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id int64 39 79M	url stringlengths 31 227	text stringlengths 6 334k	source stringlengths 1 150 ⌀	categories listlengths 1 6	token_count int64 3 71.8k	subcategories listlengths 0 30
4,129,051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeno%20Science%20Center	The Phæno Science Center is an interactive science center in Wolfsburg, Germany, completed in 2005. The Phæno Science Center The building was designed by the Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid, cost 67 million euros[1] and was realised in a project partnership with the Lörrach-based architectural firm Mayer Bährle. Af...	Phaeno Science Center	[ "Engineering" ]	1,333	[ "Postmodern architecture", "Architecture" ]
4,129,444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora%20%28case%20study%29	Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice. The patient's real name was Ida Bauer (1882–1945); her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austro-Marxist ...	Dora (case study)	[ "Biology" ]	2,657	[ "Dream", "Behavior", "Sleep" ]
4,129,530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasymeter	A dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air (as shown in the adjacent pictures). A dasymeter which allows weighing acts as a densimeter used to measure the density of gases. Principle The Principle of Archimedes permits to derive a formula which does not rely on any...	Dasymeter	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	276	[ "Measuring instruments" ]
4,129,776	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204027	NGC 4027 (also known as Arp 22) is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 83 million light-years away in the constellation Corvus. It is also a peculiar galaxy because one of its spiral arms goes out more than the other. This is probably due to a galactic collision in NGC 4027's past. One supernova has been observed i...	NGC 4027	[ "Astronomy" ]	219	[ "Corvus (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
4,129,884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-Schools	Eco-Schools is an international programme of the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE) that aims to “empower students to be the change our sustainable world needs by engaging them in fun, action-orientated, and socially responsible learning.” Each school follows a seven step change process and aims to “empower...	Eco-Schools	[ "Environmental_science" ]	1,574	[ "Environmental education", "Environmental social science" ]
4,129,998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington%20chimes	Whittington chimes, also called St. Mary's, are a family of clock chime melodies associated with St Mary-le-Bow church in London, which is related to the historical figure of Whittington by legend. Whittington is usually the secondary chime selection for most chiming clocks, the first being the Westminster. It is also ...	Whittington chimes	[ "Physics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	663	[ "Physical systems", "Machines", "Clocks", "Measuring instruments" ]
4,130,473	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143P/Kowal%E2%80%93Mrkos	143P/Kowal–Mrkos is a periodic comet in the Solar System. References External links 143P/Kowal-Mrkos – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net 143P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0143 143P Discoveries by Charles T. Kowal 143P 19840423	143P/Kowal–Mrkos	[ "Astronomy" ]	70	[ "Recovered astronomical objects", "Astronomical objects" ]
4,130,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2010307	HD 10307 (HR 483) is a spectroscopic binary star in the constellation Andromeda. The primary is similar to the Sun in mass, temperature and metal content. It is situated about 42 light-years from Earth. Its companion, HR 483 B, is a little-studied red dwarf. HD 10307 was identified in September 2003 by astrobiologist...	HD 10307	[ "Astronomy" ]	480	[ "Maunder Minimum", "Magnetism in astronomy", "Andromeda (constellation)", "Constellations" ]
11,798,914	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllachora%20graminis	Phyllachora graminis is a plant pathogen infecting wheat. References External links Index Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Wheat diseases Phyllachorales Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon Fungus species	Phyllachora graminis	[ "Biology" ]	57	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,799,822	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Institute%20of%20Graduate%20Studies	The Wang Institute of Graduate Studies was an independent educational institution founded in 1979 by computer entrepreneur An Wang. Its purpose was to provide professional and continuing studies in the nascent field of software engineering. It was accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges in 198...	Wang Institute of Graduate Studies	[ "Engineering" ]	436	[ "Software engineering", "Software engineering organizations" ]
11,799,986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum%20mangenotii	Colletotrichum mangenotii is a fungal plant pathogen. References mangenotii Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Fungi described in 1952 Fungus species	Colletotrichum mangenotii	[ "Biology" ]	34	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporangium%20sabinae	Gymnosporangium sabinae is a species of rust fungus in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Known as pear rust, European pear rust, or pear trellis rust, it is a heteroecious plant pathogen with Juniperus sabina (savin juniper) as the main primary (telial) host and Pyrus communis (common pear) as the main secondary (aecia...	Gymnosporangium sabinae	[ "Biology" ]	801	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesziomyces%20bullatus	Moesziomyces bullatus is a fungal plant pathogen. References External links Index Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Ustilaginomycotina Taxa named by Joseph Schröter Fungus species	Moesziomyces bullatus	[ "Biology" ]	49	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,340	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum%20pisi	Colletotrichum pisi is a plant pathogen. References pisi Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Fungi described in 1891 Fungus species	Colletotrichum pisi	[ "Biology" ]	29	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercospora%20fusca	Cercospora fusca is a fungal plant pathogen. References fusca Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Fungus species	Cercospora fusca	[ "Biology" ]	25	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,442	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitocybe%20parasitica	Clitocybe parasitica is classified as a plant pathogen, because in the United States it causes Clitocybe Root Rot, affecting apple, peach, cherry, and oak species. First detected in Oklahoma in 1900 and described by E.M. Wilcox the following year, C. parasitica has been found afflicting orchard trees as far north as Or...	Clitocybe parasitica	[ "Biology" ]	98	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,800,476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercospora%20halstedii	Cercospora halstedii is a fungal plant pathogen. References halstedii Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Taxa named by Benjamin Matlack Everhart Fungi described in 1891 Fungus species	Cercospora halstedii	[ "Biology" ]	40	[ "Fungi", "Fungus species" ]
11,801,199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20field%20NMR	Zero- to ultralow-field (ZULF) NMR is the acquisition of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of chemicals with magnetically active nuclei (spins 1/2 and greater) in an environment carefully screened from magnetic fields (including from the Earth's field). ZULF NMR experiments typically involve the use of passive o...	Zero field NMR	[ "Physics", "Chemistry" ]	2,133	[ "Nuclear magnetic resonance", "Nuclear physics" ]
11,801,329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KR580VM80A	The KR580VM80A () is a Soviet microprocessor, a clone of the Intel 8080 CPU. Different versions of this CPU were manufactured beginning in the late 1970s, the earliest known use being in the SM1800 computer in 1979. Initially called the K580IK80 (К580ИК80), it was produced in a 48-pin planar metal-ceramic package. Late...	KR580VM80A	[ "Technology" ]	1,485	[ "Computing in the Soviet Union", "History of computing" ]
11,801,835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%20recognition	Kin recognition, also called kin detection, is an organism's ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kin. In evolutionary biology and psychology, such an ability is presumed to have evolved for inbreeding avoidance, though animals do not typically avoid inbreeding. An additional adaptive function some...	Kin recognition	[ "Biology" ]	2,447	[ "Evolutionary biology", "Evolutionary processes", "Behavior", "Selection", "Organisms by adaptation", "Behavioural sciences", "Ethology", "Human behavior", "Kinship and descent" ]
11,801,987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus%20Autism%20Proceeding	The Omnibus Autism Proceeding was a set of six test cases heard by Special Masters of the United States Court of Federal Claims to examine claims of a causal link between vaccines and autism. Because there were so many National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP) cases that involve a claim that vaccines caused...	Omnibus Autism Proceeding	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	273	[ "Vaccination", "Drug safety", "Vaccine controversies" ]
11,802,351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20Research%20and%20Development%20Administration	The United States Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was a United States government organization formed from the split of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1975. It assumed the functions of the AEC not assumed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The agency was created as part of the Energy Reo...	Energy Research and Development Administration	[ "Engineering" ]	266	[ "Governmental nuclear organizations", "Nuclear organizations" ]
11,802,934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive%20dual%20pair	In the mathematical field of representation theory, a reductive dual pair is a pair of subgroups (G, G′) of the isometry group Sp(W) of a symplectic vector space W, such that G is the centralizer of G′ in Sp(W) and vice versa, and these groups act reductively on W. Somewhat more loosely, one speaks of a dual pair whene...	Reductive dual pair	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,442	[ "Representation theory", "Fields of abstract algebra" ]
11,803,445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montia%20fontana	Montia fontana, blinks is a herbaceous annual to perennial plant that grows in freshwater springs in upland regions, and in seasonally damp acid grassland in the lowlands. It is widespread throughout the world, except in southern Asia. It is rather variable in morphology, which is reflected in a complex history of taxo...	Montia fontana	[ "Biology" ]	1,451	[ "Cosmopolitan species", "Organisms by location" ]
11,803,513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-service%20laundry	A self-service laundry, coin laundry, or coin wash, is a facility where clothes are washed and dried without much personalized professional help. They are known in the United Kingdom as launderettes or laundrettes, and in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand as laundromats. In Texas and other parts of t...	Self-service laundry	[ "Technology" ]	1,715	[ "Information systems", "Self-service" ]
11,804,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Paul	Paul Lee Kroll, also known as Lee Paul, (June 16, 1939 – September 22, 2019) was an American film and television actor. He was perhaps best known for playing as the bodyguard of Doyle Lonnegan (Robert Shaw) in the 1973 film The Sting, alongside actor Charles Dierkop who played the role of Floyd. Paul was born in the ...	Lee Paul	[ "Engineering" ]	415	[ "Petroleum engineers", "Petroleum engineering" ]
11,805,081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-PPBP	4-PPBP is a neuroprotective cyclic amine which binds to sigma receptors. 4-PPBP decreases neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity and ischemia-evoked nitric oxide (NO) production. 4-PPBP provides neuroprotection; this involves the prevention of ischemia-induced intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation. 4-PPBP protects ...	4-PPBP	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	175	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,805,232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siramesine	Siramesine (or Lu 28-179) is a sigma receptor agonist, selective for the σ2 subtype. In animal studies, siramesine has been shown to produce anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company H Lundbeck for the treatment of anxiety, although development was discontinued after clinical...	Siramesine	[ "Chemistry" ]	180	[ "Pharmacology", "Drug safety", "Medicinal chemistry stubs", "Organic compounds", "Pharmacology stubs", "Abandoned drugs", "Spiro compounds" ]
11,805,314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-2%20receptor	The sigma-2 receptor (σ2R) is a sigma receptor subtype that has attracted attention due to its involvement in diseases such as neurological diseases, neurodegenerative, neuro-ophthalmic and cancer. It is currently under investigation for its potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Although the sigma-2 receptor was...	Sigma-2 receptor	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	1,786	[ "Biochemistry", "Neurochemistry", "Signal transduction" ]
11,805,449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB-28	PB-28 is an agonist of the sigma-2 receptor. It is derived from cyclohexylpiperazine. References External links Phenol ethers Piperazines Cyclohexyl compounds	PB-28	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	47	[ "Biochemistry stubs", "Biotechnology stubs", "Biochemistry" ]
11,806,446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20ligament%20of%20epididymis	The inferior ligament of the epididymis is a strand of fibrous tissue which is covered by a reflection of the tunica vaginalis and connects the lower aspect of the epididymis with the testis. Sexual anatomy Ligaments	Inferior ligament of epididymis	[ "Biology" ]	52	[ "Sexual anatomy", "Sex" ]
11,806,561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20ligament%20of%20epididymis	The superior ligament of the epididymis is a strand of fibrous tissue which is covered by a reflection of the tunica vaginalis and connects the upper aspect of the epididymis with the testis. Sexual anatomy Ligaments	Superior ligament of epididymis	[ "Biology" ]	52	[ "Sexual anatomy", "Sex" ]
11,807,158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeve%20%28construction%29	In construction, a sleeve is used both by the electrical and mechanical trades to create a penetration in a solid wall, ceilling or floor. Purpose For cables we provide wall/deck penetration sleeve to avoid any damage to cable from material shifting on deck. Deck penetrations on offshore platform provided to avoid w...	Sleeve (construction)	[ "Chemistry", "Engineering" ]	469	[ "Piping", "Chemical engineering", "Mechanical engineering", "Building engineering" ]
11,807,208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Tower%20%28Tokyo%29	Millennium Tower was a 180-floor skyscraper that was envisioned by architect Sir Norman Foster in 1989. He intended for it to be built in Tokyo Bay, 2 km offshore from Tokyo, Japan. Design The design calls for a cone-shaped pyramid 840 meters high, with a base about as big as the Tokyo Olympic Stadium and glass sides ...	Millennium Tower (Tokyo)	[ "Technology" ]	422	[ "Exploratory engineering", "Proposed arcologies" ]
11,807,746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk%20posture	The obelisk posture is a handstand-like position that some dragonflies and damselflies assume to prevent overheating on sunny days. The abdomen is raised until its tip points at the sun, minimizing the surface area exposed to solar radiation. When the sun is close to directly overhead, the vertical alignment of the i...	Obelisk posture	[ "Biology" ]	555	[ "Behavioural sciences", "Ethology", "Behavior" ]
11,808,054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front%20yard	On a residential area, a front yard (United States, Canada, Australia) or front garden (United Kingdom, Europe) is the portion of land between the street and the front of the house. If it is covered in grass, it may be referred to as a front lawn. The area behind the house, usually more private, is the back yard or bac...	Front yard	[ "Engineering" ]	2,320	[ "Landscape architecture", "Architecture" ]
11,808,249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide%20association%20study	In genomics, a genome-wide association study (GWA study, or GWAS), is an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. GWA studies typically focus on associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits like majo...	Genome-wide association study	[ "Biology" ]	4,630	[ "Human genome projects", "Genome projects" ]
11,810,505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase%20cycling%20assembly	Polymerase cycling assembly (or PCA, also known as Assembly PCR) is a method for the assembly of large DNA oligonucleotides from shorter fragments. The process uses the same technology as PCR, but takes advantage of DNA hybridization and annealing as well as DNA polymerase to amplify a complete sequence of DNA in a pr...	Polymerase cycling assembly	[ "Chemistry", "Technology", "Engineering", "Biology" ]	630	[ "Genetics techniques", "Biological engineering", "Genetic engineering", "nan", "Molecular biology", "Amplifiers" ]
3,003,434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant%E2%80%93Vazirani%20theorem	The Valiant–Vazirani theorem is a theorem in computational complexity theory stating that if there is a polynomial time algorithm for Unambiguous-SAT, then NP = RP. It was proven by Leslie Valiant and Vijay Vazirani in their paper titled NP is as easy as detecting unique solutions published in 1986. The Valiant–Vazir...	Valiant–Vazirani theorem	[ "Mathematics" ]	674	[ "Theorems in computational complexity theory", "Theorems in discrete mathematics" ]
3,003,448	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20diameter%20distance	In astronomy, angular diameter distance is a distance (in units of length) defined in terms of an object's physical size (also in units of length), , and its angular size (necessarily in radians), , as viewed from Earth: Cosmology dependence The angular diameter distance depends on the assumed cosmology of the univer...	Angular diameter distance	[ "Physics", "Astronomy", "Mathematics" ]	782	[ "Physical phenomena", "Distance", "Physical quantities", "Concepts in astronomy", "Quantity", "Size", "Space", "Equations of astronomy", "Spacetime", "Wikipedia categories named after physical quantities", "Physical properties" ]
3,003,483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicotungstic%20acid	Silicotungstic acid or tungstosilicic acid is a heteropoly acid with the chemical formula . It forms hydrates . In freshly prepared samples, n is approximately 29, but after prolonged desiccation, n = 6. It is a white solid although impure samples appear yellow. It is used as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Appli...	Silicotungstic acid	[ "Chemistry" ]	297	[ "Acids", "Inorganic compounds", "Mineral acids", "Heteropoly acids", "Coordination complexes", "Coordination chemistry", "Inorganic compound stubs", "Inorganic silicon compounds" ]
3,003,553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%20normalization%20lemma	In mathematics, the Noether normalization lemma is a result of commutative algebra, introduced by Emmy Noether in 1926. It states that for any field k, and any finitely generated commutative k-algebra A, there exist elements y1, y2, ..., yd in A that are algebraically independent over k and such that A is a finitely ge...	Noether normalization lemma	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,723	[ "Theorems in algebra", "Lemmas in algebra", "Fields of abstract algebra", "Algebraic geometry", "Commutative algebra", "Lemmas" ]
3,003,614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%282-ethylhexyl%29%20phthalate	Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, DEHP; incorrectly — dioctyl phthalate, DIOP) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO2C8H17)2. DEHP is the most common member of the class of phthalates, which are used as plasticizers. It is the diester of phth...	Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,469	[ "Endocrine disruptors" ]
3,003,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20Toaster	A Freedom Toaster is a public kiosk that will burn copies of free software onto user-provided CDs and DVDs. History The original Freedom Toaster project was sponsored by Mark Shuttleworth's Shuttleworth Foundation and built in Perl by Hamish Whittal. It consisted of a number of CD burning facilities (in kiosk form),...	Freedom Toaster	[ "Engineering" ]	549	[ "Vending machines", "Automation" ]
3,003,710	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20daughter%20card	The mobile daughter card, also known as an MDC or CDC (communications daughter card), is a notebook version of the AMR slot on the motherboard of a desktop computer. It is designed to interface with special Ethernet (EDC), modem (MDC) or bluetooth (BDC) cards. Intel MDC specification 1.0 In 1999, Intel published a spe...	Mobile daughter card	[ "Technology" ]	227	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer network stubs" ]
3,004,242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virokine	Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellula...	Virokine	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	489	[ "Biochemistry", "Molecular biology" ]
3,004,495	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TextAmerica	TextAmerica (TA) was one of the first online photo album or moblog sites that allowed users to upload pictures directly from a digital camera or camera phone or images manipulated with photo editing software to a personal page. Originally a free site, TextAmerica began charging membership fees in July 2006 deleting co...	TextAmerica	[ "Technology" ]	134	[ "Computing stubs", "World Wide Web stubs" ]
3,004,575	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callboard%20Network	The Callboard Network was an electronic communication network operated by the University of Alberta for USITT in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its purpose was to provide a means by which USITT members around the world, but primarily in the US and Canada, could easily communicate amongst each other. As the internet ...	Callboard Network	[ "Technology" ]	198	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer network stubs" ]
3,004,668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20regress	Infinite regress is a philosophical concept to describe a series of entities. Each entity in the series depends on its predecessor, following a recursive principle. For example, the epistemic regress is a series of beliefs in which the justification of each belief depends on the justification of the belief that comes b...	Infinite regress	[ "Mathematics" ]	3,234	[ "Mathematical logic", "Recursion" ]
3,004,912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigellachie%20Bridge	Craigellachie Bridge is a cast iron arch bridge across the River Spey at Craigellachie, near to the village of Aberlour in Moray, Scotland. It was designed by the renowned civil engineer Thomas Telford and built from 1812 to 1814. It is a Category A listed structure. Construction The bridge has a single span of appro...	Craigellachie Bridge	[ "Engineering" ]	695	[ "Civil engineering", "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks" ]
3,005,092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20shunting	Ribosome shunting is a mechanism of translation initiation in which ribosomes bypass, or "shunt over", parts of the 5' untranslated region to reach the start codon. However, a benefit of ribosomal shunting is that it can translate backwards allowing more information to be stored than usual in an mRNA molecule. Some vir...	Ribosome shunting	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,231	[ "Protein biosynthesis", "Gene expression", "Biosynthesis" ]
3,005,139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s%20equation	In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who originally defined it in 1830 in his article "The refraction and reflection of light". The equa...	Cauchy's equation	[ "Physics", "Chemistry", "Materials_science", "Engineering" ]	422	[ "Applied and interdisciplinary physics", "Equations of physics", "Optics", "Eponymous equations of physics", "Electric and magnetic fields in matter", "Materials science", "Condensed matter physics", " molecular", "Atomic", " and optical physics" ]
3,005,170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s%20law%20of%20computer%20classes	Bell's law of computer classes formulated by Gordon Bell in 1972 describes how types of computing systems (referred to as computer classes) form, evolve and may eventually die out. New classes of computers create new applications resulting in new markets and new industries. Description Bell considers the law to be par...	Bell's law of computer classes	[ "Technology" ]	838	[ "Classes of computers", "Computers", "Computer systems" ]
3,005,200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical%20code	Pharmaceutical codes are used in medical classification to uniquely identify medication. They may uniquely identify an active ingredient, drug system (including inactive ingredients and time-release agents) in general, or a specific pharmaceutical product from a specific manufacturer. Examples Drug system identifiers...	Pharmaceutical code	[ "Chemistry" ]	268	[ "Pharmacological classification systems", "Pharmacology", "Pharmacology stubs", "Medicinal chemistry stubs" ]
3,005,202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20model%20%28mathematical%20logic%29	In model theory, a subfield of mathematical logic, an atomic model is a model such that the complete type of every tuple is axiomatized by a single formula. Such types are called principal types, and the formulas that axiomatize them are called complete formulas. Definitions Let T be a theory. A complete type p(x1, ....	Atomic model (mathematical logic)	[ "Mathematics" ]	378	[ "Mathematical logic", "Model theory" ]
3,005,228	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Explosions%20for%20the%20National%20Economy	Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy (; sometimes referred to as Program #7) was a Soviet program to investigate peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs). It was analogous to the United States program Operation Plowshare, although the Soviet one consists of 124 tests. One of the better-known tests was Chagan of Janua...	Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy	[ "Chemistry" ]	1,903	[ "Explosions", "Peaceful nuclear explosions" ]
3,005,304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20analog	An insulin analog (also called an insulin analogue) is any of several types of medical insulin that are altered forms of the hormone insulin, different from any occurring in nature, but still available to the human body for performing the same action as human insulin in terms of controlling blood glucose levels in diab...	Insulin analog	[ "Biology" ]	3,221	[ "Recombinant proteins", "Biotechnology products" ]
3,005,380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjunctive%20sum	In the mathematics of combinatorial games, the sum or disjunctive sum of two games is a game in which the two games are played in parallel, with each player being allowed to move in just one of the games per turn. The sum game finishes when there are no moves left in either of the two parallel games, at which point (i...	Disjunctive sum	[ "Mathematics" ]	614	[ "Recreational mathematics", "Game theory", "Combinatorial game theory", "Combinatorics" ]
3,005,488	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn	Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (), doing business as Hon Hai Technology Group () in Taiwan, Foxconn Technology Group () in Mainland China, and Foxconn () internationally, is a Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturer established in 1974 with headquarters in Tucheng District, New Taipei City, Taiw...	Foxconn	[ "Technology" ]	6,784	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computer systems companies", "Computers", "Computer systems" ]
3,005,532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube%20caddy	A tube caddy or tube carrying case is a type of carrying case used for storing and transporting vacuum tubes. They were carried by repair technicians who performed home service calls in the days when radios and television sets were too large and heavy for the average homeowner to bring to a repair shop. Caddies varie...	Tube caddy	[ "Physics" ]	266	[ "Vacuum tubes", "Vacuum", "Matter" ]
3,005,578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arming%20plug	An arming plug is a small plug that is fitted into flight hardware to enable functions that, for instrument or personnel safety, should not be activated before flight. In the case of a missile or bomb, the (lack of the) arming plug prevents explosion before flight; in the case of a spacecraft or scientific sounding ro...	Arming plug	[ "Astronomy", "Engineering" ]	111	[ "Outer space", "Astronomy stubs", "Rocketry", "Aerospace engineering", "Outer space stubs" ]
3,005,633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meagher%20Electronics	Meagher Electronics was a Monterey, California, company which was founded in 1947 by Jim Meagher. It included a recording studio which recorded early demos for Joan Baez, her sister, Mimi Farina and her sister's husband, Richard Farina. The company also repaired all sorts of home entertainment equipment, focusing on p...	Meagher Electronics	[ "Engineering" ]	366	[ "Electrical engineering", "Audio engineering" ]
3,005,753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20units	Scottish or Scots units of measurement are the weights and measures peculiar to Scotland which were nominally replaced by English units in 1685 but continued to be used in unofficial contexts until at least the late 18th century. The system was based on the ell (length), stone (mass), and boll and firlot (volume). This...	Scottish units	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,414	[ "Obsolete units of measurement", "Systems of units", "Units of measurement by country", "Quantity", "Units of measurement" ]
3,005,810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transderivational%20search	Transderivational search (often abbreviated to TDS) is a psychological and cybernetics term, meaning when a search is being conducted for a fuzzy match across a broad field. In computing the equivalent function can be performed using content-addressable memory. Unlike usual searches, which look for literal (i.e. exact...	Transderivational search	[ "Technology" ]	937	[ "Natural language processing", "Natural language and computing" ]
3,005,828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20beamformer	An adaptive beamformer is a system that performs adaptive spatial signal processing with an array of transmitters or receivers. The signals are combined in a manner which increases the signal strength to/from a chosen direction. Signals to/from other directions are combined in a benign or destructive manner, resulting ...	Adaptive beamformer	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	663	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing" ]
3,005,906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20privacy%20law	Information privacy, data privacy or data protection laws provide a legal framework on how to obtain, use and store data of natural persons. The various laws around the world describe the rights of natural persons to control who is using their data. This includes usually the right to get details on which data is stored...	Information privacy law	[ "Technology", "Engineering" ]	5,366	[ "Cybersecurity engineering", "Computer law", "Computing and society", "Information privacy" ]
3,006,317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20receiver	A communications receiver is a type of radio receiver used as a component of a radio communication link. This is in contrast to a broadcast receiver which is used to receive radio broadcasts. A communication receiver receives parts of the radio spectrum not used for broadcasting, including amateur, military, aircraf...	Communications receiver	[ "Engineering" ]	606	[ "Radio electronics", "Receiver (radio)" ]
3,006,333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20108874	HD 108874 is a star with a pair of orbiting exoplanets in the northern constellation of Coma Berenices. It is located 194.5 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −30 km/s. The absolute magnitude of this star is 4.79, but at that distance the star has a...	HD 108874	[ "Astronomy" ]	542	[ "Coma Berenices", "Constellations" ]
3,006,368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20interest%20margin	Net interest margin (NIM) is a measure of the difference between the interest income generated by banks or other financial institutions and the amount of interest paid out to their lenders (for example, deposits), relative to the amount of their (interest-earning) assets. It is similar to the gross margin (or gross pro...	Net interest margin	[ "Mathematics" ]	457	[ "Financial ratios", "Quantity", "Metrics" ]
3,006,440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho%20Gem	The mule Idaho Gem (born May 4, 2003) is the first cloned equine and first cloned mule. He is the result of the collaboration of Dr. Gordon Woods and Dr. Dirk Vanderwall of the Northwest Equine Reproduction Laboratory at the University of Idaho and Dr. Ken White of Utah State University. Two more healthy mule clones w...	Idaho Gem	[ "Biology" ]	436	[ "Cloning", "Cloned animals" ]
3,006,491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari%20MMU	Atari MMU is a custom memory management unit chip for the Atari 8-bit computers. It enables access to the hardware registers on ANTIC, GTIA, POKEY and 6520 PIA. The later XL/XE MMU (C061618) also selects OS ROM, Atari BASIC ROM, self-test ROM and LEDs in the 1200XL. On the 128K 130XE the EMMU chip handles similar func...	Atari MMU	[ "Technology" ]	298	[ "Computing stubs", "Computer hardware stubs" ]
3,006,497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20rejection	Social rejection occurs when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction. The topic includes interpersonal rejection (or peer rejection), romantic rejection, and familial estrangement. A person can be rejected or shunned by individuals or an entire group of people. Furthermor...	Social rejection	[ "Biology" ]	5,238	[ "Behavior", "Human development", "Behavioural sciences", "Interpersonal relationships", "Human behavior" ]
3,007,056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsair%20Gaming	Corsair Gaming, Inc. (stylized as CORSAIR) is an American computer peripherals and gaming brand headquartered in Milpitas, California. Previously known as Corsair Components and Corsair Memory, it was incorporated in California in January 1994 originally as Corsair Microsystems and reincorporated in Delaware in 2007. T...	Corsair Gaming	[ "Technology" ]	1,105	[ "Computer hardware companies", "Computers" ]
3,007,087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacodyl%20oxide	Cacodyl oxide is a chemical compound of the formula [(CH3)2As]2O. This organoarsenic compound is primarily of historical significance since it is sometimes considered to be the first organometallic compound synthesized in relatively pure form. "Cadet's fuming liquid", which is composed of cacodyl and cacodyl oxide, ...	Cacodyl oxide	[ "Chemistry" ]	176	[ "Organic compounds", "Organic compound stubs", "Organic chemistry stubs" ]
3,007,111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map-coloring%20games	Several map-coloring games are studied in combinatorial game theory. The general idea is that we are given a map with regions drawn in but with not all the regions colored. Two players, Left and Right, take turns coloring in one uncolored region per turn, subject to various constraints, as in the map-coloring problem...	Map-coloring games	[ "Mathematics" ]	982	[ "Mathematical games", "Recreational mathematics", "Combinatorics", "Game theory", "Combinatorial game theory" ]
3,007,126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl%20butyl%20phthalate	Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) is an organic compound historically used a plasticizer, but which has now been largely phased out due to health concerns. It is a phthalate ester of containing benzyl alcohol, and n-butanol tail groups. Like most phthalates, BBP is non-volatile and remains liquid over a wide range of temper...	Benzyl butyl phthalate	[ "Chemistry" ]	3,003	[ "Endocrine disruptors" ]
3,007,169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasso%20of%20Truth	The Lasso of Truth is a weapon wielded by DC Comics superhero Wonder Woman, Princess Diana of Themyscira. It is also known as the Lariat of Truth, the Magic Lasso, the Lasso of Hestia or the Golden Perfect. It was created by William Moulton Marston, inventor of the lie detector, as an allegory for feminine charm, but i...	Lasso of Truth	[ "Physics" ]	2,808	[ "Magic items", "Physical objects", "Matter" ]
3,007,213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20discharge	In electromagnetism, an electric discharge is the release and transmission of electricity in an applied electric field through a medium such as a gas (i.e., an outgoing flow of electric current through a non-metal medium). Applications The properties and effects of electric discharges are useful over a wide range of ...	Electric discharge	[ "Physics" ]	374	[ "Physical phenomena", "Plasma physics", "Plasma phenomena", "Electrical phenomena", "Plasma physics stubs" ]
3,007,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HER2	Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 is a protein that normally resides in the membranes of cells and is encoded by the ERBB2 gene. ERBB is abbreviated from erythroblastic oncogene B, a gene originally isolated from the avian genome. The human protein is also frequently referred to as HER2 (human epidermal growth f...	HER2	[ "Chemistry" ]	2,341	[ "Tyrosine kinase receptors", "Signal transduction" ]
3,007,735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyquake	A skyquake is a phenomenon where a loud sound is reported to originate from the sky. It often manifests as a banging, or a horn-like noise. The sound may cause noticeable vibration in the ceiling or across a particular room. Those who experience skyquakes typically do not have a clear explanation for what caused them a...	Skyquake	[ "Physics" ]	1,255	[ "Weather", "Physical phenomena", "Natural disasters" ]
3,007,899	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimycobacterial	An antimycobacterial is a type of medication used to treat Mycobacteria infections. Types include: Tuberculosis treatments Leprostatic agents Notes Antibiotics	Antimycobacterial	[ "Biology" ]	35	[ "Antibiotics", "Biocides", "Biotechnology products" ]
3,008,091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20Subject%20Classification	The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) is an alphanumerical classification scheme that has collaboratively been produced by staff of, and based on the coverage of, the two major mathematical reviewing databases, Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH. The MSC is used by many mathematics journals, which ask au...	Mathematics Subject Classification	[ "Mathematics" ]	1,796	[ "nan" ]
3,008,376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangipane	Frangipane ( ) is a sweet almond-flavoured custard, typical in French pastry, used in a variety of ways, including cakes and such pastries as the Bakewell tart, conversation tart, Jésuite and pithivier. A French spelling from a 1674 cookbook is franchipane, with the earliest modern spelling coming from a 1732 confectio...	Frangipane	[ "Technology" ]	499	[ "Food ingredients", "Components" ]
3,008,596	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20change	Environmental change is a change or disturbance of the environment most often caused by human influences and natural ecological processes. Environmental changes include various factors, such as natural disasters,of human interferences, or animal interaction. Environmental change encompasses not only physical changes, b...	Environmental change	[ "Biology" ]	88	[ "Ecology" ]
3,008,683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic%20art%20and%20architecture	The Visigoths entered Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) in 415 and they rose to be the dominant people there until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania of 711 brought their kingdom to an end. This period in Iberian art is dominated by their style. Visigothic art is generally considered in the English-speaking world to ...	Visigothic art and architecture	[ "Engineering" ]	779	[ "Architectural history", "Architecture" ]
3,008,860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Childhood%20Vaccine%20Injury%20Act	The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) of 1986 (42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to 300aa-34) was signed into law by United States President Ronald Reagan as part of a larger health bill on November 14, 1986. NCVIA's purpose was to eliminate the potential financial liability of vaccine manufacturers due to vaccine injur...	National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act	[ "Chemistry", "Biology" ]	982	[ "Biotechnology law", "Vaccination law", "Drug safety", "Vaccine controversies", "Vaccination" ]
3,009,815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20%28mathematics%29	In mathematics, the word null (from meaning "zero", which is from meaning "none") is often associated with the concept of zero or the concept of nothing. It is used in varying context from "having zero members in a set" (e.g., null set) to "having a value of zero" (e.g., null vector). In a vector space, the null vec...	Null (mathematics)	[ "Mathematics" ]	327	[ "nan" ]
3,010,111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormwood%20%28Bible%29	Wormwood (Ancient Greek: ἀψίνθιον (apsinthion) oψινθος (apsinthos) is a prophesied star or angel which appears in the Book of Revelation. Hebrew Bible The Biblical Hebrew word לענה (la'anah), translated into English as "wormwood", occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible, seven times with the implication of bitterness an...	Wormwood (Bible)	[ "Astronomy" ]	838	[ "Astronomical myths" ]
5,499,409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmoglein	The desmogleins are a family of desmosomal cadherins consisting of proteins DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, and DSG4. They play a role in the formation of desmosomes that join cells to one another. Pathology Desmogleins are targeted in the autoimmune disease pemphigus. Desmoglein proteins are a type of cadherin, which is a transme...	Desmoglein	[ "Biology" ]	176	[ "Protein families", "Protein classification" ]
5,499,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching%20law	In operant conditioning, the matching law is a quantitative relationship that holds between the relative rates of response and the relative rates of reinforcement in concurrent schedules of reinforcement. For example, if two response alternatives A and B are offered to an organism, the ratio of response rates to A and ...	Matching law	[ "Biology" ]	1,608	[ "Behavior", "Behavioral concepts", "Behaviorism" ]
5,499,529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palynivore	In zoology, a palynivore /pəˈlɪnəvɔːɹ/, meaning "pollen eater" (from Greek παλύνω palunō, "strew, sprinkle", and Latin, vorare, meaning "to devour") is an herbivorous animal which selectively eats the nutrient-rich pollen produced by angiosperms and gymnosperms. Most true palynivores are insects or mites. The category ...	Palynivore	[ "Biology" ]	3,267	[ "Behavior", "Animals by eating behaviors", "Eating behaviors", "Herbivory", "Ethology" ]
5,499,616	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20Hungary	The NUTS codes of Hungary have three levels: Codes Local administrative units Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are: The LAU codes of Hungary can be downloaded here: Changes in NUTS 2016 classification The NUTS classification is regularly updated to reflect changes and modific...	NUTS statistical regions of Hungary	[ "Mathematics" ]	358	[ "Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics", "Statistical concepts", "Statistical regions" ]
5,499,671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20production%20function	Soil production function refers to the rate of bedrock weathering into soil as a function of soil thickness. A general model suggests that the rate of physical weathering of bedrock (de/dt) can be represented as an exponential decline with soil thickness: where h is soil thickness [m], P0 [mm/year] is the potential (...	Soil production function	[ "Mathematics" ]	339	[ "Applied mathematics", "Mathematical modeling" ]
5,499,772	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernier%20thruster	A vernier thruster is a rocket engine used on a spacecraft or launch vehicle for fine adjustments to the attitude or velocity. Depending on the design of a craft's maneuvering and stability systems, it may simply be a smaller thruster complementing the main propulsion system, or it may complement larger attitude contro...	Vernier thruster	[ "Astronomy" ]	658	[ "Rocketry stubs", "Astronomy stubs" ]
5,500,097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washboarding	Washboarding or corrugation is the formation of periodic, transverse ripples in the surface of gravel and dirt roads. Washboarding occurs in dry, granular road material with repeated traffic, traveling at speeds above . Washboarding creates an uncomfortable ride for the occupants of traversing vehicles and hazardous dr...	Washboarding	[ "Technology" ]	972	[ "Road hazards" ]
5,501,493	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark-nova	A quark-nova is the hypothetical violent explosion resulting from the conversion of a neutron star to a quark star. Analogous to a supernova heralding the birth of a neutron star, a quark nova signals the creation of a quark star. The term quark-novae was coined in 2002 by Dr. Rachid Ouyed (currently at the University...	Quark-nova	[ "Chemistry", "Astronomy" ]	437	[ "Supernovae", "Astronomical hypotheses", "Astronomical events", "Astronomical myths", "Hypothetical astronomical objects", "Explosions", "Astronomical objects" ]
5,501,614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-quiet%20neutron%20star	A radio-quiet neutron star is a neutron star that does not seem to emit radio emissions, but is still visible to Earth through electromagnetic radiation at other parts of the spectrum, particularly X-rays and gamma rays. Background Most detected neutron stars are pulsars, and emit radio-frequency electromagnetic radi...	Radio-quiet neutron star	[ "Astronomy" ]	1,008	[ "Star types", "Astronomical classification systems" ]
5,501,781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohobation	In pre-modern chemistry and alchemy, cohobation was the process of repeated distillation of the same matter, with the liquid drawn from it (successive redistillation); that liquid being poured again and again upon the matter left at the bottom of the vessel. Cohobation is a kind of circulation, only differing from it i...	Cohobation	[ "Chemistry" ]	508	[ "Separation processes", "Chemical processes", "Distillation", "Alchemical processes", "nan", "Chemical process engineering" ]
5,501,977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-order%20hold	The zero-order hold (ZOH) is a mathematical model of the practical signal reconstruction done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC). That is, it describes the effect of converting a discrete-time signal to a continuous-time signal by holding each sample value for one sample interval. It has several appli...	Zero-order hold	[ "Mathematics", "Technology", "Engineering" ]	832	[ "Telecommunications engineering", "Computer engineering", "Signal processing", "Applied mathematics", "Control theory", "Electrical engineering", "Dynamical systems" ]
5,502,159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20Angel%20Alita%3A%20Last%20Order	, also known as Battle Angel Alita: Last Order in the English translation, is a Japanese science fiction manga series created by Yukito Kishiro and published between 2000 and 2014. It is the second series of the Battle Angel Alita franchise, and a direct sequel to the original series. The series tells the story of Al...	Battle Angel Alita: Last Order	[ "Materials_science", "Technology", "Biology" ]	1,627	[ "Exploratory engineering", "Fiction about cyborgs", "Fiction about nanotechnology", "Cyborgs", "Nanotechnology" ]

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