id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
14,095 | From the 17th through 19th centuries, the merging of folk beliefs about group differences with scientific explanations of those differences produced what one scholar has called an "ideology of race". According to this ideology, races are primordial, natural, enduring and distinct. It was further argued that some groups... | [
{
"answer": "an \"ideology of race\"",
"question": "What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?"
},
{
"answer": "primordial, natural, enduring and distinct",
"question": "What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of rac... |
14,096 | In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, a... | [
{
"answer": "polygenism",
"question": "What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?"
},
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?"
},
{
"answer": "ethnographer... |
14,097 | Today, all humans are classified as belonging to the species Homo sapiens and sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens. However, this is not the first species of homininae: the first species of genus Homo, Homo habilis, are theorized to have evolved in East Africa at least 2 million years ago, and members of this species popul... | [
{
"answer": "Homo sapiens",
"question": "What species do all living humans today belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "2 million years ago",
"question": "When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "1.5",
"question": "How many millions of years ago had Homo e... |
14,098 | In the early 20th century, many anthropologists accepted and taught the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic with distinct linguistic, cultural, and social groups, while popularly applying that belief to the field of eugenics, in conjunction with a practice that is now called scientific racism. After... | [
{
"answer": "many anthropologists",
"question": "Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?"
},
{
"answer": "scientific racism",
"question": "What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?"
},
{
... |
14,099 | Population geneticists have debated whether the concept of population can provide a basis for a new conception of race. In order to do this, a working definition of population must be found. Surprisingly, there is no generally accepted concept of population that biologists use. Although the concept of population is cen... | [
{
"answer": "Population",
"question": "What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?"
},
{
"answer": "biologists",
"question": "What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?"
},
{
"answer": "q... |
14,100 | Traditionally, subspecies are seen as geographically isolated and genetically differentiated populations. That is, "the designation 'subspecies' is used to indicate an objective degree of microevolutionary divergence" One objection to this idea is that it does not specify what degree of differentiation is required. The... | [
{
"answer": "subspecies",
"question": "What are traditionally geographically isolated?"
},
{
"answer": "microevolutionary divergence",
"question": "What is \"subspecies\" used to indicate an objective degree of?"
},
{
"answer": "degree of differentiation",
"question": "What is an obj... |
14,101 | This effectively means that populations of organisms must have reached a certain measurable level of difference to be recognised as subspecies. Dean Amadon proposed in 1949 that subspecies would be defined according to the seventy-five percent rule which means that 75% of a population must lie outside 99% of the range ... | [
{
"answer": "difference",
"question": "What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?"
},
{
"answer": "Dean Amadon",
"question": "Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "What year did Dean A... |
14,102 | In 1978, Sewall Wright suggested that human populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection. Wright argued that it does not require a trained... | [
{
"answer": "1978",
"question": "When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?"
},
{
"answer": "different subspecies",
"question": "How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?"
},
{
"answer": "inspection",
"question": "What ... |
14,103 | Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonom... | [
{
"answer": "classification",
"question": "What is cladistics a method of?"
},
{
"answer": "organisms",
"question": "What is a clade a taxonomic group of?"
},
{
"answer": "single",
"question": "How many common ancestors does a clade have?"
},
{
"answer": "taxonomy",
"ques... |
14,104 | Often taxonomists prefer to use phylogenetic analysis to determine whether a population can be considered a subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis relies on the concept of derived characteristics that are not shared between groups, usually applying to populations that are allopatric (geographically separated) and therefore ... | [
{
"answer": "phylogenetic",
"question": "What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?"
},
{
"answer": "geographically",
"question": "How are allopatric populations separated? "
},
{
"answer": "a clade",
"question": "What is a group with a common evo... |
14,105 | For the anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson (1995), however, there are more profound methodological and conceptual problems with using cladistics to support concepts of race. They claim that "the molecular and biochemical proponents of this model explicitly use racial categories in their initial grouping of samples".... | [
{
"answer": "race",
"question": "What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?"
},
{
"answer": "Caucasians",
"question": "What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?"
},
{
... |
14,106 | One crucial innovation in reconceptualizing genotypic and phenotypic variation was the anthropologist C. Loring Brace's observation that such variations, insofar as it is affected by natural selection, slow migration, or genetic drift, are distributed along geographic gradations or clines. In part this is due to isolat... | [
{
"answer": "distributed along geographic gradations or clines",
"question": "What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?"
},
{
"answer": "isolation by distance",
"question": "Why are variations distributed along clines?"
},
{
"answer": "they ignore a host of other similarit... |
14,107 | In a response to Livingstone, Theodore Dobzhansky argued that when talking about race one must be attentive to how the term is being used: "I agree with Dr. Livingstone that if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races, and if 'race' is used as an 'explanation' of the human variability, rather than vic... | [
{
"answer": "how the term is being used",
"question": "What must one be attentive to when talking about race?"
},
{
"answer": "if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races",
"question": "On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?"
},
{
"answer": "\"the race... |
14,108 | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | [
{
"answer": "cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly",
"question": "What did two biologists point out in 1964?"
},
{
"answer": "melanin",
"question": "What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?"
},
{
"answer": "radiate",
... |
14,109 | Patterns such as those seen in human physical and genetic variation as described above, have led to the consequence that the number and geographic location of any described races is highly dependent on the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered. Scientists discovered a skin-lighting mutation t... | [
{
"answer": "the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.",
"question": "What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?"
},
{
"answer": "mutation",
"question": "What partially accounts for the appearance of light ski... |
14,110 | Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see tha... | [
{
"answer": "a selected allele",
"question": "What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "2009",
"question": "When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"qu... |
14,111 | Another way to look at differences between populations is to measure genetic differences rather than physical differences between groups. The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the... | [
{
"answer": "genetic differences",
"question": "What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-20th-century anthropologist",
"question": "Who was William C. Boyd?"
},
{
"answer": "genes",
"question": "Boyd felt race was ba... |
14,112 | The population geneticist Sewall Wright developed one way of measuring genetic differences between populations known as the Fixation index, which is often abbreviated to FST. This statistic is often used in taxonomy to compare differences between any two given populations by measuring the genetic differences among and ... | [
{
"answer": "genetic differences between populations",
"question": "What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?"
},
{
"answer": "the Fixation index",
"question": "What was Wright's method known as?"
},
{
"answer": "0.15",
"question": "What is the often stated FST for humans?... |
14,113 | Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly... | [
{
"answer": "genetic variation",
"question": "FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?"
},
{
"answer": "5%",
"question": "About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?"
},
{
"answer": "0.1",
"question": "FST values as low as what amount have bee... |
14,115 | In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic dat... | [
{
"answer": "characteristic genetic patterns",
"question": "What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?"
},
{
"answer": "phenotypic variations between groups",
"question": "What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?"
},
{
"answer": "poo... |
14,116 | Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize th... | [
{
"answer": "ancestral population",
"question": "What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?"
},
{
"answer": "extreme geographic distances",
"question": "Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?"
},
{
"answer": "large geographi... |
14,119 | Many social scientists have replaced the word race with the word "ethnicity" to refer to self-identifying groups based on beliefs concerning shared culture, ancestry and history. Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely awar... | [
{
"answer": "ethnicity",
"question": "What word do many social scientists instead of race?"
},
{
"answer": "beliefs about race",
"question": "What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1960s",
"question": "When did the ... |
14,120 | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | [
{
"answer": "the National Institute of Health",
"question": "What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?"
},
{
"answer": "2000",
"question": "What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?"
},
{
"answer": "notion of genetically de... |
14,121 | The theory that race is merely a social construct has been challenged by the findings of researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics as "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies". One of the ... | [
{
"answer": "Stanford",
"question": "Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?"
},
{
"answer": "the American Journal of Human Genetics",
"question": "Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?"
},
{... |
14,122 | Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatic... | [
{
"answer": "Brazil",
"question": "What country was race \"Biologized\" in?"
},
{
"answer": "rigid descent rule",
"question": "What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?"
},
{
"answer": "racial",
"question": "What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with t... |
14,123 | Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferen... | [
{
"answer": "Over a dozen",
"question": "How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?"
},
{
"answer": "like the colors of the spectrum",
"question": "What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?... |
14,124 | Fluidity of racial categories aside, the "biologification" of race in Brazil referred above would match contemporary concepts of race in the United States quite closely, though, if Brazilians are supposed to choose their race as one among, Asian and Indigenous apart, three IBGE's census categories. While assimilated Am... | [
{
"answer": "racial",
"question": "What categories have an aspect of fluidity?"
},
{
"answer": "caboclos",
"question": "What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?"
},
{
"answer": "hillbilly",
"question": "What's a rough translation of \"pardos\"?"
},
... |
14,125 | If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of A... | [
{
"answer": "white",
"question": "What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?"
},
{
"answer": "mixed",
"question": "What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?"
},
{
"answer": "65 and 80%",
"question": "Br... |
14,126 | This is not surprising, though: While the greatest number of slaves imported from Africa were sent to Brazil, totalizing roughly 3.5 million people, they lived in such miserable conditions that male African Y-DNA there is significantly rare due to the lack of resources and time involved with raising of children, so tha... | [
{
"answer": "3.5 million",
"question": "What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?"
},
{
"answer": "miserable",
"question": "What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?"
},
{
"answer": "relations between white masters and female slaves",
"question"... |
14,127 | The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends... | [
{
"answer": "The European Union",
"question": "Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? "
},
{
"answer": "its existence",
"question": "What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?"
},
{
"answer": "European",
"question": "In what context is ... |
14,128 | The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community. Since all human beings belong to the same species, the ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance) rejects theories based on the ... | [
{
"answer": "The concept of racial origin",
"question": "What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?"
},
{
"answer": "scientific",
"question": "What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?"
},
{
"answer": "all human beings bel... |
14,129 | Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Dem... | [
{
"answer": "Second World War",
"question": "France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?"
},
{
"answer": "approximately five percent",
"question": "What percentage of the French population today is non-European?"
},
{
"answer": "roughly 28–37%",
"q... |
14,130 | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | [
{
"answer": "early",
"question": "Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?"
},
{
"answer": "a proliferation of categories",
"question": "What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?"
},
{
"answer":... |
14,131 | The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". The definitions of both terms are non-race specific, and include people who... | [
{
"answer": "the 20th century",
"question": "When did the term \"Hispanic\" begin being used?"
},
{
"answer": "Hispanic",
"question": "What is the word \"Latino\" often used as a synonym for?"
},
{
"answer": "non-race specific",
"question": "How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not ... |
14,132 | Wang, Štrkalj et al. (2003) examined the use of race as a biological concept in research papers published in China's only biological anthropology journal, Acta Anthropologica Sinica. The study showed that the race concept was widely used among Chinese anthropologists. In a 2007 review paper, Štrkalj suggested that the ... | [
{
"answer": "Acta Anthropologica Sinica",
"question": "What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese anthropologists",
"question": "Who is the race concept widely used by?"
},
{
"answer": "social cohesion",
"question": "What is race a factor of for t... |
14,133 | Kaszycka et al. (2009) in 2002–2003 surveyed European anthropologists' opinions toward the biological race concept. Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies. Those educated in Western Europe, physical anthropologists, and middle-aged ... | [
{
"answer": "2002–2003",
"question": "What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?"
},
{
"answer": "Three",
"question": "How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?"
},
{
... |
14,134 | One result of debates over the meaning and validity of the concept of race is that the current literature across different disciplines regarding human variation lacks consensus, though within some fields, such as some branches of anthropology, there is strong consensus. Some studies use the word race in its early essen... | [
{
"answer": "consensus",
"question": "What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?"
},
{
"answer": "taxonomic",
"question": "What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?"
},
{
"answer": "race",
"question": "What term do some use to mean population, clad... |
14,135 | Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, "I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo." The types of practice... | [
{
"answer": "Duke University",
"question": "Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?"
},
{
"answer": "group power",
"question": "What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?"
},
{
"answer": "whites",
"question": "Who does Bonilla-Silva think ... |
14,136 | The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducin... | [
{
"answer": "biological race",
"question": "What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "physical anthropologists",
"question": "The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?"
},
{
"answer": "co... |
14,137 | According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep "is simply not tr... | [
{
"answer": "forensic",
"question": "What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?"
},
{
"answer": "simply not true",
"question": "What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?"
},
{
"answer": "selective forces ... |
14,138 | "Race" is still sometimes used within forensic anthropology (when analyzing skeletal remains), biomedical research, and race-based medicine. Brace has criticized this, the practice of forensic anthropologists for using the controversial concept "race" out of convention when they in fact should be talking about regional... | [
{
"answer": "forensic",
"question": "What type of anthropology is \"race\" sometimes still used within?"
},
{
"answer": "regional ancestry",
"question": "What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?"
},
{
"answer": "specific region",
"question": "What can forensic anthr... |
14,139 | The authors of the study also examined 77 college textbooks in biology and 69 in physical anthropology published between 1932 and 1989. Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist. In contrast, biology textbooks did not undergo such a ... | [
{
"answer": "77",
"question": "How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1970s",
"question": "Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?"
},
{
"answer": "their discussion of race",
"que... |
14,140 | Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and brief discussions of race in the co... | [
{
"answer": "similar pattern",
"question": "What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?"
},
{
"answer": "35%",
"question": "How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?"
},
{
"answer": "43%",
"question": "After 1992, what ... |
14,141 | In the United States, federal government policy promotes the use of racially categorized data to identify and address health disparities between racial or ethnic groups. In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. Doctors have noted that some medical co... | [
{
"answer": "federal government",
"question": "Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "medical conditions",
"question": "What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?"
},
{
"answer": "more prevalent",
"q... |
14,142 | Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argu... | [
{
"answer": "genetic causation of the difference",
"question": "What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?"
},
{
"answer": "the individual",
"question": "What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their foc... |
14,143 | In an attempt to provide general descriptions that may facilitate the job of law enforcement officers seeking to apprehend suspects, the United States FBI employs the term "race" to summarize the general appearance (skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and other such easily noticed characteristics) of individuals whom ... | [
{
"answer": "job of law enforcement officers",
"question": "What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?"
},
{
"answer": "general appearance",
"question": "What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?"
},
{
"answer": "apprehend",
"question": "Wha... |
14,145 | In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling... | [
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?"
},
{
"answer": "racial profiling",
"question": "What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "de facto racial profiling",
"question": ... |
14,146 | Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarcer... | [
{
"answer": "Mass incarceration",
"question": "What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?"
},
{
"answer": "Michelle Alexander",
"question": "Who is the author of \"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness\"?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,147 | Similarly, forensic anthropologists draw on highly heritable morphological features of human remains (e.g. cranial measurements) to aid in the identification of the body, including in terms of race. In a 1992 article, anthropologist Norman Sauer noted that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as ... | [
{
"answer": "highly heritable",
"question": "What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?"
},
{
"answer": "cranial",
"question": "What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?"
},
{
"answer": "Norman Sauer",
"question": "Who noted in a 1992 artic... |
14,148 | Abu el-Haj argues that genomics and the mapping of lineages and clusters liberates "the new racial science from the older one by disentangling ancestry from culture and capacity."[citation needed] As an example, she refers to recent work by Hammer et al., which aimed to test the claim that present-day Jews are more clo... | [
{
"answer": "culture",
"question": "What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?"
},
{
"answer": "neighbouring non-Jewish populations",
"question": "Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,149 | As another example, she points to work by Thomas et al., who sought to distinguish between the Y chromosomes of Jewish priests (Kohanim), (in Judaism, membership in the priesthood is passed on through the father's line) and the Y chromosomes of non-Jews. Abu el-Haj concluded that this new "race science" calls attention... | [
{
"answer": "Y",
"question": "Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?"
},
{
"answer": "ancestry",
"question": "What does the new \"race science\" call attention to the importance of?"
},
{
"answer": "their claims about ances... |
14,150 | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African America... | [
{
"answer": "admixture",
"question": "What is a problem with racial assignments? "
},
{
"answer": "Many",
"question": "How many people have a varied ancestry?"
},
{
"answer": "colonial and early federal history",
"question": "When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in... |
14,151 | Since the 19th century, the built-up area of Paris has grown far beyond its administrative borders; together with its suburbs, the whole agglomeration has a population of 10,550,350 (Jan. 2012 census). Paris' metropolitan area spans most of the Paris region and has a population of 12,341,418 (Jan. 2012 census), or one-... | [
{
"answer": "10,550,350",
"question": "What is the aggregate population of Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "2012 census",
"question": "From what census is this information from?"
},
{
"answer": "12,341,418",
"question": "What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?"
},
{
"answe... |
14,152 | Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th ce... | [
{
"answer": "Louvre",
"question": "What is the most visited art museum in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "French Impressionist art",
"question": "what is the Musee de Orsay known for?"
},
{
"answer": "1889",
"question": "In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?"
},
{
"answer": "2... |
14,153 | Paris is home to the association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of... | [
{
"answer": "Paris Saint-Germain",
"question": "What is the name of the football club in Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "Stade Français",
"question": "What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "80,000",
"question": "How many seats are in Stade de France?"
},
{
"an... |
14,154 | By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known simply as Parisius in Latin and Paris in French. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on the hil... | [
{
"answer": "Parisius",
"question": "What was Paris known as in Latin?"
},
{
"answer": "3rd",
"question": "In what century was Christianity introduced?"
},
{
"answer": "Saint Denis",
"question": "Who brought Christianity to Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "Basilica of Saint-Denis",
... |
14,155 | Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. A gradual immigration by the Franks also occurred in Paris in the beginning of the Frankish domination of Gaul which created the Parisian Francien dialects. Fortification of the Île-de-France failed to prevent sacking by Vi... | [
{
"answer": "Clovis the Frank",
"question": "who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "987",
"question": "In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?"
},
{
"answer": "bridges",
"question": "What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?"
... |
14,156 | By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace. In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extre... | [
{
"answer": "Île de la Cité",
"question": "What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Maurice de Sully",
"question": "Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?"
},
{
"answer": "The Left Bank",
"question": "Where was the Univer... |
14,157 | During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic Lea... | [
{
"answer": "1420 until 1436",
"question": "In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?"
},
{
"answer": "Joan of Arc",
"question": "Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?"
},
{
"answer": "24 August 1572",
"question": "What was the date of the St... |
14,158 | Louis XIV distrusted the Parisians and moved his court to Versailles in 1682, but his reign also saw an unprecedented flourishing of the arts and sciences in Paris. The Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences were founded and made their headquarters in the city. To show that the c... | [
{
"answer": "1682",
"question": "In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?"
},
{
"answer": "Collège des Quatre-Nations, Place Vendôme, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides.",
"question": "What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "To show that ... |
14,159 | Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made virtual prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. In 1793, as the revolution turned more and more radical, the king, queen, and the mayor were guillotined, along with more than 16,000 others (throughout France), during the Reign of Terror. The property of the a... | [
{
"answer": "Tuileries Palace",
"question": "Where did Louis XVI and his family live?"
},
{
"answer": "9 November 1799",
"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?"
},
{
"answer": "16,000",
"question": "Approximately how many people were executed during ... |
14,160 | Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and... | [
{
"answer": "1848",
"question": "In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?"
},
{
"answer": "1860",
"question": "In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?"
},
{
"answer": "Georges-Eugène Haussmann",
"question": "Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?"
}
] |
14,161 | Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the fi... | [
{
"answer": "Impressionism",
"question": "What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?"
},
{
"answer": "to mark the centennial of the French Revolution",
"question": "What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?"
},
{
"answer": "1889 Universal Exposition",
... |
14,162 | During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the ye... | [
{
"answer": "6,000",
"question": "How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?"
},
{
"answer": "Les Années Folles",
"question": "What are the years after the war commonly known as?"
},
{
"answer": "Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, J... |
14,163 | On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". On 16–17 July 1942, following German orders, the French police and gendarmes arrested 12,884 Jews, including 4,115 children, and confined them during five days at the Vel d'Hiv (Vélodrome d'Hiver), from which they were transpor... | [
{
"answer": "14 June 1940",
"question": "On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?"
},
{
"answer": "12,884",
"question": "How many Jews were arrested following German orders?"
},
{
"answer": "Vel d'Hiv",
"question": "Where were the Jews confined prior to being t... |
14,164 | In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). On 17 October 1961, an unauthorised but peacefu... | [
{
"answer": "11",
"question": "How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?"
},
{
"answer": "curfew on Muslims of Algeria",
"question": "What was the result of the police officer killing?"
},
{
"answer": "at least 40",
"question": "How many people wer... |
14,165 | Most of the postwar's presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valéry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musée d'Orsay (1986); President François Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opéra Bastille (1985-1989),... | [
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?"
},
{
"answer": "Musée d'Orsay",
"question": "What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?"
},
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?"
},
{
"answ... |
14,166 | In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. It reached 2.25 million in 2011. In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoë became the first socialist mayor of Paris. In 2007, in an effort to reduce car traffic in the city, he introduced the Vélib', a sy... | [
{
"answer": "2.25 million",
"question": "What was the population of Paris in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "Bertrand Delanoë",
"question": "Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "Vélib'",
"question": "What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycle... |
14,167 | On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, and on 9 January, a third terrorist killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris–along wit... | [
{
"answer": "7 January 2015",
"question": "On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?"
},
{
"answer": "thirteen",
"question": "How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?"
},
{
"answer": "1.5 million",
"question": "How many people marched on January 11 ... |
14,169 | Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created ... | [
{
"answer": "Boulevard Périphérique",
"question": "What road encircles Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "2,300 km2",
"question": "How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "1860",
"question": "In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?"
},
{
"an... |
14,170 | Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb ) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. The overall climate throughout the year is mild and moderately wet. Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F)... | [
{
"answer": "North Atlantic Current",
"question": "Which current affects Paris' weather?"
},
{
"answer": "mild and moderately wet",
"question": "How is Paris' climate categorized?"
},
{
"answer": "between 15 and 25 °C",
"question": "What are the average temperatures for summer?"
},... |
14,171 | Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warm or cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons. In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 °C (45 °F). Light night frosts are however quite common,... | [
{
"answer": "7 °C",
"question": "What is the average temperature during winter?"
},
{
"answer": "sometimes sees light snow or flurries",
"question": "Does Paris see snow?"
},
{
"answer": "a few days a year",
"question": "How often does the temperature drop below -5 C"
}
] |
14,172 | The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each arrondissement elect the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), composed of 163 members. Each arrondissement has a number of members depending upon its population, from 10 members for each of the least-populated arrondissements (1st through 9th)... | [
{
"answer": "163",
"question": "How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "majority of council members",
"question": "How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected"
},
{
"answer": "once a month",
"question": "How often does the council meet?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,173 | The budget of the city for 2013 was €7.6 billion, of which 5.4 billion went for city administration, while €2.2 billion went for investment. The largest part of the budget (38 percent) went for public housing and urbanism projects; 15 percent for roads and transport; 8 percent for schools (which are mostly financed by ... | [
{
"answer": "€7.6 billion",
"question": "What was the budget of the city in 2013"
},
{
"answer": "5.4 billion",
"question": "How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?"
},
{
"answer": "38",
"question": "What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urb... |
14,174 | The Métropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Ha... | [
{
"answer": "January 1, 2016",
"question": "When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?"
},
{
"answer": "814 square kilometers",
"question": "How large is the Metropole?"
},
{
"answer": "6.945 million",
"question": "What is the population of the metropole?"
},
{
... |
14,175 | The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a ... | [
{
"answer": "210",
"question": "How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?"
},
{
"answer": "Patrick Ollier",
"question": "Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?"
},
{
"answer": "Rueil-Malmaison",
"question": "What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?"
},
{... |
14,176 | The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union o... | [
{
"answer": "7th",
"question": "In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?"
},
{
"answer": "seventeen",
"question": "For how many years did the socialists governed the region?"
},
{
"answer": "121",
"question": "How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of ... |
14,177 | France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Île de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the ad... | [
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where are France's highest courts located?"
},
{
"answer": "Court of Cassation",
"question": "What is the highest court in the judicial order?"
},
{
"answer": "Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal",
"question": "Where does the Constitutional Council ... |
14,178 | Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francop... | [
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?"... |
14,179 | The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior of France. It supervises the units of the National Police who patrol the city and the three neighbouring departments. It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including ... | [
{
"answer": "Prefecture of Police of Paris",
"question": "Who is responsible for the security of Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "Place Louis Lépine on the Île de la Cité",
"question": "Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "30,200",
"question": "How... |
14,180 | Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war. In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map.[citation n... | [
{
"answer": "Baron Haussmann",
"question": "Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "île Saint-Louis, the île de la Cité",
"question": "Which two islands remain in Paris today?"
},
{
"answer": "1827",
"question": "When was ile aux Cygnes created?"
}
] |
14,183 | In 2012 the Paris agglomeration (urban area) counted 28,800 people without a fixed residence, an increase of 84 percent since 2001; it represents 43 percent of the homeless in all of France. Forty-one percent were women, and 29 percent were accompanied by children. Fifty-six percent of the homeless were born outside Fr... | [
{
"answer": "28,800",
"question": "What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?"
},
{
"answer": "43",
"question": "What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?"
},
{
"answer": "43",
"question": "What percentage of homeless peopl... |
14,184 | Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine département had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to gove... | [
{
"answer": "Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes",
"question": "What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?"
},
{
"answer": "1790",
"question": "When was the Siene department created?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "WHen was District de la region... |
14,185 | Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were t... | [
{
"answer": "1961",
"question": "When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?"
},
{
"answer": "lack of suburban transportation",
"question": "What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many suburb... |
14,186 | These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. To the north of the city they are grouped mainly in the Seine-Saint-Denis department, and to a lesser extreme to the east in the Val-d'Oise department. Other difficult... | [
{
"answer": "northern and eastern Paris",
"question": "Where are the quartiers sensibles located?"
},
{
"answer": "Goutte d'Or and Belleville",
"question": "What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?"
},
{
"answer": "Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political ... |
14,187 | The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ah... | [
{
"answer": "2,241,346",
"question": "In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?"
},
{
"answer": "fifth",
"question": "Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?"
},
{
"answer": "London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome",
"question": "What 4 cities are l... |
14,188 | The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of... | [
{
"answer": "2.9 million",
"question": "What is Paris' peak population?"
},
{
"answer": "1921",
"question": "When was Paris' population peak?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "What year was the first population increase since 1954?"
},
{
"answer": "2,234,000",
"questio... |
14,189 | According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. According to t... | [
{
"answer": "Commune of Paris",
"question": "What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "21,616",
"question": "How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?"
},
{
"answer": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne",
"question": "Wh... |
14,190 | The remaining group, people born in foreign countries with no French citizenship at birth, are those defined as immigrants under French law. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the city of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egyp... | [
{
"answer": "135,853",
"question": "How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "112,369",
"question": "How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?"
},
{
"answer": "70,852",
"question": "How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Sah... |
14,191 | At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support s... | [
{
"answer": "59.5",
"question": "What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "agriculture",
"question": "What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "0.2",
"question": "What percentage of people worked in agriculture?"
... |
14,192 | The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, of whom 2.2 million were concentrated in 39 pôles d'emplois or business districts. The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2... | [
{
"answer": "5.4 million",
"question": "How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?"
}
] |
14,193 | The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, where many companies installed their offices in the 1990s. In 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance, 16 percent in business support services. Two other important... | [
{
"answer": "La Défense",
"question": "Who is the second largest business district employer?"
},
{
"answer": "144,600",
"question": "How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "finance and insurance",
"question": "What field did the majority of the employees at La... |
14,194 | The Paris Region is France's leading region for economic activity, with a 2012 GDP of €624 billion (US$687 billion). In 2011, its GDP ranked second among the regions of Europe and its per-capita GDP was the 4th highest in Europe. While the Paris region's population accounted for 18.8 percent of metropolitan France in 2... | [
{
"answer": "€624 billion",
"question": "What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "29",
"question": "How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "30",
"question": "What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from ... |
14,195 | The Paris Region economy has gradually shifted from industry to high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.). The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Défense bus... | [
{
"answer": "high-value-added service industries",
"question": "What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?"
},
{
"answer": "industry",
"question": "Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?"
},
{
"answer": "west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défen... |
14,197 | Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods and shoe trades. Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp de... | [
{
"answer": "transportation",
"question": "What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?"
},
{
"answer": "64",
"question": "How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "100,000",
"question": "How many people does the Paris regions a... |
14,198 | The southern Essonne department specialises in science and technology, and the south-eastern Val-de-Marne, with its wholesale Rungis food market, specialises in food processing and beverages. The Paris region's manufacturing decline is quickly being replaced by eco-industries: these employ about 100,000 workers. In 201... | [
{
"answer": "science and technology",
"question": "What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?"
},
{
"answer": "food processing and beverages",
"question": "What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?"
},
{
"answer": "56,927",
"question": "How many construction w... |
14,199 | The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was €36,085 for 2011. It ranged from €22,095 in the 19th arrondissement to €82,449 in the 7th arrondissement. The median taxable income for 2011 was around €25,000 in Paris and €22,200 for Île-de-France. Generally speak... | [
{
"answer": "€36,085",
"question": "What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "€22,095",
"question": "What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?"
},
{
"answer": "€82,449",
"question": "What was the average in come in the 7th arrondisseme... |
14,200 | While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. In 2012, 14 percent of households in the city earned less than €977 per month, the official poverty line. Twenty-five percent of residents in the 19th arrondissement lived below the pov... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?"
},
{
"answer": "7",
"question": "What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?"
},
{
"answer": "Twenty-five",
"question": "WHat percentage of peop... |
14,201 | There were 72.1 million visitors to the city's museums and monuments in 2013. The city's top tourist attraction was the Notre Dame Cathedral, which welcomed 14 million visitors in 2013. The Louvre museum had more than 9.2 million visitors in 2013, making it the most visited museum in the world. The other top cultural a... | [
{
"answer": "72.1 million",
"question": "How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "Notre Dame Cathedral",
"question": "What is Paris' top tourist attraction?"
},
{
"answer": "9.2 million",
"question": "How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?"
... |
14,202 | The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de... | [
{
"answer": "centre of Paris",
"question": "Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?"
},
{
"answer": "the tomb of Napoleon",
"question": "What is housed at Les Invalides?"
},
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully ... |
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