id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
13,222 | After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an ass... | [
{
"answer": "middle of the 6th century",
"question": "In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?"
},
{
"answer": "small",
"question": "To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?"
},
{
"answer": "Maharaja",
"question": "After uniting the area, what title was Harsha gi... |
13,223 | From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the ... | [
{
"answer": "Śrauta sacrifices",
"question": "What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries"
},
{
"answer": "Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism",
"question": "What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "7th century",
"qu... |
13,224 | Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did... | [
{
"answer": "Vishnu and Shiva",
"question": "What cults weakened Buddhism in India?"
},
{
"answer": "Hindu gods",
"question": "What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?"
},
{
"answer": "monumental",
"question": "What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?"
},
{
"answer": "e... |
13,231 | The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama ... | [
{
"answer": "Muslims",
"question": "What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab Umayyad Caliphate",
"question": "What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?"
},
{
"answer": "Raja Dahir",
"question": "Who was the final Hindu monarc... |
13,232 | In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indu... | [
{
"answer": "712",
"question": "In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?"
},
{
"answer": "Hindu kings",
"question": "Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?"
},
{
"answer": "Sindh in Pakistan",
"question": "In what area did the Indi... |
13,233 | Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the ... | [
{
"answer": "Afghanistan and Pakistan",
"question": "In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?"
},
{
"answer": "trading communities",
"question": "What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? "
},
{
"answer": "western coast",
... |
13,234 | The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred ... | [
{
"answer": "9th century",
"question": "Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?"
},
{
"answer": "Kushan",
"question": "The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many eras are the Shah... |
13,235 | The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his ... | [
{
"answer": "consolidation of the Ghaznavids",
"question": "In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "Ghazni",
"question": "What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?"
},
{
"answer": "Sebuk Tigin",
"question": "Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnit... |
13,236 | However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powe... | [
{
"answer": "1001",
"question": "In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?"
},
{
"answer": "Battle of Peshawar",
"question": "Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?"
},
{
"answer": "committed suicide",
"question": "What was Jaipal action after... |
13,238 | The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusi... | [
{
"answer": "Slave dynasty of Delhi",
"question": "What conquered large areas of northern India?"
},
{
"answer": "Khilji dynasty",
"question": "What dynasty captured most of central India?"
},
{
"answer": "Urdu",
"question": "What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? "
... |
13,239 | A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had kil... | [
{
"answer": "Timur",
"question": "What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "17 December 1398",
"question": "On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?"
},
{
"answer": "in ruins",
"question": "In what shape did Timur leave the city of D... |
13,242 | Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later me... | [
{
"answer": "Ahom Kingdom",
"question": "What kingdom came to power in Assam?"
},
{
"answer": "1228–1826",
"question": "What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "British rule",
"question": "What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?"
},
{
"answer"... |
13,243 | In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher... | [
{
"answer": "Mughal Empire",
"question": "What empire did Babur found in northern India?"
},
{
"answer": "Sher Shah Suri",
"question": "Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?"
},
{
"answer": "Afghan",
"question": "Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?"
},
{
"answer": "Second Bat... |
13,244 | Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the R... | [
{
"answer": "1600",
"question": "By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?"
},
{
"answer": "Taj Mahal",
"question": "What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?"
},
{
"answer": "Mughal architecture",
"question": "What reached it height during the reign of Shah Je... |
13,247 | The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was ... | [
{
"answer": "Maratha suzerainty",
"question": "The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?"
},
{
"answer": "Maratha confederacy",
"question": "What founding was of importance in the decline of the Mughals?"
},
{
"answer": "Chatrapati Shivaji",
"question": "Who consolid... |
13,250 | There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrup... | [
{
"answer": "Marathas",
"question": "To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?"
},
{
"answer": "Wodeyar",
"question": "What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?"
},
{
"answer": "British and Marathas",
"question": "What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of t... |
13,251 | The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Altho... | [
{
"answer": "Ceylon",
"question": "In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?"
},
{
"answer": "port of Surat",
"question": "Where did the British initially establish a trading base?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "What was the third European country to establish tradi... |
13,253 | As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the ... | [
{
"answer": "Carnatic",
"question": "What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?"
},
{
"answer": "1766–1799",
"question": "During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?"
},
{
"answer": "1772–1818",
"question": "When were the Anglo-Maratha War... |
13,254 | The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppr... | [
{
"answer": "Company's rule",
"question": "What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?"
},
{
"answer": "brutally suppressed",
"question": "What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?"
},
{
"answer": "British government",
"question": "What force took control... |
13,255 | In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled b... | [
{
"answer": "British Crown",
"question": "To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?"
},
{
"answer": "provinces",
"question": "How did Britain govern the vast area of India?"
},
{
"answer": "Company's lands",
"question": "Over what did Britain have direct... |
13,256 | After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implement... | [
{
"answer": "infrastructure",
"question": "What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian Penal Code",
"question": "What new law was created?"
},
{
"answer": "Thomas Babington Macaulay",
"question": "Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?... |
13,258 | The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended wi... | [
{
"answer": "Bengali Renaissance",
"question": "What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "English educated Bengali Hindus",
"question": "What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?"
},
{
"answer": "Raja Ram Mohan Roy",
"qu... |
13,259 | During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with resp... | [
{
"answer": "Renaissance in Europe",
"question": "What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?"
},
{
"answer": "existing orthodoxies",
"question": "What did the Movement question?"
},
{
"answer": "Young Bengal",
"question": "What early social movement occurred during this time of awake... |
13,260 | During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in ... | [
{
"answer": "famines",
"question": "What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?"
},
{
"answer": "6.1 million to 10.3 million",
"question": "How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?"
},
{
"answer": "1876–78",
"question": "When did the Great Fam... |
13,261 | One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", ... | [
{
"answer": "Indian nationalism",
"question": "What movement rose in the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "self-rule",
"question": "What did Indian first want as government?"
},
{
"answer": "complete independence",
"question": "What did Indians finally begin to demand?"
},
{
"an... |
13,262 | The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a lar... | [
{
"answer": "councillors",
"question": "What appointments were the first step in Indian self-rule?"
},
{
"answer": "1909",
"question": "When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?"
},
{
"answer": "Provincial Councils",
"question": "What more local councils were set up?"
}... |
13,263 | Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point... | [
{
"answer": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak",
"question": "What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?"
},
{
"answer": "three big provinces",
"question": "What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?"
},
{
"answer": "two factions",
"question": "How was the C... |
13,264 | From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionar... | [
{
"answer": "Mahatma Gandhi",
"question": "What leader started a mass movement against British rule?"
},
{
"answer": "peaceful",
"question": "What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian National Army",
"question": "What group wanted to use violent means t... |
13,266 | Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Followin... | [
{
"answer": "second",
"question": "What number president of Egypt was Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "In what year did Nasser become president?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
13,268 | Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and He... | [
{
"answer": "Aswan Dam and Helwan City",
"question": "Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded."
},
{
"answer": "20th",
"question": "What century did Nasser rule in?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-imperialist",
"question": "What was nasser's position toward imperialism?"
},
{
... |
13,269 | Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more bo... | [
{
"answer": "postal worker",
"question": "What was Nasser's father's occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandria",
"question": "In what city was Nasser raised?"
},
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "What year was Nasser born?"
},
{
"answer": "Glory of the Arabs",
"question": "W... |
13,270 | In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal servi... | [
{
"answer": "Attarin",
"question": "What elementary school did Nasser attend?"
},
{
"answer": "Helwan",
"question": "Where did Nasser go to boarding school?"
},
{
"answer": "Ras el-Tin",
"question": "What secondary school did Nasser attend?"
},
{
"answer": "Manshia Square",
... |
13,271 | When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser ... | [
{
"answer": "al-Nahda al-Masria",
"question": "What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?"
},
{
"answer": "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom",
"question": "What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?"
},
{
"answer": "British rule",
"question": "What was the issue Nas... |
13,272 | Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stip... | [
{
"answer": "45",
"question": "How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?"
},
{
"answer": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty",
"question": "What treaty did Nasser object to?"
},
{
"answer": "British military bases",
"question": "What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?"
},
... |
13,273 | Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent... | [
{
"answer": "reading",
"question": "What did Nasser do in his spare time?"
},
{
"answer": "National Library of Egypt",
"question": "What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?"
},
{
"answer": "Egyptian society's class divisions",
"question": "What did Nasser observe from movin... |
13,274 | Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfi... | [
{
"answer": "Egyptian nationalism",
"question": "What political theory fascinated Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "Mustafa Kamel",
"question": "What politician did Nasser admire?"
},
{
"answer": "Ahmed Shawqi",
"question": "What poet did Nasser read?"
},
{
"answer": "Return of the Sp... |
13,275 | In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, w... | [
{
"answer": "a military career",
"question": "What was Nasser's goal?"
},
{
"answer": "Royal Military Academy",
"question": "Where did Nasser apply in 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "record of anti-government protest",
"question": "Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?"
},
{
"answ... |
13,276 | Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's ... | [
{
"answer": "wasta",
"question": "What's another term for influential intermediary?"
},
{
"answer": "Khairy Pasha",
"question": "Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?"
},
{
"answer": "Sadat and Amer",
"question": "What allies did Nasser meet at the Academ... |
13,277 | In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's p... | [
{
"answer": "1941",
"question": "In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?"
},
{
"answer": "instructor",
"question": "Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "British Ambassador Miles Lampson",
"question": "Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime ... |
13,278 | In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian force... | [
{
"answer": "Palestine",
"question": "Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?"
},
{
"answer": "6th Infantry Battalion",
"question": "In what unit did Nasser serve?"
},
{
"answer": "lightly",
"question": "How badly was Nasser wounded?"
},
{
"answer": "Israeli",
"question... |
13,279 | The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to top... | [
{
"answer": "Umm Kulthum",
"question": "What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?"
},
{
"answer": "Philosophy of the Revolution",
"question": "What book did Nasser start writing?"
},
{
"answer": "royal government",
"question": "What group opposed the celebrati... |
13,280 | After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brot... | [
{
"answer": "instructor at the Royal Military Academy",
"question": "What did Nasser do after the war ended?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?"
},
{
"answer": "religious agenda",
"question": "What was the reason Nasse... |
13,281 | Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a... | [
{
"answer": "Syrian",
"question": "What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel",
"question": "Who questioned Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "convincingly denied the allegations",
"question": "What was Nasser's reaction to th... |
13,282 | In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd polit... | [
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "What group boycotted the 1950 elections?"
},
{
"answer": "Wafd",
"question": "What party advanced in the 1950 elections?"
},
{
"answer": "corruption",
"question": "What were Wafd members accused of?"
},
{
"answer": "Free Officers... |
13,283 | On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser deci... | [
{
"answer": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty",
"question": "What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?"
},
{
"answer": "Hussein Sirri Amer",
"question": "Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?"
},
{
"answer": "Hassan Ibrahim",
"question": "Who helped Nasser with the assassination attemp... |
13,284 | Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. Th... | [
{
"answer": "Sirri Amer",
"question": "Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?"
},
{
"answer": "Muhammad Naguib",
"question": "Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many times was Naguib wounded?"
},
{... |
13,285 | On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egy... | [
{
"answer": "1952",
"question": "In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? "
},
{
"answer": "Ismailia",
"question": "Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?"
},
{
"answer": "76",
"question": "How many people were killed in the C... |
13,286 | The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in na... | [
{
"answer": "parliamentary democracy",
"question": "What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?"
},
{
"answer": "General Naguib",
"question": "Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?"
},
{
"answer": "exile",
"question": "What was teh fate of King Farouk after th... |
13,287 | On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day ... | [
{
"answer": "Naguib",
"question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "civilians",
"question": "Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?"
},
{
"answer": "Ali Maher",
"question": "Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime M... |
13,288 | Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Musli... | [
{
"answer": "communist",
"question": "What group rioted at the textile factories?"
},
{
"answer": "nine",
"question": "How many people died in the textile factory riots?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "What group supported the RCC?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
... |
13,289 | In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the ... | [
{
"answer": "secretary-general",
"question": "What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?"
},
{
"answer": "all political parties",
"question": "What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?"
},
{
"answer": "parliamentary elections",
"question": "What was Nasser alone in supporti... |
13,290 | On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediatel... | [
{
"answer": "Naguib",
"question": "Who resigned in 1954?"
},
{
"answer": "RCC chairman and prime minister",
"question": "What two positions did Nasser assume?"
},
{
"answer": "Brotherhood",
"question": "What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?"
},
{
"answer": "impriso... |
13,291 | On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries... | [
{
"answer": "transport workers",
"question": "What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?"
},
{
"answer": "Free Officers",
"question": "What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?"
},
{
"answer": "Mohieddin",
"question": "Who was sent to Switzerland?"
},
{
... |
13,292 | The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Broth... | [
{
"answer": "assassination attempt",
"question": "What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?"
},
{
"answer": "Brotherhood",
"question": "To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?"
},
{
"answer": "Sayyid Qutb",
"question": "Who avoided a death sentence in favor of... |
13,293 | Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "s... | [
{
"answer": "street following",
"question": "What was too small to keep Nasser in power?"
},
{
"answer": "press",
"question": "What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\"",
"question": "What phrases did Nasse... |
13,294 | Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raid... | [
{
"answer": "Israel",
"question": "What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaza Strip",
"question": "What territory did Israel attack in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "did not retaliate militarily",
"question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?"
},
... |
13,295 | Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism... | [
{
"answer": "Baghdad Pact",
"question": "What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?"
},
{
"answer": "modern weaponry",
"question": "What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?"
},
{
"answer": "Czechoslovakia",
"question": "From what country did Nasser buy arms?... |
13,296 | Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation ... | [
{
"answer": "Final Communique",
"question": "What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?"
},
{
"answer": "right of return",
"question":... |
13,297 | Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Eg... | [
{
"answer": "positive neutralism",
"question": "What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?"
},
{
"answer": "Cold War",
"question": "What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?"
},
{
"answer": "welcomed by large crowds",
"question": "How did the Egyptian people rea... |
13,298 | In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had faile... | [
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "single-party system",
"question": "What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "National Union",
"question": "What was the dominant political party? ... |
13,299 | Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted... | [
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?"
},
{
"answer": "women",
"question": "Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "RCC",
"question": "What group dissolved when the new constitut... |
13,300 | After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by N... | [
{
"answer": "UK and France",
"question": "With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?"
},
{
"answer": "Aswan Dam",
"question": "What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "What communist coun... |
13,301 | Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 1... | [
{
"answer": "took great offense",
"question": "How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?"
},
{
"answer": "Suez Canal",
"question": "What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? "
},
{
"answer": "unaware",
"question... |
13,302 | On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld tha... | [
{
"answer": "fund the Aswan Dam",
"question": "What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?"
},
{
"answer": "120,000",
"question": "How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?"
},
{
"answer": "existing stockholders",
"question": "Wh... |
13,303 | The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's ... | [
{
"answer": "support",
"question": "How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?"
},
{
"answer": "Israeli",
"question": "What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?"
},
{
"answer": "Henry A. Byroade",
"question": "What US ambassad... |
13,304 | France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two ... | [
{
"answer": "France and the UK",
"question": "What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?"
},
{
"answer": "Israel",
"question": "What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?"
},
{
"answer": "UN Security Council",
"question": "What entity drew... |
13,305 | On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bols... | [
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?"
},
{
"answer": "Egyptian airfields in the canal zone",
"question": "What did the British and French air forces bomb?"
},
{
"answer": "Port Said",
"question": "What city did Nasser want to keep the... |
13,306 | Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to... | [
{
"answer": "2,000",
"question": "How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?"
},
{
"answer": "5,000",
"question": "How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?"
},
{
"answer": "civilian volunteers",
"question": "To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small... |
13,307 | It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular res... | [
{
"answer": "Between 750 and 1,000",
"question": "How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?"
},
{
"answer": "Port Said",
"question": "What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?"
},
{
"answer": "shattered",
"question": "In what state... |
13,308 | The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the "greatest and most decisive role" in stopping the "tripartite conspiracy". By t... | [
{
"answer": "U.S.",
"question": "What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?"
},
{
"answer": "Eisenhower",
"question": "What leader did Nasser applaud?"
},
{
"answer": "United Nations Emergency Force",
"question": "What military force was brought in to calm the situation?"... |
13,309 | By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasse... | [
{
"answer": "Voice of the Arabs",
"question": "What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasserites",
"question": "What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?"
},
{
"answer": "structure and organization",
"question": "What did the admirers of Nasser lack?"
},
{... |
13,310 | In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to iso... | [
{
"answer": "Eisenhower Doctrine",
"question": "What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?"
},
{
"answer": "1957",
"question": "When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?"
},
{
"answer": "King Saud",
"question": "What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?"
... |
13,311 | Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with... | [
{
"answer": "King Hussein",
"question": "What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?"
},
{
"answer": "a tool of the imperialists",
"question": "What did Nasser call King Hussein?"
},
{
"answer": "King Saud",
"question": "What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser'... |
13,312 | By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his ... | [
{
"answer": "British and French",
"question": "What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?"
},
{
"answer": "two-thirds",
"question": "How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?"
},
{
"answer": "Helwan steelworks",
"question": "What entity did Nasser s... |
13,313 | As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politi... | [
{
"answer": "Syria",
"question": "What country wanted to join with Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "communists",
"question": "What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?"
},
{
"answer": "United Arab Republic",
"question": "What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
13,314 | While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's s... | [
{
"answer": "King Saud",
"question": "Who tried to assassinate Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "shoot down Nasser's plane",
"question": "How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?"
},
{
"answer": "King Faisal",
"question": "Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed... |
13,315 | A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-A... | [
{
"answer": "600",
"question": "How many members were in the National Assembly?"
},
{
"answer": "400",
"question": "How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "Khrushchev",
"question": "What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
13,316 | In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided... | [
{
"answer": "Camille Chamoun",
"question": "Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?"
},
{
"answer": "to unite with the UAR",
"question": "What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?"
},
{
"answer": "a second presidential term",
"question": "What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?"
},
{... |
13,317 | On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 1... | [
{
"answer": "Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref",
"question": "What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?"
},
{
"answer": "Nuri al-Said",
"question": "What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?"
},
{
"answer": "Lebanon",
"question": "Where did US Marines land?"
},
{
"answer... |
13,318 | In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria... | [
{
"answer": "Sarraj",
"question": "Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?"
},
{
"answer": "police state",
"question": "What was Syria like under Sarraj?"
},
{
"answer": "Fuad Chehab",
"question": "Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?"
},
{
"answer": "improved considerably",
"ques... |
13,319 | Relations between Nasser and Qasim grew increasingly bitter on 9 March, after Qasim's forces suppressed a rebellion in Mosul, launched a day earlier by a pro-Nasser Iraqi RCC officer backed by UAR authorities. Nasser had considered dispatching troops to aid his Iraqi sympathizers, but decided against it. He clamped dow... | [
{
"answer": "Qasim",
"question": "What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "suppressed a rebellion in Mosul",
"question": "What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "Egyptian communist activity",
"question": "What did Nasser suppress as a result?"
},
{
... |
13,320 | Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the... | [
{
"answer": "elites",
"question": "What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?"
},
{
"answer": "worsening",
"question": "How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?"
},
{
"answer": "nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy",
"question": "How did Nasser respond... |
13,321 | On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew th... | [
{
"answer": "secessionist army units",
"question": "What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?"
},
{
"answer": "1961",
"question": "In what year did Syria leave the UAR?"
},
{
"answer": "Latakia",
"question": "Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
13,322 | Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted... | [
{
"answer": "North Yemen",
"question": "What country experienced a coup in 1962?"
},
{
"answer": "Saudi Arabia",
"question": "What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?"
},
{
"answer": "the new government",
"question": "Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with... |
13,323 | On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser d... | [
{
"answer": "Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance",
"question": "What groups completed a coup in Iraq?"
},
{
"answer": "Abdel Salam Aref",
"question": "Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?"
},
{
"answer": "Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters",
"question": "What caused... |
13,324 | In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged... | [
{
"answer": "Jordan River",
"question": "What river did the Israelis want to divert?"
},
{
"answer": "act of war",
"question": "How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?"
},
{
"answer": "King Hussein",
"question": "What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?"
},
... |
13,325 | After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold W... | [
{
"answer": "1961",
"question": "In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?"
},
{
"answer": "Cold War",
"question": "What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?"
}
] |
13,326 | Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the b... | [
{
"answer": "African",
"question": "What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-colonial leaders from several African countries",
"question": "Who did Nasser give asylum to?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-colonial propaganda",
"question": "What type of ... |
13,327 | In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and... | [
{
"answer": "Egypt",
"question": "What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?"
},
{
"answer": "Islamic and socialist",
"question": "What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?"
},
{
"answer": "al-Azhar",
"question": "What religious group did Nasser ... |
13,328 | Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior mi... | [
{
"answer": "Presidential Council",
"question": "What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?"
},
{
"answer": "merit",
"question": "As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "Amer's allies in the officers corps... |
13,329 | In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government.... | [
{
"answer": "Amer",
"question": "From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?"
},
{
"answer": "directly confronting Nasser",
"question": "How did Amer respond to Nasser... |
13,330 | In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser ... | [
{
"answer": "socialism",
"question": "What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?"
},
{
"answer": "National Charter",
"question": "What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?"
},
{
"answer": "widening the Suez Canal",
"question": "What infra... |
13,331 | Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. ... | [
{
"answer": "51",
"question": "What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab Socialist Union",
"question": "What was the new name for the National Union?"
},
{
"answer": "repression",
"question": "What was the expression of Nasser's reform... |
13,332 | During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere follow... | [
{
"answer": "He was the only candidate",
"question": "What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslim Brotherhood",
"question": "The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "executed",
"question": "What was Qutb'... |
13,333 | In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and ... | [
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?"
},
{
"answer": "dispatch troops to Sinai",
"question": "What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?"
},
{
"answer": "Israeli-American",
"question": "What nations were trying to dr... |
13,334 | On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, altho... | [
{
"answer": "Straits of Tiran",
"question": "What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?"
},
{
"answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin",
"question": "Who was Nassir's vice president?"
},
{
"answer": "diplomacy towards a ceasefire",
"question": "How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasio... |
13,335 | According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to... | [
{
"answer": "Sharm el-Sheikh",
"question": "What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser–Amer",
"question": "What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing in the war?"
},
{
"answer": "rationa... |
13,336 | During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presi... | [
{
"answer": "imminent Arab victory",
"question": "What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?"
},
{
"answer": "9 June",
"question": "What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?"
},
{
"answer": "announced his resignation",
"question": "What did Nasser do... |
13,337 | On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 2... | [
{
"answer": "Mohamed Fawzi",
"question": "Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?"
},
{
"answer": "suicide",
"question": "How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?"
},
{
"answer": "depoliticizing the armed forces",
"question": "How did Nass... |
13,338 | At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with... | [
{
"answer": "Khartoum",
"question": "Where was the Arab League summit held?"
},
{
"answer": "King Faisal",
"question": "What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?"
},
{
"answer": "Khartoum Resolution",
"question": "What agreement ended the Yemeni civi... |
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