id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
12,354 | Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practicall... | [
{
"answer": "Sensitivity and frequency range were poor",
"question": "What were two drawback of early recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "face in the recording horn",
"question": "How would one make to early recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "Stroh violins",
"question": "What types of violins wor... |
12,355 | Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King... | [
{
"answer": "moveable platform",
"question": "What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?"
},
{
"answer": "farthest away from the collecting horn",
"question": "Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?"
},
{
"answer": "fifte... |
12,356 | During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovatio... | [
{
"answer": "vacuum tubes",
"question": "What was an early took used to amplify sounds?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Electric",
"question": "What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "How early were electrically recorded discs ... |
12,357 | Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included elec... | [
{
"answer": "high cost",
"question": "What was a drawback of early home recording systems?"
},
{
"answer": "US$95 to US$300",
"question": "What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?"
},
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "What year was the Victor Orthophonic Victrola ... |
12,358 | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | [
{
"answer": "hard rubber",
"question": "What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?"
},
{
"answer": "a shellac-based compound",
"question": "What was the standard material for discs around 1895?"
},
{
"answer": "Columbia Records",
"question": "What company was known for laminate ... |
12,361 | In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other... | [
{
"answer": "10-inch",
"question": "What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?"
},
{
"answer": "four to five minutes of music per side",
"question": "How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?"
},
{
"answer": "12.5 cm",
"question": "How small were the earliest di... |
12,362 | The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Becaus... | [
{
"answer": "turntable speed and the groove spacing",
"question": "What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?"
},
{
"answer": "two minutes",
"question": "What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "13",
"question": "How many recordings di... |
12,364 | German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of th... | [
{
"answer": "4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package",
"question": "What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?"
},
{
"answer": "The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)",
"question": "What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?"
},
{
"answer... |
12,365 | By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term "record album" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of... | [
{
"answer": "1910",
"question": "When could record album covers first be found?"
},
{
"answer": "empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover",
"question": "What were early record album covers made of?"
},
{
"answer": "10-inch and 12-inch sizes",
"question": "What sizes were reco... |
12,366 | In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight t... | [
{
"answer": "1930s",
"question": "When were albums as we currently know them widely released?"
},
{
"answer": "artwork",
"question": "What is typically found on the front cover of an album?"
},
{
"answer": "three or four",
"question": "How may records were commonly found in an album?... |
12,367 | For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in th... | [
{
"answer": "collectable or nostalgia purposes",
"question": "What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?"
},
{
"answer": "higher-quality audio playback",
"question": "What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?"
},
{
"answer": "Bell Records",
"questi... |
12,368 | In 1968, Reprise planned to release a series of 78 rpm singles from their artists on their label at the time, called the Reprise Speed Series. Only one disc actually saw release, Randy Newman's I Think It's Going to Rain Today, a track from his self-titled debut album (with The Beehive State on the flipside). Reprise d... | [
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?"
},
{
"answer": "Think It's Going to Rain Today",
"question": "Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?"
},
{
"answer": "Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm G... |
12,369 | In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes. This was a disaster because Rhino did not warn customers that their records were made of vinyl, and that the vintage 78 RPM juke boxes were designed with heavy tone arms and... | [
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?"
},
{
"answer": "they were destroyed",
"question": "What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?"
},
{
"answer": "lightweight tone arms ... |
12,370 | In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1⁄3 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Vict... | [
{
"answer": "ten minutes playing time per side",
"question": "What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?"
},
{
"answer": "commercial failure",
"question": "How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?"
},
{
"answer": "1931",
"question": "When did RCA Vi... |
12,371 | Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made... | [
{
"answer": "lower surface noise",
"question": "What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?"
},
{
"answer": "vinyl",
"question": "By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?"
},
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "What was a factor in shellac availab... |
12,372 | Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. It took about eight years of study, except when it was suspended because of... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?"
},
{
"answer": "Columbia Record Company",
"question": "Who released the 12 inch LP?"
},
{
"answer": "June 18, 1948",
"question": "On what date was the 12 inch LP released?"
},
... |
12,373 | Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much... | [
{
"answer": "The 45 rpm player",
"question": "What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?"
},
{
"answer": "vinyl or polystyrene",
"question": "What materials were 45 rpm records made of?"
},
{
"answer": "eight minutes",
"question": "What was the play time of a 45 rpm"
}... |
12,374 | One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the... | [
{
"answer": "World Records",
"question": "Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?"
},
{
"answer": "Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device",
"question": "What caused the constant linear velocity?"
},
{
"answer": "played from the outsid... |
12,375 | In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), whi... | [
{
"answer": "46:1",
"question": "What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?"
},
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?"
},
{
"answer": "3600 rpm",
"question": "How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?"
},
{
... |
12,376 | The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as India (where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78), into the 1960s. For example, Columbia Records' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records wa... | [
{
"answer": "1950s",
"question": "When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm"
},
{
"answer": "teenagers",
"question": "With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?"
},
{
"answer": "about 1960",
"question": "At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?"
},
{... |
12,377 | Some of Elvis Presley's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45. This is because the majority of those sales in 1954–55 were to the "hillbilly" market in the South and Southwestern United States, where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could a... | [
{
"answer": "less than 10%",
"question": "What percentage of Elvis Presley's single sales were of 78s?"
},
{
"answer": "A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend",
"question": "What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?"
},
{
"answer": "45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at th... |
12,378 | After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard "78": the 33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above). The 33 1⁄3 rpm LP (for "long-play") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948. RCA Victor developed the... | [
{
"answer": "33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm",
"question": "What two formats replaced the 78?"
},
{
"answer": "Columbia Records",
"question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?"
},
{
"answer": "June 1948",
"question": "When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the ... |
12,379 | Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2⁄3 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1⁄3 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16... | [
{
"answer": "narrated publications",
"question": "What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?"
},
{
"answer": "Peter Goldmark",
"question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?"
},
{
"answer": "Highway Hi-Fi 16 2⁄3 rpm record",
"question": "What record format was created for use in Ch... |
12,380 | The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately ... | [
{
"answer": "RCA",
"question": "Which company lost the \"War of the Speeds\"?"
},
{
"answer": "45 rpm",
"question": "What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?"
},
{
"answer": "1948 to 1950",
"question": "Over which years did the \"War of the Speeds\" last? "
},
... |
12,381 | Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1⁄3 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, on... | [
{
"answer": "10-inch",
"question": "What format of LPs was discontinued?"
},
{
"answer": "The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP",
"question": "What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?"
},
{
"answer": "United Kingdom",
"question": "In whi... |
12,383 | From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or "stereo" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, 33 1⁄3, and sometimes 16 2⁄3 rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and aut... | [
{
"answer": "78, 45, 33 1⁄3",
"question": "What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950's?"
},
{
"answer": "larger center hole.",
"question": "What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos?"
},
{
"answer": "changer",
"question": "What feature was f... |
12,384 | RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a "spider". These inserts, commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison, were prevalent starting in the 1960s, selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday. In cou... | [
{
"answer": "for use in jukeboxes",
"question": "Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?"
},
{
"answer": "spider",
"question": "What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?"
},
{
... |
12,385 | The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety o... | [
{
"answer": "high fidelity",
"question": "What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?"
},
{
"answer": "High Fidelity and Audio",
"question": "What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?"
},
{
"answer": "variety of improvements in recording and pl... |
12,386 | Stereophonic sound recording, which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane, was the natural extension to monophonic recording, and attracted various alternative engineering attempts. The ultimately dominant "45/45" stereophon... | [
{
"answer": "stereophonic record system",
"question": "What did Alan Blumlein event?"
},
{
"answer": "1933",
"question": "When did EMI create the first stereo discs?"
},
{
"answer": "more natural listening experience",
"question": "What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?"
},
... |
12,387 | The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were... | [
{
"answer": "recorded four separate sound signals.",
"question": "What did quadraphonic recording feature?"
},
{
"answer": "development of quadraphonic records",
"question": "What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?"
},
{
"answer": "commercially unsuccessful",
... |
12,388 | A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed format... | [
{
"answer": "no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information",
"question": "What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?"
},
{
"answer": "even less successful than the two matrixed formats",
"question": "How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? "
},
{
"answer":... |
12,390 | Through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, various methods to improve the dynamic range of mass-produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed, to name two, as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. RCA Victor introduce... | [
{
"answer": "CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering",
"question": "What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?"
},
{
"answer": "RCA Victor",
"question": "Who developed the Dynagroove format?"
},
{
"answer": "unnatural side effects",
"question": "Why did som... |
12,391 | Also in the late 1970s, "direct-to-disc" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a "purist" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and "original master" records were released, usin... | [
{
"answer": "visual cue to DJs mixing the records",
"question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?"
},
{
"answer": "only contain one track each side",
"question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?"
},
{
"answer": "late 1970s",
"question": "When was the Disco Ey... |
12,392 | The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic rang... | [
{
"answer": "automatic gain control",
"question": "What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-1970s",
"question": "When were DBX recordings released?"
},
{
"answer": "completely incompatible with",
"question": "How compatible were DBX encoded recor... |
12,393 | ELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records,... | [
{
"answer": "ELPJ",
"question": "What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?"
},
{
"answer": "eliminates record wear",
"question": "What was a benedit of laser read discs?"
},
{
"answer": "degrade the sound",
"question": "What was a drawback of... |
12,394 | In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touch... | [
{
"answer": "scanning machine for disc records",
"question": "Who is Irene?"
},
{
"answer": "Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories",
"question": "Where was IRENE developed?"
},
{
"answer": "retrieve the information",
"question": "What is the primary use of IRENE?"
},
{
"answer": "ca... |
12,396 | In March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: bl... | [
{
"answer": "yellow and deep red",
"question": "Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?"
},
{
"answer": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale",
"question": "PeeWee the Piccolo was what?"
},
{
"answer": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale",
... |
12,397 | The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus (needle)... | [
{
"answer": "outside edge towards the center",
"question": "In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?"
},
{
"answer": "by fine variations",
"question": "How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?"
},
{
"answer": "correct speed",
"question": "Does it matter at which spe... |
12,398 | Towards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings... | [
{
"answer": "wide-pitched section",
"question": "What is a 'lead out'?"
},
{
"answer": "lock groove",
"question": "What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle?"
},
{
"answer": "most automatic turntables are incapable",
"question": "Do turntables play music on lock gr... |
12,399 | When auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack... | [
{
"answer": "reducing the risk of damage",
"question": "Where were records made with raised label areas?"
},
{
"answer": "interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms",
"question": "Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-cha... |
12,400 | New or "virgin" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play. 1... | [
{
"answer": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl",
"question": "What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases?"
},
{
"answer": "heavyweight vinyl",
"question": "What is the material preference of collectors?"
},
{
"answer": "Manufacturing processes... |
12,401 | The "orange peel" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal mastering (DMM), the master ... | [
{
"answer": "The \"orange peel\" effect",
"question": "What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?"
},
{
"answer": "mirror-like",
"question": "What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?"
},
{
"answer": "lower frequency range",
"question": "On what frequencies is a... |
12,403 | Breakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist "broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not." A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye occurs after the adolescent pr... | [
{
"answer": "Breakage was very common",
"question": "What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?"
},
{
"answer": "John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra",
"question": "In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening\" record get broken?"
},
{
"answer": "teacher's coll... |
12,404 | Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause ... | [
{
"answer": "Dust and scratches",
"question": "What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?"
},
{
"answer": "Dust and scratches",
"question": "What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?"
},
{
"answer": "locked groove",
"question": "Where does the saying \"Like a broken reco... |
12,405 | Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) c... | [
{
"answer": "heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects",
"question": "What causes warping in vinyl records?"
},
{
"answer": "warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered",
"question": "What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?"
},
{
... |
12,406 | A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a gr... | [
{
"answer": "Distortion towards the end of the side",
"question": "When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?"
},
{
"answer": "Distortion",
"question": "What happens as a record wears?"
},
{
"answer": "fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses",
"question": "What ... |
12,408 | Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the r... | [
{
"answer": "limiting the playing time",
"question": "What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "hiss, pops, and ticks",
"question": "What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?"
},
{
"answer": "amplitude of low frequencies is reduced",
... |
12,409 | In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric "rubber line" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the... | [
{
"answer": "G. H. Miller",
"question": "Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?"
},
{
"answer": "reproduction was more realistic",
"question": "What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point... |
12,410 | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | [
{
"answer": "P. G. A. H. Voigt",
"question": "Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?"
},
{
"answer": "pre-emphasis in the recording",
"question": "How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?"
},
{
"answer": "above 1,000 Hz",
"question": "When was a pre-emphasis... |
12,411 | Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices an... | [
{
"answer": "there was no industry standard",
"question": "What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?"
},
{
"answer": "US",
"question": "In which country was the treble roll off greater?"
},
{
"answer": "Europe",
"question": "Which country prefers a bass turnov... |
12,412 | Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942–1949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary ar... | [
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "considered a proprietary art",
"question": "How was standardization prior to 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "1942–1949",
"question": "Around what time period was there an attempt made ... |
12,413 | Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of "home recordings" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the Nation... | [
{
"answer": "National Association of Broadcasters",
"question": "Who made the move to standardize recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "When were recording standards officially released?"
},
{
"answer": "laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions.",
"... |
12,414 | The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system h... | [
{
"answer": "below 100 Hz",
"question": "What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?"
},
{
"answer": "using a complementary inverse curve",
"question": "What helped cause the most life like sound?"
},
{
"answer": "remarkably similar",
"question": "How did the NBC Othacoustic cur... |
12,415 | Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric "rubber line" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening ... | [
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "How far back could these recording practices be traced?"
},
{
"answer": "long-held recording practices",
"question": "What were the recording standards based off from?"
},
{
"answer": "New Orthophonic curve",
"question": "What became the predecessor t... |
12,416 | Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrappe... | [
{
"answer": "many fine examples",
"question": "What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?"
},
{
"answer": "acoustic limitations",
"question": "What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?"
},
{
"answer": "help mute these resonan... |
12,417 | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds an... | [
{
"answer": "Western Electric licensed recording method",
"question": "What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?"
},
{
"answer": "1925",
"question": "At at time was radio gaining popularity?"
},
{
"answer": "carbon microphones used,",
"question": "What type of micropho... |
12,418 | It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional m... | [
{
"answer": "Victor Orthophonic phonograph",
"question": "What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "folded horn with an exponential taper",
"question": "What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonogra... |
12,419 | Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonance... | [
{
"answer": "moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone",
"question": "What are two examples of high quality microphones?"
},
{
"answer": "Magnetic pickups",
"question": "What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "aroun... |
12,420 | Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high qu... | [
{
"answer": "high quality cuts",
"question": "What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?"
},
{
"answer": "1940s",
"question": "In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?"
},
{
"answer": "large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers",
"que... |
12,421 | There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, "The New Voice of Action". The intent of the new Western Electric syst... | [
{
"answer": "early 1930s",
"question": "When was the Western Electric System introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric",
"question": "What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Electric system",
... |
12,422 | The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to... | [
{
"answer": "longer playback time",
"question": "What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?"
},
{
"answer": "inner groove distortion",
"question": "What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?"
},
{
"answer": "didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing",
... |
12,423 | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | [
{
"answer": "master cuts",
"question": "What were used to make vinyl pressings?"
},
{
"answer": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers",
"question": "What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?"
},
{
"answer": "World Broadcasting System an... |
12,424 | The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it... | [
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?"
},
{
"answer": "45 rpm",
"question": "What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?"
},
{
"answer": "LP record",
"question": "What was used for longer recordings?"
},
{
"an... |
12,425 | There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turnta... | [
{
"answer": "20 Hz",
"question": "What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?"
},
{
"answer": "vinyl records",
"question": "What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?"
},
{
"answer": "20,000 Hz",
"question": "What is the higher e... |
12,426 | For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the "master disc" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be proce... | [
{
"answer": "record cutter",
"question": "Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?"
},
{
"answer": "soft wax",
"question": "What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?"
},
{
"answer": "harder lacquer",
"question": "What was used in final recordings of vinyl record... |
12,427 | As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium ne... | [
{
"answer": "alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media",
"question": "Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?"
},
{
"answer": "manufactured only in small quantities",
"question": "Is gramophone equipment readily available?"
},
{
"answer": "transferring them onto ... |
12,428 | Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any ... | [
{
"answer": "Anyone can do this",
"question": "Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?"
},
{
"answer": "professional archivists",
"question": "What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?"
},
{
"answer": "standard record... |
12,429 | Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experience... | [
{
"answer": "major label distributors restricted their return policies",
"question": "What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?"
},
{
"answer": "CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies",
"question": "Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?"
},
{
"ans... |
12,430 | In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old rec... | [
{
"answer": "Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today",
"question": "Are records generally out of print as of date?"
},
{
"answer": "Many popular new albums are given releases",
"question": "Are albums ever reproduced?"
},
{
"answer": "Old records and out-of-print recordi... |
12,431 | Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys ("DJs"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching origin... | [
{
"answer": "direct manipulation",
"question": "What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?"
},
{
"answer": "slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching",
"question": "In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?"
},
{
"answer": "provided the stylus, record player, and record ... |
12,432 | In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, the sale of vinyl records wa... | [
{
"answer": "Jack White",
"question": "Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?"
},
{
"answer": "compact discs",
"question": "What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?"
},
{
"answer": "was the only physical music medium with increasing sales wit... |
12,433 | Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library – which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However,... | [
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1986",
"question": "Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?"
},
{
"answe... |
12,434 | In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less th... | [
{
"answer": "$1.5 billion",
"question": "How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?"
},
{
"answer": "1986",
"question": "In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?"
},
{
"answer": "Kirk Kerkorian",
"question": "Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?"
},... |
12,435 | The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of ... | [
{
"answer": "TNT",
"question": "On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?"
},
{
"answer": "The Maltese Falcon",
"question": "What was a notable film that Turner colorized?"
},
{
"answer": "MGM/UA",
"question": "Who did Turner ink a deal... |
12,436 | At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC – which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released p... | [
{
"answer": "one million",
"question": "How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?"
},
{
"answer": "American Movie Classics",
"question": "When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?"
},
{
"answer": "released prior to 1970",
"question": "What sorts of films did American Movi... |
12,437 | In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Z... | [
{
"answer": "Time Warner",
"question": "With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?"
},
{
"answer": "Saul Zaentz",
"question": "Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1999",
... |
12,438 | In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work su... | [
{
"answer": "2000",
"question": "In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?"
},
{
"answer": "annual",
"question": "How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?"
},
{
"answer": "score a restored, feature-length silent film",
"question": "What is the grand p... |
12,439 | In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event – now held annually – at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival cel... | [
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?"
},
{
"answer": "excellence in broadcasting",
"question": "For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?"
},
{
"answer": "April 2010",
"question": "When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place... |
12,440 | Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features – which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly t... | [
{
"answer": "One Reel Wonders",
"question": "What were TCM Extras previously known as?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Benchley",
"question": "Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pa... |
12,441 | TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's rati... | [
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?"
},
{
"answer": "TV Parental Guidelines",
"question": "What rating ... |
12,442 | The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actr... | [
{
"answer": "31 Days of Oscar",
"question": "What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?"
},
{
"answer": "February",
"question": "When does TCM's programming season begin?"
},
{
"answer": "letterboxed",
"question": "On its standard definition broadcast, what format does ... |
12,443 | TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Cent... | [
{
"answer": "Walt Disney Studios",
"question": "Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?"
},
{
"answer": "Sony Pictures Entertainment",
"question": "Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?"
},
{
"answer": "thousands",
"question": "How many films are present in the... |
12,444 | Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through ... | [
{
"answer": "EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution",
"question": "Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?"
},
{
"answer": "Viacom",
"question": "Who owns Paramount?"
},
{
"answer": "Trifecta Entertainment & Media",
"question": "Who holds TV distribution ... |
12,445 | Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's f... | [
{
"answer": "Robert Osborne",
"question": "Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?"
},
{
"answer": "film historian",
"question": "What is Robert Osborne by profession?"
},
{
"answer": "medical leave",
"question": "Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several... |
12,446 | TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either ant... | [
{
"answer": "Wednesdays",
"question": "On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Osbourne",
"question": "Who hosts the Star of the Month films?"
},
{
"answer": "February 2011",
"question": "During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer f... |
12,447 | Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the "31 Days of Oscar" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long "Summer Under the Stars" in August; all featured p... | [
{
"answer": "month preceding the Academy Awards",
"question": "When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?"
},
{
"answer": "August",
"question": "When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Sally Field",
"question": "As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with ... |
12,448 | The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: "Silent Sunday Nights", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and "TCM Imports" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 20... | [
{
"answer": "Silent Sunday Nights",
"question": "What movie block shows silent films?"
},
{
"answer": "TCM Imports",
"question": "What movie block shows foreign films?"
},
{
"answer": "October 2006",
"question": "When did TCM Underground first appear?"
},
{
"answer": "Friday"... |
12,449 | Each August, Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called "Summer Under the Stars", which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor, with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day. In the summer of 2007, the channel debute... | [
{
"answer": "August",
"question": "In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Tom Kenny",
"question": "Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?"
},
{
"answer": "SpongeBob SquarePants",
"question": "What character was Tom Kenny best known for portra... |
12,450 | "Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-... | [
{
"answer": "Essentials Jr.",
"question": "What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?"
},
{
"answer": "Abigail Breslin",
"question": "Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?"
},
{
"answer": "John Lithgow",
"question": "Who hosted Essentials Jr. ... |
12,451 | In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of ho... | [
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "In what year did Screened Out appear?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?"
},
{
"answer": "AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration",
"question": "What series premiered in 2011?"
},
{
"answer":... |
12,452 | In December 1994, TCM debuted "TCM Remembers", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer en... | [
{
"answer": "December 1994",
"question": "In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?"
},
{
"answer": "end-of-year compilation",
"question": "Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?"
},
{
"answer": "December",
"question": "In what month of the yea... |
12,453 | The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleas... | [
{
"answer": "Warner Home Video",
"question": "Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?"
},
{
"answer": "shorts",
"question": "What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?"
},
{
"answer": "on-demand",
"question": "After the initi... |
12,454 | In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a... | [
{
"answer": "October 2015",
"question": "What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?"
},
{
"answer": "Laithwaite",
"question": "Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?"
},
{
"answer": "Francis Ford Coppola",
"question": "The winery of what notable director provid... |
12,455 | Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in ... | [
{
"answer": "Shaw Cable",
"question": "What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?"
},
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "In what year did Rogers Cable... |
12,456 | Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (ṣaḍdarśana) – Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are th... | [
{
"answer": "ancient India",
"question": "What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?"
},
{
"answer": "Astika",
"question": "What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?"
},
{
... |
12,457 | Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various ... | [
{
"answer": "relationship and differences",
"question": "What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?"
},
{
"answer": "18th and 19th",
"question": "In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?"
},
{
"answer": "distin... |
12,458 | Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the s... | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?"
},
{
"answer": "Nyāya",
"question": "Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?"
},
{
"answer": "Vaiśeṣika",
"question": "What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?"
},
{
"answer": "Sāṅkhya",... |
12,459 | Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference), upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and śabda (word, testimo... | [
{
"answer": "pramāṇas",
"question": "What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "pratyakṣa",
"question": "What is the pramanas for perception?"
},
... |
12,460 | Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puruṣa (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puruṣa is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of... | [
{
"answer": "Samkhya",
"question": "Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?"
},
{
"answer": "two realities",
"question": "How does Samkhya view the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "Puruṣa",
"question": "What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?"
},
{
... |
12,461 | Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkn... | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "Sattva",
"question": "Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? "
},
{
"answer": "Rajas",
"question": "Which type of guna is concened with passion and act... |
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