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13,980 | Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as wel... | [
{
"answer": "inductivist",
"question": "Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?"
},
{
"answer": "Imre Lakatos",
"question": "A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?"
},
{
"answer": "explained the ... |
13,981 | Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least... | [
{
"answer": "simplest",
"question": "Which type of theory is most falsifiable?"
},
{
"answer": "positivism",
"question": "What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?"
},
{
"answer": "impossible",
"question": "For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what... |
13,982 | In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. T... | [
{
"answer": "Communists",
"question": "Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?"
},
{
"answer": "a coup",
"question": "The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?"
},
{
"answer": "historicism",
"question": "Popper's cr... |
13,983 | A mandolin (Italian: mandolino pronounced [mandoˈliːno]; literally "small mandola") is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick". It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison (8 strings), although five (10 strings) and six (12 strings) course versi... | [
{
"answer": "Italian",
"question": "What country did the mandolin originate from?"
},
{
"answer": "small mandola",
"question": "What does mandolin translate to? "
},
{
"answer": "lute family",
"question": "What musical family does the mandolin come from?"
},
{
"answer": "usua... |
13,984 | There are many styles of mandolin, but four are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a much shallower, arched back, and a... | [
{
"answer": "the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.",
"question": "What are the four common styles of mandolins?"
},
{
"answer": "strips of wood, glued together into a bowl",
"question": "What is the round-back mandolin made of? "
},
{
... |
13,985 | Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, which exert more press... | [
{
"answer": "soundboard (the top)",
"question": "What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?"
},
{
"answer": "quiet instruments",
"question": "Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? "
},
{
"answer": "four courses of metal strings,",
"question": "What are mo... |
13,986 | Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of ... | [
{
"answer": "the Moors",
"question": "Who introduced the lute to Spain?"
},
{
"answer": "Sicily",
"question": "What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? "
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians",
"question": "Who brought the lute to Sicil... |
13,987 | There is confusion currently as to the name of the eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop. His name has been put forth as Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic. Vinaccia. His son Antonio Vinaccia was active c. 1734 to c. 1796. An early extant example of a mandolin is one built by Antonio Vinaccia... | [
{
"answer": "eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop",
"question": "What is there currently confusion over? "
},
{
"answer": "Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic",
"question": "Who is said to have ran the first shop? "
},
{
"answer": "University of Edinburgh",
... |
13,989 | Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878, the instrument's popularity rebounded. The Exposition was one of many stops for a popular new performing group the Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students). They danced and played guitars, violins and the bandurria, which became confused with the mandolin. Along with the ene... | [
{
"answer": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878",
"question": "When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?"
},
{
"answer": "Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)",
"question": "What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? "
},
{
"answer": "early years of the 20th cent... |
13,990 | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | [
{
"answer": "early 20th century,",
"question": "When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?"
},
{
"answer": "Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument",
"question": "Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?"
},
{
"answer": "Luthiers",
"... |
13,991 | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | [
{
"answer": "decay to silence",
"question": "What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? "
},
{
"answer": "faster",
"question": "Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings",
"question": "Wha... |
13,992 | The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table, canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the 8 metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. V... | [
{
"answer": "almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood",
"question": "What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?"
},
{
"answer": "8",
"question": "How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?"
},
{
"answer": "metal strings",
"quest... |
13,993 | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | [
{
"answer": "Milan and Lombardy",
"question": "Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?"
},
{
"answer": "mandolino or mandore",
"question": "What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?"
},
{
"answer": "They are shorter and wider",
"ques... |
13,994 | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | [
{
"answer": "Samuel Adelstein",
"question": "Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?"
},
{
"answer": "4",
"question": "How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?"
},
{
"answer": "C, D, A, E, B, G.",
"question": "What was the Lomba... |
13,995 | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | [
{
"answer": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi",
"question": "Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?"
},
{
"answer": "Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi",
"question": "What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
13,996 | At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson, a Kalamazoo, Michigan luthier who... | [
{
"answer": "end of the 19th century",
"question": "When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?"
},
{
"answer": "violin family instruments",
"question": "What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?"
},
{
"answer": "European-style bowl-back",
"qu... |
13,997 | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | [
{
"answer": "two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)",
"question": "What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? "
},
{
"answer": "directly under the strings",
"question": "Where are the soundholes located?"
},
{... |
13,998 | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | [
{
"answer": "Gibson F-5",
"question": "What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?"
},
{
"answer": "early 1920s",
"question": "When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?"
},
{
"answer": "Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar",
"question": "Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replicati... |
14,000 | Phil Skinner played a key role in 20th century development of the mandolin movement in Australia, and was awarded an MBE in 1979 for services to music and the community. He was born Harry Skinner in Sydney in 1903 and started learning music at age 10 when his uncle tutored him on the banjo. Skinner began teaching part-... | [
{
"answer": "Phil Skinner",
"question": "Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? "
},
{
"answer": "20th century",
"question": "When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?"
},
{
"answer": "1979",
"question": "When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? "
},
{
"answe... |
14,001 | The Sydney Mandolins (Artistic Director: Adrian Hooper) have contributed greatly to the repertoire through commissioning over 200 works by Australian and International composers. Most of these works have been released on Compact Disks and can regularly be heard on radio stations on the ABC and MBS networks. One of thei... | [
{
"answer": "Adrian Hooper",
"question": "Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?"
},
{
"answer": "over 200 works",
"question": "How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?"
},
{
"answer": "Compact Disks",
"question": "On what media was most of these work released?"... |
14,002 | In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belg... | [
{
"answer": "mandolin orchestras",
"question": "What is an Etsudiantinas? "
},
{
"answer": "Belgium",
"question": "Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline ... |
14,003 | Prior to the Golden Age of Mandolins, France had a history with the mandolin, with mandolinists playing in Paris until the Napoleonic Wars. The players, teachers and composers included Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio. During the Golden age itself (1880s-1920s), the mandolin had a stro... | [
{
"answer": "Golden Age of Mandolins",
"question": "Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where in France did the mandolinists play?"
},
{
"answer": "Napoleonic Wars.",
"question": "When did the mandolinists stop playing ... |
14,004 | On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the la... | [
{
"answer": "island of Crete",
"question": "What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? "
},
{
"answer": "around the time of the Venetian rule of the island.",
"question": "When did the mandolin appears on Crete?"
},
{
"answer": "mantola",
"question": "What was one... |
14,005 | Many adaptations of the instrument have been done to cater to the special needs of Indian Carnatic music. In Indian classical music and Indian light music, the mandolin, which bears little resemblance to the European mandolin, is usually tuned E-B-E-B. As there is no concept of absolute pitch in Indian classical music,... | [
{
"answer": "Indian Carnatic",
"question": "Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? "
},
{
"answer": "E-B-E-B.",
"question": "What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?"
},
{
"answer": "absolute pitch",
"question": "There is no conce... |
14,006 | Though almost any variety of acoustic mandolin might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes to the Italian-style bowl-back mandolins or the carved-top mandolins with f-holes favoured by bluegrass mandolinists. The former are often too so... | [
{
"answer": "might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes",
"question": "What types of instruments do irish player prefer?"
},
{
"answer": "too soft-toned",
"question": "Why is it said that the Italian style can't... |
14,007 | Noteworthy Irish mandolinists include Andy Irvine (who, like Johnny Moynihan, almost always tunes the top E down to D, to achieve an open tuning of GDAD), Paul Brady, Mick Moloney, Paul Kelly and Claudine Langille. John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna, respectively fiddle player and tenor banjo player with The Dubl... | [
{
"answer": "Andy Irvine",
"question": "Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?"
},
{
"answer": "John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna",
"question": "Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?"
},
{
"answer": "The Dubliners,",
"question": "What was John Sheahan a... |
14,008 | Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il gio... | [
{
"answer": "Antonio Vivaldi",
"question": "Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?"
},
{
"answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart",
"question": "Who placed it in his 1787 work? "
},
{
"answer": "Don Giovanni and Beethoven",
"question": "What two artists created four variations of the... |
14,009 | The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today ... | [
{
"answer": "Japan",
"question": "What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?"
},
{
"answer": "40 or 50 members",
"question": "How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?"
},
{
"answer": "include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.",
... |
14,010 | The bandolim (Portuguese for "mandolin") was a favourite instrument within the Portuguese bourgeoisie of the 19th century, but its rapid spread took it to other places, joining other instruments. Today you can see mandolins as part of the traditional and folk culture of Portuguese singing groups and the majority of the... | [
{
"answer": "Portuguese for \"mandolin\"",
"question": "What does bandolim mean?"
},
{
"answer": "19th century",
"question": "When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional and folk culture",
"question": "Where can you see mandolins a par... |
14,012 | The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly... | [
{
"answer": "Estudiantina Figaro",
"question": "What group in the US was popular?"
},
{
"answer": "January 2, 1880",
"question": "When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Boston and New York",
"question": "Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? "
},
{
... |
14,013 | Mandolin awareness in the United States blossomed in the 1880s, as the instrument became part of a fad that continued into the mid-1920s. According to Clarence L. Partee, the first mandolin made in the United States was made in 1883 or 1884 by Joseph Bohmann, who was an established maker of violins in Chicago. Partee c... | [
{
"answer": "1880s",
"question": "When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?"
},
{
"answer": "1883 or 1884",
"question": "When was the first madolin made in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Bohm",
"question": "Who made the first US mandolin?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago",... |
14,014 | Instruments were marketed by teacher-dealers, much as the title character in the popular musical The Music Man. Often, these teacher-dealers conducted mandolin orchestras: groups of 4-50 musicians who played various mandolin family instruments. However, alongside the teacher-dealers were serious musicians, working to c... | [
{
"answer": "The Music Man",
"question": "What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? "
},
{
"answer": "mandolin orchestras",
"question": "What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? "
},
{
"answer": "4-50 musicians",
"question": "How many people were usually in these teacher-dea... |
14,015 | The instrument was primarily used in an ensemble setting well into the 1930s, and although the fad died out at the beginning of the 1930s, the instruments that were developed for the orchestra found a new home in bluegrass. The famous Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson (1923) was designed to boost the flagging interes... | [
{
"answer": "ensemble setting",
"question": "The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? "
},
{
"answer": "bluegrass",
"question": "Where did the mandolins find a new home? "
},
{
"answer": "Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson",
"question": "What mandolin was designed ... |
14,016 | The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, ... | [
{
"answer": "mandolin-based guitar programs",
"question": "What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?"
},
{
"answer": "Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra",
"question": "What are two of the popular public school groups? "
},
{
"answer": "Norman Levine",
"question": "Wh... |
14,018 | Monroe's style involved playing lead melodies in the style of a fiddler, and also a percussive chording sound referred to as "the chop" for the sound made by the quickly struck and muted strings. He also perfected a sparse, percussive blues style, especially up the neck in keys that had not been used much in country mu... | [
{
"answer": "the chop",
"question": "What chording sound was Monroe popular for?"
},
{
"answer": "B and E",
"question": "What keys was Monroe popular for? "
},
{
"answer": "Frank Wakefield",
"question": "Who was Monroe's most influential follower?"
},
{
"answer": "Moore of th... |
14,019 | Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected an... | [
{
"answer": "Jesse McReynolds",
"question": "Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?"
},
{
"answer": "Jim and Jesse",
"question": "What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "crosspicking",
"question": "What technique did Jesse McReynolds... |
14,020 | Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players ... | [
{
"answer": "half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro",
"question": "What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?"
},
{
"answer": "jazz mandolinist",
"question": "What type of music did Jethro Burns play? "
},
{
"answer": "Tiny Moore",
"question": "Who popularized the mandolin in Western ... |
14,021 | Mandolin has also been used in blues music, most notably by Ry Cooder, who performed outstanding covers on his very first recordings, Yank Rachell, Johnny "Man" Young, Carl Martin, and Gerry Hundt. Howard Armstrong, who is famous for blues violin, got his start with his father's mandolin and played in string bands simi... | [
{
"answer": "Howard Armstrong,",
"question": "Who got his start with his father's mandolin? "
},
{
"answer": "Ry Cooder",
"question": "Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?"
},
{
"answer": "ukulele in there and a bass fiddle",
"question": "What other instrument did the Tenn... |
14,024 | As in Brazil, the mandolin has played an important role in the Music of Venezuela. It has enjoyed a privileged position as the main melodic instrument in several different regions of the country. Specifically, the eastern states of Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Anzoategui and Monagas have made the mandolin the main instrument ... | [
{
"answer": "Venezuela",
"question": "What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role? "
},
{
"answer": "regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes",
"question": "What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? "
},
{
"answer": "Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel,... |
14,025 | To fill this gap in the literature, mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles. Some players have sought out contemporary composers to solicit new works. Traditional mandolin orchestras remain especially popular in Japan and Germany, but al... | [
{
"answer": "mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles",
"question": "What type of music has mandolins played? "
},
{
"answer": "Japan and Germany",
"question": "Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popul... |
14,026 | Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse... | [
{
"answer": "arthropod",
"question": "In what phylum are insects classified? "
},
{
"answer": "three-part",
"question": "How many parts comprise the body of an insect?"
},
{
"answer": "thorax",
"question": "In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an in... |
14,027 | The life cycles of insects vary but most hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton and development involves a series of molts. The immature stages can differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat, and can include a passive pupal stage in those groups that undergo 4-stage metam... | [
{
"answer": "hatch from eggs",
"question": "How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?"
},
{
"answer": "inelastic exoskeleton",
"question": "What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?"
},
{
"answer": "pupal stage",
"question": "What stage of deve... |
14,028 | Adult insects typically move about by walking, flying, or sometimes swimming (see below, Locomotion). As it allows for rapid yet stable movement, many insects adopt a tripedal gait in which they walk with their legs touching the ground in alternating triangles. Insects are the only invertebrates to have evolved flight.... | [
{
"answer": "tripedal",
"question": "What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?"
},
{
"answer": "gills",
"question": "What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?"
},
{
"answer": "water striders",
"question": "What species... |
14,029 | Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but a... | [
{
"answer": "insecticides",
"question": "By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?"
},
{
"answer": "terrestrial",
"question": "What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?"
},
{
"answer": "Silkworms",
"qu... |
14,030 | The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder intr... | [
{
"answer": "insectum",
"question": "What is the Latin term for insect?"
},
{
"answer": "Pliny the Elder",
"question": "Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many sections does an insect's body appear ... |
14,031 | The higher-level phylogeny of the arthropods continues to be a matter of debate and research. In 2008, researchers at Tufts University uncovered what they believe is the world's oldest known full-body impression of a primitive flying insect, a 300 million-year-old specimen from the Carboniferous period. The oldest defi... | [
{
"answer": "Carboniferous",
"question": "From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?"
},
{
"answer": "Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti",
"question": "What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,032 | Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been du... | [
{
"answer": "Early Permian",
"question": "In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?"
},
{
"answer": "55 to 70",
"question": "To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?"
},
{
... |
14,033 | Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such ins... | [
{
"answer": "chemical",
"question": "What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?"
},
{
"answer": "herbivores",
"question": "What is the term for a plant-eating insect?"
},
{
"answer": "plant toxins",
"question": "What do many insects adaptively utilize i... |
14,034 | Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, ... | [
{
"answer": "Pterygota",
"question": "What is the term for the class of insects with wings?"
},
{
"answer": "Apterygota",
"question": "What is the term for the class of insects without wings? "
},
{
"answer": "Archaeognatha",
"question": "What group of insects are inclusive within th... |
14,035 | Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mout... | [
{
"answer": "systematics",
"question": "Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "superclass",
"question": "What class is the Hexapoda ranked?"
},
{
"answer": "four groups",
"question": "How many groups are defined in the superclass?"
},
{
"ans... |
14,036 | Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and co... | [
{
"answer": "winged",
"question": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? "
},
{
"answer": "sclerites",
"question": "An insects hard body parts are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "abdomen",
"question": "Insect's wings fold flat over their what?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,037 | The Exopterygota likely are paraphyletic in regard to the Endopterygota. Matters that have incurred controversy include Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together as Halteria based on a reduction of one of the wing pairs – a position not well-supported in the entomological community. The Neuropterida are often lumped or... | [
{
"answer": "The Exopterygota",
"question": "What are likely to be paraphyletic?"
},
{
"answer": "Matters",
"question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?"
},
{
"answer": "Halteria",
"question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?"
},
{
... |
14,038 | Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species like... | [
{
"answer": "uncertain",
"question": "The true diversity within the insect species remains what?"
},
{
"answer": "2.6–7.8 million species",
"question": "How many insect species are estimated to exist?"
},
{
"answer": "20,000",
"question": "How many new species of all organisms are di... |
14,039 | Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if pres... | [
{
"answer": "segmented bodies",
"question": "What kind of bodies to insects have?"
},
{
"answer": "exoskeletons",
"question": "Insects bodies are supported by what?"
},
{
"answer": "hard",
"question": "Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?"
},
{
"answer": "inter... |
14,040 | The head is enclosed in a hard, heavily sclerotized, unsegmented, exoskeletal head capsule, or epicranium, which contains most of the sensing organs, including the antennae, ocellus or eyes, and the mouthparts. Of all the insect orders, Orthoptera displays the most features found in other insects, including the sutures... | [
{
"answer": "head",
"question": "What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?"
},
{
"answer": "epicranium",
"question": "What is another word for head capsule?"
},
{
"answer": "Orthoptera",
"question": "What displays the most features on an insect?"
},
{
"answ... |
14,043 | The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuti... | [
{
"answer": "the cuticle",
"question": "Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "The cuticle has how many layers?"
},
{
"answer": "the epicuticle",
"question": "Which cuticle later is like wax?"
},
{
"answer": "chitin",
"question": "Th... |
14,044 | Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached t... | [
{
"answer": "invertebrates",
"question": "Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?"
},
{
"answer": "flight",
"question": "Insects have developed what kind of active capability?"
},
{
"answer": "important",
"question": "Active flight ability has played what kind of role for in... |
14,045 | The thoracic segments have one ganglion on each side, which are connected into a pair, one pair per segment. This arrangement is also seen in the abdomen but only in the first eight segments. Many species of insects have reduced numbers of ganglia due to fusion or reduction. Some cockroaches have just six ganglia in th... | [
{
"answer": "ganglion",
"question": "What is on each side of a thoracic segment?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?"
},
{
"answer": "a pair",
"question": "Ganglia are connected into a what?"
},
{
"answer": "one pair",
... |
14,046 | At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereo... | [
{
"answer": "a few",
"question": "How many insects have nociceptors?"
},
{
"answer": "nociceptors",
"question": "Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "When were nociceptors discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "fruitfly Drosophila",
... |
14,047 | The salivary glands (element 30 in numbered diagram) in an insect's mouth produce saliva. The salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the head to an opening called the salivarium, located behind the hypopharynx. By moving its mouthparts (element 32 in numbered diagram) the insect ... | [
{
"answer": "salivary glands",
"question": "What produces saliva in an insects mouth?"
},
{
"answer": "salivary ducts",
"question": "What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?"
},
{
"answer": "salivarium",
"question": "What is an opening through the head called?"
},
{... |
14,048 | Once food leaves the crop, it passes to the midgut (element 13 in numbered diagram), also known as the mesenteron, where the majority of digestion takes place. Microscopic projections from the midgut wall, called microvilli, increase the surface area of the wall and allow more nutrients to be absorbed; they tend to be ... | [
{
"answer": "midgut",
"question": "What is another name for mesenteron?"
},
{
"answer": "the crop",
"question": "Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?"
},
{
"answer": "the mesenteron",
"question": "The majority of an insects digestion happens where?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,049 | In the hindgut (element 16 in numbered diagram), or proctodaeum, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets. The rectum absorbs 90% of the water in these fecal pellets, and the dry pellet is then eliminated through the anus (element 17), completing the process of digestion. The uric acid is... | [
{
"answer": "the hindgut",
"question": "What is a proctodaeum?"
},
{
"answer": "undigested",
"question": "What kind of food particles have uric acid?"
},
{
"answer": "uric acid",
"question": "What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?"
},
{
"answer": "90%",
"question": "An in... |
14,050 | The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by t... | [
{
"answer": "ovaries",
"question": "Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?"
},
{
"answer": "accessory glands",
"question": "What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?"
},
{
"answer": "ducts",
"question": "What connects the parts inside a fem... |
14,051 | For males, the reproductive system is the testis, suspended in the body cavity by tracheae and the fat body. Most male insects have a pair of testes, inside of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the vas deferens by the vas efferens, and the two tubular... | [
{
"answer": "testis",
"question": "What is the male reproductive system called? "
},
{
"answer": "the body cavity",
"question": "Where is tracheae located?"
},
{
"answer": "testes",
"question": "Most make insects contain a pair of what?"
},
{
"answer": "sperm tubes",
"que... |
14,052 | Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered dir... | [
{
"answer": "lungs",
"question": "Respiration for insects happens without what?"
},
{
"answer": "internal tubes",
"question": "Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?"
},
{
"answer": "gases",
"question": "What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's res... |
14,053 | There are many different patterns of gas exchange demonstrated by different groups of insects. Gas exchange patterns in insects can range from continuous and diffusive ventilation, to discontinuous gas exchange.:65–68 During continuous gas exchange, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is released in a continuous cycl... | [
{
"answer": "gas exchange",
"question": "What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?"
},
{
"answer": "diffusive ventilation",
"question": "Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?"
},
{
"answer": "continuous gas exchange",
"question": "Carbon dioxid... |
14,055 | Other developmental and reproductive variations include haplodiploidy, polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis and more rarely hermaphroditism.:143 In haplodiploidy, which is a type of sex-determination system, the offspring's sex is determined by the number of sets of chromoso... | [
{
"answer": "variations",
"question": "Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?"
},
{
"answer": "sex-determination system",
"question": "Haplodiploidy is what type of system?"
},
{
"answer": "sex",
"question": "The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's wha... |
14,056 | Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer... | [
{
"answer": "Some",
"question": "How many insects use parthenogenesis?"
},
{
"answer": "parthenogenesis",
"question": "GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "aphids",
"question": "What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?"
},
{
"answer... |
14,057 | Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside ... | [
{
"answer": "Hemimetabolous",
"question": "Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?"
},
{
"answer": "incomplete",
"question": "What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?"
},
{
"answer": "gradually",
"question": "Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradu... |
14,060 | Some insects display a rudimentary sense of numbers, such as the solitary wasps that prey upon a single species. The mother wasp lays her eggs in individual cells and provides each egg with a number of live caterpillars on which the young feed when hatched. Some species of wasp always provide five, others twelve, and o... | [
{
"answer": "rudimentary",
"question": "Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?"
},
{
"answer": "solitary wasps",
"question": "Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?"
},
{
"answer": "single",
"question": "What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?"
},
... |
14,061 | A few insects, such as members of the families Poduridae and Onychiuridae (Collembola), Mycetophilidae (Diptera) and the beetle families Lampyridae, Phengodidae, Elateridae and Staphylinidae are bioluminescent. The most familiar group are the fireflies, beetles of the family Lampyridae. Some species are able to control... | [
{
"answer": "Onychiuridae",
"question": "What is another name for Colleobola?"
},
{
"answer": "Diptera",
"question": "Mycetophilldae is another name for what?"
},
{
"answer": "beetle",
"question": "Phengodidae is party of what insect family?"
},
{
"answer": "bioluminescent",
... |
14,062 | Most insects, except some species of cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many species have acute vision capable of detecting minute movements. The eyes may include simple eyes or ocelli as well as compound eyes of varying sizes. Many species are able to detect light in the infrared, ultraviolet and the ... | [
{
"answer": "light",
"question": "Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?"
},
{
"answer": "cave crickets",
"question": "What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?"
},
{
"answer": "acute",
"question": "Most insects have what kind of vision?"
},
{
"an... |
14,064 | Very low sounds are also produced in various species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea and Neuroptera. These low sounds are simply the sounds made by the insect's movement. Through microscopic stridulatory structures located on the insect's muscles and joints, the normal sounds of the insect moving are ... | [
{
"answer": "low",
"question": "What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?"
},
{
"answer": "movement",
"question": "Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?"
},
{
"answer": "microscopic stridulatory structures",
"question": "Low insect sounds can be heard through what?"
}... |
14,065 | Some species use vibrations for communicating within members of the same species, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara viridula. Vibrations can also be used to communicate between entirely different species; lycaenid (gossamer-winged butterfly) caterpillars which are myrmecophilous (living ... | [
{
"answer": "vibrations",
"question": "What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?"
},
{
"answer": "different species",
"question": "Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?"
},
{
"answer": "Nezara viridula... |
14,066 | Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chem... | [
{
"answer": "Chemical",
"question": "Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?"
},
{
"answer": "Chemoreception",
"question": "What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?"
},
{
"answer": "a cell",
"question": "Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate... |
14,067 | In addition to the use of sound for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical means for communication. These chemicals, termed semiochemicals, are often derived from plant metabolites include those meant to attract, repel and provide other kinds of information. Pheromones, a type of semiochemical, ar... | [
{
"answer": "chemical means",
"question": "Insects use sound and what other means for communication?"
},
{
"answer": "semiochemicals",
"question": "The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?"
},
{
"answer": "plant metabolites",
"question": "Semiochemicals come from... |
14,068 | Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argue... | [
{
"answer": "Social",
"question": "Termites are considered what type of insect?"
},
{
"answer": "ants",
"question": "Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?"
},
{
"answer": "eusocial animal",
"question": "What is another term for social insect?"
},
{
... |
14,069 | Only insects which live in nests or colonies demonstrate any true capacity for fine-scale spatial orientation or homing. This can allow an insect to return unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of apparently identical holes clustered together, after a trip of up to several kilometers... | [
{
"answer": "nests",
"question": "Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?"
},
{
"answer": "homing",
"question": "Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?"
},
{
"answer": "thousands",
"question": "Spacial orientation/hom... |
14,070 | The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eg... | [
{
"answer": "full-time",
"question": "Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?"
},
{
"answer": "eggs",
"question": "What do eusocial insects guard?"
},
{
"answer": "nest",
"question": "What do eusocial insects build?"
},
{
"answer": "short",
... |
14,071 | Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pl... | [
{
"answer": "flight",
"question": "Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?"
},
{
"answer": "wings",
"question": "What part of the insect has been up for debate?"
},
{
"answer": "paranotal theory",
"question": "Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what t... |
14,072 | Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the fro... | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many legs do adult insects contain?"
},
{
"answer": "tripedal",
"question": "Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid",
"question": "The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?"
},
{
"answer": "a variety"... |
14,073 | Cockroaches are among the fastest insect runners and, at full speed, adopt a bipedal run to reach a high velocity in proportion to their body size. As cockroaches move very quickly, they need to be video recorded at several hundred frames per second to reveal their gait. More sedate locomotion is seen in the stick inse... | [
{
"answer": "sedate",
"question": "What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?"
},
{
"answer": "Phasmatodea",
"question": "What is another name for walking stick insects?"
},
{
"answer": "water",
"question": "Some insects can walk on top of what?"
},
{
"answer": "water ... |
14,074 | Many of these species have adaptations to help in under-water locomotion. Water beetles and water bugs have legs adapted into paddle-like structures. Dragonfly naiads use jet propulsion, forcibly expelling water out of their rectal chamber. Some species like the water striders are capable of walking on the surface of w... | [
{
"answer": "paddle-like",
"question": "Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?"
},
{
"answer": "jet",
"question": "Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?"
},
{
"answer": "rectal chamber",
"question": "Dragonflys shoot water from where?"
},
{
"answer": "recessed",... |
14,075 | Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wild... | [
{
"answer": "Insect ecology",
"question": "Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "ecosystem",
"question": "Another term for surrounding environment is what?"
},
{
"answer": "important",
"question": "What kind of role do insects... |
14,077 | Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L... | [
{
"answer": "defense",
"question": "Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?"
},
{
"answer": "deceive",
"question": "Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?"
},
{
"answer": "wasps",
"question": "Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?"
},
{
"answe... |
14,078 | Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own to... | [
{
"answer": "Chemical",
"question": "What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?"
},
{
"answer": "bright colors",
"question": "What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?"
},
{
"answer": "sequestering",
"question": "Insects become toxic by doing what with the... |
14,079 | Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because inse... | [
{
"answer": "Pollination",
"question": "Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?"
},
{
"answer": "an animal",
"question": "What is required to transport pollen?"
},
{
"answer": "insects",
"question": "Most pollination is completed by what?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,080 | Many insects are considered pests by humans. Insects commonly regarded as pests include those that are parasitic (e.g. lice, bed bugs), transmit diseases (mosquitoes, flies), damage structures (termites), or destroy agricultural goods (locusts, weevils). Many entomologists are involved in various forms of pest control,... | [
{
"answer": "pests",
"question": "Humans consider insects as what?"
},
{
"answer": "parasitic",
"question": "Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?"
},
{
"answer": "mosquitoes",
"question": "Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?"
},
{
"answer":... |
14,082 | Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly red... | [
{
"answer": "Insectivorous",
"question": "What insects feed on other insects?"
},
{
"answer": "beneficial",
"question": "Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?"
},
{
"answer": "ladybugs",
"question": "What insect feeds on aphids?"
},
{
"answer": "birds",
... |
14,083 | Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles ... | [
{
"answer": "biological research",
"question": "Insects play prominent roles in what?"
},
{
"answer": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster",
"question": "What is a common insect used for research purposes?"
},
{
"answer": "70%",
"question": "What percent of the fly genome is similar to... |
14,084 | In some cultures, insects, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies, while in other places they form part of the normal diet. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, and some authors suggest their potential as a major source of protein in human nutrition.:10–13 In most first-world coun... | [
{
"answer": "delicacies",
"question": "Insects are considered as what in some cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "cicadas",
"question": "What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?"
},
{
"answer": "high",
"question": "Insects have what kind of protein content?"
},
... |
14,085 | Scarab beetles held religious and cultural symbolism in Old Egypt, Greece and some shamanistic Old World cultures. The ancient Chinese regarded cicadas as symbols of rebirth or immortality. In Mesopotamian literature, the epic poem of Gilgamesh has allusions to Odonata which signify the impossibility of immortality. Am... | [
{
"answer": "Scarab beetles",
"question": "What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese",
"question": "Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?"
},
{
"answer": "creation",
"question": "The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?"
},
{... |
14,086 | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak... | [
{
"answer": "the same species",
"question": "What do all living humans belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "Homo sapiens",
"question": "What species are all humans?"
},
{
"answer": "humans",
"question": "Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?"
},
{
"answer": "fuzzy",
"ques... |
14,087 | There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain gen... | [
{
"answer": "racial",
"question": "What type of group can't be biologically defined?"
},
{
"answer": "racial",
"question": "What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?"
},
{
"answer": "biological traits",
"question": "What do ... |
14,088 | When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than... | [
{
"answer": "define and talk about a particular conception of race",
"question": "How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?"
},
{
"answer": "races",
"question": "What can be said to be a social construct?"
},
{
"answer": "legal, economic, and socio... |
14,089 | Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially... | [
{
"answer": "considerable suffering",
"question": "Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?"
},
{
"answer": "racist mindsets",
"question": "What is discrimination often paired with?"
},
{
"answer": "inferior",
"question": "What do me... |
14,090 | In some countries, law enforcement uses race to profile suspects. This use of racial categories is frequently criticized for perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation, and promoting stereotypes. Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratificati... | [
{
"answer": "race",
"question": "What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?"
},
{
"answer": "perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation",
"question": "Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? "
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,091 | Groups of humans have always identified themselves as distinct from neighboring groups, but such differences have not always been understood to be natural, immutable and global. These features are the distinguishing features of how the concept of race is used today. In this way the idea of race as we understand it toda... | [
{
"answer": "distinct",
"question": "What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?"
},
{
"answer": "exploration and conquest",
"question": "During which process did our current idea of race come about?"
},
{
"answer": "different continents",
... |
14,093 | The first post-Classical published classification of humans into distinct races seems to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684. In the 18th century the differe... | [
{
"answer": "François Bernier",
"question": "Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?"
},
{
"answer": "18th century",
"question": "In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?"
},
{
"answer": "White",
"que... |
14,094 | The 1775 treatise "The Natural Varieties of Mankind", by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race (later termed Negroid, and not to be confused with the narrower Ethiopid race), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierar... | [
{
"answer": "1775",
"question": "What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?"
},
{
"answer": "graded",
"question": "What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?"
},
{
... |
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