Split (1)

train · 182k rows

id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
1,503,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20management%20plan	A risk management plan is a document to foresee risks, estimate impacts, and define responses to risks. It also contains a risk assessment matrix. According to the Project Management Institute, a risk management plan is a "component of the project, program, or portfolio management plan that describes how risk managemen...	Risk management plan	[ "Engineering" ]	701	[ "Systems engineering" ]
1,503,750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling%20resistance	Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc., is recovered...	Rolling resistance	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	5,852	[ "Energy economics", "Classical mechanics", "Physical systems", "Transport", "Mechanics", "Energy in transport", "Environmental social science" ]
1,503,867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAPI	DAPI (pronounced 'DAPPY', /ˈdæpiː/), or 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to adenine–thymine-rich regions in DNA. It is used extensively in fluorescence microscopy. As DAPI can pass through an intact cell membrane, it can be used to stain both live and fixed cells, though it pas...	DAPI	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	791	[ "Genetics techniques", "Amidines", "Functional groups", "DNA-binding substances", "Bases (chemistry)" ]
1,503,921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20track	In the field of recorded music, a hidden track (sometimes called a ghost track, secret track or unlisted track) is a song or a piece of audio that has been placed on a CD, audio cassette, LP record, or other recorded medium, in such a way as to avoid detection by the casual listener. In some cases, the piece of music m...	Hidden track	[ "Technology" ]	3,252	[ "Recording devices", "Sound recording technology" ]
1,503,963	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev%20distance	In mathematics, Chebyshev distance (or Tchebychev distance), maximum metric, or L∞ metric is a metric defined on a real coordinate space where the distance between two points is the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension. It is named after Pafnuty Chebyshev. It is also known as chessboard distanc...	Chebyshev distance	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	868	[ "Mathematical chess problems", "Distance", "Physical quantities", "Recreational mathematics", "Quantity", "Size", "Space", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities" ]
1,504,065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20target	A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function. Examples of common classes of biological targets are proteins and nucleic acids. The definition is context-dependent, and...	Biological target	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	835	[ "Pharmacology", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry" ]
1,504,080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillydale%20Lake	Lillydale Lake (the name retaining the earliest spelling and the name of the former Lillydale Shire) is an artificial lake and wetlands area created in Lilydale, an outer eastern suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The park in which the lake is situated covers over and includes extensive recreational facilities....	Lillydale Lake	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	342	[ "Bioremediation", "Constructed wetlands", "Environmental engineering" ]
1,504,233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20file%20archivers	The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of file archivers. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. They are neither all-inclusive nor are some entries necessarily up to date. Unless otherwise specified in the footnotes section, comparisons are based on t...	Comparison of file archivers	[ "Technology" ]	533	[ "Software comparisons", "Computing comparisons" ]
1,504,236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed%20%26%20Company	Creed & Company was a British telecommunications company founded by Frederick George Creed which was an important pioneer in the field of teleprinter machines. It was merged into the International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (ITT) in 1928. History The company was founded by Frederick George Creed and Danish te...	Creed & Company	[ "Physics", "Technology" ]	548	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Rotor machines" ]
1,504,248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Computer%20Initiative	The Home Computing Initiative (HCI) was a UK Government program which allowed employers to provide personal computers, software and computer peripherals to their employees without the benefit being taxed as a salary. The HCI was introduced in 1999 to improve the IT literacy of the British workforce. It was also aimed a...	Home Computer Initiative	[ "Technology" ]	641	[ "Computing and society" ]
1,504,547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20doctor	"Playing doctor" is a phrase used colloquially in the Western world to refer to children examining each other's genitals. It originates from children using the pretend roles of doctor and patient as a pretext for such an examination. However, whether or not such role-playing is involved, the phrase is used to refer to ...	Playing doctor	[ "Biology" ]	289	[ "Sexual anatomy", "Sex" ]
1,504,755	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20flight%20instrument%20system	In aviation, an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) is a flight instrument display system in an aircraft cockpit that displays flight data electronically rather than electromechanically. An EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multi-function display (MFD), and an engine indicating and crew a...	Electronic flight instrument system	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,558	[ "Avionics", "Measuring instruments", "Glass cockpit", "Electronic engineering", "Control engineering", "Aircraft instruments", "Display technology", "Applications of control engineering", "Navigational flight instruments" ]
1,504,792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascent%20hydrogen	Nascent hydrogen is an outdated concept in organic chemistry that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction. Since organic compounds do not react with H2, a special state of hydrogen was postulated. It is now understood that dissolving-met...	Nascent hydrogen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	666	[ "Periodic table", "Properties of chemical elements", "Allotropes", "Electrochemistry", "Materials", "Electrolysis", "Matter" ]
1,504,893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance%20wheel	A balance wheel, or balance, is the timekeeping device used in mechanical watches and small clocks, analogous to the pendulum in a pendulum clock. It is a weighted wheel that rotates back and forth, being returned toward its center position by a spiral torsion spring, known as the balance spring or hairspring. It is ...	Balance wheel	[ "Technology" ]	3,233	[ "Timekeeping components", "Components" ]
1,504,912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Sluga	Hans D. Sluga (; born 24 April 1937) is a German philosopher who spent most of his career as professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Sluga teaches and writes on topics in the history of analytic philosophy, the history of continental philosophy, as well as on political theory, and ancient phi...	Hans Sluga	[ "Mathematics" ]	2,591	[ "Philosophers of mathematics" ]
1,505,128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian%20Center%20for%20Astrophysics	The Center for Astrophysics \| Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA), previously known as the Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, is an astrophysics research institute jointly operated by the Harvard College Observatory and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Founded in 1973 and headquartered in Cambridge, Massachuset...	Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	3,351	[ "Astronomy organizations", "Astrophysics research institutes", "Astrophysics", "Astronomy institutes and departments" ]
1,505,166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20architecture	Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other external influences can also pla...	Genetic architecture	[ "Biology" ]	1,348	[ "Genetics" ]
1,505,215	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%20of%20the%20red-giant%20branch	Tip of the red-giant branch (TRGB) is a primary distance indicator used in astronomy. It uses the luminosity of the brightest red-giant-branch stars in a galaxy as a standard candle to gauge the distance to that galaxy. It has been used in conjunction with observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine the r...	Tip of the red-giant branch	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	524	[ "Standard candles", "Theoretical physics", "Astrophysics", "Physical cosmology", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
1,505,283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy	Pleiotropy (from Greek , 'more', and , 'way') occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. Such a gene that exhibits multiple phenotypic expression is called a pleiotropic gene. Mutation in a pleiotropic gene may have an effect on several traits simultaneously, due to the gene co...	Pleiotropy	[ "Biology" ]	5,071	[ "Genetics concepts" ]
1,505,379	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ammann	Robert Ammann (October 1, 1946 – May, 1994) was an amateur mathematician who made several significant and groundbreaking contributions to the theory of quasicrystals and aperiodic tilings. Ammann attended Brandeis University, but generally did not go to classes, and left after three years. He worked as a programmer fo...	Robert Ammann	[ "Mathematics" ]	686	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Recreational mathematicians" ]
1,505,381	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20weather%20prediction	Numerical weather prediction (NWP) uses mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans to predict the weather based on current weather conditions. Though first attempted in the 1920s, it was not until the advent of computer simulation in the 1950s that numerical weather predictions produced realistic results. A num...	Numerical weather prediction	[ "Physics", "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	5,123	[ "Weather prediction", "Physical phenomena", "Computational fields of study", "Weather", "Applied mathematics", "Computational science", "Computing and society" ]
1,505,382	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20computer	Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex problems. ...	Hybrid computer	[ "Technology" ]	893	[ "Computing terminology", "Computers", "Computer systems", "Classes of computers" ]
1,505,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa%20mammarenavirus	Lassa mammarenavirus (LASV) is an arenavirus that causes Lassa hemorrhagic fever, a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), in humans and other primates. Lassa mammarenavirus is an emerging virus and a select agent, requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment. It is endemic in West African countries, especially S...	Lassa mammarenavirus	[ "Biology", "Environmental_science" ]	2,290	[ "Biological agents", "Toxicology", "Biological warfare" ]
1,505,732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprepitant	Aprepitant, sold under the brand name Emend among others, is a medication used to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. It may be used together with ondansetron and dexamethasone. It is taken by mouth or administered by intravenous injection. A pro-drug, fosa...	Aprepitant	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,917	[ "Organic compounds", "Ureas" ]
1,505,811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphosilicate%20glass	Phosphosilicate glass, commonly referred to by the acronym PSG, is a silicate glass commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedingly higher metal or conducting layers, due to its effect in gettering alkali ions. Another common type of phos...	Phosphosilicate glass	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	188	[ "Glass compositions", "Glass chemistry", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
1,505,829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borophosphosilicate%20glass	Borophosphosilicate glass, commonly known as BPSG, is a type of silicate glass that includes additives of both boron and phosphorus. Silicate glasses such as PSG and borophosphosilicate glass are commonly used in semiconductor device fabrication for intermetal layers, i.e., insulating layers deposited between succeedi...	Borophosphosilicate glass	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science" ]	212	[ "Glass compositions", "Glass chemistry", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Microtechnology" ]
11,714,262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosharing	Ecosharing is an environmental ethic for people to live by: that their own impact on the Earth's biosphere be limited to no more than their own fair ecoshare. The term seems to have been first used by G. Tyler Miller, Jr. in the 1975 edition of his Living in the Environment text. The 1990 book Coming of Age in the Glob...	Ecosharing	[ "Environmental_science" ]	263	[ "Environmental ethics" ]
11,714,782	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydnum%20rufescens	Hydnum rufescens, commonly known as the terracotta hedgehog, is an edible basidiomycete of the family Hydnaceae. It belongs to the small group of mushrooms often referred to as the tooth fungi, which produce fruit bodies whose cap undersurfaces are covered by hymenophores resembling spines or teeth, and not pores or gi...	Hydnum rufescens	[ "Biology" ]	263	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,715,031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan%20border	The Iran–Pakistan border (; ), is the international boundary that separates Iran and Pakistan. It demarcates the Iranian province of Sistan and Baluchestan from the Pakistani province of Balochistan, and spans 909 kilometres (565 miles) in length. Description The border begins at the tripoint with Afghanistan at the ...	Iran–Pakistan border	[ "Engineering" ]	1,228	[ "Separation barriers", "Border barriers" ]
11,715,384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Craig%20%28philosopher%29	William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an American academic and philosopher, who taught at the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California. His research interests included mathematical logic, and the philosophy of science, and he is best known for the Craig interpolation theorem. Biog...	William Craig (philosopher)	[ "Mathematics" ]	368	[ "Proof theorists", "Proof theory" ]
11,715,934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity-Driven%20Multiple%20Access	Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access (ODMA) is a UMTS communications relaying protocol standard first introduced by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) in 1996. ODMA has been adopted by the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP to improve the efficiency of UMTS networks using the TDD mode. One of...	Opportunity-Driven Multiple Access	[ "Technology" ]	703	[ "Mobile telecommunications", "Mobile telecommunications standards" ]
11,716,544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20fluid	Classical fluids are systems of particles which retain a definite volume, and are at sufficiently high temperatures (compared to their Fermi energy) that quantum effects can be neglected. A system of hard spheres, interacting only by hard collisions (e.g., billiards, marbles), is a model classical fluid. Such a system ...	Classical fluid	[ "Physics" ]	321	[ "nan" ]
11,716,595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echium%20plantagineum%20in%20Australia	Paterson's curse or Salvation Jane (Echium plantagineum) is an invasive plant species in Australia. There are a number of theories regarding where the name Salvation Jane originated, and it is mostly used in South Australia. These explanations include "salvation jane" (lower-case “jane”) referring to the flower which ...	Echium plantagineum in Australia	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,285	[ "Veterinary toxicology", "Toxicology" ]
11,717,153	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TabletKiosk	TabletKiosk is a manufacturer of enterprise-grade Tablet PCs and UMPCs located in Torrance, California, United States. All mobile computers produced by TabletKiosk fall into the slate category, featuring touchscreen or pen (active digitizer) input, in lieu of integrated or convertible keyboards. Current products includ...	TabletKiosk	[ "Technology" ]	306	[ "Computer systems companies", "Computer hardware companies", "Computer hardware stubs", "Computer systems", "Computing stubs", "Computers" ]
11,717,197	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20water	Surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial (surrounding by land on all sides) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as blue water, opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. The vast majority of surface water is produced by precipitation. As the climate warms in the spring, snow...	Surface water	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	1,035	[ "Water", "Hydrology", "Environmental engineering" ]
11,717,900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appell%27s%20equation%20of%20motion	In classical mechanics, Appell's equation of motion (aka the Gibbs–Appell equation of motion) is an alternative general formulation of classical mechanics described by Josiah Willard Gibbs in 1879 and Paul Émile Appell in 1900. Statement The Gibbs-Appell equation reads where is an arbitrary generalized acceleratio...	Appell's equation of motion	[ "Physics" ]	636	[ "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics" ]
11,718,498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindrift	Spindrift (more rarely spoondrift) is the spray blown from cresting waves during a gale. This spray, which "drifts" in the direction of the gale, is one of the characteristics of a wind speed of 8 Beaufort and higher at sea. In Greek and Roman mythology, Leucothea was the goddess of spindrift. Terminology Spindrift is...	Spindrift	[ "Physics", "Environmental_science" ]	313	[ "Oceanography", "Hydrology", "Applied and interdisciplinary physics" ]
11,718,624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend%20surface%20analysis	Trend surface analysis is a mathematical technique used in environmental sciences (archeology, geology, soil science, etc.). Trend surface analysis (also called trend surface mapping) is a method based on low-order polynomials of spatial coordinates for estimating a regular grid of points from scattered observations. F...	Trend surface analysis	[ "Mathematics" ]	82	[ "Applied mathematics", "Applied mathematics stubs" ]
11,718,631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%20dynamical%20system	In classical mechanics, a Liouville dynamical system is an exactly solvable dynamical system in which the kinetic energy T and potential energy V can be expressed in terms of the s generalized coordinates q as follows: The solution of this system consists of a set of separably integrable equations where E = T + V is...	Liouville dynamical system	[ "Physics" ]	726	[ "Mechanics", "Classical mechanics" ]
11,720,017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-Laplace%20distribution	In probability theory and statistics, the log-Laplace distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm has a Laplace distribution. If X has a Laplace distribution with parameters μ and b, then Y = eX has a log-Laplace distribution. The distributional properties can be derived from the ...	Log-Laplace distribution	[ "Mathematics" ]	171	[ "Non-Newtonian calculus", "Calculus" ]
11,720,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascochyta%20doronici	Ascochyta doronici is a fungal plant pathogen that causes leaf spot on African daisy. See also List of Ascochyta species References Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Eudicot diseases doronici Fungi described in 1878 Fungus species	Ascochyta doronici	[ "Biology" ]	51	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,720,315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20theorem%20%28differential%20geometry%29	In differential geometry, Hilbert's theorem (1901) states that there exists no complete regular surface of constant negative gaussian curvature immersed in . This theorem answers the question for the negative case of which surfaces in can be obtained by isometrically immersing complete manifolds with constant curvat...	Hilbert's theorem (differential geometry)	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,239	[ "Theorems in differential geometry", "Articles containing proofs", "Theorems in geometry" ]
11,720,339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercospora%20gerberae	Cercospora gerberae is a fungal plant pathogen. References gerberae Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Fungus species	Cercospora gerberae	[ "Biology" ]	27	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,720,467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%20introduction%20of%20color%20television%20in%20countries%20and%20territories	This is a list of when the first color television broadcasts were transmitted to the general public. Non-public field tests, closed-circuit demonstrations and broadcasts available from other countries are not included, while including dates when the last black-and-white stations in the country switched to color or shut...	Timeline of the introduction of color television in countries and territories	[ "Technology" ]	1,714	[ "Information and communications technology", "Television technology" ]
11,721,606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Logic%20Named%20Joe	"A Logic Named Joe" is a science fiction short story by American writer Murray Leinster, first published in the March 1946 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. (The story appeared under Leinster's real name, Will F. Jenkins. That issue of Astounding also included a story under the Leinster pseudonym called "Adapter".)...	A Logic Named Joe	[ "Technology" ]	639	[ "Fictional computers", "Computers" ]
11,722,993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster%20Document%20Object	The .RDO (Raster Document Object) file format is the native format used by Xerox's DocuTech range of hardware and software, that underpins the company's "Xerox Document On Demand" "XDOD" systems. It is therefore a significant file format for the "print on demand" market sector, along with PostScript and PDF. RDO is a ...	Raster Document Object	[ "Technology" ]	491	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer science", "Computer science stubs" ]
11,723,786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PG%201159-035	PG 1159-035 is the prototypical PG 1159 star after which the class of PG 1159 stars was named. It was discovered in the Palomar-Green survey of ultraviolet-excess stellar objects and, like the other PG 1159 stars, is in transition between being the central star of a planetary nebula and being a white dwarf. The lumin...	PG 1159-035	[ "Astronomy" ]	238	[ "Virgo (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
11,724,178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1s%20Slater-type%20function	A normalized 1s Slater-type function is a function which is used in the descriptions of atoms and in a broader way in the description of atoms in molecules. It is particularly important as the accurate quantum theory description of the smallest free atom, hydrogen. It has the form It is a particular case of a Slater-t...	1s Slater-type function	[ "Physics" ]	627	[ "Quantum models", "Atoms", "Quantum mechanics", "Matter" ]
11,724,245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen-like%20atom	A hydrogen-like atom (or hydrogenic atom) is any atom or ion with a single valence electron. These atoms are isoelectronic with hydrogen. Examples of hydrogen-like atoms include, but are not limited to, hydrogen itself, all alkali metals such as Rb and Cs, singly ionized alkaline earth metals such as Ca+ and Sr+ and ot...	Hydrogen-like atom	[ "Physics" ]	3,794	[ "Quantum mechanics", "Theoretical physics", "Atoms", "Matter" ]
11,724,459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin%20diglucuronide	Bilirubin di-glucuronide is a conjugated form of bilirubin formed in bilirubin metabolism. The hydrophilic character of bilirubin diglucuronide enables it to be water-soluble. It is pumped across the hepatic canalicular membrane into the bile by the transporter MRP2. See also Bilirubin mono-glucuronide References M...	Bilirubin diglucuronide	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	92	[ "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry stubs", "Cellular processes", "Biochemistry", "Metabolism" ]
11,724,589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota%20Draconis%20b	Iota Draconis b, formally named Hypatia (pronounced or ), is an exoplanet orbiting the K-type giant star Iota Draconis about 101.2 light-years (31 parsecs, or nearly km) from Earth in the constellation Draco. The exoplanet was found by using the radial velocity method, from radial-velocity measurements via observatio...	Iota Draconis b	[ "Astronomy" ]	669	[ "Constellations", "Draco (constellation)" ]
11,724,761	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic%20level	The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web. Within a food web, a food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophi...	Trophic level	[ "Biology" ]	2,571	[ "Ecology" ]
8,598,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical%20formulation	Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form. Stages and timeline Formulation studies involve developing a preparat...	Pharmaceutical formulation	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,972	[ "Biochemistry", "nan", "Medicinal chemistry" ]
8,599,124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconforming%20use	Nonconforming use in urban planning the use of land that was authorised at the time the use was created but is no longer allowed due to changes made to the zoning restrictions after that time. Secondary suites are commonly permitted as a non-conforming use in the zoning district they are located in because the suite wa...	Nonconforming use	[ "Engineering" ]	579	[ "Construction", "Zoning" ]
8,599,335	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational%20biology	Gravitational biology is the study of the effects gravity has on living organisms. Throughout the history of the Earth life has evolved to survive changing conditions, such as changes in the climate and habitat. However, one constant factor in evolution since life first began on Earth is the force of gravity. As a cons...	Gravitational biology	[ "Astronomy", "Biology" ]	557	[ "Origin of life", "Speculative evolution", "Astrobiology", "Biological hypotheses", "Astronomical sub-disciplines" ]
8,599,392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamebike	A gamebike is an interactive fitness bike that requires the user to exercise in order to play their video games. The user must pedal the bike in order for the character to accelerate and must turn the handlebars to steer. The game bike allows users to control the character in their game while getting exercise. History...	Gamebike	[ "Technology" ]	445	[ "Video game accessories", "Components" ]
8,599,665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20therapeutic%20monoclonal%20antibodies	Therapeutic, diagnostic and preventive monoclonal antibodies are clones of a single parent cell. When used as drugs, the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) end in -mab. The remaining syllables of the INNs, as well as the column Source, are explained in Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies. The abbreviations in...	List of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	270	[ "Immunology", "Drug-related lists" ]
8,599,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin	Procyanidins are members of the proanthocyanidin (or condensed tannins) class of flavonoids. They are oligomeric compounds, formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They yield cyanidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions. See the box below entitled "Types of procyanidins" for links to articles on the ...	Procyanidin	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,259	[ "Biochemistry", "Food chemistry", "nan" ]
8,599,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReLINE%20Software	ReLINE Software was a German game development company founded by Uwe Grabosch and Holger Gehrmann in Hannover in 1987. The company acted first as a developer for Softgold, Rainbow Arts, Golden Games, Magic Bytes, micro-partner, and Robtek; the company later became significantly more independent and co-published games ...	ReLINE Software	[ "Technology" ]	295	[ "Computing stubs" ]
8,599,808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20brightness%20fluctuation	Surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) is a secondary distance indicator used to estimate distances to galaxies. It is useful to 100 Mpc (parsec). The method measures the variance in a galaxy's light distribution arising from fluctuations in the numbers of and luminosities of individual stars per resolution element. T...	Surface brightness fluctuation	[ "Physics" ]	448	[ "Standard candles", "Astrophysics" ]
8,599,932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20wall	A video wall is a special multi-monitor setup that consists of multiple computer monitors, video projectors, or television sets tiled together contiguously or overlapped in order to form one large screen. Typical display technologies include LCD panels, Direct View LED arrays, blended projection screens, Laser Phospho...	Video wall	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	2,333	[ "User interfaces", "Electronic engineering", "Interfaces", "Video hardware" ]
8,602,424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Tate	Bruce A. Tate is an American author on the topic of the Java, Ruby, and Elixir programming languages and other computer software. He is also the CTO of icanmakeitbetter.com and the editor of Elixir books for the Pragmatic Bookshelf. Works Designing Elixir Systems with OTP Adopting Elixir Better, Faster, Lighter Ja...	Bruce Tate	[ "Technology" ]	211	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer specialist stubs" ]
8,603,211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma-enhanced%20chemical%20vapor%20deposition	Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a chemical vapor deposition process used to deposit thin films from a gas state (vapor) to a solid state on a substrate. Chemical reactions are involved in the process, which occur after creation of a plasma of the reacting gases. The plasma is generally created by r...	Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition	[ "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Mathematics" ]	1,665	[ "Microtechnology", "Thin film deposition", "Coatings", "Thin films", "Semiconductor device fabrication", "Chemical vapor deposition", "Planes (geometry)", "Solid state engineering" ]
8,603,602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabura-ya	is a type of Japanese arrow used by the samurai class of feudal Japan. Kabura-ya were arrows which whistled when shot and were used in ritual archery exchanges before formal medieval battles. Like a wind instrument, the sound was created by a specially carved or perforated bulb of deer horn or wood attached to the ti...	Kabura-ya	[ "Physics" ]	539	[ "Magic items", "Religious objects", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
8,603,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosher	A tosher is someone who scavenges in the sewers, a sewer-hunter, especially in London during the Victorian era. The word tosher was also used to describe the thieves who stripped valuable copper from the hulls of ships moored along the Thames. The related slang term "tosh" referred to valuables thus collected. Both "to...	Tosher	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering", "Environmental_science" ]	273	[ "Sewerage", "Environmental engineering", "Water pollution" ]
8,603,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Classicist	The Digital Classicist is a community of those interested in the application of digital humanities to the field of classics and to ancient world studies more generally. The project claims the twin aims of bringing together scholars and students with an interest in computing and the ancient world, and disseminating advi...	Digital Classicist	[ "Technology" ]	965	[ "Digital humanities", "Computing and society", "Computing in classical studies" ]
8,604,538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20600-cell	In geometry, the grand 600-cell or grand polytetrahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3, 3, 5/2}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is the only one with 600 cells. It is one of four regular star 4-polytopes discovered by Ludwig Schläfli. It was named by John Horton Conway, exten...	Grand 600-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	576	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20stellated%20120-cell	In geometry, the small stellated 120-cell or stellated polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5/2,5,3}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. Related polytopes It has the same edge arrangement as the great grand 120-cell, and also shares its 120 vertices with the 600-cell and ...	Small stellated 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	452	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,585	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosahedral%20120-cell	In geometry, the icosahedral 120-cell, polyicosahedron, faceted 600-cell or icosaplex is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,5,5/2}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is constructed by 5 icosahedra around each edge in a pentagrammic figure. The vertex figure is a great dodecahedron. Re...	Icosahedral 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	458	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20120-cell	In geometry, the grand 120-cell or grand polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5,3,5/2}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is one of four regular star 4-polytopes discovered by Ludwig Schläfli. It is named by John Horton Conway, extending the naming system by Arthur Cayl...	Grand 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	358	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20stellated%20120-cell	In geometry, the great stellated 120-cell or great stellated polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5/2,3,5}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is one of four regular star 4-polytopes discovered by Ludwig Schläfli. It is named by John Horton Conway, extending the naming ...	Great stellated 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	357	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20grand%20120-cell	In geometry, the great grand 120-cell or great grand polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5,5/2,3}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. Related polytopes It has the same edge arrangement as the small stellated 120-cell. See also List of regular polytopes Convex regular...	Great grand 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	268	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20icosahedral%20120-cell	In geometry, the great icosahedral 120-cell, great polyicosahedron or great faceted 600-cell is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {3,5/2,5}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. Related polytopes It has the same edge arrangement as the great stellated 120-cell, and grand stellated 120-cell, ...	Great icosahedral 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	292	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20120-cell	In geometry, the great 120-cell or great polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5,5/2,5}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is one of the two such polytopes that is self-dual. Related polytopes It has the same edge arrangement as the 600-cell, icosahedral 120-cell as we...	Great 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	339	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,676	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20stellated%20120-cell	In geometry, the grand stellated 120-cell or grand stellated polydodecahedron is a regular star 4-polytope with Schläfli symbol {5/2,5,5/2}. It is one of 10 regular Schläfli-Hess polytopes. It is also one of two such polytopes that is self-dual. Related polytopes It has the same edge arrangement as the grand 600-ce...	Grand stellated 120-cell	[ "Mathematics" ]	349	[ "Geometry", "Geometry stubs" ]
8,604,844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubiprostone	Lubiprostone, sold under the brand name Amitiza among others, is a medication used in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation, predominantly irritable bowel syndrome-associated constipation in women and opioid-induced constipation. The drug is owned by Mallinckrodt and is marketed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Com...	Lubiprostone	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,652	[ "Ketones", "Lactols", "Functional groups" ]
8,605,007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic%20security	Entropic security is a security definition used in the field of cryptography. Modern encryption schemes are generally required to protect communications even when the attacker has substantial information about the messages being encrypted. For example, even if an attacker knows that an intercepted ciphertext encrypts...	Entropic security	[ "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	556	[ "Applied mathematics", "Cryptography", "Cybersecurity engineering" ]
8,605,453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20neutrino%20unit	The solar neutrino unit (SNU) is a unit of Solar neutrino flux widely used in neutrino astronomy and radiochemical neutrino experiments. It is equal to the neutrino flux producing 10−36 captures per target atom per second. It is convenient given the very low event rates in radiochemical experiments. Typical rate is exp...	Solar neutrino unit	[ "Mathematics" ]	277	[ "Quantity", "Units of frequency", "Units of measurement" ]
8,605,573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20movie%20cameras	This article summarized the comparison of movie cameras. 35 mm The 35 mm film gauge has long been the most common gauge in professional usage, and thus enjoys the greatest number of cameras currently available for professional usage. The modern era of 35 mm cameras dates to 1972, when Arri's Arriflex 35BL and Panavisi...	Comparison of movie cameras	[ "Technology" ]	1,270	[ "nan" ]
8,605,679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20dope	Pipe dope is any thread lubricant, thread sealing compound, or anaerobic chemical sealant that is used to make a pipe thread joint leakproof and pressure tight. It is also referred to as "thread compound" or "pipe thread sealant." Although common pipe threads are tapered and therefore will achieve an interference fit ...	Pipe dope	[ "Engineering" ]	525	[ "Construction", "Plumbing" ]
8,605,825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbocapnine	Bulbocapnine is an alkaloid found in Corydalis (notably the European species C. cava) and Dicentra, genera of the plant family Fumariaceae which have caused (notably the American species Corydalis caseana) the fatal poisoning of sheep and cattle. It has been shown to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and inhibi...	Bulbocapnine	[ "Chemistry", "Environmental_science" ]	491	[ "Toxicology", "Chemical ecology", "Plant toxins" ]
8,606,325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta%E2%80%93Joukowski%20theorem	The Kutta–Joukowski theorem is a fundamental theorem in aerodynamics used for the calculation of lift of an airfoil (and any two-dimensional body including circular cylinders) translating in a uniform fluid at a constant speed so large that the flow seen in the body-fixed frame is steady and unseparated. The theorem re...	Kutta–Joukowski theorem	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	2,449	[ "Equations of physics", "Chemical engineering", "Eponymous theorems of physics", "Piping", "Physics theorems", "Fluid dynamics" ]
8,606,648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickett%20CCC%20Memorial%20State%20Park	Pickett Civilian Conservation Corps Memorial State Park (also known simply as Pickett State Park or Pickett CCC Memorial State Park) is a Tennessee state park in the upper Cumberland Mountains. It is located in Pickett County, northeast of the city of Jamestown, and is adjacent to the Big South Fork National River and ...	Pickett CCC Memorial State Park	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	675	[ "Places with bioluminescence", "Bioluminescence" ]
8,607,369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmedication	Overmedication describes the excessive use of over-the-counter or prescription medicines for a person. Overmedication can have harmful effects, such as non-adherence or interactions with multiple prescription drugs. Over-the-counter medication overuse Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are generally first-line therap...	Overmedication	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,481	[ "Pharmacology", "Chemicals in medicine", "Drugs", "Products of chemical industry" ]
39	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo	Albedo ( ; ) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation). Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradian...	Albedo	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Mathematics", "Engineering" ]	5,083	[ "Transport phenomena", "Physical phenomena", " absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Telecommunications engineering", "Physical quantities", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Quantity", "Meteorological quantities", "Waves", "Scattering", "Radiation", "Radiometry" ]
334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Atomic%20Time	International Atomic Time (abbreviated TAI, from its French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide. It is a continuous scale ...	International Atomic Time	[ "Physics", "Astronomy" ]	1,601	[ "Physical quantities", "Time", "Astronomical coordinate systems", "Spacetime", "Time scales" ]
336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism	Altruism is the concern for the well-being of others, independently of personal benefit or reciprocity. The word altruism was popularised (and possibly coined) by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as , for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian , which in turn was derived from Latin , meani...	Altruism	[ "Biology" ]	8,955	[ "Behavior", "Altruism", "Philanthropy", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology	Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values...	Anthropology	[ "Biology" ]	9,763	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Behavior" ]
573	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy	Alchemy (from the Arabic word , ) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman Egypt du...	Alchemy	[ "Technology" ]	12,672	[ "History of science", "History of science and technology" ]
580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer	An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. Astronomers observe astronomical objects, such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fi...	Astronomer	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,022	[ "Astronomers", "nan", "People associated with astronomy" ]
586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII	ASCII ( ), an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. ASCII has just 128 code points, of which only 95 are , which severely limit its scope. Th...	ASCII	[ "Technology" ]	7,646	[ "American National Standards Institute standards", "Computer standards", "Natural language and computing", "Character encoding" ]
612	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20mean	In mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean ( ), arithmetic average, or just the mean or average (when the context is clear) is the sum of a collection of numbers divided by the count of numbers in the collection. The collection is often a set of results from an experiment, an observational study, or a survey. T...	Arithmetic mean	[ "Physics", "Mathematics" ]	1,903	[ "Means", "Mathematical analysis", "Point (geometry)", "Geometric centers", "Symmetry" ]
621	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian	Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. In its broadest sense, it is a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians...	Amphibian	[ "Biology" ]	17,218	[ "Animals", "Amphibians" ]
633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae	Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotes, which include species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular microalgae such as Chlorella, Prototheca and the diatoms, to multicellular macroalgae such as the giant kelp,...	Algae	[ "Biology" ]	6,739	[ "Symbiosis", "Algae", "Common names of organisms", "Endosymbiotic events", "Biological nomenclature", "Polyphyletic groups", "Phylogenetics" ]
639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane	In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical form...	Alkane	[ "Chemistry" ]	8,738	[ "Organic compounds", "Hydrocarbons", "Alkanes" ]
655	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus	An abacus (: abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar obj...	Abacus	[ "Mathematics", "Technology" ]	5,121	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical tools", "History of computing", "nan" ]
656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid	An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid. The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton...	Acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	7,465	[ "Equilibrium chemistry", "Acid–base chemistry", "Acids", "nan" ]
657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen	Bitumen ( , ) is an immensely viscous constituent of petroleum. Depending on its exact composition it can be a sticky, black liquid or an apparently solid mass that behaves as a liquid over very large time scales. In American English, the material is commonly referred to as asphalt. Whether found in natural deposits o...	Bitumen	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	11,862	[ "Petroleum products", "Building engineering", "Unsolved problems in physics", "Architecture", "Construction", "Petroleum", "Materials", "Chemical mixtures", "nan", "Asphalt", "Amorphous solids", "Matter", "Building materials" ]
659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20National%20Standards%20Institute	The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that Amer...	American National Standards Institute	[ "Technology" ]	1,994	[ "nan" ]
664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut	An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek (), meaning 'star', and (), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyon...	Astronaut	[ "Biology" ]	5,887	[ "Astronauts", "Space-flown life" ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.