people out of Cameroon, which have been celebrated between them in the past and present till the 1940s.
Death
Abang, his followers and their descendants did not know that other people were already established on that land and due to dispute over farmland, and fishing space, The group later move on to their original homeland of Oron Nation, Andoni people and Bakassi without Abang who died in Usahadit.
References
Oron people
Legendary progenitors
Medieval genealogies and succession lists
Kinship and descent | Abang Okpo | [
"Biology"
] | 647 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior",
"Kinship and descent"
] |
68,210,106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge%20and%20review | Pledge and review is a method for facilitating international action against climate change. It involves nations each making a self-determined pledge relating to actions they expect to take in response to global warming, which they submit to the United Nations. Some time after the pledges have been submitted, there is a review process where nations assess each other's progress towards meeting the pledges. Then a further round of enhanced pledges can be made, and the process can further iterate.
Pledge and review is sometimes referred to as a bargaining approach; when nations first announce their pledges they may not be set in stone. A nation might strengthen its pledge in response to pledges by its competitors, which can encourage it to increase its climate ambition if it feels it can do so without losing ground to trading rivals. Additionally, sometimes a nation that feels especially threatened by climate change can make non-climate related concessions to a trading partner, in return for them making a stronger pledge. The main way to increase pledges, however, is when the process iterates after the review phase. Each subsequent round of pledges is supposed to involve an increased level of commitment to combat climate change. Hence the ratcheting up metaphor is often used, as the strengthening of pledges is supposed to be a one-way process.
Pledge-and-review was introduced as a possible way to facilitate global action on climate change in 1991, yet it was little used in the early 1990s. In 1995, it was rejected by the international community, who instead favoured aiming for legally binding emission reduction targets. Due to challenges in securing international agreement to strengthen the only partially successful Kyoto Protocol, pledge-and-review was re-introduced as part of the 2009 Copenhagen Accord. Initially seen as an interim measure, by 2015 it had become the central approach of international efforts to encourage climate mitigation. Though in negotiations leading to the 2015 Paris Agreement, the name pledge-and-review was dropped; pledges are now formally called Nationally Determined Contributions.
Mechanism
Pledges
The expected content for pledges depends on the specific implementation of pledge-and-review. Commitments to GHG emissions reduction targets are generally a core feature, though states have full freedom to set where that target lies. States can choose to express their reductions target in different ways. For example, in terms of absolute reductions in the volume of GHG emitted; for the Paris implementation, most developed nations included such a pledge. Yet states can instead commit to reducing GHG emissions in other ways, such as a percentage of GDP growth. As well as emissions reductions targets, the pledges can include intentions to implement climate adaptation measures, as well as specific industry level climate friendly policy, like support for various types of sustainable energy production. States are never legally required to meet the commitments in their pledges, but their progress is subject to review.
Reviews
The exact mechanism for reviews also varies depending on the specific implementation, and the review concept applies at several levels. Nations periodically review their own pledges, with a view to a one way increase in ambition. Pledges, both the level of commitment they contain, and actual progress in achieving the same, are also reviewed internationally, under the auspices of the UNFCCC. While the formal review processes run by the United Nations aim to be non adversarial, states can also be subject to informal reviews from NGOs, which can take a name and shame approach, though may also choose to "praise and encourage" nations that are doing more than comparable peers to limit climate change. In the implementation of pledge-and-review agreed at Paris in 2015, another level of review is the Global stocktake, where the pledges made by the world's nations are evaluated collectively.
History
The pledge-and-review system was first proposed by Japan in 1991. In December 1990, in response to the threat of climate change, the United Nations established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change. It had become apparent that getting nations to commit to legally binding emissions targets would be more challenging for greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) than it had been for emissions relating to sulphur pollution and depletion of the ozone layer. With the support of Britain and France, Japan made a proposal for a pledge-and-review system as an alternative. Various nations objected to the idea, however, so only a weakened form of pledge-and-review was included in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the time it was signed at the 1992 Earth Summit. The pledge-and-review system was formally rejected at the first Conference of the Parties (COP) which took place in Berlin, 1995. The focus switched to negotiations aimed at legally binding emission reduction targets, as embodied by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
The Kyoto protocol has only aimed to impose emissions reduction targets on Annex parties (largely corresponding to advanced industrialised nations as of the late 20th century, plus some of the economies in transition). The non-Annex countries, including large emitters such as China, did not have targets at all. Even the Annex countries did not all accept the reduction targets, most notably the United States. At the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, the main focus was on strengthening the emission reduction targets. This failed. As a backstop measure, a revival of the voluntary pledge-and-review system was proposed by Australia. While the system was formally rejected for general adoption, 89 countries submitted such a pledge, including the 27 EU member states who issued a combined pledge. 47 of these nations were non-Annex countries. The nations which had made a Copenhagen pledge were collectively responsible for about 80% of global GHG emissions, much more than the 25% covered by Kyoto targets in the first commitment period or the 15% covered by the commitment period later agreed at the 2012 Doha summit.
The pledge-and-review system established at Copenhagen was formalised at the 2010 Cancún Summit. The system was further strengthened in the years leading up to the 2015 Paris Conference, though it was no longer called "pledge-and-review", with pledges instead formally labelled Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
Relationship with other climate change mitigation methods
There are three broad approaches to coordinating mitigation efforts that nations can attempt to negotiate at international conferences. Setting a carbon price. The acceptance of legally binding emissions reductions targets imposed in a "top down" way by a central body such a United Nations agency. And the "bottom up" pledge-and-review system where each party autonomously decides its own contribution. These approaches can be complementary, though at various periods there have been disagreements as to whether the world's primary method ought to be pledge-and-review or emissions targets. Until about 2010, international negotiations focused largely on emissions targets. Previous environmental successes like the reduction of emissions causing acid rain, and especially the Montreal treaty which led to reduced emissions damaging the ozone layer, suggested that targets could be effective. In practice however, it has been much more challenging to get nations to agree to binding targets relating to GHG. And even when they had signed up to a legally binding target, there is no reliable way to enforce such international law on a powerful nation. So after the relative failure of the Kyoto protocol and attempts to establish a more effective set of targets at Copenhagen, the pledge-and-review system became the dominant approach. As of 2020, international efforts to improve carbon price related mechanisms are still underway. Except at regional level in the EU, actual implementations have so far mostly occurred only at national and sub-national levels (e.g. in China, or in some U.S. states).
Progress towards settling on pledge-and-review can be seen in the light of a decades long attempt to harmonise views between the US led Umbrella Group and the rest of the world, concerning which mitigation method should be central to global agreements on climate change. The other two big climate negotiating groups were the EU and G77+China. During the 1990s, the Umbrella Group was in favour of both pledge-and-review and carbon price. But much of the EU and G77+China preferred to focus solely on legally binding emissions reduction targets, and they largely got their way during the nineties. The Kyoto protocol agreed in 1997 was focussed largely on emissions targets, with only a limited role for carbon price and no place for pledge-and-review. US engagement on global climate negotiations have tended to vary depending on who has been president. There was cautious engagement with Bush Sr, leadership with Clinton, dis-engagement with Bush Jr and enthusiastic leadership with Obama. The two years (2009 & 2015) where there was most progress towards pledge-and-review coincided with the two years where there was the highest apparent recognition for US leadership among climate delegates from the rest of the world. In 2009, there was much enthusiasm for President Obama, which may have been a partial reason why it was possible to get pledge-and-review back on the table at the 2009 Copenhagen summit. Overall though, Copenhagen was seen as a failure, denting faith in Obama's climate leadership. After being relatively quiet on climate for two years, major domestic climate initiatives first announced in 2012 and talked up at the 2013 Warsaw and 2014 Lima CoPs, saw faith in Obama's climate leadership reach a new peak just before the 2015 Paris conference, where pledge-and-review became the central method for coordinating climate mitigation efforts.
Criticism
In the early 1990s, the pledge-and-review system was heavily criticised by environmental groups; for example, Climate Action Network labelled it "hedge and retreat". It has also been criticised by academics, especially after the system was revived at Copenhagen with some calling it "scientifically inadequate" or "second best". However, other academics described pledge-and-review as an "essential pillar for climate change mitigation". A survey of participants at the 2011 Durban summit found that the biggest concern over pledge-and-review was the gap between what has been pledged and the level of action needed to meet the 2 degree target (limiting global warming to only 2 °C above pre industrial temperatures.). Participants were least concerned about the voluntary nature of the pledges, suggesting that a system that lacked legally binding commitments could still have international legitimacy. Comparing NGOs with actual negotiators, the study found that in the case of Annex 1 NGOs, they were much more critical of pledge-and-review than negotiators from Annex 1 nations. Whereas with non Annex nations (mostly those in the global south), the opposite pattern emerged. Non annex NGOs were less critical about pledge-and-review compared to non Annex negotiators.
Notes
Citations
Environmental terminology
Climate change
Environmental social science
Political economy | Pledge and review | [
"Environmental_science"
] | 2,182 | [
"Environmental social science"
] |
78,340,345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Mitchell | James W. Mitchell is an African American chemist and was the David and Lucille Packard Professor of Material Science at Howard University.
Early life and education
James W. Mitchell was born on November 16, 1943, in Durham, North Carolina. He was one of five children born to Willie and Eunice Mitchell. His interest in chemistry began in 1960 during a summer program at North Carolina Central University that was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Despite suffering financial hardships, he was able to fund his education through a scholarship and by working on-campus at North Carolina A&T State University. He earned his B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1965. He pursued his studies in Analytical Chemistry, receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1970 from Iowa State University.
Career and achievements
Mitchell's first job after receiving his Ph.D. was with AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Initially starting as a member of the technical staff, he quickly rose through the ranks to become Head of the Analytical Chemistry Research Department in 1975. During his time there, he also became one of the founders for the Association of Black Laboratory Employees. He supervised the Inorganic Analytical Chemistry Research Group and though his leading, made the Department a renowned Laboratory Research organization worldwide. He was first Black Bell Labs Fellow and the first black director and vice president of research. In 2002 he began working at Howard University as the David and Lucille Packard Professor of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering. He also co-wrote a book, "Contamination Control in Trace Analysis." He was Director of the CREST Nanoscale Analytical Sciences Research and Education Center. He has published over 60 scientific papers, and patented several innovative processes.
As a chemist, he wrote approximately 100 articles. Mitchell developed processes, such as "on-demand" reagent generation, which improved the production of high-purity materials for optical fibers and semiconductors. He established benchmarks in materials purity and quality, enabling transformative advancements in optical communication and high-power laser technologies. He also led research in diamond material development, introducing methods to enhance diamond properties for industrial applications.
Mitchell received the Percy L. Julian Research Award and the Pharmacia Industrial Analytical Chemistry Award. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1989. In 1999, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement in Industry Award from the National Society of Black Engineers. He was named the 1993 Black Engineer of the Year by US Black Engineer magazine for his contributions to analytical chemistry and materials engineering.
References
Wikipedia Student Program
Analytical chemistry
Howard University faculty
21st-century African-American scientists
20th-century African-American scientists | James W. Mitchell | [
"Chemistry"
] | 525 | [
"nan"
] |
78,340,481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan%20Jingce%20Electronic%20Group | Wuhan Jingce Electronic Group (Jingce; ) is a publicly listed Chinese electronics company. It engages in the development and sale of semiconductor testing equipment, flat-panel detectors and new energy battery systems.
Background
Jingce was founded in April 2006 by Peng Qian. Peng accidentally discovered during a business trip that graph signal generators, a key component of flat-panel displays were monopolized by Japanese and Korean manufacturers leading to expensive prices. As a result, Jingce focused initially on developing domestic graph signal generators and flat-panel detector related items.
On 22 November 2016, Jingce held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
In 2018, Jingce expanded its business lines by entering the semiconductor and new energy fields. As a result, Jingce currently has partnerships with a significant amount of Chinese domestic companies.
In August 2019, Jingce acquired a 61% stake in Wintest, a listed Japanese chip testing company.
In September 2024, Jingce formed a consortium with an investment fund of China Mobile to acquire a 41.93% stake in semiconductor firm Jiangsu Xinsheng Intelligent Technology from the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund.
In December 2024, Jingce was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.
References
External links
2006 establishments in China
2016 initial public offerings
Companies based in Wuhan
Companies listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 2006
Equipment semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of China | Wuhan Jingce Electronic Group | [
"Engineering"
] | 302 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,341,169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%20Huafeng%20Test%20%26%20Control%20Technology | Beijing Huafeng Test & Control Technology (doing business as Accotest; ) is a publicly listed Chinese company that engages in the development and sale of equipment for testing and measuring semiconductors.
Background
Accotest was founded in 1993 by Sun Xian who had previously worked for the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. It is one of the earliest companies to enter the semiconductor testing equipment industry in China and eventually broke the foreign monopoly over testing analog chips.
In February 2020, Accotest held its initial public offering becoming a listed company on the Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market.
On 6 June 2021, Accotest announced its founder Sun Xian died due to illness at the age of 72.
In June 2024, Accotest opened a factory in Penang, Malaysia to further strengthen cooperation with overseas customers.
In December 2024, Accotest was targeted in a new round of US export controls and added to the United States Department of Commerce's Entity List.
See also
Hangzhou Changchuan Technology
Semiconductor industry in China
References
External links
1993 establishments in China
2020 initial public offerings
Companies based in Beijing
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 1993
Equipment semiconductor companies
Semiconductor companies of China | Beijing Huafeng Test & Control Technology | [
"Engineering"
] | 241 | [
"Equipment semiconductor companies",
"Semiconductor fabrication equipment"
] |
78,342,452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKS%200458-020 | PKS 0458-020 also known as PKS 0458-02, is a quasar located in the constellation of Orion. It has a redshift of (z) 2.286 and was first identified as an astronomical radio source during the radio survey conducted by Parkes Observatory in 1966. Subsequently the source was shown to display optical behavior before being classfied as a blazar via an optical polarimetry study in 1985. This source also shows radio spectrum appearing to be flat, hence making it a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FRSQ).
Description
PKS 0458-020 is found variable across the electromagnetic spectrum and a source of gamma ray activity. It is known to show optical flares which was detected by Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Fermi LAT) and by the Nordic Optical Telescope in September 2012, where it was reported to be 30 times brighter than its daily flux of (E > 100 MeV) when recorded by Fermi LAT. A near infrared flare was detected in January 2015.
The radio structure of PKS 0458-020 is extended across a wide scale range. Radio images of the object produced via Very Large Array (VLA), showed two unique components separated by 1.8 arcseconds with a position angle of -127°. A jet can seen heading northwest before veering southwest. This jet also appears to have a sharp bend by around 60° based on 15 and 43 GHz imaging. There is a strong compact radio core straddled by extended emission which yields a projected angular size of 3.5 arcseconds. A secondary structure is located southwest from the core with a bridge-like structure almost connecting it. There is also some lobe luminosity located on the side of the counterjet with the jet's side having halo emission.
The supermassive black hole in PKS 0458-020 is estimated to be 8 x 108 Mʘ based on an Ld value corresponding to the peaking of a disk spectrum with the disk luminosity being Ld ~ 2 x 1046 erg s−1.
Two absorption line systems located at redshifts (z) 2.039 and (z) 2.04 were detected towards the object with the former having the largest known redshift at radio wavelengths.
References
External links
PKS 0458-020 on SIMBAD
PKS 0458-02 on NASA/IPAC Database
Quasars
Blazars
Orion (constellation)
Active galaxies
2818086
-02.19
Astronomical objects discovered in 1966 | PKS 0458-020 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 524 | [
"Constellations",
"Orion (constellation)"
] |
78,344,643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiopsammus%20maculata | Ophiopsammus maculata is a species of brittle star (related to starfish) in the family Ophiodermatidae. The species is a small five-limbed seastar with a round central disk and long, black or red limbs. Its range is New Zealand where it inhabits littoral zones in coastal waters.
Etymology
Maculata comes from the Latin for 'spotted'. The genus name comes from the Greek ὄφις, for 'snake', and ψάμμος, for 'sand'. Presumably, the name is meant to refer to the long arms and the habitat of the brittle star.
References
Ophiacanthida
Marine fauna of New Zealand
Animals described in 1869 | Ophiopsammus maculata | [
"Biology"
] | 147 | [
"Animals",
"Animal stubs"
] |
78,346,509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicke%20state | In quantum optics and quantum information, a Dicke state is a quantum state defined by Robert H. Dicke in connection to spontaneous radiation processes taking place in an ensemble of two-state atoms. A Dicke state is the simultaneous eigenstate of the angular momentum operators and
Dicke states have recently been realized with photons with up to six particles and cold atoms of more than thousands of particles. They are highly entangled, and in quantum metrology they lead to the maximal Heisenberg scaling of the precision of parameter estimation.
Defining equations
Dicke states are defined in a system of spin- particles as the simultaneous eigenstates of the angular momentum operators and by the equations
and
Here, is a label used to distinguish several states orthogonal to each other, for which the two eigenvalues are the same.
It is worth to consider the case, namely an -qubit system. For , Dicke states are symmetric. In this case, we do not need the additional parameter , since for a given there is only a single simultaneous eigenstate of and .
It is also common to use for the characterization of these states the quantity . They can be written as
where is the number of 1's, and the summation is over all distinct permutations.
A W-state is given as
and it equals the Dicke state .
The entanglement properties of symmetric Dicke states have been studied extensively.
Symmetric Dicke states of spin- particles can easily be mapped to symmetric Dicke states of spin-1/2 particles.
The case of i.e., the case of non-symmetric Dicke states in multi-qubit systems is more complicated. In this case, the simultaneous eigenstates are denoted by , and we need now the label to dinstinguish several eigenstates with the same eigenvalues orthogonal to each other. These states can also be obtained expclicitly.
Fidelity
In an experiment, determining the fidelity with respect to pure quantum states is not an easy task in general. However, for states in the symmetric (bosonic subspace) the necessary measuement effort increases only polinomially with the number of particles. For instance, for qubits it is upper bounded by local measurement settings, which is known from the theory of Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography. It is also a valid bound for measuring the fidelity with respect to symmetric Dicke states.
For the 4-qubit case, 7 local measurement settings is sufficient, while for the 6-qubit case 21 local measuementy settings is sufficient.
Entanglement properties of Dicke states
When a Dicke states has been prepared in an experiment, it is important to verify that the state has been prepared with a good quality. Apart from obtaining the fidelity, a usual goal is to show that the quantum state was highly entangled.
If for a quantum state the fidelity with respect to W-states
holds then the quantum state is genuine multipartite entangled. This means that all the particles are entangled with each other, and the quantum state
cannot be put together with entangled quantum states of smaller units by trivial operations such as making a tensor product and mixing.
Note that the bound is approaching 1 for a large , which can make experiments with large systems difficult.
For the symmetric Dicke state , if for the fidelity of a quantum state
holds then the quantum state is genuine multipartite entangled. Now the bound approaches 1/2 for large , which makes experiments for detecting genuine multipartite entanglement feasible even for a large .
Unlike in the case of GHZ states, the entanglement of Dicke states can be detected by measuring collective observables. It is also possible to detect multipartite entanglement or entanglement depth of such states based on collective measurements. Finally, there are efficient methods to detect multipartite entanglement of noisey Dicke states based on their density matrix.
Quantum metrological properties
For an -qubit quantum state,
holds for where are the components of the collective angular momentum
and are the Pauli spin matrices.
Here, denotes the quantum Fisher information characterizing how well the state
can be used to estimate the parameter in the unitary dynamics
For separable states the bound discovered by Pezze and Smerzi
holds, which is relevant for linear interferometers, a very large class of interferometers used in experiments. For the Dicke state
holds, which corresponds to a quadratic scaling in the particle number, that is, a Heisenberg scaling.
Such Dicke states also saturate the relation
which is valid for any quantum state.
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states also saturate this relation.
Experiments with Dicke states
W-states of three qubits have been created in photons.
Symmetric Dicke states have been created in a four and a six-qubit photonic experiment in which genuine four- and six-paricle entanglement, respectively, has been demonstrated.
They have also been prepared in a Bose-Einstein condensate with thousands of atoms.
Dicke states have also been used for quantum metrology in cold gasses and photonic systems. In these experiments it has been demonstrated that the experimentally created Dicke states outperform separable states in metrology.
Multipartite entanglement and the depth of entanglement has been detected in Dicke states in an ensemble of cold atoms.
Bipartite entanglement and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering has been detected in Dicke states of an ensemble of thousands of cold atoms.
See also
Bell state
Graph state
Cluster state
Optical cluster state
Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state
Dicke model
Jaynes–Cummings model
References
Quantum information science
Quantum states | Dicke state | [
"Physics"
] | 1,196 | [
"Quantum states",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
78,346,870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared%20consumption%20experience | Shared consumption experiences are those activities in which individuals engage with others, such as watching movies, attending sporting events, dining, or traveling.
Shared consumption experiences are inherently distinct from individual activities, encompassing dimensions that impact emotional responses, choices, information processing, and coordinated actions. These experiences reveal the deep-seated social nature of consumption, where individuals expect and frequently find shared activities to be more enjoyable and meaningful. The presence of others in consumption settings introduces complexities that influence behavior, often aligning consumer actions with group dynamics. However, balancing these influences requires careful social navigation, particularly when coordinating interdependent actions, making shared consumption an area of rich study in both psychology and marketing.
Shared consumption experiences are distinct yet related to collaborative consumption, a model emphasizing resource sharing and community-based access to goods or services. While collaborative consumption focuses on practical benefits like cost savings and sustainability, shared consumption highlights the social and emotional dimensions of participating in activities with others.
Definition
Nearly 70% of American adults attend movies, sports events, and museums annually, with a stronger inclination toward enjoying these public leisure activities in the company of friends or family rather than alone. It’s estimated that over 90% of movie trips involve a companion, and this preference for shared experiences, particularly for movies, influences both the spread of these activities and the impact of their advertising.
Shared consumption experiences are those activities in which individuals engage with others, such as watching movies, attending sporting events, dining, or traveling. These experiences are inherently social, involving family, friends, or even strangers, which creates an influential social context that shapes individual consumer behavior. Research reveals that nearly 70% of U.S. adults engage in public leisure activities with others annually, illustrating the widespread nature and significance of shared consumption. Furthermore, shared experiences have unique implications for product diffusion and advertising effectiveness, as seen in the case of movies and other leisure activities.
Affective dimension: emotional intensity and satiation
When consumers share an experience, their emotional responses tend to be amplified. Studies in social psychology have found that the presence of others can intensify emotional reactions to stimuli. For example, individuals watching a thrilling movie or engaging in a high-energy concert with friends are more likely to feel heightened emotions than if they were alone. This phenomenon, known as "social amplification," suggests that shared attention magnifies individuals' focus on emotionally charged stimuli.
Additionally, shared experiences can lead to faster emotional satiation, a concept known as the "collective satiation effect," where the excitement or enjoyment from shared experiences declines more quickly over time than in solo activities. Physiological studies using EEG also indicate that shared experiences can polarize attention to emotionally significant aspects of stimuli, as observed in heightened attention to luxury products when viewed with others compared to alone. This dynamic can influence consumer preferences and even retrospective enjoyment, as people may recall shared experiences as more satisfying when their emotional reactions align with those of others.
A critical addition to understanding the affective dimension is the concept of consumption sacrifice, which explores how willingly incurring a cost in terms of money, time, or preferences for a partner influences the emotional and relational outcomes of shared consumption.
Consumption sacrifice and emotional outcomes
Consumption sacrifices involve intentional choices to forgo personal resources—whether financial, temporal, or preferential—for the benefit of another. These sacrifices can significantly affect the emotional dynamics of shared consumption by enhancing relational bonds. For example, when an individual sacrifices their preferred dining option to align with a partner's preference, the resulting positive emotions stem not just from the activity but also from the perceived care and commitment demonstrated through the sacrifice.
However, the emotional benefits of consumption sacrifice may not always be straightforward. Research suggests that the (in)visibility of these sacrifices can mediate their emotional impact. Sacrifices that remain unnoticed by recipients are less likely to generate the intended relational and emotional benefits, potentially leading to dissatisfaction for the sacrificing party. For instance, if a person spends significant time researching options to create a memorable shared experience but their efforts are unacknowledged, the lack of appreciation can diminish the positive emotional outcomes of the sacrifice.
Relational signals in emotional experiences
Sacrifices in shared consumption often serve as relational signals that reinforce bonds and emotional closeness. The act of willingly giving up one’s own preference for a partner’s benefit demonstrates care and nurtures feelings of mutual respect and affection. This aligns with prior findings that sacrifices in relationships, such as prioritizing a partner’s preference for a movie or meal, enhance emotional experiences by fostering a sense of shared identity and mutual support.
Implications for marketers and shared consumption
For businesses, understanding the role of consumption sacrifices in shared consumption offers opportunities to create tailored experiences that highlight such emotional and relational benefits. For example, services that emphasize ease of coordination or visibly acknowledge the sacrifices made by one party can enhance the overall shared experience, ensuring that emotional and relational benefits are fully realized.
Motivational dimension: social influence on choices
The social context of shared consumption influences the choices consumers make, often encouraging them to favor social over solo activities. According to Caprariello and Reis, people tend to anticipate greater enjoyment when they can share experiences with friends or family, which deters them from engaging in these activities alone. Across diverse cultures, such as in the United States, China, and India, consumers show less interest in solo leisure activities, reflecting the importance of social connectedness in motivating shared consumption choices.
Furthermore, shared experiences influence spending and consumption patterns. For instance, research in consumer behavior has shown that men (agency-oriented consumers) tend to spend more when shopping with friends, while women (communion-oriented consumers) often spend less in similar contexts, highlighting gender-based differences in spending behaviors linked to social influence. Additionally, consumption is often influenced by others' actions: Lowe and Haws found that consumers’ indulgence or restraint in a shared setting (such as snacking with friends) often aligns with the behavior of their companions, leading to either co-indulgence or co-abstinence. This dynamic underscores how social settings can alter consumers' motivations and choices to fit the expectations and behaviors of their peers.
The choices consumers make in shared consumption experiences are heavily shaped by social motivations. When engaging in such experiences, individuals often prioritize the preferences and expectations of others, creating a dynamic interplay between personal desires and group influence. Research highlights that social connections play a critical role in motivating participation in joint activities, as consumers generally perceive shared experiences as more enjoyable and meaningful than solitary ones.
Social focus in choices for others
Liu, Dallas, and Fitzsimons propose a framework for understanding consumer decisions for others, emphasizing two dimensions: the chooser's social focus (relationship- vs. recipient-oriented) and the consideration of consumption preferences (highlighting the recipient's preferences vs. balancing them with the chooser's preferences). This framework applies directly to shared consumption contexts, especially in cases where social relationships influence decision-making. For instance, in joint consumption settings, individuals often balance their own preferences with those of others, aiming to achieve relational harmony.
The role of relationship signals
Social influence also manifests in the need to send appropriate relational signals through choices. For example, gift-giving—a common form of consumption choice for others—is often motivated by the desire to convey closeness and understanding. In shared consumption scenarios, such as selecting a restaurant or movie for a group, individuals may prioritize options that they believe align with others' preferences to strengthen social bonds. This relational focus can sometimes lead to over-accommodation, where individuals suppress their preferences to maintain harmony.
Balancing preferences in shared consumption
In joint consumption settings, consumers are motivated to balance their own preferences with those of their companions. This balancing act can result in compromises or prioritization of specific preferences based on the relational dynamics involved. For instance, individuals with an interdependent self-construal are more likely to accommodate others' preferences, whereas those with an independent self-construal might assert their own choices unless strong social cues dictate otherwise. Such behavior reflects the nuanced interplay of personal and social motivations in shared consumption contexts.
Implications for marketers and policymakers
Understanding the motivational dimension of shared consumption experiences has significant implications for marketers and policymakers. By recognizing the importance of social influence in driving participation and decision-making, businesses can tailor their offerings and marketing strategies to emphasize the shared value of their products. For instance, promoting the social benefits of a dining experience or a concert can enhance its appeal to groups, leveraging the intrinsic motivation for shared enjoyment.
Cognitive dimension: information sharing and collective knowledge
Shared consumption experiences allow individuals to pool their knowledge and perspectives, leading to enhanced information processing and collective decision-making. Psychological research suggests that groups tend to categorize items and experiences more precisely than individuals do alone, as they leverage diverse knowledge to make finer distinctions. For example, wine enthusiasts discussing wine flavors together are likely to notice nuances that a solitary taster might overlook, which enhances their enjoyment and appreciation of the experience.
However, while groups can benefit from this pooled expertise, research shows that group settings may also lead to a phenomenon known as "affiliative conformity," where individuals prioritize harmony over sharing unique information. This tendency to echo shared perspectives rather than contribute novel insights may hinder knowledge exchange, as participants align their input with the group consensus rather than providing new information. This behavior is partly driven by a desire to avoid disrupting social cohesion and reflects the influence of group norms on individual contributions.
Behavioral dimension: coordinating actions in shared activities
Certain shared experiences require interdependent actions, where the enjoyment or success of the activity depends on the coordination between participants. Activities such as dancing, sports, and games illustrate this dimension, where the timing, pace, and actions of one participant affect others. Social psychologists have highlighted the concept of "joint navigation," where consumers engage in subtle decision-making about how closely to align their actions with their partners, affecting both the outcome and their enjoyment of the experience.
Coordination can enhance the shared experience but can also become a source of friction if individuals have differing expectations or preferences. Research indicates that unclear preferences or interest levels among participants can reduce focus on the activity and detract from the overall enjoyment. Simple interventions, such as discussing each participant's interests beforehand, can alleviate these issues by clarifying expectations, ultimately enhancing mutual enjoyment and satisfaction. Service providers, such as tour guides and event organizers, can benefit from this insight by facilitating open communication among participants to ensure a smoother and more enjoyable shared experience.
Technology dimension: facilitating shared consumption experiences
Advancements in technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), have significantly transformed shared consumption experiences by enhancing coordination, personalization, and engagement among participants.
AI-powered personalization and recommendations
AI algorithms analyze user preferences and behaviors to offer personalized recommendations, enriching shared activities. For instance, streaming platforms like Netflix utilize AI to suggest content that aligns with the collective tastes of a viewing group, thereby enhancing the shared experience.
AI has become a cornerstone in tailoring shared consumption experiences to the unique preferences of participants. Platforms such as Netflix and Spotify use collaborative filtering algorithms to analyze user data and generate personalized recommendations, creating shared experiences that cater to the group’s collective tastes. For example, Netflix not only predicts individual preferences but also identifies overlaps in group interests, making it easier for participants to agree on a movie or show to watch together. Similarly, Spotify's collaborative playlists allow friends to co-create and listen to music, fostering a sense of shared ownership and enjoyment.
This personalization extends beyond entertainment. E-commerce platforms such as Amazon use AI to recommend products that appeal to both partners in shared purchasing scenarios, such as gift-giving or planning a family event. These tailored suggestions reduce decision-making time and enhance the satisfaction of shared consumption by aligning offerings with group preferences.
Virtual and augmented reality
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies enable immersive shared experiences, allowing individuals in different locations to engage together in virtual environments. Applications such as VR gaming platforms and virtual concert experiences facilitate real-time interaction, creating a sense of presence and shared enjoyment among participants.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) have revolutionized the way people experience shared activities. VR gaming platforms such as Oculus and multiplayer AR experiences like Pokémon Go allow participants to engage in immersive environments where they can interact in real-time, regardless of physical location. For instance, virtual concert platforms like Wave enable music fans from different parts of the world to attend the same performance, complete with interactive elements such as personalized avatars and virtual applause.
AR enhances shared physical experiences by overlaying digital content onto the real world, enriching activities such as group tours or scavenger hunts. A family exploring a historical site with AR-enabled devices, for example, can collectively view reconstructions of ancient structures while sharing their thoughts and reactions in real-time. This blend of technology and reality adds depth to shared experiences and creates opportunities for collective learning and engagement.
AI in customer experience
AI enhances customer experiences by automating interactions and providing personalized support. Chatbots and virtual assistants, powered by AI, assist groups in planning activities, making reservations, and coordinating schedules, thereby streamlining shared consumption processes.
AI-powered tools have streamlined the logistical aspects of shared consumption, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience for groups. Chatbots and virtual assistants, such as those embedded in travel platforms or event-planning apps, help users coordinate activities, make reservations, and manage group schedules. For example, Google Assistant can organize movie nights by checking cinema availability, booking tickets, and setting reminders for participants.
Additionally, AI systems like OpenTable or Zomato analyze group preferences and dietary restrictions to recommend suitable dining options, simplifying decision-making for groups. This automation not only saves time but also enhances the overall experience by minimizing potential conflicts over preferences or logistics.
Collaborative intelligence
The integration of AI and human intelligence, known as collaborative intelligence, enables more effective shared consumption experiences. AI systems assist in decision-making and coordination, allowing groups to efficiently plan and execute shared activities.
Collaborative intelligence—the combination of AI and human decision-making—has enabled more effective coordination in shared consumption experiences. By integrating AI tools that analyze data and predict outcomes, groups can make better-informed decisions. For instance, Airbnb uses AI to suggest accommodations that align with group needs, such as properties with shared spaces or amenities tailored to families.
Furthermore, collaborative intelligence is evident in platforms that facilitate shared workspaces or co-living arrangements, where AI optimizes resource allocation and group dynamics. These systems ensure fair access to shared resources, creating a more harmonious and efficient consumption environment.
Social media and AI-generated content
AI-generated content on social media platforms influences shared consumption by shaping group preferences and trends. AI tools create personalized content that resonates with specific audiences, fostering shared interests and experiences among users.
Social media platforms powered by AI have become critical in influencing shared consumption behaviors. AI-generated content, such as personalized ads or curated posts, shapes group preferences and sparks shared interests. For instance, platforms like Instagram and TikTok use machine learning algorithms to identify trends and suggest content that appeals to group members, encouraging collective participation in challenges, events, or experiences.
AI also plays a role in enhancing real-time social interactions. Tools like Zoom's AI-powered features enable virtual shared experiences, such as co-watching movies or attending virtual fitness classes. Additionally, the rise of AI-generated influencers and virtual companions adds a unique layer to shared consumption by blending technology with human-like interactions, fostering a sense of connection among participants.
See also
Collaborative consumption
References
Human behavior | Shared consumption experience | [
"Biology"
] | 3,234 | [
"Behavior",
"Human behavior"
] |
78,347,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindera%20kaleea | Cylindera kaleea is a species of tiger beetle found across East Asia.
Known subspecies
Cylindera kaleea angulimaculata
Cylindera kaleea kaleea
Cylindera kaleea yedoensis
References
kaleea
Beetles described in 1866
Biota of Asia | Cylindera kaleea | [
"Biology"
] | 57 | [
"Biota of Asia",
"Biota by continent"
] |
78,348,700 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docarpamine | Docarpamine (, ), sold under the brand name Tanadopa, is an orally active dopamine prodrug which is marketed in Japan for the treatment of acute cardiac insufficiency and/or chronic heart failure. It is used orally and intravenously.
In terms of bioactivation, the hydroxyl groups of docarpamine are freed by esterases in the gut and liver and the amino group is freed by γ-glutamyltransferase in the kidney and liver. There is an intermediate, dideethoxycarbonyldocarpamine (DECD), in which the hydroxyl substitutions have been hydrolyzed. The N-substitution protects the drug from first-pass metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) until it is cleaved into dopamine and allows it to be orally active. The drug does not cross the blood–brain barrier or affect the central nervous system even at high doses and hence is peripherally selective. The predicted log P (XLogP3) of docarpamine is 2.9. It is thought that the therapeutic effects of docarpamine are mediated by activation of peripheral dopamine D1 receptors.
Although docarpamine is orally active and can achieve therapeutic levels of dopamine in blood, relatively high doses and frequent administration of the drug (e.g., 600–750mg every 8hours) are required when it is used by this route. Its duration of action orally is described as greater than 4hours.
The drug was first described in the scientific literature by 1980.
See also
Neurotransmitter prodrug
DA-Phen
Dopexamine
Ibopamine
O,O′-Diacetyldopamine
O,O′-Dipivaloyldopamine
References
Catecholamines
Dopamine
Dopamine agonists
Monoamine precursors
Peripherally selective drugs
Phenethylamines
Prodrugs
Ethyl esters
Carbonate esters | Docarpamine | [
"Chemistry"
] | 425 | [
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,348,965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagurus%20traversi | Pagurus traversi is a species of hermit crab. It was described in 1885.
Description
A small hermit-crab that lives in marine tide pools.
Range
New Zealand.
References
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Marine crustaceans of New Zealand
Hermit crabs | Pagurus traversi | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Animals",
"Animal stubs"
] |
78,349,741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys-MDMA | Lys-MDMA, or lysine-MDMA, also known as N-(L-lysinamidyl)-MDMA, is a prodrug of MDMA which is being investigated for possible use as a pharmaceutical drug in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Structurally, lys-MDMA is to MDMA as lisdexamfetamine is to dextroamphetamine As of August 2024, a phase 1 clinical trial comparing MDMA, MDA, lys-MDMA, and lys-MDA has been conducted and completed. Lys-MDMA is being developed by MindMed.
See also
Lys-MDA
Lisdexamfetamine
DA-Phen
Phenatine
References
External links
Lysine-MDMA - Isomer Design
5-HT1A agonists
5-HT2A agonists
5-HT2B agonists
5-HT2C agonists
Amino acids
Benzodioxoles
Entactogens and empathogens
Entheogens
Euphoriants
Experimental antidepressants
Experimental entactogens
Methamphetamines
Prodrugs
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Serotonin receptor agonists
Stimulants
Substituted amphetamines
TAAR1 agonists
VMAT inhibitors | Lys-MDMA | [
"Chemistry"
] | 291 | [
"Amino acids",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Chemicals in medicine",
"Prodrugs"
] |
78,349,918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207590 | NGC 7590 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Grus. This galaxy is in the upper middle west part of the Virgo Supercluster. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 1333 ± 18km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of . However, 12 non-redshift measurements give a distance of . NGC 7590 was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on 14 July 1826.
The SIMBAD database lists NGC7590 as a Seyfert I Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable. While the neighboring NGC 7599 is marginally brighter, NGC 7590 is easier to identify due to its bright Seyfert core and an adjacent star of 13th magnitude.
Galaxy groups
According to A. M. Garcia, NGC 7590 is a member of the NGC 7582 group (also known as LGG 472). This group of galaxies contains at least 9 members. The other galaxies are NGC 7496, NGC 7531, NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7599, NGC 7632, IC 5325, and ESO 291-24.
NGC 7590 also belongs a group known as the Grus quartet. Other members of the group include the spiral galaxies NGC 7552, NGC 7582, and NGC 7599. A large tidal extension of HI reaches from NGC 7582 to NGC 7552, which is indicative of interactions between the group members, yet NGC 7552 does not have highly disturbed morphology.
See also
List of NGC objects (7001–7840)
References
Sources
External links
Barred spiral galaxies
7590
Grus (constellation)
23161-4230
-07-47-030
347-033
071031
18260714
Discoveries by James Dunlop
Seyfert galaxies
Virgo Supercluster | NGC 7590 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 415 | [
"Grus (constellation)",
"Constellations"
] |
78,350,689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20textile%20science%20journals | This is a list of notable academic and scientific journals in textile science, covering various areas including textile technology, materials science, and home economics and industrial applications.
Established in 1982, Clothing & Textiles Research Journal became the most frequent publisher of American clothing and textiles research starting in the 1990s.
List
Clothing & Textiles Research Journal
Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal
Fibre Chemistry
Geotextiles and Geomembranes
International Journal of Textile Science
Journal of Industrial Textiles
The Journal of The Textile Institute
Proceedings of Higher Education Institutions. Textile Industry Technology
Textile Research Journal
References
Lists of academic journals | List of textile science journals | [
"Materials_science"
] | 114 | [
"Materials science journals",
"Textile journals"
] |
78,351,617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Kurchan | Jorge Kurchan (born September 4, 1959) is an Argentine-Italian statistical physicist. He is currently Director of Exceptional Class Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). His primary areas of study include statistical physics, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and complex systems. Kurchans research often explores topics such as glassy dynamics, stochastic processes, and the behavior of disordered systems, focusing on understanding the fundamental principles underlying the statistical mechanics of complex and out-of-equilibrium systems.
Education and Career
Kurchan was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He completed his master's degree in 1985 and his Ph.D. in 1989, both in physics at the University of Buenos Aires under Daniel R. Bes. He conducted postdoctoral research at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1990 in the group of Eytan Domany and at the Sapienza University of Rome from 1991 to 1994. Kurchan joined École normale supérieure de Lyon as an associate researcher. In 1996, he became a CNRS research director at ESPCI ParisTech's physics and mechanics lab. He served as Deputy Director of the Henri Poincaré Institute from 2010 to 2013 and as Director of the Statistical Physics Laboratory at École normale supérieure in Paris from 2014 to 2018. Kurchan co-edited Europhysics Letters from 2002 to 2005 and currently edits Journal of Statistical Physics (2003–2014, 2018–present) and SciPost (2018–present).
Recognition
Kurchan received the Prix Paul Langevin in 2002 from the Société Française de Physique. He received the Prix Servant de la Academie des Sciences from the French Academy of Sciences in 2005. He is selected to receive the 2025 Lars Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society.
Bibliography
Books
Selected publications
Analytic solution of out-of-equilibrium mean field glass dynamics, and its relation to the phase-space landscape (with L. Cugliandolo)
Identification of an effective temperature in out-of-equilibrium systems (with L. Cugliandolo and L. Peliti)
High-dimensional geometry and slow dynamics (with L. Laloux)
The first fluctuation theorem for stochastic dynamics
Quantum fluctuation theorem and discussion of the measurement protocol
Uncovering of hidden non-abelian symmetries in interacting particle systems and their relation to duality, along with the quantum extension of duality (with C. Giardinà, R. Frassek, F. Redig, and K. Vafayi)
Analytic solution of liquid and glass dynamics in large dimensions (with T. Maimbourg and F. Zamponi)
The "full" Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (with L. Foini)
Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis and Free Probability (with L. Foini and S. Pappalardi)
References
1959 births
Living people
Argentine physicists
21st-century Italian physicists
20th-century Italian physicists
Statistical physicists
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
People from Buenos Aires
Thermodynamicists | Jorge Kurchan | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 651 | [
"Statistical physicists",
"Statistical mechanics",
"Thermodynamics",
"Thermodynamicists"
] |
78,353,280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio%20M.%20Ottino | Julio M. Ottino is a chemical engineer known for his research in fluid dynamics, chaos and mixing, and complex systems. He is also an artist, author, and educator. He is currently the Distinguished Robert R. McCormick Institute Professor and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering at Northwestern University and is also a professor of management and organizations in the Kellogg School of Management. He previously served as the dean of the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University from 2005-2023.
Early life and education
Ottino was born in La Plata, Argentina. Growing up with twin interests in art and science, he received a degree in chemical engineering from the National University of La Plata in 1974. After this, while drafted as an officer in the Argentinean Navy, he mounted a solo art exhibit. Immediately after finishing a two-year term in the Navy, he got married and moved to the United States for graduate school in chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where he received his PhD in 1979.
Career
After his PhD, Ottino held faculty positions at University of Massachusetts, Amherst and held visiting appointments at Caltech, Stanford, and the University of Minnesota before joining Northwestern in 1991. He was chair of Northwestern’s Department of Chemical Engineering from 1992 to 2000 and was founder and co-director of NICO, the Northwestern Institute for Complex Systems. In 2005, he became dean of Northwestern’s McCormick School of Engineering. As dean, he developed the whole-brain engineering approach to research and education, integrating both left-brain analysis and right brain creativity through design, entrepreneurship, and leadership and personal development. He created university-wide centers and initiatives, including the Segal Design Institute and the Farley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.
In education, he launched several new master’s degrees programs in analytics, artificial intelligence, robotics, and energy and sustainability. At the undergraduate level, he made the first-year Design Thinking and Communication course a centerpiece of the engineering education experience. He was instrumental in developing several cross-school initiatives, including the NUvention series of courses, which brought together university-wide multidisciplinary teams to create and launch startups, and the Bay Area Immersion program, which educates students at the intersection of design, technology, and digital media.
He was also instrumental in developing more education and programming at the intersection of fine arts. With the Block Museum, he developed the Artist-at-Large and the Art + Engineering program. He partnered with the Art Institute of Chicago to facilitate the creation of the Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts and to create joint courses such as "Data as Art."
During his tenure, applications to the engineering school quadrupled, and research funding doubled. In 2017, he was awarded the Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education from the National Academy of Engineering for developing and implementing whole-brain engineering.
In 2022, his book The Nexus: Augmented Thinking for a Complex World – The New Convergence of Art, Technology, and Science, co-authored with Bruce Mau, was published by MIT Press.
Research
Ottino's experimental and theoretical work in chemical engineering connected the fields of chaos and fluid mixing. For the first 10 years of his career, Ottino's principal focus was on fluid mixing. He established the scientific basis of mixing and developed mathematical frameworks that showed flows can produce stretching and folding that creates chaotic motion and effective mixing. He has extended this foundational knowledge to applications including microfluidics, materials processing, and CO2 capture. Recently, Ottino turned his attention to the mixing and segregation of granular materials, exploiting the mathematics of piecewise isometries.
His research has been featured in articles and on the covers of Nature, Science, Scientific American, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA and other publications and has impacted fields such as complex systems, microfluidics, geophysical sciences, and nonlinear dynamics and chaos. He has directed more than 65 PhD theses and is the author of nearly 250 papers and three books.
Awards and honors
43rd Annual Michelson Memorial Lecture (2024)
Fellow, American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2024)
Member, National Academy of Sciences (2022)
Founders Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2018)
Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education, National Academy of Engineering (2017)
Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2013)
Fluid Dynamics Prize, American Physical Society (2008)
"One Hundred Engineers of the Modern Era," American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2008)
Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)
Ernest W. Thiele Award (AIChE, Chicago section) (2002)
William H. Walker Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2001)
John S. Guggenheim Fellowship (2001)
Member, National Academy of Engineering (1997)
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (1996)
Alpha Chi Sigma Award, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (1994)
Fellow, American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics (1993)
Presidential Young Investigator Award (NSF) (1984)
Bibliography
The Kinematics of Mixing: Stretching, Chaos, and Transport, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 1989 (xiv, 364 pp., illus., + plates), reprinted 1990, 1997; 2004.
Mathematical Foundations of Mixing: The Linked Twist Map as a Paradigm in Applications – Micro to Macro, Fluids to Solids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2006. Rob Sturman, Julio M. Ottino, and Stephen Wiggins.
The Nexus: Augmented Thinking for a Complex World – The New Convergence of Art, Technology, and Science, MIT Press 2022. Julio Mario Ottino with Bruce Mau.
External links
www.juliomarioottino.com
https://jmo-research.northwestern.edu
References
Living people
Chemical engineers
Year of birth missing (living people) | Julio M. Ottino | [
"Chemistry",
"Engineering"
] | 1,205 | [
"Chemical engineering",
"Chemical engineers"
] |
78,356,500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isamide | Isamide, also known as N-chloroacetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a serotonin receptor antagonist and the N-chloroacetyl derivative of 5-methoxytryptamine. It was first described in the scientific literature by 1969 and was first pharmacologically characterized by 1979.
References
Acetamides
Mexamines
Organochlorides
Serotonin receptor antagonists | Isamide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 94 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs"
] |
78,356,562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIN%20Waste%20Innovations | WIN Waste Innovations is an American waste management and incinerator company based in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, commonly known as Wheelabrator. The company began as a foundry supplier making sand blasting equipment in 1908, before creating an airless blast cleaning machine in 1933 known as the Wheelabrator. In 1982 the then Wheelabrator Frye company built the first commercial waste incinerator in Saugus, Massachusetts. The company went through several rebrands and divestments and in the 1980s took over operations of Waste Management, Inc.'s incinerator portfolio. In 1990 Waste Management took majority control of the company, which it retained until it was sold in 2014 to Energy Capital Partners. The company was bought by Macquarie Infrastructure Partners in 2019, and in 2021 it was merged with nine other Macquarie-owned waste firms to form WIN Waste Innovations.
History
WIN traces its roots back to the Homogeneous Sand Mixer Co of Piqua, Ohio, in 1908. The company rebranded several times as it grew, first to the Sand Mixing Machine Co. in 1910, then to the American Foundry Equipment Co. in 1920. Following the success of the Wheelabrator product, the company was rebranded as the American Wheelabrator and Equipment Co. in 1945. In 1955 it became the Wheelabrator Corporation, and in 1971 it merged with four companies to form Wheelabrator-Frye. In 1985 the company was acquired by AlliedSignal but was quickly spun off into the Henley Group. In 1990 Waste Management acquired a 55% stake in the company, a controlling interest it retained until 2014 when it sold the company to Energy Capital Partners. ECP sold the company to Macquarie in 2019.
Incinerators
References
Companies based in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Waste management companies of the United States
Incinerators | WIN Waste Innovations | [
"Chemistry"
] | 361 | [
"Incinerators",
"Incineration"
] |
78,356,570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BW-501C67 | BW-501C67 is a peripherally selective serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist which is used in scientific research. It shows selectivity for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors over the α1-adrenergic receptor.
The drug antagonizes peripheral but not central effects of serotonin receptor agonists like serotonin. As examples, it has been found to antagonize the sympathomimetic effects of serotonin in animals, including vasoconstriction and pressor effects, but does not block centrally mediated effects like increased corticosterone secretion or myoclonus.
BW-501C67 and analogues were patented for use in combination with serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists like serotonergic psychedelics in 2023.
See also
Xylamidine
AL-34662
VU0530244
References
5-HT2A antagonists
5-HT2C antagonists
Amidines
Anilines
2-Chlorophenyl compounds
Peripherally selective drugs | BW-501C67 | [
"Chemistry"
] | 242 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Amidines",
"Functional groups",
"Medicinal chemistry stubs",
"Pharmacology stubs",
"Bases (chemistry)"
] |
66,692,614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HATS-3 | HATS-3 is an F-type main-sequence star away. Its surface temperature is 6351 K. HATS-3 is relatively depleted in its concentration of heavy elements, with a metallicity Fe/H index of −0.157, but is slightly younger than the Sun at an age of 3.2 billion years.
A multiplicity survey in 2016 detected a candidate stellar companion to HATS-3, 3.671 arc-seconds away.
Planetary system
In 2013, one planet, named HATS-3b, was discovered on a tight, nearly circular orbit. The planetary orbit of HATS-3b is likely aligned with the equatorial plane of the star, at a misalignment angle of 3°. The planetary equilibrium temperature is 1643 K.
References
Capricornus
Planetary transit variables
F-type main-sequence stars
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet
J20494978-2425436
103
336732616 | HATS-3 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 192 | [
"Capricornus",
"Constellations"
] |
66,692,692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch-sequencing | Patch-sequencing (patch-seq) is a modification of patch-clamp technique that combines electrophysiological, transcriptomic and morphological characterization of individual neurons. In this approach, the neuron's cytoplasm is collected and processed for RNAseq after electrophysiological recordings are performed on it. The cell is simultaneously filled with a dye that allows for subsequent morphological reconstruction.
Background
Neuronal cell-typing requires simultaneous capturing of multiple data modalities
While a neuron's electrical properties are important when defining a cell type its morphology, types of neurotransmitters released, neurotransmitter receptors expressed at synapses, as well as the neuron's location in the nervous system and its local circuit are equally important. Neurons come in a huge diversity of shapes with many differences in cell bodies (soma), dendrites, and axons. The position of the dendrites determines which other neurons a cell receives its input from and their shape can have massive impacts on how a neuron responds to this input. Likewise the targets of a neuron's axon determine its outputs. The types of synapses formed between neurons' axons and dendrites are equally important as well. For instance in the cortical microcircuit of the mammalian cortex, portrayed to the right, cells have highly specific projection patterns both within the local circuit as well as across cortical and non-cortical regions. Dendritic geometry influences the electrical behavior of neurons as well, having a massive influence on how dendrites process input in the form of postsynaptic potentials. Disordered geometry and projection patterns has been linked to a diverse set of psychiatric and neurological conditions including autism and schizophrenia though the behavioral relevance of these phenotypes is not yet understood. Neuronal cell types appeared to often vary continuously between each other. Previous attempts at neuronal classification by morpho-electric properties have been limited by the use of incompatible methodologies and different cell line selection.
With the advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) it was hoped that there would exist genes that would be consistently expressed only in neurons with specific classically defined properties. These genes would serve as cell markers. This would provide a better means to delineate neuron types quickly and easily using only mRNA sequencing. However it appeared that scRNA-seq only served to reinforce the fact that overly rigid cell type definitions are not always the best way to characterize neurons. Furthermore gene expression is dynamically regulated, varying over various time scales in response to activity in cell type specific ways to allow for neuronal plasticity. Like other tissues, developmental processes also need to be considered. Matching results from scRNA-seq to classically defined neuronal cell types is very challenging for all these reasons and additionally single-cell RNA-seq has its own drawbacks for neuronal classification. While scRNA-seq enables the study of gene expression patterns from individual neurons, it disrupts the tissue for individual cell isolation and thus it is difficult to infer a neuron's original position in the tissue or observe its morphology. Linking the sequencing information to a neuronal subtype, defined previously by electrophysiological and morphological characteristics is a slow and complicated process. The simultaneous capture and integration of multiple data types by patch-seq makes it ideal for neuronal classification, uncovering new correlations between gene expression, electrophysiological and morphological properties and neuronal function. This makes patch-seq a truly interdisciplinary method, requiring collaboration between specialists in electrophysiology, sequencing, and imaging.
Preparation and model system choice
Patch-seq can be done in any model system including cell culture for neurons. Neurons for culture may be collected from neuronal tissue then disassociated or made from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), neurons that have been grown out of human stem cell lines. Cell culture preparation is the easiest to apply patch clamp to and give the experimenter control over what ligands the neuron is exposed to, for instance hormones or neurotransmitters. The benefit of total experimental control however also means the neurons are not subject to the natural environment they would be exposed to during development. As mention previously the position their dendrites and axons extend into as well as the neuron's position with a brain structure is incredibly important for understanding its role within a circuit. Many preparations exist for brain slices from different animal species. Owing to the presence of cell or debris in the way of the pipette and a target cell the preparation will need to be slightly modified, often slight positive pressure is applied to the pipette to prevent any unintended seals from forming. If understanding how behavior is tied to the dynamics of the neuronal events is of interest it is possible to record in vivo as well. Though adapting patch clamp for in vivo studies can be very difficult for mechanical reasons especially during a behavioral task but has been done. Automated in vivo patch clamp methods have been developed. Very little difference exists between preparations for mammalian species though the greater diversity of neuronal sizes in non-human primate and primate cortex may necessitate using different tip diameters and pressures for forming seals without killing target neurons. Patch-seq is also applied to non-neuronal studies such as pancreatic or cardiac cells.
Patch-sequencing workflow
After choosing a model system and preparation type patch-seq experiments have a similar workflow. First a seal between the cell and the pipette is established so that recording and collection may take place. Cells can be filled with a fluorescent label for imaging during recording. Following recording negative pressure is applied to capture the cytosol and often the nucleus for sequencing. This process is repeated until cells in the preparation have degraded and are not worth collecting data from. Post-hoc analysis of imaging data allows for morphological reconstruction. Like wise complex post-hoc processing of transcriptomic data is often required as well in order to handle a large number of confounds when collecting cytosolic contents from cells via the pipette. In the initial stages, before forming the seal between the pipette and the cell, the tissue slices are prepared using a compresstome vibratome.To obtain thin sections of tissue, these devices are used. This device ensures that the target cells are accessible for patch clamping. The quality and precision of the tissue slicing are important for the success of the patch-seq experiment. The thickness and condition of these tissue slices influence the efficiency of cell targeting and the quality of the patch seal. An appropriate slice preparation is essential to the overall success of the patch-seq workflow.
Forming the seal between pipette and cell
The patch pipette is designed for whole cell recording so its opening diameter is larger than experiments done to examine single ion-channels. For the most part standard patch clamp protocols may be used although there are some small situation dependent modifications to the pipette and the internal solution. An even wider diameter may be used to facilitate the aspiration of the inside of the cell into the pipette but it may need to be adjusted based on the target cell type. Negative pressure is applied to enhance the seal which will be better for recording as well as prevent intra-cellular fluid leakage and contamination after or during collection of cell contents for sequencing. During recording biotin can be diffused into the cell via the pipette for imaging and later morphological reconstruction.
Electrophysiological recording
Once a seal has been established cells are subject to different stimulation regimes using the voltage clamp, such as ramps, square pulses and noisy current injections. Features of the cell body's membrane are recorded including resting membrane potential and threshold potential. Features observed from generated action potentials (AP) such as AP width, AP amplitude, after-depolarization and after-hyperpolarization amplitude are also recorded. Whole-cell recordings are performed using patch recoding pipettes filled with a small volume of intracellular solution (to avoid RNA dilution), calcium chelators, RNA carriers and RNase inhibitors. The addition of RNase inhibitors, such as EGTA, enhances transcriptome analysis by preserving higher quality RNA from the samples. Recording time can take between 1 and 15 minutes without affecting the neuron structure due to swelling, with lower values increasing throughput of the technique. The data is recorded and analyzed with commercial or open-source software such as MIES, PATCHMASTER, pCLAMP, WaveSurfer, among others.
Neurons are pre-stimulated to verify their resting membrane potential and stabilize their baseline across and within experiments. Cells are then stimulated by ramp and square currents, their electrophysiological properties are recorded and measured. After stimulus the membrane potential must return to the baseline value for recordings to be consistent and robust. Negative pressure is used at the end of the recordings to return the membrane stability. Measurements need to satisfy these conditions to be considered for further analysis. During recording cell viability needs to be maintained as being patch-clamped is stressful for the cell.
It is crucial to have healthy acute or live brain slices for electrophysiological recordings, as the health of the neuron significantly impacts the quality of the data obtained. Healthy brain slices are typically prepared using tools such as the Compresstome vibratome, ensuring optimal conditions for accurate and reliable recordings.
Nucleus extraction
Negative pressure is used to move the nucleus near the pipette tip while moving the electrode near the center of the soma. The model system in question will affect the negative pressure to be applied. In human and non-human primates cell viability is more difficult to ensure. Larger variations in neuronal size compared to rodent models means greater variability in the amount of negative pressure needed to be applied to extract the cytosol and nucleus. After retrieval the pipette is slowly retracted while maintaining negative pressure until the membrane surrounding the nucleus breaks off from the cell with the tip forming a membrane seal. The membrane seal traps the contents extracted in the pipette and prevents contamination during removal for sequencing before preparing the pipette for another recording. The construction of the seal can be observed electrically by the increase in resistance (MΩ). The retrieval process is slow, often taking around ten minutes, as precision is needed to not burst the cell.
Transcriptomics
RNA-seq analysis is performed using the nucleus and cytosol extracted from the recorded neurons. RNA is amplified to full length cDNA and libraries are constructed for sequencing. Analyses including the nucleus not only have higher yields of mRNA but have increased data quality.
Samples present a high degree of variability in the RNA content, in some cases including RNA contamination from adjacent cells such as astrocytes or other types of neurons. Quality is assessed by defined marker genes, indicating if the RNA content includes targets of the cell class of interest (on marker) and lacks any contamination markers (off marker). Various metrics are used to judge the quality of collected RNA.
Normalized marker sum (NMS) score: the ratio of on marker genes from the patch-seq cell relative to median expression of the same genes from an analogous data using cellular dissociation methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Cellular dissociation methods have reduced technical issues and acts as a standardization method. The score measures the gene expression similarity pattern from the sample to a known cell class. Lower NMS scores indicate a reduced detection of on marker genes, more than an increase of off marker genes.
Contamination score: Indicates the likelihood of RNA contamination from near cells during extraction. Contamination may arise from pipette travel to the soma interacting with other neuronal processes. It is calculated as the sum of the NMS score from all broad cell types that does not match the assigned cell class.
Quality score: Measures the correlation between on and off marker genes from the patch-seq result with the average expression profile of cells analyzed using cellular dissociation methods of the same type.
Nucleus presence markers: Detection of nuclear specific genes (such as Malat1 in mammals) and increased ratio of intronic reads provide evidence for nucleus incorporation in RNA-seq analysis.
Morphological reconstruction
Neuron shape and structure, such as dendritic/axonal arborization, axonal geometry, synaptic contacts and soma location, is used for neuronal type classification. In acute slice preparations or in vivo the laminar position is noted as it has important functional consequences as well. The staining by biotin is performed during neuron electrophysiological recording. Alternatively rhodamine added outside the cell allows for imagine the living cell prior to recording. Imaging is done by two-dimensional tiled images by bright field transmission and fluorescence channels on individual cells and then processed in commercial or open-source software. Higher resolution images can be obtained from cultured neurons in comparison to acute slices, yielding higher quality morphological reconstructions.
Post-hoc 3D reconstruction is made by image processing software such as TReMAP, Mozak, or Vaa3D. Quality of the outcome depends on a variety of factors from the electrophysiological recording time to the nucleus extraction procedure. Reconstructed cells are then categorized in four levels of quality depending on their integrity and completeness of the structure. High quality if somas and processes are fully visible and proper digital reconstruction is possible, medium quality if somas and some processes are visible but are nor compatible with 3D reconstruction, insufficient axon where dendrites are filled with biotin but axons are weakly dyed, and failed fills that lack soma staining likely due to the subside of the structure post nuclear extraction.
Downstream data analysis
Designing workflow for processing and combining the resulting multimodal data depends on the particular research question patch-seq is being applied to. In cell typing studies the data should be compared with existing scRNA-seq studies with larger sample sizes (in the order of thousands of cells compared to tens or hundreds) and therefore greater statistical power for cell type identification using transcriptomic data alone. Correlation based methods are sufficient for this step. Dimensionality reduction methods such as T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding or uniform manifold approximation and projection can then be used for visualization of the collected data's position on a reference atlas of higher quality scRNA-seq data. Machine learning can be applied in order to relate the gene expression data to the morphological and electrophysiological data. Methods for doing so include autoencoders, bottleneck networks, or other rank reduction methods. Including morphological data has proven to be challenging as it is a computer vision task, a notoriously complicated problem in machine learning. It is difficult to represent imaging data from the morphological reconstructions as a feature vector for including in the analysis.
Applications
Patch-seq integrative dataset allows for a comprehensive characterization of cell types, particularly in neurons. Neuroscientists have applied this technique to a variety of experiments and protocols to discover new cell subtypes based on correlations between transcriptomic data and neuronal morpho-electric properties. Applying machine learning to patch-seq data it is then possible to study transcriptomic data and link it to their respective morpho-electric properties. Having a confirmed ground truth for robust cell type classification allows researchers to look at the function of specific neuron types and subtypes in complex processes such as behavior, language and the underlying processes in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Comparison of proteomics with transcriptomics has shown that transcriptional data does not necessarily translate into the same protein expression and likewise having the ability to look at the ground truth of a neuron's phenotype from classical classification methods combined with transcriptomic data is important for neuroscience. Patch-seq experiments have been found which support transcriptomic results but others have found cases where morphology of similar transcriptomically defined cell types in different brain regions did not match up. The technique is particularly well suited for neuroscience but in general any tissue where it is of interest to simultaneous know electrophysiology, morphology, and transcriptomics would find use for patch-seq. For instance patch-seq has also been applied to non-neuronal tissues such as pancreatic islets for studying diabetes.
Targeted neuronal populations studies: Patch-seq excels compared to other methodologies in its capacity to measure and extract genetic information from targeted neurons without having to disrupt the sample. This allows for precise trace-back of the transcriptomic data to the neuron properties, such as its connectivity, the location in the slice, morphology. Correlation studies between these data types help identify differential expression genes across neuronal types and discover genetic markers for fast classification.
Compilation and integration of multimodal cell type databases: Patch-seq has been used to integrate neuron functional characteristics to the large transcriptional databases from single cell RNA-seq studies. Patch-seq can provide electrophysiological and morphological data, with morphology being less common due to the difficulty in achieving high quality standards. Integration of the multimodal data is necessary as correct labeling of cell type is unobtainable from just one data type. Previous research has shown that transcriptomically similar neurons can have different morpho-electrical characteristics.
Molecular basis of morphological and functional diversity: Research into the molecular mechanisms that define the morphological and function diversity of neurons is ongoing. Patch-seq allows the identification of differential expressed genes between known distinct cell types. Small changes in gene expression can cause cells to display a different response to stimuli, underlining the importance of correlating this data for proper classification.
Limitations
The most serious limitation to patch-seq is a limitation shared by patch clamp techniques generally, that being the requirement of high fidelity and dexterous manual labor. Patch clamping has been described as an art form and requires practice to perfect the technique. So not only is it labor-intensive but also takes years of training to prefect the technique. To date the largest patch-seq study was done in acute cortical slices of mouse primary visual cortex. Just over 4000 neurons were patched and sequenced from and the effort required a huge amount of manual labor. Most other data sets were collected from tens or hundreds of cells. Significantly less than cells collected for sequencing by dissociating the tissue. Nevertheless no other electrophysiological recording's technique can match patch-seq's temporal resolution or ability to characterize specific ionic currents nor offer the capacity to produce a voltage clamp. For these reasons automating the technique is an area of active investigation by many laboratories around the world for applications using patch clamping including patch-seq.
Morphological reconstruction via digital imaging is another limitation of the technique with pass rates often lower than 50%. The proper integration of the massive number of images with high quantities of noise, and the structural disruption caused by nucleus extraction, makes it a computational challenge in neuroscience. New automatic tracing methods are being developed, but quality remains low.
Future directions
Integrating other sequencing technologies, proteomics, and single cell genetic manipulation
So far the only sequencing technology used has been mRNA sequencing. Including other modalities as well would increase the number of "omics" included in the data generated. For instance a technique for separating the mRNA from the DNA could allow for studying modifications on the DNA. Chromatin accessibility could be judged from DNA methylation and using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and histone acetylation and deacetylation from ChIP sequencing. This would enable study of epigenetics in patch-seq experiments. Likewise separating out proteins would be useful for judging protein abundances allowing for integration with proteomics. CRISPR could be included in the pipette and injected during recording to examine the effects of mutation at the single cell level.
Auto-patching
The biggest bottle neck to the throughput of patch-seq is the labor required for patch clamping. Slowly automated patch clamp is beginning to become the norm but as of yet has not reached wide adoption. This is despite some auto-pathing rigs having a higher successfully attempted seal rate and data collection rate than humans. Automated patch clamping can either be done blind without imaging information instead relying on pressure sensors to provide input for algorithms guiding robotic rigs to form seals and record. Alternatively image guided algorithms exist as well allow for targeting of fluorescently labeled cells. Some systems are better suited to particular model systems and preparations.
See also
Patch clamp
Single-cell omics
Single-cell sequencing
RNA-Seq
MAP-Seq
Neuromorphology
Neuronal tracing
Electrophysiology
Automated patch clamp
References
Electrophysiology
RNA sequencing | Patch-sequencing | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 4,249 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"RNA sequencing",
"Molecular biology techniques"
] |
66,692,968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuella%20Vincter | Manuella Vincter is a professor in the Department of Physics at Carleton University.
She is the deputy spokesperson for the ATLAS experiment, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Career
Vincter earned her B.Sc. in 1990 from McGill University, her M.Sc. in 1993 and her PhD in 1996, both at the University of Victoria. Her PhD thesis was on the precision measurement of the ratio of vector to axial-vector coupling of the weak force, which she conducted at the LEP collider at CERN as a member of the OPAL Experiment. She then joined the faculty at the University of Alberta, where she worked on the HERMES experiment at the DESY laboratory and also joined the ATLAS collaboration. She then joined Carleton University as a Canada Research Chair in Experimental Particle Physics, and was appointed Deputy Spokesperson for the ATLAS-Canada team. She was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 2018, and in 2019 she was appointed Deputy Spokesperson for the ATLAS collaboration.
Research area
Vincter's research is in experimental particle physics, with a focus on identifying and reconstructing the path of electrons in the ATLAS experiment. This allows for precise measurement of the electroweak interactions through the decay of W and Z bosons into electrons. She has also done research on the strong force and the structure of nucleons.
References
External links
Manuella Vincter publications indexed by INSPIRE-HEP
Canadian women physicists
Canadian women scientists
University of Victoria alumni
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
Academic staff of Carleton University
Particle physicists
Large Hadron Collider
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people | Manuella Vincter | [
"Physics"
] | 327 | [
"Particle physicists",
"Particle physics"
] |
66,699,320 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab | Bamlanivimab/etesevimab is a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, bamlanivimab and etesevimab, administered together via intravenous infusion as a treatment for COVID-19. Both types of antibody target the surface spike protein of SARS‑CoV‑2.
Bamlanivimab and etesevimab, administered together, are authorized in the United States for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in people aged twelve years of age and older weighing at least with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing, and who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. They are also authorized, when administered together, for use after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for COVID-19 and are not authorized for pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent COVID-19 before being exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
In January 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revised the authorizations for two monoclonal antibody treatments – bamlanivimab/etesevimab (administered together) and casirivimab/imdevimab – to limit their use to only when the recipients are likely to have been infected with or exposed to a variant that is susceptible to these treatments. Because data show these treatments are highly unlikely to be active against the omicron variant, which is circulating at a very high frequency throughout the United States, these treatments are not authorized for use in any U.S. states, territories, and jurisdictions at this time.
Contents
Etesevimab
Etesevimab is a monoclonal antibody against the surface spike protein of SARS‑CoV‑2.
Eli Lilly licensed etesevimab from Junshi Biosciences.
Bamlanivimab
Bamlanivimab is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the spike protein of SARS‑CoV‑2. The aim is to block viral attachment and entry into human cells, thus neutralizing the virus, and help preventing and treating COVID-19.
Trials
The data supporting the emergency use authorization (EUA) for bamlanivimab and etesevimab are based on a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 1,035 non-hospitalized participants with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms who were at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19. Of these participants, 518 received a single infusion of bamlanivimab 2,800 milligrams and etesevimab 2,800 milligrams together, and 517 received placebo. The primary endpoint was COVID-19 related hospitalizations or death by any cause during 29 days of follow-up. Hospitalization or death occurred in 36 (7%) participants who received placebo compared to 11 (2%) participants treated with bamlanivimab 2,800 milligrams and etesevimab 2,800 milligrams administered together, a 70% reduction. All ten deaths (2%) occurred in the placebo group. Thus, all-cause death was significantly lower in the bamlanivimab 2,800-milligram and etesevimab 2,800-milligram group than the placebo group.
Economics
In February 2021, the United States government agreed to purchase 100,000 doses of the drug for $210 million, at $2,100 per dose.
Research
COVID-19
In February 2021, the FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for bamlanivimab and etesevimab administered together for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in people twelve years of age or older weighing at least who test positive for SARS‑CoV‑2 and who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19. The authorized use includes treatment for those who are 65 years of age or older or who have certain chronic medical conditions. While bamlanivimab and etesevimab administered together resulted in a lower risk of resistant viruses developing during treatment compared with bamlanivimab administered alone, both treatments are available under an EUA and are expected to benefit people at high risk of disease progression. On 16 April 2021, the FDA revoked the emergency use authorization (EUA) that allowed for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab, when administered alone, to be used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults and certain pediatric patients. The EUA was issued to Eli Lilly and Co.
In February 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) started rolling reviews of data on the use of the monoclonal antibodies casirivimab/imdevimab, bamlanivimab/etesevimab, and bamlanivimab for the treatment of COVID-19. In March 2021, the CHMP concluded that bamlanivimab and etesevimab can be used together to treat confirmed COVID-19 in people who do not require supplemental oxygen and who are at high risk of their COVID-19 disease becoming severe. The CHMP also looked at the use of bamlanivimab alone and concluded that, despite uncertainties around the benefits of monotherapy, it can be considered a treatment option. In October 2021, the CHMP ended the rolling review of bamlanivimab/etesevimab.
References
External links
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) review for bamlanivimab
Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for bamlanivimab/etesevimab
Frequently Asked Questions on the Emergency Use Authorization for bamlanivimab and etesevimab
Combination antiviral drugs
COVID-19 drug development
Monoclonal antibodies | Bamlanivimab/etesevimab | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,261 | [
"COVID-19 drug development",
"Drug discovery"
] |
66,700,396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentztrehalose | Lentztrehaloses A, B, and C are trehalose analogues found in an actinomycete Lentzea sp. ML457-mF8. Lentztrehaloses A and B can be synthesized chemically. The non-reducing disaccharide trehalose is commonly used in foods and various products as stabilizer and humectant, respectively. Trehalose has been shown to have curative effects for treating various diseases in animal models including neurodegenerative diseases, hepatic diseases, and arteriosclerosis. Trehalose, however, is readily digested by hydrolytic enzyme trehalase that is widely expressed in many organisms from microbes to human. As a result, trehalose may cause decomposition of the containing products, and its medicinal effect may be reduced by the hydrolysis by trehalase. Lentztrehaloses are rarely hydrolyzed by microbial and mammalian trehalases and may be used in various areas as a biologically stable substitute of trehalose.
References
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates | Lentztrehalose | [
"Chemistry"
] | 231 | [
"Organic compounds",
"Biomolecules by chemical classification",
"Carbohydrates",
"Carbohydrate chemistry"
] |
66,701,563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Price-Whelan | Adrian Price-Whelan is an American astronomer and researcher who is known for discovering the star cluster Price-Whelan 1. He is the son of Michael Whelan.
Education
Price-Whelan holds a bachelor's degree in physics from New York University and master's and doctoral degrees in astronomy from Columbia University in the city of New York.
Career
Price-Whelan is currently a research scientist at the Center for Computational Astrophysics at the Flatiron Institute in New York. He has expertise in computational analysis, analyzing chemical data for large numbers of stars in the Milky Way and interpretation of kinematics.
References
External links
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
American astronomers
Year of birth missing (living people)
New York University alumni
Columbia University alumni | Adrian Price-Whelan | [
"Physics"
] | 168 | [
"Computational physicists",
"Computational physics"
] |
66,701,856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calocybe%20ionides | Calocybe ionides is a species of fungus belonging to the family Lyophyllaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America, Japan.
References
Lyophyllaceae
Fungus species | Calocybe ionides | [
"Biology"
] | 42 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,702,051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiromyces%20meandriformis | Choiromyces meandriformis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Tuberaceae.
It is native to Europe.
References
Pezizales
Fungus species | Choiromyces meandriformis | [
"Biology"
] | 35 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,702,174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocybe%20intrusa | Conocybe intrusa is a species of fungus belonging to the family Bolbitiaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Bolbitiaceae
Fungus species | Conocybe intrusa | [
"Biology"
] | 39 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,702,228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinus%20dunarum | Coprinus dunarum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Agaricaceae.
A 2015 study of its genomic DNA sequence concluded that it was synonymous with Coprinopsis acuminata.
References
Agaricaceae
Fungus species | Coprinus dunarum | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,704,693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20of%20astronomical%20suffering | Risks of astronomical suffering, also called suffering risks or s-risks, are risks involving much more suffering than all that has occurred on Earth so far. They are sometimes categorized as a subclass of existential risks.
According to some scholars, s-risks warrant serious consideration as they are not extremely unlikely and can arise from unforeseen scenarios. Although they may appear speculative, factors such as technological advancement, power dynamics, and historical precedents indicate that advanced technology could inadvertently result in substantial suffering. Thus, s-risks are considered to be a morally urgent matter, despite the possibility of technological benefits.
Sources of possible s-risks include embodied artificial intelligence and superintelligence, as well as space colonization, which could potentially lead to "constant and catastrophic wars" and an immense increase in wild animal suffering by introducing wild animals, who "generally lead short, miserable lives full of sometimes the most brutal suffering", to other planets, either intentionally or inadvertently.
Types of S-risk
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is central to s-risk discussions because it may eventually enable powerful actors to control vast technological systems. In a worst-case scenario, AI could be used to create systems of perpetual suffering, such as a totalitarian regime expanding across space. Additionally, s-risks might arise incidentally, such as through AI-driven simulations of conscious beings experiencing suffering, or from economic activities that disregard the well-being of nonhuman or digital minds. Steven Umbrello, an AI ethics researcher, has warned that biological computing may make system design more prone to s-risks. Brian Tomasik has argued that astronomical suffering could emerge from solving the AI alignment problem incompletely. He argues for the possibility of a "near miss" scenario, where a superintelligent AI that is slightly misaligned has the maximum likelihood of causing astronomical suffering, compared to a completely unaligned AI.
Space colonization
Space colonization could increase suffering by introducing wild animals to new environments, leading to ecological imbalances. In unfamiliar habitats, animals may struggle to survive, facing hunger, disease, and predation. These challenges, combined with unstable ecosystems, could cause population crashes or explosions, resulting in widespread suffering. Additionally, the lack of natural predators or proper biodiversity on colonized planets could worsen the situation, mirroring Earth’s ecological problems on a larger scale. This raises ethical concerns about the unintended consequences of space colonization, as it could propagate immense animal suffering in new, unstable ecosystems. Phil Torres argues that space colonization poses significant "suffering risks", where expansion into space will lead to the creation of diverse species and civilizations with conflicting interests. These differences, combined with advanced weaponry and the vast distances between civilizations, would result in catastrophic and unresolvable conflicts. Strategies like a "cosmic Leviathan" to impose order or deterrence policies are unlikely to succeed due to physical limitations in space and the destructive power of future technologies. Thus, Torres concludes that space colonization could create immense suffering and should be delayed or avoided altogether.
Genetic engineering
David Pearce has argued that genetic engineering is a potential s-risk. Pearce argues that while technological mastery over the pleasure-pain axis and solving the hard problem of consciousness could lead to the potential eradication of suffering, it could also potentially increase the level of contrast in the hedonic range that sentient beings could experience. He argues that these technologies might make it feasible to create "hyperpain" or "dolorium" that experience levels of suffering beyond the human range.
Excessive criminal punishment
S-risk scenarios may arise from excessive criminal punishment, with precedents in both historical and in modern penal systems. These risks escalate in situations such as warfare or terrorism, especially when advanced technology is involved, as conflicts can amplify destructive tendencies like sadism, tribalism, and retributivism. War often intensifies these dynamics, with the possibility of catastrophic threats being used to force concessions. Agential s-risks are further aggravated by malevolent traits in powerful individuals, such as narcissism or psychopathy. This is exemplified by totalitarian dictators like Hitler and Stalin, whose actions in the 20th century inflicted widespread suffering.
Exotic risks
According to David Pearce, there are other potential s-risks that are more exotic, such as those posed by the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Mitigation strategies
To mitigate s-risks, efforts focus on researching and understanding the factors that exacerbate them, particularly in emerging technologies and social structures. Targeted strategies include promoting safe AI design, ensuring cooperation among AI developers, and modeling future civilizations to anticipate risks. Broad strategies may advocate for moral norms against large-scale suffering and stable political institutions. According to Anthony DiGiovanni, prioritizing s-risk reduction is essential, as it may be more manageable than other long-term challenges, while avoiding catastrophic outcomes could be easier than achieving an entirely utopian future.
Induced amnesia
Induced amnesia has been proposed as a way to mitigate s-risks in locked-in conscious AI and certain AI-adjacent biological systems like brain organoids.
Cosmic rescue missions
David Pearce's concept of "cosmic rescue missions" proposes the idea of sending probes to alleviate potential suffering in extraterrestrial environments. These missions aim to identify and mitigate suffering among hypothetical extraterrestrial life forms, ensuring that if life exists elsewhere, it is treated ethically. However, challenges include the lack of confirmed extraterrestrial life, uncertainty about their consciousness, and public support concerns, with environmentalists advocating for non-interference and others focusing on resource extraction.
See also
AI control problem
Ethics of artificial intelligence
Ethics of terraforming
Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
Experience machine
Global catastrophic risk
Suffering-focused ethics
Waluigi effect
Wild animal suffering
Wirehead (science fiction)
References
Further reading
Consequentialism
Future problems
Philosophy of artificial intelligence
Risk
Space colonization
Suffering
Technology hazards
Terraforming
Utilitarianism
Wild animal suffering | Risk of astronomical suffering | [
"Technology",
"Engineering"
] | 1,213 | [
"Planetary engineering",
"Terraforming",
"nan"
] |
66,705,925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Ann%20Mansigh | Mary Ann Ruth Mansigh Karlsen (1932 – August 24, 2024) was an American computer programmer who was active in the 1950s in the use of scientific computers.
Biography
Mansigh attended the University of Minnesota on a scholarship from 1950 to 1954, where she studied physics, chemistry and mathematics. In 1955, she took a position at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a software engineer, where she would remain until she retired in 1994, working on over 13 generations of supercomputers from the UNIVAC (1955) to the Cray I (1994).
At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, she worked with Berni Alder and Tom Wainwright in the implementation of molecular dynamics in the mid twentieth century, ultimately working exclusively with Alder for over twenty-five years. She is regarded as a pioneer in programming and computing, particularly molecular dynamics computing, whom Dutch computational physicist Daan Frenkel noted as being one of the very few notable female computer programmers, with Arianna W. Rosenbluth, that were active in the 1950s and 1960s.
Initially forgotten, except in annotations and oral transcripts, she has received increased attention in recent times, with events and talks on her legacy. In 2019, she had a lecture series at the Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire (CECAM) named in her honour. Modern academics have noted her unfair absence as an author in published academic papers describing the results of computer programmes designed with her pioneering molecular dynamics computing code.
Mansigh died on August 24, 2024 at the age of 91.
See also
Mary Tsingou
References
External links
Computer Pioneer Mary Ann Mansigh Karlsen (Livermore Library and the American Association of University Women, March 2017)
Mary Ann Mansigh series: Almost famous, the woman behind the codes (Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire (CECAM), May 2020)
Picture of Alder, Mansigh & Wainwright, in the Niels Bohr subssection of the AIP Emilio Segre Visual Archives. (University of Chicago)
Flowchart template (Object has "Mary Ann Mansigh" handwritten in red on lower edge) (Computer History Museum, Catalogue Number: 102678315)
1932 births
2024 deaths
Place of birth missing
Scientific computing researchers
American computer programmers
Nationality missing
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory staff
20th-century American women scientists | Mary Ann Mansigh | [
"Technology"
] | 505 | [
"Computing stubs",
"Computer specialist stubs"
] |
66,707,212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate%20Memphis | Corporate Memphis is an art style named after the Memphis Group that features flat areas of color and geometric elements. Widely associated with Big Tech illustrations in the late 2010s and early 2020s, it has been met with a polarized response, with criticism focusing on its use in sanitizing corporate communication, as well as being seen as visually offensive, insincere, pandering and over-saturated. Other illustrators have defended the style, pointing at what they claim to be its art-historical legitimacy.
Origins
Flat art developed out of the rise of vector graphic programs, and a nostalgia for mid-century modern illustration. It began to trend in editorial illustration and especially the tech industry, which relied on simple, scalable illustrations to fill white space and add character to apps and web pages. The style was widely popularized when Facebook introduced Alegria, an illustration system commissioned from design agency Buck Studios and illustrator Xoana Herrera in 2017.
The name "Corporate Memphis" originated from the title of an Are.na board that collected early examples, and is a reference to the Memphis Group, a 1980s design group known for bright colors, childish patterns, and geometric shapes. The style itself was inspired by a synthesis of elements spanning the 20th-century, including the Art Deco style of the 1920s, futurism in interior design from the Atomic Age, and color and patterns from the Pop Art movement.
Visual characteristics
Common motifs are flat human characters in action, with disproportionate features such as long and bendy limbs, small torsos, minimal or no facial features, and bright colors without any blending. Facebook's Alegria uses non-representational skin colors such as blues and purples in order to feel universal, though some artists working in the style opt for more realistic skin colors and features to show diversity.
Corporate Memphis is materially quick, cheap and easy to produce, and thus appealing to companies; programs such as Adobe Illustrator can be used to produce such designs rapidly.
Reception
Once Facebook had adopted the style, the sudden ubiquity of vector graphics led to a critical backlash. The style has been criticized professionally and popularly (including in myriad internet memes) for being overly minimalistic, generic,
lazy, overused, and attempting to sanitise public perception of big tech companies by presenting human interaction in utopian optimism.
Criticism of the art style is often rooted in larger anxieties about the creative industry under capitalism and neoliberalism. Others have argued that Corporate Memphis deserves to be understood on its own merits separate from the corporations which regularly employ it.
See also
Material design, a Google-derived design language linked to Corporate Memphis
Frutiger Aero, a prominent design style preceding Corporate Memphis that embraced contrasting skeuomorphism
Flat design
Hyperreality
Postmodern art
Metamodernism
Pop art
Capitalist realism
References
Illustration
Art movements
Design
Advertising
Minimalism
21st century in art | Corporate Memphis | [
"Engineering"
] | 589 | [
"Design"
] |
66,707,540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20gauge%20theory | In mathematical physics higher gauge theory is the general study of counterparts of gauge theory that involve higher-degree differential forms instead of the traditional connection forms of gauge theories.
Frameworks for higher gauge theory
There are several distinct frameworks within which higher gauge theories have been developed. Alvarez et al. extend the notion of integrability to higher dimensions in the context of geometric field theories. Several works of John Baez, Urs Schreiber and coauthors have developed higher gauge theories heavily based on category theory. Arthur Parzygnat has a detailed development of this framework. An alternative approach, motivated by the goal of constructing geometry over spaces of paths and higher-dimensional objects, has been developed by Saikat Chatterjee, Amitabha Lahiri, and Ambar N. Sengupta.
The mathematical framework for traditional gauge theory places the gauge potential as a 1-form on a principal bundle over spacetime. Higher gauge theories provide geometric and category-theoretic, especially higher category theoretic, frameworks for field theories that involve multiple higher differential forms.
See also
Gauge theory
Introduction to gauge theory
Gauge group (mathematics)
Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills equations
References
Differential geometry
Mathematical physics | Higher gauge theory | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 246 | [
"Applied mathematics",
"Theoretical physics",
"Mathematical physics"
] |
66,708,418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol%20piracy | Petrol piracy also sometimes called oil piracy or petro-piracy, is an act of piracy that specifically involves petroleum resources, or their transportation, consumption, and regulation. It should not be confused with the term oil war, as although both involve petroleum, petrol piracy always involves at least one of the aggressors being ship or boat-borne. Although, it may seem not as prevalent in today's modern society due to plummeting oil prices and lower attack rates, a number of specific incidents have still occurred in-addition to the fact that since the start of COVID-19 there has been an unprecedented resurgence in piracy incidents (petrol piracy-included). In contrast to traditional piracy, petroleum ships are generally targeted over merchant, as it serves as a means to fight back against 'resource control' within the region.
List of notable maritime petrol piracy acts
Maritime Jewel (2002)
Previously called the 'MV LIMBURG', this oil tanker suffered an explosion and corresponding fire considered to be the result of an attack.
MV Sirius Star (2008)
This crude oil tanker was the largest ship to ever be attacked by pirates.
Nave Andromeda incident (2020)
The oil tanker 'Nave Andromeda' was the target of a suspected hijacking, involving 7 stowaways in October 2020.
Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea (2021)
The MV MOZART was boarded by pirates in January 2021, and 1 crewman was killed in the event.
Increased activity in 2020 due to COVID-19
In the most recent copy of the IMB's piracy report, signs show of piracy activity doubling in areas with previously very low numbers. This is attributed due to a stronger economic downturn then usual, as a result of COVID-19. Current hot-spots include areas like the Gulf of Aden and the Western African nation of Guinea, an affluent jewel when it comes to illicit petroleum, due to its geographical positioning in relation to several sources of oil along the coast.
See also
Piracy in the 21st century
Petrostate
Petro-aggression
Maritime terrorism in Southeast Asia
Resource curse
Petro-piracy in the Gulf of Guinea
References
Piracy
Petroleum | Petrol piracy | [
"Chemistry"
] | 433 | [
"Petroleum",
"Chemical mixtures"
] |
66,709,348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Columbia%20Shore%20Station%20Oceanographic%20Program | The British Columbia Shore Station Oceanographic Program is a sea surface temperature and salinity monitoring program on the Canadian coast of the northeast Pacific Ocean. The program is administered by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and regroups 12 lighthouse stations in British Columbia. Most lighthouses are staffed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, but some have independent contractors instead.
The practice of recording ocean water temperature and salinity levels in the area was initiated in 1914 at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo. Data is collected daily around the time of the daytime high tide. The methodology of the sampling was originally designed by oceanographer John P. Tully, and was never modified in order to maintain the homogeneity of the data. The program expanded to 12 stations in the 1930s. Over time, more stations joined the programs while others stopped reporting. Currently, twelve stations remain in the program.
Data from the Amphitrite point and Kains island lightstations, which started reporting in the mid-1930s, show an increase in coastal water temperatures of 0.08 °C per decade. On the other hand, data from the Entrance Island station, which started reporting around the same time, show an increase in coastal water temperatures of 0.15°C per decade. These trends are a result of anthropogenic climate change.
The stations currently being monitored as part of the program are:
See also
Oceanography
CCGS John P. Tully
List of lighthouses in British Columbia
References
Oceanography
Fisheries and Oceans Canada | British Columbia Shore Station Oceanographic Program | [
"Physics",
"Environmental_science"
] | 302 | [
"Oceanography",
"Hydrology",
"Applied and interdisciplinary physics"
] |
66,710,179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistotremastrum%20suecicum | Sistotremastrum suecicum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Hydnodontaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Trechisporales
Fungus species | Sistotremastrum suecicum | [
"Biology"
] | 44 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,710,603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postia%20leucomallella | Postia leucomallella is a species of fungus belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Postia leucomallella | [
"Biology"
] | 37 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,710,799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebia%20serialis | Phlebia serialis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Meruliaceae.
It is native to Eurasia and Northern America.
References
Meruliaceae
Fungus species | Phlebia serialis | [
"Biology"
] | 36 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,710,815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabalodontia%20cretacea | Cabalodontia cretacea is a species of fungus belonging to the family Meruliaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Meruliaceae
Fungus species | Cabalodontia cretacea | [
"Biology"
] | 37 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,710,930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postia%20sericeomollis | Postia sericeomollis is a species of fungus belonging to the family Dacryobolaceae.
Synonym:
Oligoporus sericeomollis (Romell) Bondartseva, 1983
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Postia sericeomollis | [
"Biology"
] | 50 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,710,945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odonticium%20romellii | Odonticium romellii is a species of fungus belonging to the family Rickenellaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Hymenochaetales
Fungus species | Odonticium romellii | [
"Biology"
] | 41 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,711,075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloeoporus%20taxicola | Gloeoporus taxicola is a species of fungus belonging to the family Irpicaceae.
References
Irpicaceae
Fungus species
Fungi described in 1959 | Gloeoporus taxicola | [
"Biology"
] | 31 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,711,119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrea%20luteoalba | Butyrea luteoalba is a species of fungus belonging to the family Steccherinaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.
Synonym:
Junghuhnia luteoalba (P. Karst.) Ryvarden, 1972
References
Steccherinaceae
Fungus species | Butyrea luteoalba | [
"Biology"
] | 61 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,711,177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Genomic%20Pathogen%20Surveillance | The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance is a computational genomics research institute in Oxfordshire.
History
The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance opened in 2015 as a joint project between Imperial College London and Wellcome Sanger Institute. In 2017 it was announced that the centre would house a new Global Health Research Unit funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) to look at antibiotic resistance. This has seen the centre becoming involved with surveillance of antibiotic resistance in a number of countries, for example, the Philippines.
From 2018 to 2021 the Wellcome Sanger Institute and University of Oxford co-hosted the CGPS. From September 2021 the CGPS has been based at the University of Oxford.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the centre received funding as part of the COG-UK consortium.
On 22 September 2022 it was announced that the Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, part of the Big Data Institute at the University of Oxford, was awarded funding worth £7m for their work as an NIHR Global Health Research Unit (GHRU) for the next five years. The Centre’s research and capacity building work focuses on delivering genomics and enabling data for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Structure
The centre's director is David Aanensen.
The centre is principally funded, and directed, by the Department of Health and Social Care. In 2019, it was agreed that there would be collaboration between the Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and the Wellcome Sanger Institute, towards improving the monitoring and tracking of infectious diseases across Europe.
Applications created at the centre
Under the auspices of the centre, the Epicollect5 (used for data entry from distributed observers, e.g. by 'citizen science' programs), Microreact, and Pathogenwatch applications have been generated and shared. Microreact has seen extensive use during the COVID-19 pandemic, and is a component of the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (pangolin) software tool.
Location
The centre is located at the Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford.
See also
List of phylogenetic tree visualization software
Microbial Genomics
Ineos Oxford Institute for AMR Research
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource
References
External links
CGPS
Latest News | Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance hosted at GitLab.com
2015 establishments in the United Kingdom
Antimicrobial resistance organizations
Big data
Bioinformatics organizations
Computational phylogenetics
DNA sequencing
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Genomics organizations
Health informatics in the United Kingdom
Health informatics organizations
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Medical genetics
Pathogen genomics
Public health genomics
Research institutes in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District
Wellcome Trust | Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance | [
"Chemistry",
"Technology",
"Biology"
] | 577 | [
"Genetics techniques",
"Computational phylogenetics",
"Bioinformatics organizations",
"Bioinformatics",
"Molecular biology techniques",
"DNA sequencing",
"Data",
"Big data",
"Molecular genetics",
"Phylogenetics",
"Pathogen genomics"
] |
66,711,211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomoporia%20kamtschatica | Anomoporia kamtschatica is a species of fungus belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae. Typically found on rotten conifer wood, it consists of white-rot and brown-rot fungi.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
References
Fomitopsidaceae
Fungus species | Anomoporia kamtschatica | [
"Biology"
] | 62 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,711,232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang%20Hi-Tech%20Industrial%20Belt | Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt (Jing-Jin-Shi Hi-Tech Industrial Belt, ), including four main national Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zones in Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang and Baoding, i.e. Zhongguancun, Tianjin Binhai Hi-Tech Zone, Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Zone and Baoding Hi-Tech Zone. The place is one of the main Hi-Tech Industrial Belts in China(Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou and Pearl River Delta).
Peking University, Tsinghua University and many institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences are located here, so it is rich in intellectual resources. It also has a convenient transportation. There are four main airports in this area: Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing Daxing International Airport, Tianjin Binhai International Airport and Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport. Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu Expressway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang Expressway, Tianjin-Baoding Expressway, Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Expressway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang High-Speed Rail, Tianjin-Baoding High-Speed Rail, Beijing-Tianjin Inter-City Rail and Beijing-Xiong'an Inter-City Rail make Inter-City transportation in this region effective.
The belt is also the heartland of Jing-Jin-Ji and Bohai Economic Rim.
See also
List of technology centers
References
Regions of China
Northern China
Information technology places
Economy of Beijing
Economy of Hebei
High-technology business districts in China
Zhongguancun
Economy of Tianjin | Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt | [
"Technology"
] | 332 | [
"Information technology",
"Information technology places"
] |
66,711,636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20mougeotii | Entoloma mougeotii is a species of fungus belonging to the family Entolomataceae.
Synonym:
Eccilia mougeotii Fr., 1873 (= basionym)
References
Entolomataceae
Fungus species | Entoloma mougeotii | [
"Biology"
] | 52 | [
"Fungus stubs",
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
66,711,777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrepMod | PrepMod is a web application for vaccine management that helps vaccinators process patients and data. It is developed by Maryland Partnership for Prevention, a non-profit organisation in Massachusetts, USA. PrepMod co-ordinates waiting lists and inventory as well as sends email proof of vaccinations to patients.
How PrepMod is used
A vaccine distributor deploys a copy of PrepMod on a web server. A patient visits that website that is running PrepMod, to search for a vaccine clinic and complete registration. The information is transferred to the clinic who will administer the vaccine. The patient's data is transferred to the state / government. The system can automatically send appointment reminders using email and text message.
Deployment
PrepMod had been running for four years at public health departments throughout the US, for flu and other mass vaccinations.
In September 2020, Massachusetts became the first US state to adopt PrepMod for deployment of COVID-19 vaccines. It has since been used by 27 states in the US, including California, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
People in West Virginia and Pennsylvania have shared a COVID-19 vaccine registration link to those not yet eligible for vaccination, even though it was not meant to be shared.
Intellectual property litigation
Tiffany Tate, executive director of Maryland Partnership for Prevention and creator of PrepMod, is seeking damages from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Deloitte. Tate alleges the two organizations copied ideas from PrepMod and implemented them in their own Vaccine Administration Management System (VAMS) following a March 2020 presentation to the groups, along with the American Immunization Registry Association (AIRA).
References
Medical software
Web applications | PrepMod | [
"Biology"
] | 352 | [
"Medical software",
"Medical technology"
] |
69,513,985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMRFinderPlus | The AMRFinderPlus tool from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a bioinformatic tool that allows users to identify antimicrobial resistance determinants, stress response, and virulence genes in bacterial genomes. This tool's development began in 2018 (as AMRFinder) and is still underway. The National Institutes of Health funds the development of the software and the databases it uses.
Usage
AMRFinderPlus is used by NCBI's Pathogen Detection Project, which clusters and finds similar pathogen genomic sequences from food, environmental sources, and patients. AMRFinderPlus is run for each bacterial isolate in the Pathogen Detection Project, and the findings are provided for public use. Since its scientific publication in 2021, it has also gathered citations from other users.
Database design and curation
AMRFinderPlus can detect acquired antibiotic resistance, stress response, and virulence genes, and genetic mutations that are known to confer antibiotic resistance. When AMRFinderPlus was initially developed and distributed, there were already multiple databases containing antibiotic resistance determinants. The team collaborated with database developers, expert panels, and others to consolidate these sources and create a high-quality resource that addressed limitations in these different data sources that the community had highlighted at the time. The NCBI team also collaborates with expert groups to develop the database and its annotation on a regular basis. Continuous evaluation of review papers and new reports of resistance proteins augment these sources.
While some AMR gene identification tools rely on BLAST-based methodologies, others employ hidden Markov model (HMM) approaches. BLAST-based methods can identify particular alleles and genes that are closely related, but they often apply arbitrary cutoffs that can misidentify AMR genes or assign resistance to non-AMR genes. In AMRFinderPlus, custom BLAST cutoffs are created for each gene to optimize sensitivity and specificity of detection. Unlike BLAST-based approaches, which apply the same penalty for sequence mismatches across any sequence, HMMs allow for the weighing of sequence mismatches based on how prevalent they are in nature, resulting in higher accuracy in detecting true homologs than BLAST-based approaches, but these models require curation and validation to ensure accuracy.
The tool’s Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance Reference Gene Database consists of up-to-date gene nomenclature, a set of hidden Markov models (HMMs), and a curated protein family hierarchy. The database contains over 627 AMR HMMs, 6,428 genes, and 682 mutations, placing this data in a hierarchical framework of gene families, symbols, and names in collaboration with multiple groups. The genes in the database consist of 5588 AMR genes, 210 stress response genes, and 630 virulence genes. The AMR genes cover resistance to 31 different classes of antibiotic and 58 specific drugs.
Sequence records include, where possible, an additional 100 bp on either side of the coding region to assist in the design of primers. Cutoffs were set individually for each HMM through a manual process that involved confirmation of the supporting literature, benchmarking against other AMR proteins from related families, and the background of millions of additional proteins included in NCBI’s non redundant protein sequence database.
Usage rights
Under the rules of the United States Copyright Act, NCBI AMRFinderPlus is classed as "United States Government Work." It is considered to be work performed as part of the developers' "official obligations for the US government", and is therefore not protected by copyright. The software is therefore freely accessible to the public for use and there are no limitations on its current or future use.
See also
Antimicrobial resistance
Genomics
Bioinformatics
References
External links
Github page
Documentation
Free bioinformatics software
Computational science | AMRFinderPlus | [
"Mathematics"
] | 801 | [
"Computational science",
"Applied mathematics"
] |
69,514,974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesityl%20bromide | Mesityl bromide is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3C6H2Br. It is a derivative of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) with one ring H replaced by Br. The compound is a colorless oil. It is a standard electron-rich aryl halide substrate for cross coupling reactions. With magnesium it reacts to give the Grignard reagent, which is used in the preparation of tetramesityldiiron.
It is prepared by the direct reaction of bromine with mesitylene:
(CH3)3C6H3 + Br2 → (CH3)3C6H2Br + HBr
References
Bromoarenes
Phenyl compounds
Alkylating agents | Mesityl bromide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 163 | [
"Alkylating agents",
"Reagents for organic chemistry"
] |
69,517,557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Hagenmuller | Paul Hagenmuller (August 3, 1921 – January 7, 2017) was a French chemist. Hagenmuller founded the Laboratoire de Chimie du Solide (Solid-State Chemistry Laboratory) of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and he served as its Director until 1985. He is considered "one of the founders of solid-state chemistry."
Biography
Hagenmuller was born in 1921 in Alsace, France. After studying in Strasbourg and Clermont-Ferrand, during WW2, Hagenmuller was imprisoned in the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps. During those years, he was involved in sabotaging German missiles. In 1950 he received his PhD from Sorbonne University. Subsequently, he spent two years teaching as a lecturer (maître de conférences) in Vietnam. He returned to France in 1956 and was appointed Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Rennes, working on "nonstoichiometry in vanadium and tungsten bronzes, two-dimensional oxyhalogenides, borides, and silicides, magnetic spinels". In 1961 he started working at the University of Bordeaux.
Hagenmuller was noted for instigating cooperation between French researchers and researchers from the Soviet Union and Germany, his years in the concentration camps greatly affected his character. He also collaborated with noted scientists such as John Goodenough, Jacques Friedel and Nevill Francis Mott on insulator-to-metal transitions of vanadium oxides. In the 1970s, he started working with Neil Bartlett on metal fluorides. His most noted research discovery was the synthesis of and , which would later become important superconductor materials. His work on sodium-ion batteries received great interest years after it was published.
In 2018 Hagenmuller remained the 4th most cited author from the Journal of Solid State Chemistry.
Awards and decorations
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945
Bundesverdienstkreuz (1985)
Legion of Honour (1988)
Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize (1982)
Prix de la Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie (1986)
Bibliography
References
French chemists
University of Strasbourg alumni
University of Clermont-Ferrand alumni
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp survivors
1921 births
2017 deaths
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
University of Paris alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
20th-century French chemists
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
Academic staff of the University of Rennes
Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux
Inorganic chemists
Solid state chemists
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
French materials scientists | Paul Hagenmuller | [
"Chemistry"
] | 546 | [
"Solid state chemists",
"Inorganic chemists"
] |
69,517,690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperspectral%20Observer%20for%20Venus%20Reconnaissance | Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance (HOVER) is a proposed Venus orbiter for remote sensing of its clouds, chemistry, dynamics and surface. The main goal of the mission is research of Venus' climate. The mission is designed by LASP, University of Colorado, SwRI, and the University of Koln.
Main questions the mission would be able to answer are:
How do convection and chemistry produce the global clouds?
Where and how is solar energy deposited?
How is energy transported by largescale circulation?
What does Venus climate tell us about past climates?
How is Venus current climate impacted by current volcanism?
References
Missions to Venus
Proposed space probes | Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance | [
"Astronomy"
] | 136 | [
"Outer space stubs",
"Outer space",
"Astronomy stubs"
] |
69,518,370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTBVAC | MTBVAC is a candidate vaccine against tuberculosis in humans currently in research trials. It is based on a genetically modified form of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen isolated from humans.
Development and manufacturing
The vaccine was constructed at the University of Zaragoza in the laboratory of the Mycobacterial Genetics group, in collaboration with Dr. Brigitte Gicquel of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Currently, the University of Zaragoza has an industrial partner: the Spanish biotechnology company BIOFABRI, belonging to ZENDAL group, responsible for the industrial and clinical development of MTBVAC, studying its immunity and safety in two Phase IIa trials in newborn babies and adults in South Africa. For the Clinical Development of MTBVAC, the tuberculosis vaccine project enjoys the advice and support of the European TBVI (since 2008) and since 2016, of IAVI for the clinical development in adults and adolescents.
Construction and molecular characterization
MTBVAC discovery follows the principles of vaccination as per Luis Pasteur: isolation of the human pathogen, attenuation by rational inactivation of selected genes, protection assays in animal models, and evaluation in humans.
The main advantage of using live vaccines based on rational attenuation of M. tuberculosis is their ability to keep the genetic repertoire encoding immunodominant antigens that are absent in BCG, whereas chromosomal deletions in virulence genes provide assurance for safety and genetic stability. Such vaccines are expected to safely induce more specific and longer lasting immune responses in humans that can provide protection against all forms of the disease. This is the rationale that has been followed in the development of the live-attenuated MTBVAC.
The rational attenuation of MTBVAC was achieved by inactivation of the phoP and fadD26 genes, following the international guidelines to progress live vaccines into clinical development. Similar to BCG, which was conceived in the early 1900s as an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis causing TB in cows and transmitted to humans mainly through ingestion of unpasteurized milk, the discovery of MTBVAC starts with an unusual outbreak of a multidrug-resistant M. bovis killing more than 100 HIV- positive individuals in Spain in the early 1990s. From that outbreak, Prof Carlos Martin and his group identified the phoP gene as a key player in M. tuberculosis virulence. The gene phoP encodes the transcription factor PhoP of the two-component system PhoP/PhoR essential for M. tuberculosis virulence. PhoP was shown to regulate between 2 and 4% of M. tuberculosis genes, most of which participate in well-known virulence pathways of the tubercle bacillus. As a consequence of the phoP inactivation, MTBVAC can produce but is unable to export ESAT-6, which results in virulence attenuation, but yet maintains the epitopes present in this immunogenic protein. Other relevant virulence genes regulated by PhoP are involved in biosynthesis of the polyketide-derived acyltrehaloses (DAT, PAT) and sulfolipids (SL), which are front-line lipid constituents of the cell wall interfering with the recognition of M. tuberculosis by the immune system. Finally, PhoP is able to modulate protein secretion, and inactivation of phoP in MTBVAC results in higher secretion of immunogenic proteins such as the Ag85 complex 6. The fadD26 gene is the first gene in an operon required for the biosynthesis and export of phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIM), the main virulence-associated cell-wall lipids of M. tuberculosis
Preclinical research
Rigorous preclinical studies in different TB-relevant animal models - mice, guinea pigs and non-human primates - conducted between 2001 and 2011 have shown adequate attenuation, safety and improved immunogenicity and protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis challenge as compared to BCG, thus fulfilling regulatory WHO guidelines and the Geneva consensus requirements for progressing live mycobacterial vaccines to first-in-human Phase 1 clinical evaluation. A successful trial in rhesus macaques was reported in 2021.
Clinical trials
The safety and immunogenicity of new vaccines need to be determined in a reduced number of healthy volunteers. Phase 1 studies (can be first-in-human) to define the safety of different ascending doses are usually conducted in small groups of no more than 100 volunteers per trial. These are followed by medium-sized Phase 2 trials (can be > 100) to corroborate safety and determine the optimal therapeutic dose (detailed immunogenicity profile in the case of new vaccines) that helps select the final dose for Phase 3 efficacy evaluation.
The MTBVAC clinical development started with a first-in-human study in healthy adult volunteers in Lausanne, Switzerland (NCT02013245); followed by one additional Phase 1 study in healthy newborns in South Africa in collaboration with South African TuBerculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI) (NCT02729571) to corroborate the safety and greater immunogenic potential of MTBVAC in this age-group relative to BCG. Two dose-defining Phase 2 studies were conducted at SATVI covering adults with and without previous exposure to M. tuberculosis (NCT02933281) (ended in Sep 2021) and healthy newborns (NCT03536117) that will be finalized in March 2022.
Data from the Phase II clinical trials will help define the final (safest and most immunogenic) dose of MTBVAC, triggering the initiation of a multi-center Phase 3 efficacy trial in newborn babies by the second quarter of 2022. Supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP funding), this Phase 3 trial will encompass TB-endemic regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa, Madagascar and Senegal (registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04975178).
References
Vaccination
Tuberculosis | MTBVAC | [
"Biology"
] | 1,264 | [
"Vaccination"
] |
69,518,522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europium%28III%29%20phosphide | Europium phosphide is an inorganic compound of europium and phosphorus with the chemical formula EuP. Other phosphides are also known.
Preparation
Heating powdered europium and red phosphorus in an inert atmosphere or vacuum:
4 Eu + P4 → 4 EuP
Passing phosphine through a solution of europium in liquid ammonia:
Eu + 2PH3 → Eu(PH2)2 + H2
Eu(PH2)2 is formed, which then decomposes to europium(III) phosphide and phosphine:
2Eu(PH2)2 → 2EuP + 2PH3 + H2
Properties
Europium(III) phosphide forms dark crystals which are stable in air and do not dissolve in water. Like sodium chloride, it crystallizes cubically in the space group Fm3m with cell parameter a = 575.5 nm with four formula units per unit cell. Europium(III) phosphide tends to form europium(II) oxide (EuO) in air, and pure EuP shows Van Vleck paramagnetism. The vapor pressure of EuP is 133-266.6 Pa at 1273 K.
Europium(III) phosphide actively reacts with nitric acid.
Uses
The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes.
References
Phosphides
Europium(III) compounds
Semiconductor materials
Rock salt crystal structure | Europium(III) phosphide | [
"Chemistry"
] | 315 | [
"Semiconductor materials"
] |
69,519,305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Leaders%20Group%20on%20Antimicrobial%20Resistance | The Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance consists of world leaders and experts from across sectors working together to accelerate political action on antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
The Group performs an independent global advisory and advocacy role and works to maintain urgency, public support, political momentum and visibility of the AMR challenge on the global health and development agenda.
Mission statement
"The Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance collaborates globally with governments, agencies, civil society and the private sector through a One Health approach to advise on and advocate for prioritized political actions for the mitigation of drug resistant infections through responsible and sustainable access to and use of antimicrobials."
Background
The Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance was established in November 2020 following the recommendation of the Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance to strengthen global political momentum and leadership on AMR. The inaugural meeting of the Group took place in January 2021.
The Quadripartite Joint Secretariat (QJS) on Antimicrobial Resistance, a joint effort by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) provide secretariat support for the Group.
Members and Chair
Chair
The Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance is chaired by Her Excellency Mia Amor Mottley, Prime Minister of Barbados.
Members
The Group includes members from across different sectors and countries including heads of state, serving or former ministers and/or senior government officials (acting in their individual capacities), senior representatives of foundations and civil society organizations and leaders from the private sector.
Current Group members:
Dr Christopher Fearne, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for European Funds, Social Dialogue and Consumer Protection, Member of Parliament, MALTA, GLG vice-chair
Dr Ahmed Mohammed Obaid Al Saidi, Minister of Health, SULTANATE OF OMAN
Mr Mohammed Mousa Alameeri, Assistant Undersecretary for the Food Diversity Sector, Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Ms Beatrice Atim Odwong Anywar, Minister of State for Environment, UGANDA
Prof António Correia de Campos, Former Minister of Health, Professor Emeritus of Health Economics, National School of Public Health, New University of Lisbon, PORTUGAL
Prof C.O. Onyebuchi Chukwu, Former Minister of Health, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike, NIGERIA
Dr Guilherme Antônio da Costa Júnior, Senior Agricultural Attaché, Mission of Brazil to the European Union, Chairperson of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, BRAZIL
Prof Dame Sally Davies, UK Special Envoy on Antimicrobial Resistance, UNITED KINGDOM
Dr Maggie De Block, Former Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health, and Asylum and Migration, Member of Parliament, BELGIUM
Mr Jakob Forssmed, Minister of Social Affairs and Public Health, SWEDEN
Ms Grace Fu, Minister for Sustainability and the Environment, Member of Parliament, SINGAPORE
Dr Jamie Jonker, Chief Science Officer, National Milk Producers Federation (NMPF), USA
Prof Dr Ernst Kuipers, Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, NETHERLANDS
Ms Sunita Narain, Director-General, Centre for Science and Environment, INDIA
Mr Yasuhisa Shiozaki, Former Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare, Member of the House of Representatives, JAPAN
Ms Dechen Wangmo, Minister of Health, BHUTAN
Dr Jeffrey Scott Weese, Professor at the University of Guelph, Director of the Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Chief of Infection Control at Ontario Veterinary College, CANADA
Prof Lothar H. Wieler, Chair of the Digital Health Cluster, Hasso Plattner Institute and Prof of Digital Global Public Health, GERMANY
Ms Jennifer Zachary, Executive Vice President, General Counsel, Merck & Co., Inc., UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Ex-officio members
Dr QU Dongyu, Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Ms Inger Anderson, Under-Secretary-General, United Nations and executive director, UN Environment Programme
Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General, World Health Organization
Dr Monique Eloit, Director General, World Organisation for Animal Health
Former members
Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Ms Lena Hallengren, Minister of Health and Social Affairs, SWEDEN
Mr Jean-Christophe Flatin, President of Innovation, Science, Technology & Mars Edge, Mars, Inc. USA
Dr Julie Gerberding, Chief Patient Officer and Executive Vice President, Population Health & Sustainability, Merck & Co., Inc., USA
Mr Kenneth C. Frazier Chairman of the Board and chief executive officer Merck & Co., Inc., USA
Prof Sir Jeremy James Farrar, Director, Wellcome Trust, UNITED KINGDOM
See also
Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group
References
External links
Official website
Drug resistance
Antimicrobials
Organizations established in 2020
Antimicrobial resistance organizations | Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance | [
"Chemistry",
"Biology"
] | 1,025 | [
"Pharmacology",
"Biocides",
"Antimicrobials",
"Drug resistance"
] |
69,519,758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%20phosphide | Niobium phosphide is an inorganic compound of niobium and phosphorus with the chemical formula NbP.
Synthesis
Sintering powdered niobium and phosphorus:
4Nb + P4 -> 4NbP
Physical properties
The compound is a unique material combining topological and conventional electronic phases. Its superfast electrons demonstrate extremely large magnetoresistance, so NbP may be suitable for use in new electronic components.
Niobium phosphide forms dark gray crystals of the tetragonal system, space group , cell parameters , , .
It does not dissolve in water.
Niobium phosphide, like tantalum arsenide TaAs, is a topological Weyl semimetal.
Uses
The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes.
References
Phosphides
Niobium(III) compounds
Semiconductors | Niobium phosphide | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science",
"Engineering"
] | 183 | [
"Electrical resistance and conductance",
"Physical quantities",
"Semiconductors",
"Materials",
"Electronic engineering",
"Condensed matter physics",
"Solid state engineering",
"Matter"
] |
69,520,270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpositions%20matrix | Transpositions matrix (Tr matrix) is square matrix, , , which elements are obtained from the elements of given n-dimensional vector as follows: , where denotes operation "bitwise Exclusive or" (XOR). The rows and columns of Transpositions matrix consists permutation of elements of vector X, as there are n/2 transpositions between every two rows or columns of the matrix
Example
The figure below shows Transpositions matrix of order 8, created from arbitrary vector
Properties
matrix is symmetric matrix.
matrix is persymmetric matrix, i.e. it is symmetric with respect to the northeast-to-southwest diagonal too.
Every one row and column of matrix consists all n elements of given vector without repetition.
Every two rows matrix consists fours of elements with the same values of the diagonal elements. In example if and are two arbitrary selected elements from the same column q of matrix, then, matrix consists one fours of elements , for which are satisfied the equations and . This property, named “Tr-property” is specific to matrices.
The figure on the right shows some fours of elements in matrix.
Transpositions matrix with mutually orthogonal rows (Trs matrix)
The property of fours of matrices gives the possibility to create matrix with mutually orthogonal rows and columns ( matrix ) by changing the sign to an odd number of elements in every one of fours , . In [5] is offered algorithm for creating matrix using Hadamard product, (denoted by ) of Tr matrix and n-dimensional Hadamard matrix whose rows (except the first one) are rearranged relative to the rows of Sylvester-Hadamard matrix in order , for which the rows of the resulting Trs matrix are mutually orthogonal.
where:
"" denotes operation Hadamard product
is n-dimensional Identity matrix.
is n-dimensional Hadamard matrix, which rows are interchanged against the Sylvester-Hadamard[4] matrix in given order for which the rows of the resulting matrix are mutually orthogonal.
is the vector from which the elements of matrix are derived.
Orderings R of Hadamard matrix’s rows were obtained experimentally for matrices of sizes 2, 4 and 8. It is important to note, that the ordering R of Hadamard matrix’s rows (against the Sylvester-Hadamard matrix) does not depend on the vector . Has been proven[5] that, if is unit vector (i.e. ), then matrix (obtained as it was described above) is matrix of reflection.
Example of obtaining Trs matrix
Transpositions matrix with mutually orthogonal rows ( matrix) of order 4 for vector is obtained as:
where is matrix, obtained from vector , and "" denotes operation Hadamard product and is Hadamard matrix, which rows are interchanged in given order for which the rows of the resulting matrix are mutually orthogonal.
As can be seen from the figure above, the first row of the resulting matrix contains the elements of the vector without transpositions and sign change. Taking into consideration that the rows of the matrix are mutually orthogonal, we get
which means that the matrix rotates the vector , from which it is derived, in the direction of the coordinate axis
In [5] are given as examples code of a Matlab functions that creates and matrices for vector of size n = 2, 4, or, 8. Stay open question is it possible to create matrices of size, greater than 8.
See also
Symmetric matrix
Persymmetric matrix
Orthogonal matrix
References
External links
http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajcam.20190904.03.html
Matrices | Transpositions matrix | [
"Mathematics"
] | 744 | [
"Matrices (mathematics)",
"Mathematical objects"
] |
69,520,552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20gradient%20cooling | Polarization gradient cooling (PG cooling), or Sisyphus cooling, is a technique in laser cooling of atoms by dampening the motion of the trapped particles via photon momentum. It was proposed to explain the experimental observation of cooling below the Doppler limit observed in cesium atom-related laser cooling experiments in 1985. Shortly after the theory was introduced, experiments were performed that verified the theoretical predictions. While Doppler cooling allows atoms to be cooled to hundreds of microkelvin, PG cooling allows atoms to be cooled to a few microkelvin or less.
True to its name, PG cooling involves the use of a polarization gradient typically generated by the superposition of two counter propagating beams of light with orthogonal polarizations. This creates a gradient where the polarization varies in space, with the gradient depending on which type of polarization is used. Orthogonal linear polarizations (the lin⊥lin configuration) results in the polarization varying between linear and circular polarization in the range of half a wavelength. However, if orthogonal circular polarizations (the σ+σ− configuration) are used, the result is a linear polarization that rotates along the axis of propagation. Both configurations can be used for cooling and yield similar results, however, the physical mechanisms involved are very different. For the lin⊥lin case, the polarization gradient causes periodic light shifts in Zeeman sublevels of the atomic ground state that allows for a Sisyphus effect to occur. In the σ+-σ− configuration, the rotating polarization creates a motion-induced population imbalance in the Zeeman sublevels of the atomic ground state, resulting in an imbalance in the radiation pressure that opposes the motion of the atom. Both configurations achieve sub-Doppler cooling and instead reach the recoil limit. While the limit of PG cooling is lower than that of Doppler cooling, the capture range of PG cooling is lower and thus an atomic gas must be pre-cooled before PG cooling.
Observation of Cooling Below the Doppler Limit
When laser cooling of atoms was first proposed in 1975, the only cooling mechanism considered was Doppler cooling. As such the limit on the temperature was predicted to be the Doppler limit:
Here kb is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of the atoms, and Γ is the inverse of the excited state's radiative lifetime.
Early experiments seemed to be in agreement with this limit, and it was understood to be the main method of laser cooling atoms. However, in 1988 experiments began to report temperatures below the Doppler limit. These observations would take the theory of PG cooling to explain.
Theory
There are two different configurations that form polarization gradients: lin⊥lin and σ+σ−. Both configurations provide cooling, but the type of polarization gradient and the physical mechanism for cooling are different between the two.
The lin⊥lin Configuration (Gradient of Ellipticity)
In the lin⊥lin configuration cooling is achieved via a Sisyphus effect. Consider two counterpropagating electromagnetic plane waves with equal amplitude and orthogonal linear polarizations and , where k is the wavenumber . The superposition of and is given as:
Introducing a new pair of coordinates and the field can be written as:
The polarization of the total field changes with z. For example: we see that at the field is linearly polarized along , at the field has left circular polarization, at the field is linearly polarized along , at the field has right circular polarization, and at the field is again linearly polarized along .
Consider an atom interacting with the field detuned below the transition from atomic states and (). The variation of the polarization along z results in a variation in the light shifts of the atomic Zeeman sublevels with z. The Clebsch-Gordan coefficient connecting the state to the state is 3 times larger than connecting the state to the state. Thus for polarization the light shift is three times larger for the state than for the state. The situation is reversed for polarization, with the light shift being three times larger for the state than the state. When the polarization is linear, there is no difference in the light shifts between the two states. Thus the energies of the states will oscillate in z with period .
As an atom moves along z, it will be optically pumped to the state with the largest negative light shift. However, the optical pumping process takes some finite time . For field wavenumber k and atomic velocity v such that , the atom will travel mostly uphill as it moves along z before being pumped back down to the lowest state. In this velocity range, the atom travels more uphill than downhill and gradually loses kinetic energy, lowering its temperature. This is called the Sisyphus effect after the mythological Greek character. Note that this initial condition for velocity requires the atom to be cooled already, for example through Doppler cooling.
The σ+σ− Configuration (Pure Rotation of Polarization)
Representing the total electric field as , we can make the argument that the positive-frequency component is expressed as , where and ' are polarization vectors along some axes. In this case, we consider the Cartesian coordinate system for familiarity. Then, we consider the case where we have two opposing circular polarizations, or:
Where and are the amplitudes of the polarization vectors across the x- and y-axis, respectively. Substituted into our positive-frequency electric field expression, we note:
Where we utilize Euler's identity to simplify the polarization vectors and ' into the following forms:
This results in a total electric field that is elliptically polarized. It falls from elliptical polarization that when one vector moves along the propagation axis, the axes of the ellipse rotate accordingly an angle -kz. This preserves the elliptical polarization of the total electric field regardless of the position along the propagation axis.
As a result, there is no Sisyphus effect. The rotating polarization instead leads to motion-induced population imbalances in the Zeeman levels that cause imbalances in radiation pressure leading to a damping of the atomic motion. These population imbalances are only present for states with or higher.
Consider two EM waves detuned from an atomic transition with equal amplitudes. Now, consider an atom moving along the z-axis with some velocity v. The atom sees the polarization rotating with a frequency of . In the rotating frame, the polarization is fixed, however, there is an inertial field due to the frame rotating. This inertial term appears in the Hamiltonian as follows.
Here we see the inertial term looks like a magnetic field along with an amplitude such that the Larmor precession frequency is equal to rotation frequency in the lab frame. For small v, this term in Hamiltonian can be treated using perturbation theory.
Choosing the polarization in the rotating frame to be fixed along , the unperturbed atomic eigenstates are the eigenstates of . The rotating term in the Hamiltonian causes perturbations in the atomic eigenstates such that the Zeeman sublevels become contaminated by each other. For the is light shifted more than the states. Thus, the steady state population of the is higher than that of the other states. The populations are equal for the states. Thus, states are balanced with . However, when we change basis, we see that populations are not balanced in the z-basis and there is a non-zero value of proportional to the atom's velocity:
Where is the light shift for the state. There is a motion induced population imbalance in the Zeeman sublevels in the z basis. For red detuned light, is negative, and thus there will be a higher population in the state when the atom is moving to the right (positive velocity) and a higher population in the state when the atom is moving to the left (negative velocity). From the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, we see that the state has a six times greater probability of absorbing a photon moving to the left than a photon moving to the right. The opposite is true for the state. When the atom moves to the right it is more likely to absorb a photon moving to the left and likewise when the atom moves to the left it is more likely to absorb a photon moving to the right. Thus, there is an unbalanced radiation pressure when the atom moves which dampens the motion of the atom, lowering its velocity and therefore its temperature by virtue of the kinetic theory.
Note the similarity to Doppler cooling in the unbalanced radiation pressures due to the atomic motion. The unbalanced pressure in PG cooling is not due to a Doppler shift but an induced population imbalance. Doppler cooling depends on the parameter where is the scattering rate, whereas PG cooling depends on . At low intensity, , indicating PG cooling works at lower atomic velocities and temperatures than Doppler Cooling.
Limits and Scaling
Both methods of PG cooling surpass the Doppler limit and instead are limited by the one-photon recoil limit:
Where M is the atomic mass.
For a given detuning and Rabi frequency , dependent on the light intensity, both configurations display a similar scaling at low intensity () and large detuning ():
Where is a dimensionless constant dependent on the configuration and atomic species. See ref for a full derivation of these results.
Therefore, in order to reduce the temperature, it is advised to have the Rabi frequency be substantially larger than the detuning (i.e. the detuning should be minimized).
Experiment
PG cooling is typically performed using a 3D optical setup with three pairs of perpendicular laser beams with an atomic ensemble in the center. Each beam is prepared with an orthogonal polarization to its counterpropagating beam. The laser frequency detuned from a selected transition between the ground and excited states of the atom. Since the cooling processes rely on multiple transitions between ground and excited states, care must be taken such that the atomic state does not fall out of these two states. This is done by using a second, "repumping", laser to pump any atoms that fall out back into the ground state of the transition. For example: in cesium cooling experiments, the cooling laser is typically chosen to be detuned from the to transition and a repumping laser tuned to the to transition is also used to prevent the Cs atoms from being pumped into the state.
The atoms must be cooled before the PG cooling, this can be done using the same setup via Doppler cooling. If the atoms are precooled with Doppler cooling, the laser intensity must be lowered and the detuning increased for PG cooling to be achieved.
The atomic temperature can be measured using the time of flight (ToF) technique. In this technique, the laser beams are suddenly turned off and the atomic ensemble is allowed to expand. After a set time delay t, a probe beam is turned on to image the ensemble and obtain the spatial extent of the ensemble at time t. By imaging the ensemble at several time delays, the rate of expansion is found. By measuring the rate of expansion of the ensemble the velocity distribution is measured and from this, the temperature is inferred.
An important theoretical result is that in the regime where PG cooling functions, the temperature only depends on the ratio of to and that the cooling approaches the recoil limit. These predictions were confirmed experimentally in 1990 when W.D. Phillips et al. observed such scaling in their cesium atoms as well as a temperature of 2.5K, 12 times the recoil temperature of 0.198K for the D2 line of cesium used in the experiment.
Modern Research
Recently, PG cooling has been important in research topics such as Bose-Einstein condensates, optical dipole traps, and integrated photonics. As an important aspect of atom trapping, there is substantial interest in achieving PG cooling for 3D magneto-optical traps. However, such traps typically require large volumes due to necessitating the use of multiple collimated lasers within an atomic vacuum cell. Thus, there is an active research scene in PICMOTs, or photonic integrated circuit magneto-optical traps. One proposed avenue through which such small form factors can be achieved is via metasurfaces for devices orders of magnitude smaller. If this were to be successful, PG cooling could be achieved at a much smaller form factor than currently possible, and deployed in the use of PICMOTs for higher levels of system integration, reduced optical losses, and compact magnetic field generation.
With regards to optical dipole traps, it was recently shown that PG cooling operating under the σ+σ− configuration is able to probe an optical trap's trapping field (i.e. the dependency of the cooling limit of its polarization). Currently, the efficiency of such an idea is vastly unexplored by literature and thus provides a promising field of interest for further research.
References
Quantum optics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Doppler effects
Photonics | Polarization gradient cooling | [
"Physics",
"Chemistry"
] | 2,679 | [
"Physical phenomena",
"Quantum optics",
"Quantum mechanics",
"Astrophysics",
" molecular",
"Atomic",
"Doppler effects",
" and optical physics"
] |
69,520,751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20D.%20Shannon | Robert Day Shannon (born 1935) is a retired research chemist formerly at DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
Career
Shannon received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Ceramic Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1957 and 1959. He then went on to receive his Ph.D. in Ceramic Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1960. He then joined the DuPont Company as a research chemist from 1964 to 1971 where he concentrated on high-pressure synthesis and precious metal oxide chemistry. He then spent 1971 conducting post-doctorate studies at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, working with Chris Calvo on the crystal structures of a number of vanadates and with David Brown on bond strength-bond length relationships useful in determining H locations in hydroxides and hydrates. Next, he took a sabbatical leave from DuPont and spent 1972 at the CNRS and teaching at the University of Grenoble, France as a visiting professor, where he presented a course on solid state chemistry and conducted research on high-pressure chemistry of vanadates. He returned to DuPont in 1973 to do research on new ionic conductors and precious metal oxide chemistry.
In 1982, he was granted another sabbatical leave from DuPont and worked on catalysis with zeolites at the Institute de Catalyse in Lyon, France. Upon completion of the sabbatical, he returned to DuPont and worked for another ten years before retiring in 1992.
After retirement, he received a grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to continue his research on ion polarizabilities in collaboration with Reinhard Fischer in 1994 at the Universities of Mainz and Bremen in Germany and with Olaf Medenbach at the Ruhr-Universität in Bochum, Germany. There, he prepared three papers on refractive indices and electronic polarizabilities in oxides, and other compounds. He has since moved to Colorado where he has been associated with the University of Colorado Boulder · Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).
Shannon was a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Crystallographic Association. He was elected a Fellow of the Mineralogical Society of America. He has served on the Evaluation Panel for Materials Science at the National Bureau of Standards, and on the National Science Foundation Subcommittee for Oversight Review of Solid State Chemistry.
Research
Shannon has about 164 publications that, together, have received over 77 thousand citations. His work on ionic radii of ions has drawn particularly wide attention. In a 2014 Nature paper his 1976 work on the ionic radii of ions was recognized as the 22d most cited paper in all of science. It is also been cited as the highest formally-cited database of all time.
He has a number of patents on glass compositions, zeolite catalysts, noble-metal oxide, electrodes, and chemical compounds.
Mineral named in his honor
The mineral bobshannonite, Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2, was named in his honor in recognition of his major contributions to the field of crystal chemistry in particular and mineralogy in general through his development of accurate and comprehensive ionic radii and his work on dielectric properties of minerals.
Selected highly cited publications
Shannon RD, Fischer RX (2021) Empirical electronic polarizabilities for use in refractive index measurements III. Structures with short [5]Ti-O and vanadyl bonds. Canadian Mineralogist 59, 107–124.
Shannon RD, Fischer RX (2006) Empirical electronic polarizabilities in oxides, hydroxides, oxyfluorides, and oxychlorides. Physical Review B 73, 235111/1-235111/28.
Shannon RD; Shannon RC, Medenbach O, Fischer RX (2002) Refractive index and dispersion of fluorides and oxides. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31, 931–970.
Medenbach O, Dettmar D, Shannon RD, Fischer RX, Yen WM (2001) Refractive index and optical dispersion of rare earth oxides using a small-prism technique. Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics 3, 174–177.
Shannon RD (1993) Dielectric polarizabilities of ions in oxides and fluorides. Journal of Applied Physics 73, 348–66.
Shannon RD, Oswald RA, Parise JB, Chai BHT, Byszewski P, Pajaczkowska A, Sobolewski R (1992) Dielectric constants and crystal structures of calcium yttrium aluminate (CaYAlO4), calcium neodymium aluminate (CaNdAlO4), and lanthanum strontium aluminate (SrLaAlO4), and deviations from the oxide additivity rule. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 98, 90–98.
Shannon RD, Rossman GR (1992) Dielectric constants of silicate garnets and the oxide additivity rule. American Mineralogist 77, 94–100.
Coudurier G, Auroux A, Vedrine JC, Farlee RD, Abrams L, Shannon RD (1987) Properties of boron-substituted ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 zeolites. Journal of Catalysis 108, 1–14.
Shannon RD, Gardner KH, Staley RH, Bergeret G, Gallezot P, Auroux A (1985) The nature of the nonframework aluminum species formed during the dehydroxylation of H-Y. Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, 4778–4788.
Rossman GR; Shannon RD and Waring, RK (1981) Origin of the Yellow Color of Complex Nickel Oxides. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 39, 277–287.
Tranqui D, Shannon RD, Chen Hy, Iijima S, Baur WH (1979) Crystal structure of ordered Li4SiO4 Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Science 35, 2479–2487.
Shannon RD, Taylor BE, Gier TE, Chen HY, Berzins T (1978) Ionic conductivity in sodium yttrium silicon oxide (Na5YSi4O12)-type silicates. Inorganic Chemistry 17, 958–964.
Shannon RD, Gillson JL, Bouchard RJ (1977) Single crystal synthesis and electrical properties of cadmium stannite and stannate, indium tellurate, and cadmium indicate. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 38, 877–881.
Shannon RD, Taylor BE, English AD, Berzins T (1977) New lithium solid electrolytes. Electrochimica Acta (1977), 22(7), 783–796.
Shannon RD (1976) Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographica, Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography, A32, 751–67.
Brown, ID, Shannon RD (1973) Empirical bond-strength-bond-length curves for oxides. Acta Crystallographica Section A: Crystal Physics, Diffraction, Theoretical and General Crystallography 29, 266–282.
Shannon RD, Calvo C (1973) Refinement of the crystal structure of low temperature lithium vanadate(V) and analysis of mean bond lengths in phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 6, 538–49.
Shannon RD, Rogers DB, Prewitt CT, Gillson JL (1971) Chemistry of noble metal oxide. III. Electrical transport properties and crystal chemistry of ABO2 compounds with the delafossite structure. Inorganic Chemistry 10, 723–727.
Prewitt CT, Shannon RD, Rogers DB (1971) Chemistry of Nobel Metal Oxides. II. Chemistry of noble metal oxide. II. Crystal structures of platinum cobalt dioxide, palladium cobalt dioxide, copper iron dioxide, and silver iron dioxide. Inorganic Chemistry 10,.719–723.
Shannon RD; Rogers DB, Prewitt, CT (1971) Chemistry of noble metal oxide. I. Syntheses and properties of ABO2 delafossite compounds. Inorganic Chemistry 10, 713–718.
Shannon RD, Prewitt CT (1970) Revised Values of Effective Ionic Radii. Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry B 26, 1046–1048.
Shannon RD and Prewitt CT (1970) Effective Ionic Radii and Crystal Chemistry. Journal of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry 32, 1427–1441.
Shannon RD, Bierstedt PE (1970) Single-crystal growth and electrical properties of barium plumbate. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 53, 635–636.
Prewitt CT, Shannon RD, Rogers D, Sleight AW (1969) C rare earth oxide-corundum transition and crystal chemistry of oxides having the corundum structure. Inorganic Chemistry 8, 1985–1993.
Rogers DB, Shannon RD, Sleight AW, Gillson JL (1969) Crystal chemistry of metal dioxides with rutile-related structures. Inorganic Chemistry 8, 841–9.
Shannon RD and Prewitt, CT (1969) Effective Ionic Radii in Oxides and Fluorides. Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry B 25, 925–946.
Prewitt, CT and Shannon RD (1968) Crystal structure of a high-pressure form of boron sesquioxide. Acta Crystallographica Section B-Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry B 24, 869–874.
Shannon RD (1968) Synthesis and properties of two new members of the rutile family, RhO2 and PtO2. Solid State Communications 6, 139–143.
Shannon RD, Pask JA (1965) The kinetics and mechanism of the anatase-rutile transformation. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 48, 391–398
Shannon RD, Pask JA (1964) Topotaxy in the anatase-rutile transformation. American Mineralogist 49, 1707–1717.
Shannon RD (1964) Activated complex theory applied to the thermal decomposition of solids. Transactions of the Faraday Society 60 (503P), pp. 1902–1913.
References
University of Illinois alumni
American chemists
1935 births
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Solid state chemists | Robert D. Shannon | [
"Chemistry"
] | 2,219 | [
"Solid state chemists"
] |
69,521,086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedekind%E2%80%93Kummer%20theorem | In algebraic number theory, the Dedekind–Kummer theorem describes how a prime ideal in a Dedekind domain factors over the domain's integral closure. It is named after Richard Dedekind who developed the theorem based on the work of Ernst Kummer.
Statement for number fields
Let be a number field such that for and let be the minimal polynomial for over . For any prime not dividing , write
where are monic irreducible polynomials in . Then factors into prime ideals as
such that , where is the ideal norm.
Statement for Dedekind domains
The Dedekind-Kummer theorem holds more generally than in the situation of number fields: Let be a Dedekind domain contained in its quotient field , a finite, separable field extension with for a suitable generator and the integral closure of . The above situation is just a special case as one can choose ).
If is a prime ideal coprime to the conductor (i.e. their sum is ). Consider the minimal polynomial of . The polynomial has the decomposition
with pairwise distinct irreducible polynomials .
The factorization of into prime ideals over is then given by where and the are the polynomials lifted to .
References
Algebraic number theory | Dedekind–Kummer theorem | [
"Mathematics"
] | 247 | [
"Theorems in number theory",
"Algebraic number theory",
"Mathematical problems",
"Mathematical theorems",
"Number theory"
] |
69,521,362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh%20Shems | Sheikh Shems or Melek Shams ad-Din () is a holy figure venerated in Yazidism, he is considered one of the Seven Divine Beings, to all of whom God assigned the World's affairs, and his earthly incarnation is considered one of the four sons of Ezdina Mir along with Nasirdîn, Fexredîn, and Sicadîn, who are the respective ancestors and patriarchs of the four Şemsanî Sheikh lineages.
Biography
Sêx Şems, also known as Şêşims, and Şemsedîn, is one of the members of the Heptad and one of the most fundamental theological symbols in Yazidism as the divinity of the Sun, source of light and life, the divine light of God. He is also linked with fire, which is his terrestrial counterpart and oaths, which are sworn by the doorway of his shrine. Annually, during the Feast of the Assembly, a ceremonial bull sacrifice is performed in front of his shrine in Lalish. Şêx Şems is the eponym of one of the four principal Şemsanî Sheikh lineages, was the patriarch of the Şemsanî family and brother of Fexredîn, Sicadîn and Nasirdîn.
Children
The nine sons of Sheikh Shems are:
Şêx Alê Şemsa
Şêx Amadînê Şemsa
Şêx Avîndê Şemsa
Şêx Babadînê Şemsa
Şêx Bavikê Şemsa
Şêx ʿEvdalê Şemsa
Şêx Hesenê Şemsa
Şêxê Reş (Cinteyar)
Şêx Tokilê Şemsa
Şêx Xidirê Şemsa
His daughters are:
Sitiya Îs/Ês
Sitiya Nisret
Sitiya Bilxan (Belqan)
References
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Yazidi mythology
Yazidi history
Yazidi religion
12th-century Kurdish people
Yazidi holy figures
Sun myths | Sheikh Shems | [
"Astronomy"
] | 391 | [
"Astronomical myths",
"Sun myths"
] |
69,521,943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia%20Coldea | Amalia Ioana Coldea is a Romanian quantum physicist who is Professor of Physics at the University of Oxford. She was awarded the 2019 Institute of Physics Brian Pippard Prize and the 2011 EuroMagnet Prize.
Early life and education
Coldea was born in Transylvania, Romania. She completed her undergraduate studies in the Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca. She was a doctoral student at the University of Oxford. As a graduate student she was based at The Queen's College. She was involved with various strategic committees focused on accessing high magnetic fields across Europe. Her doctoral research considered manganites that exhibit colossal magnetoresistance. After completing her doctorate, she was appointed a postdoctoral research fellow.
Research and career
Coldea started her independent career at the University of Bristol in 2005. She was awarded a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship. She returned to the University of Oxford in 2010. At Oxford, Coldea is part of the Centre for Applied Superconductivity and Fellow of Somerville College. She was awarded an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Career Acceleration Fellowship. Her early work considers topological insulators, novel materials with strong spin-orbit coupling. Such materials are insulators in the bulk but have protected metallic surfaces, on which electrons cannot backscatter and outstanding transport mobilities are observed. In an effort to realise high performance next-generation devices, Coldea makes use of nanoscale tools to study topological insulators in low dimensional nanostructures.
Coldea leads research in quantum materials at the University of Oxford. She is particularly interested in superconductivity, a state of matter in which conduction electrons become correlated with one another and electrical resistance vanishes. She monitors quantum oscillations directly at the Fermi surface of these superconductors, as well as studying metallic systems. Her research has focussed on unconventional semiconductors based on iron. Superconductivity is a surprising observation in iron, as its strong ferromagnetism was expected to destroy any coherent electronic state. It has been proposed that superconductivity originates from nematic electronic states. These states break rotational symmetry, which gives rise to a distorted Fermi surfaces and anisotropic transport properties. She is interested in the use of high magnetic fields (up to 21 T) and cryogenic temperatures (down to 50 mK) to identify and study novel phases within quantum materials.
Recognition
In 2019, Coldea was awarded the Institute of Physics Brian Pippard Prize.
She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2023 "for pioneering studies of the electronic structure and the nematic and superconducting orders of iron-based superconductors, using quantum oscillations, photoemission, and other techniques".
In September 2023 Coldea was awarded the Title of Distinction of Professor of Physics by the University of Oxford.
Selected publications
Personal life
Coldea has two children.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Transylvania
Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Quantum physicists
21st-century women scientists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the American Physical Society | Amalia Coldea | [
"Physics"
] | 655 | [
"Quantum physicists",
"Quantum mechanics"
] |
69,522,708 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20326823 | HD 326823, also known as V1104 Scorpii, is a binary star containing a unique emission-line star, which is in the midst of transitioning to a nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star, as well as being a candidate Luminous blue variable, located 4,142 light years away in the constellation of Scorpius. The primary is very evolved, because it is composed of almost entirely helium, and only 3% of it is still hydrogen, and it has lost most of its mass to the now-very-massive secondary. The underlying mechanisms and mass transfers in the system are comparable to other W Serpentis systems, such as Beta Lyrae and RY Scuti.
Properties
Assuming a distance of 1.27 kiloparsecs, the primary has a temperature of and a luminosity of around (). This corresponds to a radius about . Older analyses included a higher luminosity of , and a distance of . The primary star's stellar wind has a very low terminal velocity of just 200 kilometres per second and through that wind is losing (about ) per year. The primary's mass is around , and its initial mass may have been about .
Not much is known about the secondary, except for its mass of , a significant part of which may be from the primary. Assuming it is a main sequence star, it may have a radius of .
Orbit
The primary and the secondary orbit each other every 6.123 days. The orbit has an eccentricity of about 0.17, and is inclined at about 45 degrees. The argument of periapsis is about 197 degrees.
Environment and evolution
The visible star (the primary) is a mass donor, and is transferring mass to the unseen secondary, which is enshrouded in a thick accretion torus. As a result, only the primary (mass donor) is observed. Mass loss occurring at both the L2 and L3 points suggests a large circumbinary disk, which is the source of stationary emission lines in the spectrum. The complex light curve is probably due to the tidal distortion of the primary, as well as variations in the thickness of the torus.
The visible star in HD 326823 has been stripped of its outer layers by the secondary star. If this continues, the system may evolve into a system similar to Gamma Velorum, where the mass donor is now a hydrogen-stripped Wolf-Rayet star, that is orbiting a more massive O-type star, formerly the secondary.
Hydrogen-deficient donor stars in W Ser-esque binaries, such as the primary in HD 326823, will likely explode in Type Ib/c supernovae, after they evolve into Wolf-Rayet stars, and understanding the pre-SN evolution of these stars is critical to the interpretation and modeling of the supernovae they produce.
Notes
References
Wolf–Rayet stars
Scorpii, V1104
Scorpius
Luminous blue variables
Emission-line stars
Spectroscopic binaries
326823 | HD 326823 | [
"Astronomy"
] | 624 | [
"Scorpius",
"Constellations"
] |
69,522,939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulohypoxylon%20thouarsianum | Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum is a species of ascomycete fungus.
Description
The species grows on the bark of decaying hardwood trees. Its fruiting body is sessile, and ranges from wide. The surface of the fruiting body is dark brown or black and has a rough texture due to the high number of perithecia.
Similar species
Various other Annulohypoxylon species are similar, as is Daldinia childiae. Species of Jackrogersella, Rosellinia, and Nemania have fewer bumps.
Distribution
Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum is most commonly found along the United States' West Coast, in the Eastern U.S., and in Mexico.
Taxonomy
The species was moved from the genus Hypoxylon to Annulohypoxylon in 2005. The following varieties are recognized:
A. t. macrosporum
A. t. thouarsianum
References
Xylariales
Fungi of North America
Taxa named by Joseph-Henri Léveillé
Fungus species | Annulohypoxylon thouarsianum | [
"Biology"
] | 216 | [
"Fungi",
"Fungus species"
] |
69,523,811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaenothecopsis%20polissica | Chaenothecopsis polissica is a species of fossilized pin lichen in the family Mycocaliciaceae that was discovered in 2021 by Vasyl Heluta and Maryna Sukhomlyn. The holotype was recovered from Rovno amber, which formed in Ukraine during the late Eocene.
References
Lichen species
Lichens described in 2021
Lichens of Eastern Europe
Prehistoric fungi
Eurotiomycetes | Chaenothecopsis polissica | [
"Biology"
] | 92 | [
"Fungi",
"Prehistoric fungi"
] |
69,524,907 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Charles%20Wood | Graham Charles Wood FRS (6 February 1934—4 November 2016) was an English corrosion scientist.
Born in Farnborough, he went on to study metallurgy at Cambridge. Following postdoctoral work at Cambridge, he moved to Manchester, where his career in corrosion science would be based, starting at the Manchester College of Science and Technology (now the University of Manchester) where he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering as a lecturer in corrosion science. In 1972 he established and led the Corrosion and Protection Centre at UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) as professor of corrosion science. In 1973 he helped to establish a consulting organisation, Corrosion and Protection Centre Industrial Service (CAPCIS – now part of Intertek).
Graham served terms as President of the Corrosion and Protection Association and the Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology (Institute of Corrosion), and chaired the National Council for Corrosion Societies. He also served as a UK representative on the International Corrosion Council for 15 years, for which he also served as vice-chair and chair.
At UMIST, he held several administerial roles, including vice-principal for academic development, dean, and pro-vice chancellor.
He was elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1990, and Fellow of the Royal Society in 1997.
References
Corrosion
1934 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century English scientists
21st-century English scientists | Graham Charles Wood | [
"Chemistry",
"Materials_science"
] | 303 | [
"Materials degradation",
"Electrochemistry",
"Metallurgy",
"Corrosion"
] |
69,524,998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20submanifold | In dynamical systems, a spectral submanifold (SSM) is the unique smoothest invariant manifold serving as the nonlinear extension of a spectral subspace of a linear dynamical system under the addition of nonlinearities. SSM theory provides conditions for when invariant properties of eigenspaces of a linear dynamical system can be extended to a nonlinear system, and therefore motivates the use of SSMs in nonlinear dimensionality reduction.
SSMs are chiefly employed for the exact model reduction of dynamical systems. For the automated computation of SSMs and the analysis of the reduced dynamics, open source online software packages such as SSMTool and SSMLearn have been published. These tools allow to study system dynamics either from the underlying equations of motion or from trajectory data, supporting both analytical and data-driven approaches. Detailed documentation for SSMTool is provided online.
Definition
Consider a nonlinear ordinary differential equation of the form
with constant matrix and the nonlinearities contained in the smooth function .
Assume that for all eigenvalues of , that is, the origin is an asymptotically stable fixed point. Now select a span of eigenvectors of . Then, the eigenspace is an invariant subspace of the linearized system
Under addition of the nonlinearity to the linear system, generally perturbs into infinitely many invariant manifolds. Among these invariant manifolds, the unique smoothest one is referred to as the spectral submanifold.
An equivalent result for unstable SSMs holds for .
Existence
The spectral submanifold tangent to at the origin is guaranteed to exist provided that certain non-resonance conditions are satisfied by the eigenvalues in the spectrum of . In particular, there can be no linear combination of equal to one of the eigenvalues of outside of the spectral subspace. If there is such an outer resonance, one can include the resonant mode into and extend the analysis to a higher-dimensional SSM pertaining to the extended spectral subspace.
Non-autonomous extension
The theory on spectral submanifolds extends to nonlinear non-autonomous systems of the form
with a quasiperiodic forcing term.
Significance
Spectral submanifolds are useful for rigorous nonlinear dimensionality reduction in dynamical systems. The reduction of a high-dimensional phase space to a lower-dimensional manifold can lead to major simplifications by allowing for an accurate description of the system's main asymptotic behaviour. For a known dynamical system, SSMs can be computed analytically by solving the invariance equations, and reduced models on SSMs may be employed for prediction of the response to forcing.
Furthermore these manifolds may also be extracted directly from trajectory data of a dynamical system with the use of machine learning algorithms.
See also
Invariant manifold
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Lagrangian coherent structure
References
External links
Tool for automated SSM computation
Dynamical systems | Spectral submanifold | [
"Physics",
"Mathematics"
] | 585 | [
"Mechanics",
"Dynamical systems"
] |
69,526,088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxidation%20of%20allylic%20alcohols | The epoxidation of allylic alcohols is a class of epoxidation reactions in organic chemistry. One implementation of this reaction is the Sharpless epoxidation. Early work showed that allylic alcohols give facial selectivity when using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) as an oxidant. This selectivity was reversed when the allylic alcohol was acetylated. This finding leads to the conclusion that hydrogen bonding played a key role in selectivity and the following model was proposed.
For cyclic allylic alcohols, greater selectivity is seen when the alcohol is locked in the pseudo equatorial position rather than the pseudo axial position. However, it was found that for metal catalyzed systems such as those based on vanadium, reaction rates were accelerated when the hydroxyl group was in the axial position by a factor of 34. Substrates which were locked in the pseudo equatorial position were shown to undergo oxidation to form the ene-one. In both cases of vanadium catalyzed epoxidations, the epoxidized product showed excellent selectivity for the syn diastereomer.
In the absence of hydrogen bonding, steric effects direct peroxide addition to the opposite face. However, perfluoric peracids are still able to hydrogen bond with protected alcohols and give normal selectivity with the hydrogen present on the peracid.
Although the presence of an allylic alcohol does lead to increased stereoselectivity, the rates of these reactions are slower than systems lacking alcohols. However, the reaction rates of substrates with a hydrogen bonding group are still faster than the equivalent protected substrates. This observation is attributed to a balance of two factors. The first is the stabilization of the transition state as a result of the hydrogen bonding. The second is the electron-withdrawing nature of the oxygen, which draws electron density away from the alkene, lowering its reactivity.
Acyclic allylic alcohols exhibit good selectivity as well. In these systems both A1,2 (steric interactions with vinyl) and A1,3 strain are considered. It has been shown that a dihedral angle of 120 best directs substrates which hydrogen bond with the directing group. This geometry allows for the peroxide to be properly positioned, as well as to allow minimal donation from the C-C pi into the C-O sigma star. This donation would lower the electron density of the alkene, and deactivate the reaction. However, vanadium complexes do not hydrogen bond with their substrates. Instead they coordinate with the alcohol. This means that a dihedral angle of 40 allows for ideal position of the peroxide sigma star orbital.
In systems that hydrogen bond, A1,3 strain plays a larger role because the required geometry forces any allylic substituents to have severe A1,3 interactions, but avoids A1,2. This leads to syn addition of the resulting epoxide. In the vanadium case, the required geometry leads to severe A1,2 interactions, but avoids A1,3, leading to formation of the epoxide anti to the directing group. Vanadium catalyzed epoxidations have been shown to be very sensitive to the steric bulk of the vinyl group.
Homoallylic alcohols are effective directing groups for epoxidations in both cyclic and acyclic systems for substrates which show hydrogen bonding. However these reactions tend to have lower levels of selectivity.
While hydrogen bonding substrates give the same type of selectivity in allylic and homoallylic cases, the opposite is true of vanadium catalysts.
A transition state proposed by Mihelich shows that for these reactions, the driving force for selectivity is minimizing A1,3 strain in a pseudo chair structure.
The proposed transition state shows that the substrate will try to assume a conformation which minimizes the allyic strain. To do this, the least sterically bulky R group will rotate to assume the R4 position.
Although peracids and metal catalyzed epoxidations show different selectivity in acyclic systems, they show relatively similar selectivity in cyclic systems For cyclic ring systems that are smaller seven or smaller or 10 or lager, similar patterns of selectivity are observed. However it has been shown that for medium-sized rings (eight and nine) peracid oxidizers show reverse selectivity, while vanadium catalyzed reactions continue to show formation of the syn epoxide.
Although it is the least reactive metal catalyst for epoxidations, vanadium is highly selective for alkenes with allylic alcohols. Early work done by Sharpless shows its preference for reacting with alkenes with allylic alcohols over more substituted electron dense alkenes. In this case, Vanadium showed reverse regioselectivity from both m-CPBA and the more reactive molybdenum species. Although vanadium is generally less reactive than other metal complexes, in the presence of allylic alcohols, the rate of the reaction is accelerated beyond that of molybdenum, the most reactive metal for epoxidations.
References
Epoxidation reactions
Organic redox reactions
Epoxides
Catalysis | Epoxidation of allylic alcohols | [
"Chemistry"
] | 1,076 | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Organic redox reactions",
"Organic reactions"
] |
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