id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
13,339 | Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in l... | [
{
"answer": "prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces",
"question": "What new positions did Nasser give himself ?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "When did students protest for political reforms?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab Socialist Union",
"question": "What type of pe... |
13,340 | On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent ... | [
{
"answer": "ASU",
"question": "What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?"
},
{
"answer": "liberalization",
"question": "What trend was Nasser trying to cause?"
},
{
"answer": "unfulfilled",
"question": "How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?"
},
{
"... |
13,341 | Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle... | [
{
"answer": "War of Attrition",
"question": "What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "In what year did the War of Attrition begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Yasser Arafat",
"question": "Who led the Fatah movement?"
},
{
"answe... |
13,342 | Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the fi... | [
{
"answer": "build a network of internal defenses",
"question": "What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1969",
"question": "When did the war start up again?"
},
{
"answer": "PLO and the Lebanese military",
"question": "What groups did Nasser broker a... |
13,343 | In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, whi... | [
{
"answer": "Rogers Plan",
"question": "What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?"
},
{
"answer": "recapturing the Suez Canal",
"question": "What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "Who pressured Nasser to accept the ... |
13,344 | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. ... | [
{
"answer": "28 September 1970",
"question": "When did Nasser die?"
},
{
"answer": "heart attack",
"question": "How did Nasser die?"
},
{
"answer": "Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia",
"question": "Who was with Nasser when he died?"
},
{
"answer": "heart attacks",
"q... |
13,345 | Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets.... | [
{
"answer": "at least five million",
"question": "How many people attended Nasser's funeral?"
},
{
"answer": "the old RCC headquarters",
"question": "At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?"
},
{
"answer": "Saudi King Faisal",
"question": "Who was the only Arab leader not ... |
13,346 | Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen ... | [
{
"answer": "Over a dozen",
"question": "How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?"
},
{
"answer": "75,000",
"question": "How many people marched in Jerusalem?"
},
{
"answer": "Sherif Hetata",
"question": "Who said, \"The world will never again see fiv... |
13,347 | Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprec... | [
{
"answer": "British influence",
"question": "What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "social justice",
"question": "What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?"
},
{
"answer": "improved considerably",
"question": "How were working conditions and employm... |
13,348 | The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recover... | [
{
"answer": "agrarian",
"question": "What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?"
},
{
"answer": "Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam",
"question": "What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?"
},
{
"answer": "golden age",
"question": "How was... |
13,349 | During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi... | [
{
"answer": "Nasserist",
"question": "What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab Democratic Nasserist Party",
"question": "What was the first Nasserist political party?"
},
{
"answer": "Sabahi",
"question": "What party came in third in... |
13,350 | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wro... | [
{
"answer": "availability to the public",
"question": "What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?"
},
{
"answer": "1,359",
"question": "How many speeches did Nasser give?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser",
"question": "Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?"
},
... |
13,351 | While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and al... | [
{
"answer": "Egyptian intellectuals",
"question": "Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Six-Day War",
"question": "What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?"
},
{
"answer": "Mubarak",
"question": "During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic... |
13,352 | Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressi... | [
{
"answer": "dictator",
"question": "Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?"
},
{
"answer": "dissidents",
"question": "Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?"
},
{
"answer": "confused Sultan",
"question": "What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?"
}
] |
13,353 | Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din... | [
{
"answer": "New Wafd Party",
"question": "What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?"
},
{
"answer": "Alaa al-Din Desouki",
"question": "Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "successful manipulation and demagoguery",
"question": "To what d... |
13,354 | American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence ... | [
{
"answer": "intermediaries",
"question": "What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?"
},
{
"answer": "strong political institutions",
"question": "What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?"
},
{
"answer": "Abd al-Azim Ramadan",
"question":... |
13,355 | Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffi... | [
{
"answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin",
"question": "Who was Nasser's vice president?"
},
{
"answer": "bluffing",
"question": "What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?"
},
{
"answer": "gradually changed",
"question": "What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?"
},
... |
13,356 | Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those co... | [
{
"answer": "seek good relations with Egypt",
"question": "What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?"
},
{
"answer": "several nationalist revolutions",
"question": "What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?"
},
{
"answer": "communicated directly... |
13,358 | In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film se... | [
{
"answer": "El Nasser Salah El Dine",
"question": "What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?"
},
{
"answer": "Nasser 56",
"question": "What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?"
},
{
"answer": "Suez Crisis",
"question": "What was Nasser 56 about?"
},
{
"answer"... |
13,359 | In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Mansh... | [
{
"answer": "Tahia Kazem",
"question": "Who did Nasser marry in 1944?"
},
{
"answer": "Abdel Hamid Kazim",
"question": "Who introduced Nasser and his wife?"
},
{
"answer": "Manshiyat al-Bakri",
"question": "Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?"
},
{
"an... |
13,360 | Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arterioscle... | [
{
"answer": "chain smoking",
"question": "What was Nasser's principle vice?"
},
{
"answer": "18-hour",
"question": "How long was a typical workday for Nasser?"
},
{
"answer": "diabetes",
"question": "What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "1970",
... |
13,361 | Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fo... | [
{
"answer": "Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli",
"question": "What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?"
},
{
"answer": "25 November 1881",
"question": "When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?"
},
{
"answer": "3 June 1963",
"question": "When did Pope Saint XXIII die?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
13,362 | Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated ques... | [
{
"answer": "76",
"question": "How old was Roncalli when elected pope?"
},
{
"answer": "28 October 1958",
"question": "When was Roncalli elected pope?"
},
{
"answer": "500 years",
"question": "He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in how long?"
... |
13,364 | The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understan... | [
{
"answer": "11 October",
"question": "When is his feast day celebrated?"
},
{
"answer": "the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council",
"question": "What is October 11?"
},
{
"answer": "11 September 2014",
"question": "When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial ... |
13,365 | In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially ... | [
{
"answer": "February 1925",
"question": "When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?"
},
{
"answer": "Pietro Gasparri",
"question": "Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?"
},
{
"answer": "1925–35",
"question": "When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?"
},
... |
13,366 | On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving t... | [
{
"answer": "30 November 1934",
"question": "When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?"
},
{
"answer": "Mesembria, Bulgaria",
"question": "He was appointed titular archbishop of where?"
},
{
"answer": "the Turcophile Pope",
"question": "What ws he known by in the... |
13,367 | In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939... | [
{
"answer": "February 1939",
"question": "When did he hear that his mother was dying?"
},
{
"answer": "10 February 1939",
"question": "When did Pope Pius XI die?"
},
{
"answer": "20 February 1939",
"question": "When did his mother die?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal Eugenio Pacell... |
13,368 | On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign ... | [
{
"answer": "12 January 1953",
"question": "When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca",
"question": "Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?"
},
{
"answer": "23 February 1953",
"question": "When did he leave France for Venice?"
},
... |
13,369 | His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Veni... | [
{
"answer": "the early 1950s",
"question": "When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?"
},
{
"answer": "8 November 1953",
"question": "When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?"
},
{
"answer": "11 November 1953",
"question": "When did Ancilla die?"
},
... |
13,370 | Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile... | [
{
"answer": "9 October 1958",
"question": "When did Pope Pius XII die?"
},
{
"answer": "11 October",
"question": "When was his last full day in Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "for the conclave in Rome",
"question": "Why did Roncalli leave Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "eleven ballots",
... |
13,371 | Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catho... | [
{
"answer": "Giovanni Battista Montini",
"question": "Who was the Archbishop of Milan?"
},
{
"answer": "archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia",
"question": "New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?"
},
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "When was Montini absent fro... |
13,372 | Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a cand... | [
{
"answer": "4:00 pm",
"question": "When was the final ballot of the conclave?"
},
{
"answer": "38 votes",
"question": "How many votes did he have?"
},
{
"answer": "John",
"question": "What name did Roncalli choose?"
},
{
"answer": "over 500 years",
"question": "John had ... |
13,373 | Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul ... | [
{
"answer": "an ecumenical council",
"question": "What did John XXIII call for?"
},
{
"answer": "29 January 1959",
"question": "When was the decision made for this council?"
},
{
"answer": "the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls",
"question": "Where was the decision made for th... |
13,374 | John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medic... | [
{
"answer": "human rights",
"question": "John XXIII was an advocate for what?"
},
{
"answer": "his Pacem in terris",
"question": "What did he write about human rights in?"
},
{
"answer": "the unborn and the elderly",
"question": "His advocacy from human rights included whom?"
}
] |
13,375 | Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued ... | [
{
"answer": "the Roman liturgy",
"question": "John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1962 Roman Missal",
"question": "He published changes that resulted in what?"
},
{
"answer": "the Tridentine Mass",
"question": "What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?... |
13,376 | On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On th... | [
{
"answer": "in the Vatican",
"question": "Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?"
},
{
"answer": "11 October 1962",
"question": "When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech",
"question": "What ... |
13,377 | The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually ca... | [
{
"answer": "8 December 1962",
"question": "A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?"
},
{
"answer": "1963 from 12 May to 29 June",
"question": "When was the next session scheduled?"
},
{
"answer": "12 November 1962",
"question": "When was the next session announced?"
... |
13,378 | Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's... | [
{
"answer": "US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev",
"question": "John XXIII offered to mediate between who?"
},
{
"answer": "October 1962",
"question": "When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?"
},
{
"answer": "Nikita Khrushchev",
"question": "Who expressed best wishes for th... |
13,379 | On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While i... | [
{
"answer": "Balzan Prize",
"question": "John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?"
},
{
"answer": "10 May 1963",
"question": "When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?"
},
{
"answer": "Italian President Antonio Segni",
"question": "Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan... |
13,380 | On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had d... | [
{
"answer": "haemorrhage",
"question": "What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?"
},
{
"answer": "Loris F. Capovilla",
"question": "Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?"
},
{
"answer": "31 May",
"question": "When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance ... |
13,381 | "At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ... | [
{
"answer": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde",
"question": "Who was at the dying pope's bedside?"
},
{
"answer": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde",
"question": "Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?"
},
{
"answer": "11 am",
"question": "When did the pope bid farewell?"
}
] |
13,382 | John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped... | [
{
"answer": "peritonitis",
"question": "What did John XXIII die of?"
},
{
"answer": "3 June 1963",
"question": "What day did he die?"
},
{
"answer": "81",
"question": "How old was John XXIII upon his death?"
},
{
"answer": "Luigi Traglia",
"question": "Who celebrated his ... |
13,383 | On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determi... | [
{
"answer": "US President Lyndon B. Johnson",
"question": "Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?"
},
{
"answer": "3 December 1963",
"question": "When did President Johnson award him?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States' highest civilian award",
"question": "W... |
13,384 | He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II,... | [
{
"answer": "Good Pope John",
"question": "What was he also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Paul VI",
"question": "Who opened his cause for canonization?"
},
{
"answer": "3 September 2000",
"question": "When was Pope John XXIII considered \"blessed?\""
},
{
"answer": "Pope Jo... |
13,385 | The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 201... | [
{
"answer": "3 June 2013",
"question": "When was the 50th anniversary of his death?"
},
{
"answer": "Pope Francis",
"question": "Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?"
},
{
"answer": "Bergamo",
"question": "Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?"
},
{
"answer": "5 Ju... |
13,386 | Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion ... | [
{
"answer": "religion, philosophy, and science",
"question": "Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?"
},
{
"answer": "time",
"question": "Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?"
}... |
13,387 | Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe—a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian tim... | [
{
"answer": "the universe",
"question": "According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?"
},
{
"answer": "Newtonian time",
"question": "The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "a fundamental intellectu... |
13,388 | Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities—such as velocity—so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, w... | [
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?"
},
{
"answer": "the International System of Units and International System of Quantities",
"question": "Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?"
},
{
"answer": "ve... |
13,389 | Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, an... | [
{
"answer": "Temporal measurement",
"question": "What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?"
},
{
"answer": "Periodic events and periodic motion",
"question": "Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?"
},
{
"answer": "the second",
"que... |
13,390 | Temporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consulted for period... | [
{
"answer": "the calendar",
"question": "What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?"
},
{
"answer": "the clock",
"question": "What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?"
},
{
"answer": "the clock",
"question": "Which tool is used in day to day li... |
13,391 | Artifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar based solely on ... | [
{
"answer": "the Paleolithic",
"question": "Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?"
},
{
"answer": "Lunar calendars",
"question": "Which calendars were among the first to appear?"
},
{
"answer": "either 12 or 13 lunar months (either... |
13,392 | The most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks and the peop... | [
{
"answer": "the water clock, or clepsydra",
"question": "What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?"
},
{
"answer": "Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep",
"question": "A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?"
},
{
"answer": "Arab inventors",
"question": "W... |
13,393 | The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and ... | [
{
"answer": "The hourglass",
"question": "Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?"
},
{
"answer": "18",
"question": "How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?"
},
{
"answer": "Incense sticks and candles",
"question": "Wh... |
13,394 | The most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atoms used is cae... | [
{
"answer": "atomic clocks",
"question": "Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?"
},
{
"answer": "the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms",
"question": "What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?"
},
{
"answer": "the International System of Measuremen... |
13,395 | Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based system, adopted... | [
{
"answer": "Greenwich Mean Time",
"question": "Which standard of time started with British Railways?"
},
{
"answer": "1847",
"question": "When was GMT adopted by British Railways?"
},
{
"answer": "telescopes",
"question": "GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?"
},
{
"answe... |
13,396 | Two distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposing view is th... | [
{
"answer": "Two",
"question": "How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?"
},
{
"answer": "the universe",
"question": "The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?"
},
{
"answer": "Newtonian time",
"question": "The realist view is sometimes... |
13,397 | The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including... | [
{
"answer": "The Vedas",
"question": "What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "back to the late 2nd millennium BC",
"question": "How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?"
},
{
"answer": "4,320 million years",
"question": "H... |
13,398 | In Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not." He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in other negative de... | [
{
"answer": "St. Augustine of Hippo",
"question": "Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?"
},
{
"answer": "by what it is not rather than what it is",
"question": "By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?"
},
{
"answer": "a “distention” of the ... |
13,399 | Immanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framework that nece... | [
{
"answer": "the Critique of Pure Reason",
"question": "In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?"
},
{
"answer": "both are elements of a systematic mental framework",
"question": "What did Kant portray space and time to b... |
13,400 | According to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is related to the... | [
{
"answer": "Martin Heidegger",
"question": "Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?"
},
{
"answer": "a potential possibility, task, or engagement",
"question": "The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?"
},
{
"answer": "The present",... |
13,401 | The theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year is a measure... | [
{
"answer": "a single dimension of time",
"question": "Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?"
},
{
"answer": "by how long light takes to travel that distance",
"question": "In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?"
},
{
"answer": "by... |
13,402 | In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently we... | [
{
"answer": "concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\"",
"question": "What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?"
},
{
"answer": "the late nineteenth century",
"question": "In which century did physicists encounter problems with t... |
13,403 | Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instrume... | [
{
"answer": "space",
"question": "Historically, time has been closely related with what?"
},
{
"answer": "special relativity and general relativity",
"question": "In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?"
},
{
"answer": "the spatial reference frame of t... |
13,404 | On the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew perceives the... | [
{
"answer": "slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel",
"question": "How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?"
},
{
"answer": "time",
"question": "The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?"
},
{
"an... |
13,405 | Einstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute in the human... | [
{
"answer": "Einstein",
"question": "Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?"
},
{
"answer": "for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light.",
"question": "In what case do these effects become much more noticeabl... |
13,406 | Time appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of time being mod... | [
{
"answer": "the laws of physics",
"question": "What laws do not specify an arrow of time?"
},
{
"answer": "time asymmetric",
"question": "The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?"
},
{
"answer": "arbitrary",
"question": "The direction of the arrow of tim... |
13,407 | Stephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, and nothing t... | [
{
"answer": "A Brief History of Time",
"question": "In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?"
},
{
"answer": "the Big Bang",
"question": "Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?"
},
{
"answer":... |
13,408 | While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems assume that ... | [
{
"answer": "cosmology",
"question": "The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?"
},
{
"answer": "i",
"question": "How much is known about the early states of the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems",
"question": "Which theorems require the exi... |
13,409 | Time travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal "flow" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) "persist" in some way. Time travel has been a plot devi... | [
{
"answer": "since the 19th century",
"question": "How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?"
},
{
"answer": "backwards",
"question": "Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?"
},
{
"answer": "to achieve time travel",
"ques... |
13,410 | Another solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not be possible ... | [
{
"answer": "paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen",
"question": "What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?"
},
{
"answer": "free will",
"question": "In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?"
},... |
13,411 | Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either ... | [
{
"answer": "Psychoactive drugs",
"question": "What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?"
},
{
"answer": "time intervals",
"question": "Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?"
},
{
"answer": "depressants",
"question": "What causes humans to underestimate time interva... |
13,412 | The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as t... | [
{
"answer": "human behavior, education, and travel behavior",
"question": "The use of time is important in understanding what?"
},
{
"answer": "Time-use research",
"question": "What is a developing field of time related study?"
},
{
"answer": "technology",
"question": "Time use is al... |
13,413 | A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item... | [
{
"answer": "a timestamp",
"question": "What may the description of events include?"
},
{
"answer": "effect",
"question": "What never precedes cause because of causality?"
},
{
"answer": "a world line",
"question": "A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be refer... |
13,414 | Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., sto... | [
{
"answer": "stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables",
"question": "Uses of sequences of events include what?"
},
{
"answer": "processes in science, technology, and medicine",
"question": "What may a sequence of events be used to describe?"
}... |
13,415 | The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union ... | [
{
"answer": "Mario Draghi",
"question": "What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?"
},
{
"answer": "The European Central Bank",
"question": "What is the official, central bank for the euro?"
},
{
"answer": "consists o... |
13,416 | The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, t... | [
{
"answer": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone",
"question": "What is the main mission of the ECB?"
},
{
"answer": "Article 16 of its Statute",
"question": "What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?"
},
{
"answer": "the amount must be authorised... |
13,417 | The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trich... | [
{
"answer": "Wim Duisenberg",
"question": "Who was the first president of the ECB?"
},
{
"answer": "former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute",
"question": "What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?"
},
{
"answer": "Jean-Claude Trichet",
... |
13,418 | The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonise... | [
{
"answer": "inflation of under 2%",
"question": "What is price stability defined as?"
},
{
"answer": "over the medium term",
"question": "What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?"
},
{
"answer": "October 1998",
"question": ... |
13,419 | The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary e... | [
{
"answer": "increase in liquidity in the economy",
"question": "What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?"
},
{
"answer": "contrary effect",
"question": "What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?"
},
{
"answer": "more money has been put into the economy",
"questi... |
13,420 | To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the E... | [
{
"answer": "must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities",
"question": "How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?"
},
{
"answer": "public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also acce... |
13,421 | The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (cur... | [
{
"answer": "The Executive Board",
"question": "Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?"
},
{
"answer": "Mario Draghi",
"question": "Who is the current president of the ECB?"
},
{
"answer": "Vitor Constâncio",
"question": "Who is the Vice-President of The European Cent... |
13,422 | José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's... | [
{
"answer": "Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña",
"question": "Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?"
},
{
"answer": "Luxembourg's Yves Mersch",
"question": "Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?"
},
{
"answer": "June 2012",
"ques... |
13,423 | The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's... | [
{
"answer": "discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks",
"question": "What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?"
},
{
"answer": "appointed for a non-renewable term of five years",
"question": "How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?"
},
{... |
13,424 | Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member stat... | [
{
"answer": "European law",
"question": "What governs the ECB?"
},
{
"answer": "shareholders and stock capital",
"question": "How does the ECB mimic a corporation?"
},
{
"answer": "five billion euros",
"question": "How much does the ECB have as capital?"
},
{
"answer": "the n... |
13,425 | The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with o... | [
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What language does the ECB generally use?"
},
{
"answer": "normally in their respective language",
"question": "When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What language i... |
13,426 | The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to ... | [
{
"answer": "independence",
"question": "WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?"
},
{
"answer": "The European Parliament",
"question": "Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?"
},
{
"answer": "bound by the treaties",
"question": "Why ... |
13,427 | From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began af... | [
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did the European debt Crisis begin?"
},
{
"answer": "the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced",
"question": "What did the eurozone states ... |
13,428 | There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a relucta... | [
{
"answer": "financially stable eurozone states like Germany",
"question": "Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts."
},
{
"answer": "discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their compe... |
13,429 | This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most pro... | [
{
"answer": "Grexit",
"question": "What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?"
},
{
"answer": "If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.",
"question": "What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?"
},
{
"a... |
13,430 | However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is ... | [
{
"answer": "if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks",
"question": "What would cause the private banking system to weaken?"
},
{
"answer": "wealthy member countries",
"question": "Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?"
... |
13,431 | In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. T... | [
{
"answer": "ECB",
"question": "Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?"
},
{
"answer": "refinancing facilities",
"question": "Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?"
},
{
"answer": "repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans",
"quest... |
13,432 | This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can m... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish and Italian",
"question": "What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?"
},
{
"answer": "a deteriorating balance sheet",
"question": "What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?"
},
{
"answer": "intended to dampen international speculation and ... |
13,433 | On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-... | [
{
"answer": "highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased",
"question": "How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?"
},
{
"answer": "long-term collateral",
"question": "What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?... |
13,434 | As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent €212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the... | [
{
"answer": "€212.1bn",
"question": "By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?"
},
{
"answer": "Outright Monetary Transactions",
"question": "How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?"
},
{
"answer": "no ex-ante time or size limit",
"quest... |
13,435 | Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the... | [
{
"answer": "temporarily moving bad or weak assets",
"question": "What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?"
},
{
"answer": "the balance sheets of the European Central Bank",
"question": "Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt cr... |
13,436 | The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a... | [
{
"answer": "the sickness of the euro",
"question": "What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?"
},
{
"answer": "the German government",
"question": "Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?"
... |
13,437 | The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions ... | [
{
"answer": "loaned billions of euros to banks",
"question": "What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?"
},
{
"answer": "to stabilise the financial system",
"question": "Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?"
},
{... |
13,438 | In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its di... | [
{
"answer": "it can make as much money as it deems needed",
"question": "What is a perk of the central bank?"
},
{
"answer": "bonds issued by the Federal government",
"question": "What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?"
},
{
"answer": "commercial paper",
"question": "W... |
13,439 | Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced ... | [
{
"answer": "Moody's and S&P",
"question": "Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "When was Basel II adopted?"
},
{
"answer": "the Basel II recommendations",
"question": "What said that agencies h... |
13,440 | The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft... | [
{
"answer": "Frankfurt",
"question": "Where is the European Central bank located?"
},
{
"answer": "Amsterdam Treaty",
"question": "What decided where the bank was to be located?"
},
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?"
},
{
"answe... |
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