id stringlengths 2 8 | url stringlengths 31 117 | title stringlengths 1 71 | text stringlengths 153 118k | topic stringclasses 4
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208356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text%20file | Text file | A text file (sometimes spelled textfile; an old alternative name is flat file) is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists stored as data within a computer file system.
In operating systems such as CP/M, where the operating system does not keep track of t... | Technology | Data storage and memory | null |
208430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus | Enceladus | Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn and the 18th-largest in the Solar System. It is about in diameter, about a tenth of that of Saturn's largest moon, Titan. It is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. Consequently, its surface temperature at noo... | Physical sciences | Solar System | null |
208612 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan | Rattan | Rattan, also spelled ratan (from Malay: rotan), is the name for roughly 600 species of Old World climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae. The greatest diversity of rattan palm species and genera are in the closed-canopy old-growth tropical forests of Southeast Asia, though they can also be found in other part... | Biology and health sciences | Arecales (inc. Palms) | Plants |
208660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicbird | Tropicbird | Tropicbirds are a family, Phaethontidae, of tropical pelagic seabirds. They are the sole living representatives of the order Phaethontiformes. For many years they were considered part of the Pelecaniformes, but genetics indicates they are most closely related to the Eurypygiformes. There are three species in one genus,... | Biology and health sciences | Basics | Animals |
208732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highly%20composite%20number | Highly composite number | A highly composite number is a positive integer that has more divisors than all smaller positive integers. If d(n) denotes the number of divisors of a positive integer n, then a positive integer N is highly composite if d(N) > d(n) for all n < N. For example, 6 is highly composite because d(6)=4 and d(n)=1,2,2,3,2 for ... | Mathematics | Sums and products | null |
208742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas | Mimas | Mimas, also designated Saturn I, is the seventh-largest natural satellite of Saturn. With a mean diameter of , Mimas is the smallest astronomical body known to be roughly rounded in shape due to its own gravity. Mimas's low density, 1.15 g/cm3, indicates that it is composed mostly of water ice with only a small amount ... | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
208810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddington%20luminosity | Eddington luminosity | The Eddington luminosity, also referred to as the Eddington limit, is the maximum luminosity a body (such as a star) can achieve when there is balance between the force of radiation acting outward and the gravitational force acting inward. The state of balance is called hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the ... | Physical sciences | Active galactic nucleus | Astronomy |
208996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20Basic%20%28.NET%29 | Visual Basic (.NET) | Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Althoug... | Technology | Programming languages | null |
209005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon | Noon | Noon (also known as noontime or midday) is 12 o'clock in the daytime. It is written as 12 noon, 12:00 m. (for meridiem, literally 12:00 midday), 12 p.m. (for post meridiem, literally "after midday"), 12 pm, or 12:00 (using a 24-hour clock) or 1200 (military time).
Solar noon is the time when the Sun appears to contact ... | Physical sciences | Celestial mechanics | Astronomy |
209128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20rule | Quotient rule | In calculus, the quotient rule is a method of finding the derivative of a function that is the ratio of two differentiable functions. Let , where both and are differentiable and The quotient rule states that the derivative of is
It is provable in many ways by using other derivative rules.
Examples
Example 1: Bas... | Mathematics | Differential calculus | null |
209135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20kingfisher | River kingfisher | The river kingfishers or pygmy kingfishers, subfamily Alcedininae, are one of the three subfamilies of kingfishers. The river kingfishers are widespread through Africa and east and south Asia as far as Australia, with one species, the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) also appearing in Europe and northern Asia. This gr... | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | null |
209148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20kingfisher | Water kingfisher | The water kingfishers or Cerylinae are one of the three subfamilies of kingfishers, and are also known as the cerylid kingfishers. All six American species are in this subfamily.
These are all specialist fish-eating species, unlike many representatives of the other two subfamilies, and it is likely that they are all d... | Biology and health sciences | Coraciiformes | Animals |
209236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest%20%28organism%29 | Pest (organism) | A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment for their own purposes and are intolerant of other creatures occupying the sam... | Technology | Pest and disease control | null |
209441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus%20%28constellation%29 | Perseus (constellation) | Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus. It is one of the 48 ancient constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, and among the 88 modern constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is located near several other constel... | Physical sciences | Other | Astronomy |
209455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylakoid | Thylakoid | Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum)... | Biology and health sciences | Plant cells | Biology |
209546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalsack%20Nebula | Coalsack Nebula | The Coalsack Nebula (Southern Coalsack, or simply the Coalsack) is a dark nebula, which is visible to the naked eye as a dark patch obscuring part of the Milky Way east of Acrux (Alpha Crucis) in the constellation of Crux.
General information
Historically any other dark cloud in the night sky was called coalsack. The ... | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | Astronomy |
209841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rynchops | Rynchops | The skimmers, forming the genus Rynchops, are tern-like birds in the family Laridae. The genus comprises three species found in South Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They were formerly known as the scissorbills.
Description
The three species are the only birds with distinctive uneven bills, where the lower mandible is... | Biology and health sciences | Charadriiformes | Animals |
209874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density%20functional%20theory | Density functional theory | Density functional theory (DFT) is a computational quantum mechanical modelling method used in physics, chemistry and materials science to investigate the electronic structure (or nuclear structure) (principally the ground state) of many-body systems, in particular atoms, molecules, and the condensed phases. Using thi... | Physical sciences | Atomic physics | Physics |
209876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyeater | Honeyeater | The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family, Meliphagidae, of small to medium-sized birds. The family includes the Australian chats, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, miners and melidectes. They are most common in Australia and New Guinea, and found also in New Zealand, the Pacific islands as far east as Samoa and... | Biology and health sciences | Corvoidea | null |
209948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatology | Rheumatology | Rheumatology () is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and management of disorders whose common feature is inflammation in the bones, muscles, joints, and internal organs. Rheumatology covers more than 100 different complex diseases, collectively known as rheumatic diseases, which includes many forms of arthr... | Biology and health sciences | Fields of medicine | Health |
209959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20hypochlorite | Sodium hypochlorite | Sodium hypochlorite is an alkaline inorganic chemical compound with the formula (also written as NaClO). It is commonly known in a dilute aqueous solution as bleach or chlorine bleach. It is the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, consisting of sodium cations () and hypochlorite anions (, also written as and ).
The an... | Physical sciences | Halide oxyanions | Chemistry |
209960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriga | Auriga | Auriga is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is one of the 88 modern constellations; it was among the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. Its name is Latin for '(the) charioteer', associating it with various mythological beings, including Erichthonius and Myrtilus. Auri... | Physical sciences | Other | Astronomy |
210242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint | Joint | A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole. They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulde... | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | null |
210269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervertebral%20disc | Intervertebral disc | An intervertebral disc (British English), also spelled intervertebral disk (American English), lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to functio... | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
210294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulna | Ulna | The ulna or ulnar bone (: ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone in the forearm stretching from the elbow to the wrist. It is on the same side of the forearm as the little finger, running parallel to the radius, the forearm's other long bone. Longer and thinner than the radius, the ulna is considered to be the smaller long bon... | Biology and health sciences | Skeletal system | Biology |
210325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallow | Swallow | The swallows, martins, and saw-wings, or Hirundinidae are a family of passerine songbirds found around the world on all continents, including occasionally in Antarctica. Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The term "swallow" is used as the common name for Hirundo rustica in the UK and ... | Biology and health sciences | Passerida | null |
1125496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericyclic%20reaction | Pericyclic reaction | In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is the type of organic reaction wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion, and the bond orbitals involved in the reaction overlap in a continuous cycle at the transition state. Pericyclic reactions stand... | Physical sciences | Organic reactions | Chemistry |
1126212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen%20stain | Ziehl–Neelsen stain | The Ziehl-Neelsen stain, also known as the acid-fast stain, is a bacteriological staining technique used in cytopathology and microbiology to identify acid-fast bacteria under microscopy, particularly members of the Mycobacterium genus. This staining method was initially introduced by Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) and subse... | Biology and health sciences | Basics_3 | Biology |
1126638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20%28mathematics%29 | Invariant (mathematics) | In mathematics, an invariant is a property of a mathematical object (or a class of mathematical objects) which remains unchanged after operations or transformations of a certain type are applied to the objects. The particular class of objects and type of transformations are usually indicated by the context in which the... | Mathematics | Geometry: General | null |
1126641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20%28physics%29 | Invariant (physics) | In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition. Invariants of a system are de... | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
1127278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantan | Constantan | Constantan, also known in various contexts as Eureka, Advance, and Ferry, refers to a copper-nickel alloy commonly used for its stable electrical resistance across a wide range of temperatures. It usually consists of 55% copper and 45% nickel. Its main feature is the low thermal variation of its resistivity, which is c... | Physical sciences | Copper alloys | Chemistry |
4454920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella%20septempunctata | Coccinella septempunctata | Coccinella septempunctata, the common ladybug, the seven-spot ladybird (or, in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7"), is a carnivorous beetle native to the Old World and is the most common ladybird in Europe. The beetle is also found in North America, Central and Eastern Asia and regions with a temperate clima... | Biology and health sciences | Beetles (Coleoptera) | Animals |
9988187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter | Twitter | Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is a social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, images, and videos in short posts commonly known as "tweets" (officially "posts") and like other users' content. T... | Technology | Social network and blogging | null |
18006737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorrhea | Gonorrhea | Gonorrhoea or gonorrhea, colloquially known as the clap, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infection may involve the genitals, mouth, or rectum.
Gonorrhea is spread through sexual contact with an infected person, or from a mother to a child during birth. Infecte... | Biology and health sciences | Infectious disease | null |
18008163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20remediation | Groundwater remediation | Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drin... | Technology | Environmental remediation | null |
403300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis | Canis | Canis is a genus of the Caninae which includes multiple extant species, such as wolves, dogs, coyotes, and golden jackals. Species of this genus are distinguished by their moderate to large size, their massive, well-developed skulls and dentition, long legs, and comparatively short ears and tails.
Taxonomy
The genus C... | Biology and health sciences | Canines | Animals |
403388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seikan%20Tunnel | Seikan Tunnel | The Seikan Tunnel (, or , ) is a dual-gauge railway tunnel in Japan, with a portion under the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait, which separates Aomori Prefecture on the main Japanese island of Honshu from the northern island of Hokkaido. The track level is about below the seabed and below sea level. The tunnel is part... | Technology | Tunnels | null |
403400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibnite | Stibnite | Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral with the formula Sb2S3. This soft grey material crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group. It is the most important source for the metalloid antimony. The name is derived from the Greek through the Latin as the former name for the mineral and the element... | Physical sciences | Minerals | Earth science |
403627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20diversity | Genetic diversity | Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. It ranges widely, from the number of species to differences within species, and can be correlated to the span of survival for a species. It is distinguished from genetic variability, which describes the tendency of gene... | Biology and health sciences | Basics_4 | Biology |
404001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20equation | Algebraic equation | In mathematics, an algebraic equation or polynomial equation is an equation of the form , where P is a polynomial with coefficients in some field, often the field of the rational numbers.
For example, is an algebraic equation with integer coefficients and
is a multivariate polynomial equation over the rationals.
For... | Mathematics | Elementary algebra | null |
404106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic%20toothfish | Antarctic toothfish | The Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni), also known as the Antarctic cod, is a large, black or brown fish found in very cold (subzero) waters of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. It is the largest fish in the Southern Ocean, feeding on shrimp and smaller fish, and preyed on by whales, orcas, and seals. It is c... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
404130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20function | Piecewise function | In mathematics, a piecewise function (also called a piecewise-defined function, a hybrid function, or a function defined by cases) is a function whose domain is partitioned into several intervals ("subdomains") on which the function may be defined differently. Piecewise definition is actually a way of specifying the fu... | Mathematics | Functions: General | null |
404170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koku | Koku | The is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. 1 koku is equivalent to 10 or approximately , or about of rice. It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1000 gō. One gō is the traditional volume of a single serving of rice (before cooking), used to this day for the plastic measuring cup that is supplied with commercial ... | Physical sciences | Volume | Basics and measurement |
404412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian%20statistics | Bayesian statistics | Bayesian statistics ( or ) is a theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability, where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event. The degree of belief may be based on prior knowledge about the event, such as the results of previous experiments, or on personal beliefs a... | Mathematics | Statistics | null |
404489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20seal | Elephant seal | Elephant seals or sea elephants are very large, oceangoing earless seals in the genus Mirounga. Both species, the northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) and the southern elephant seal (M. leonina), were hunted to the brink of extinction for lamp oil by the end of the 19th century, but their numbers have since recov... | Biology and health sciences | Pinnipeds | Animals |
404582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-formed%20formula | Well-formed formula | In mathematical logic, propositional logic and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language.
The abbreviation wff is pronounced "woof", or sometimes "wiff", "weff", or "whiff".
A formal la... | Mathematics | Mathematical logic | null |
404646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farsightedness | Farsightedness | Far-sightedness, also known as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, and hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred. This blur is due to incoming light being focused behind, instead of on, the retina due to insufficient accommodation by the lens. Minor hyperme... | Biology and health sciences | Disabilities | Health |
405421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel%20%28moon%29 | Ariel (moon) | Ariel is the fourth-largest moon of Uranus. Ariel orbits and rotates in the equatorial plane of Uranus, which is almost perpendicular to the orbit of Uranus, so the moon has an extreme seasonal cycle.
It was discovered on 24 October 1851 by William Lassell and named for a character in two different pieces of literatu... | Physical sciences | Solar System | Astronomy |
405429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20cod | Murray cod | The Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii) is a large Australian predatory freshwater fish of the genus Maccullochella in the family Percichthyidae. Although the species is called a cod in the vernacular, it is not related to the Northern Hemisphere marine cod (Gadus) species. The Murray cod is an important part of Austral... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
405532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%20and%20Z%20bosons | W and Z bosons | In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are , , and . The bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elem... | Physical sciences | Bosons | null |
405548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecilian | Caecilian | Caecilians (; ) are a group of limbless, vermiform (worm-shaped) or serpentine (snake-shaped) amphibians with small or sometimes nonexistent eyes. They mostly live hidden in soil or in streambeds, and this cryptic lifestyle renders caecilians among the least familiar amphibians. Modern caecilians live in the tropics of... | Biology and health sciences | Amphibians | null |
405766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20combination%20of%20atomic%20orbitals | Linear combination of atomic orbitals | A linear combination of atomic orbitals or LCAO is a quantum superposition of atomic orbitals and a technique for calculating molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry. In quantum mechanics, electron configurations of atoms are described as wavefunctions. In a mathematical sense, these wave functions are the basis set of... | Physical sciences | Bond structure | Chemistry |
405847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS%20primality%20test | AKS primality test | The AKS primality test (also known as Agrawal–Kayal–Saxena primality test and cyclotomic AKS test) is a deterministic primality-proving algorithm created and published by Manindra Agrawal, Neeraj Kayal, and Nitin Saxena, computer scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, on August 6, 2002, in an article ... | Mathematics | Prime numbers | null |
405873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstream%20infection | Bloodstream infection | Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. The detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host... | Biology and health sciences | Infectious diseases by site | Health |
405944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20complexity | Time complexity | In theoretical computer science, the time complexity is the computational complexity that describes the amount of computer time it takes to run an algorithm. Time complexity is commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm, supposing that each elementary operation takes a... | Mathematics | Complexity theory | null |
406245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov%20An-225%20Mriya | Antonov An-225 Mriya | The Antonov An-225 Mriya (; NATO reporting name: Cossack) was a strategic airlift cargo aircraft designed and produced by the Antonov Design Bureau in the Soviet Union.
It was originally developed during the 1980s as an enlarged derivative of the Antonov An-124 airlifter for transporting Buran spacecraft. On 21 Decemb... | Technology | Specific aircraft_2 | null |
406260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20remediation | Environmental remediation | Environmental remediation is the cleanup of hazardous substances dealing with the removal, treatment and containment of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment. Remediation may be required by regulations before development of land revitalization projects. Developers who ag... | Technology | Environmental remediation | null |
406430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition%20%28geology%29 | Deposition (geology) | Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment.
This occurs when the forces... | Physical sciences | Sedimentology | Earth science |
406573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos | Roscosmos | The State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos" (), commonly known simply as Roscosmos (), is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
Originating from the Soviet space program founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following th... | Technology | Programs and launch sites | null |
3279786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20the%20imperial%20and%20US%20customary%20measurement%20systems | Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems | Both the British imperial measurement system and United States customary systems of measurement derive from earlier English unit systems used prior to 1824 that were the result of a combination of the local Anglo-Saxon units inherited from Germanic tribes and Roman units.
Having this shared heritage, the two systems a... | Physical sciences | Measurement systems | Basics and measurement |
3281166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20process | Thermodynamic process | Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes.
(1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a f... | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | Physics |
3285197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20cycle | Thermodynamic cycle | A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. In the process of passing throug... | Physical sciences | Thermodynamics | null |
2393975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills%20existence%20and%20mass%20gap | Yang–Mills existence and mass gap | The Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem in mathematical physics and mathematics, and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of US$1,000,000 for its solution.
The problem is phrased as follows:
Yang–Mills Existence a... | Physical sciences | Particle physics: General | Physics |
2393984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid%20extraction | Liquid–liquid extraction | Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar). There is a net transfer of one or more species from one l... | Physical sciences | Other separations | Chemistry |
2393990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise%20Observatory | Wise Observatory | The Florence and George Wise Observatory (IAU code 097) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Tel Aviv University. It is located west of the town of Mitzpe Ramon in the Negev desert near the edge of the Ramon Crater, and it is the only professional astronomical observatory in Israel.
History
The obse... | Technology | Ground-based observatories | null |
2394288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium | Gynoecium | Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) pistils and is typically surrounded by the pollen-producing reproductive org... | Biology and health sciences | Plant anatomy and morphology: General | Biology |
2394627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetyl%20alcohol | Cetyl alcohol | Cetyl alcohol , also known as hexadecan-1-ol and palmityl alcohol, is a C-16 fatty alcohol with the formula CH3(CH2)15OH. At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takes the form of a waxy white solid or flakes. The name cetyl refers to whale oil (cetacea oil, from , from ) from which it was first isolated.
Preparation
Cety... | Physical sciences | Alcohols | Chemistry |
2395127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogonium | Oogonium | An oogonium (: oogonia) is a small diploid cell which, upon maturation, forms a primordial follicle in a female fetus or the female (haploid or diploid) gametangium of certain thallophytes.
In the mammalian fetus
Oogonia are formed in large numbers by mitosis early in fetal development from primordial germ cells. In ... | Biology and health sciences | Plant reproduction | Biology |
2396176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekosuchus | Mekosuchus | Mekosuchus is a genus of extinct Australasian mekosuchine crocodilian. Species of Mekosuchus were generally small-sized (less than long), terrestrial animals with short, blunt-snouted heads and strong limbs. Four species are currently recognized, M. inexpectatus, M. whitehunterensis, M. sanderi and M. kalpokasi, all k... | Biology and health sciences | Prehistoric crocodiles | Animals |
2397362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush%E2%80%93Kuhn%E2%80%93Tucker%20conditions | Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions | In mathematical optimization, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, also known as the Kuhn–Tucker conditions, are first derivative tests (sometimes called first-order necessary conditions) for a solution in nonlinear programming to be optimal, provided that some regularity conditions are satisfied.
Allowing inequal... | Mathematics | Optimization | null |
16817594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipping%20points%20in%20the%20climate%20system | Tipping points in the climate system | In climate science, a tipping point is a critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate system. If tipping points are crossed, they are likely to have severe impacts on human society and may accelerate global warming. Tipping behavior is found across th... | Physical sciences | Climate change | Earth science |
7721179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika%20%28dog%20type%29 | Laika (dog type) | Laikas ( ; ) are aboriginal spitz from Northern Russia, especially Siberia but also sometimes expanded to include Nordic hunting breeds. Laika breeds are primitive dogs who flourish with minimal care even in hostile weather. Generally, laika breeds are expected to be versatile hunting dogs, capable of hunting game of a... | Biology and health sciences | Dogs | Animals |
7726759 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection%20graph | Intersection graph | In graph theory, an intersection graph is a graph that represents the pattern of intersections of a family of sets. Any graph can be represented as an intersection graph, but some important special classes of graphs can be defined by the types of sets that are used to form an intersection representation of them.
Forma... | Mathematics | Graph theory | null |
7728392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28order%20and%20disorder%29 | Entropy (order and disorder) | In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced [reduction] to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts o... | Physical sciences | Statistical mechanics | Physics |
12385122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-rigid%20airship | Semi-rigid airship | A semi-rigid airship is an airship which has a stiff keel or truss supporting the main envelope along its length. The keel may be partially flexible or articulated and may be located inside or outside the main envelope. The outer shape of the airship is maintained by gas pressure, as with the non-rigid "blimp". Semi-ri... | Technology | Types of aircraft | null |
1717346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrosynthetic%20analysis | Retrosynthetic analysis | Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures regardless of any potential reactivity/interaction with reagents. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedu... | Physical sciences | Synthetic strategies | Chemistry |
1717684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20RNA | Ribosomal RNA | Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and then bound to ribosomal proteins to form small and large ribo... | Biology and health sciences | Nucleic acids | Biology |
1718041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20lowland%20gorilla | Western lowland gorilla | The western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is one of two Critically Endangered subspecies of the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) that lives in montane, primary and secondary forest and lowland swampland in central Africa in Angola (Cabinda Province), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Cong... | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
1718317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz%20gauge%20condition | Lorenz gauge condition | In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge (after Ludvig Lorenz) is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential by requiring The name is frequently confused with Hendrik Lorentz, who has given his name to many concepts in this field. (See, however, the Note added below for a dif... | Physical sciences | Electrodynamics | Physics |
1718613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20River%20gorilla | Cross River gorilla | The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) is a critically endangered subspecies of the western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla). It was named a new species in 1904 by Paul Matschie, a mammalian taxonomist working at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin, but its populations were not systematically surveye... | Biology and health sciences | Apes | Animals |
1719876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone%20hotspot | Yellowstone hotspot | The Yellowstone hotspot is a volcanic hotspot in the United States responsible for large scale volcanism in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Wyoming, formed as the North American tectonic plate moved over it. It formed the eastern Snake River Plain through a succession of caldera-forming eruptions. The resulting cal... | Physical sciences | Geologic features | Earth science |
1720511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness%20zone | Hardiness zone | A hardiness zone is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (U... | Technology | Horticulture | null |
682973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae | Tabanidae | Horse flies and deer flies are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only female horseflies bite land vertebrates, including humans, to obtain blood. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They a... | Biology and health sciences | Flies (Diptera) | null |
683026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azithromycin | Azithromycin | Azithromycin, sold under the brand names Zithromax (in oral form) and Azasite (as an eye drop), is an antibiotic medication used for the treatment of several bacterial infections. This includes middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrhea, and certain other intestinal infections. Along with other... | Biology and health sciences | Antibiotics | Health |
683065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisodium%20citrate | Trisodium citrate | Trisodium citrate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart taste, and is a mild alkali.
Uses
Foods
Sodium citrate is chiefly u... | Physical sciences | Citrates | Chemistry |
683071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20citrate | Calcium citrate | Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements (e.g. Citracal or Caltrate). Calcium makes up 24.1... | Physical sciences | Citrates | Chemistry |
683322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPA | HEPA | HEPA (, high efficiency particulate air) filter, also known as a high efficiency particulate arresting filter, is an efficiency standard of air filters.
Filters meeting the HEPA standard must satisfy certain levels of efficiency. Common standards require that a HEPA air filter must remove—from the air that passes thro... | Technology | Food, water and health | null |
683327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20station | Total station | A total station or total station theodolite is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a partic... | Technology | Surveying tools | null |
683342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse%20%28electrical%29 | Fuse (electrical) | In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial... | Technology | Components | null |
683368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20tableau | Young tableau | In mathematics, a Young tableau (; plural: tableaux) is a combinatorial object useful in representation theory and Schubert calculus. It provides a convenient way to describe the group representations of the symmetric and general linear groups and to study their properties.
Young tableaux were introduced by Alfred Yo... | Mathematics | Sums and products | null |
683942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehead%20Nebula | Horsehead Nebula | The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33 or B33) is a small dark nebula in the constellation Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion molecular cloud complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud ... | Physical sciences | Notable nebulae | null |
684489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toughness | Toughness | In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. Toughness is the strength with which the material opposes rupture. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before ruptur... | Physical sciences | Solid mechanics | Physics |
685179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger%27s%20quantum%20action%20principle | Schwinger's quantum action principle | The Schwinger's quantum action principle is a variational approach to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. This theory was introduced by Julian Schwinger in a series of articles starting 1950.
Approach
In Schwinger's approach, the action principle is targeted towards quantum mechanics. The action becomes a qua... | Physical sciences | Quantum mechanics | Physics |
685311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20physics | Experimental physics | Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and observations, such as Galileo's experiments, to more complicated ones, su... | Physical sciences | Physics basics: General | Physics |
686036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20vector | Wave vector | In physics, a wave vector (or wavevector) is a vector used in describing a wave, with a typical unit being cycle per metre. It has a magnitude and direction. Its magnitude is the wavenumber of the wave (inversely proportional to the wavelength), and its direction is perpendicular to the wavefront. In isotropic media, ... | Physical sciences | Waves | Physics |
686108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow%20shark | Cow shark | Cow sharks are a shark family, the Hexanchidae, characterized by an additional pair or pairs of gill slits. Its 37 species are placed within the 10 genera: Gladioserratus, Heptranchias, Hexanchus, Notidanodon, Notorynchus, Pachyhexanchus, Paraheptranchias, Pseudonotidanus, Welcommia, and Weltonia.
Description
Cow sha... | Biology and health sciences | Sharks | Animals |
4455993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20alarm%20system | Fire alarm system | A fire alarm system is a building system designed to detect, alert occupants, and alert emergency forces of the presence of fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. Fire alarm systems are required in most commercial buildings. They may include smoke detectors, heat detectors, and manual fire ala... | Technology | Fire protection | null |
4461218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracanthurus | Paracanthurus | Paracanthurus hepatus is a species of Indo-Pacific surgeonfish. A popular fish in marine aquaria, it is the only member of the genus Paracanthurus. A number of common names are attributed to the species, including regal tang, palette surgeonfish, blue tang (leading to confusion with the Atlantic species Acanthurus coer... | Biology and health sciences | Acanthomorpha | Animals |
4462066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonops | Gorgonops | Gorgonops (from 'Gorgon' and 'eye, face', literally 'Gorgon eye' or 'Gorgon face') is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid, of which it is the type genus. Gorgonops lived during the Late Permian (Wuchiapingian), about 260–254 million years ago in what is now South Africa.
History of discovery
The holotype of t... | Biology and health sciences | Proto-mammals | Animals |
4462232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutosaurus | Scutosaurus | Scutosaurus ("shield lizard") is an extinct genus of pareiasaur parareptiles. Its genus name refers to large plates of armor scattered across its body. It was a large anapsid reptile that, unlike most reptiles, held its legs underneath its body to support its great weight. Fossils have been found in the Sokolki Assembl... | Biology and health sciences | Parareptilia | Animals |
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