id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
14,323 | The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924, a name whi... | [
{
"answer": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company",
"question": "What was the original name of IBM?"
},
{
"answer": "International Business Machines",
"question": "What does IBM stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "1911",
"question": "In what year was CTR created?"
},
{
"answer": "B... |
14,324 | In 2012, Fortune ranked IBM the second largest U.S. firm in terms of number of employees (435,000 worldwide), the fourth largest in terms of market capitalization, the ninth most profitable, and the nineteenth largest firm in terms of revenue. Globally, the company was ranked the 31st largest in terms of revenue by For... | [
{
"answer": "435,000 worldwide",
"question": "How many employees did IBM have in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "fourth largest",
"question": "What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "31st largest",
"question": "In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at wh... |
14,325 | IBM has 12 research laboratories worldwide, bundled into IBM Research. As of 2013[update] the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 22 consecutive years. Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology and five National Medals of Science... | [
{
"answer": "IBM Research",
"question": "Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?"
},
{
"answer": "12 research laboratories worldwide",
"question": "How many research labs does IBM have world wide?"
},
{
"answer": "22 consecutive years",
"question": "In 20... |
14,326 | IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, clou... | [
{
"answer": "16.8%",
"question": "What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "9.0%",
"question": "What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "24.3%",
... |
14,327 | IBM acquired Kenexa (2012) and SPSS (2009) and PwC's consulting business (2002), spinning off companies like printer manufacturer Lexmark (1991), and selling off product lines like its personal computer and x86 server businesses to Lenovo (2005, 2014). In 2014, IBM announced that it would go "fabless" by offloading IBM... | [
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?"
},
{
"answer": "SPSS",
"question": "IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it."
},
{
"answer": "Lexmark",
"question": "IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?"
},
{
"answer": "pers... |
14,328 | On June 16, 1911, their four companies were consolidated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR). CTR's business office was in Endicott. The individual companies owned by CTR continued to operate using their established names until the businesses were integrat... | [
{
"answer": "June 16, 1911",
"question": "On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Ranlett Flint",
"question": "Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating... |
14,330 | In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary ... | [
{
"answer": "Dehomag",
"question": "What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?"
},
{
"answer": "26 million",
"question": "Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "translation services",
"question": "What service... |
14,331 | In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not mere... | [
{
"answer": "1952",
"question": "Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "artificial intelligence",
"question": "In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?"
},
{
"answer": "an IBM 704",
"question": "What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to p... |
14,332 | In 2002, IBM acquired PwC consulting. In 2003 it initiated a project to redefine company values. Using its Jam technology, it hosted a three-day Internet-based online discussion of key business issues with 50,000 employees. Results were data mined with sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) for common theme... | [
{
"answer": "PwC consulting",
"question": "One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?"
},
{
"answer": "50,000 employees",
"question": "In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?"
},
{
"answer": "Jam technology",
"question": "What technology did IBM use for its 20... |
14,333 | In 2005, the company sold its personal computer business to Chinese technology company Lenovo, and in the same year it agreed to acquire Micromuse. A year later IBM launched Secure Blue, a low-cost hardware design for data encryption that can be built into a microprocessor. In 2009 it acquired software company SPSS Inc... | [
{
"answer": "Lenovo",
"question": "IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?"
},
{
"answer": "Secure Blue",
"question": "What was the design for low cost data encryption name... |
14,334 | On October 28, 2015, IBM announced its acquisition of digital assets from The Weather Company—a holding company of Bain Capital, The Blackstone Group and NBCUniversal which owns The Weather Channel, including its weather data platforms (such as Weather Services International), websites (Weather.com and Weather Undergro... | [
{
"answer": "The Weather Company",
"question": "IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015."
},
{
"answer": "Watson",
"question": "What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?"
},
{
"answer": "January 29, 2016",
"question": "When did the sale of Wea... |
14,335 | The company's 14 member Board of Directors is responsible for overall corporate management. As of Cathie Black's resignation in November 2010 its membership (by affiliation and year of joining) included: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '9... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?"
},
{
"answer": "Cathie Black's",
"question": "What board member resigned in November 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "'07",
"question": "What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?"
},
{... |
14,336 | On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 ne... | [
{
"answer": "5% drop",
"question": "How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "January 21, 2014",
"question": "What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "$1.2bn",
"question": "IBM c... |
14,337 | Other major campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome, Cracow and Toronto; Johannesburg, Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, an... | [
{
"answer": "330 North Wabash building in Chicago",
"question": "What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?"
},
{
"answer": "center of the company's research division",
"question": "The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?"
},
{
"answer": "1990 Honor Award",
... |
14,338 | IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional ... | [
{
"answer": "Thomas J. Watson",
"question": "Who was the CEO in 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "1924",
"question": "The Quarter Century Club began in this year."
},
{
"answer": "Business Machines",
"question": "What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?"
},
{
"answer": "Hundred Perc... |
14,339 | IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think wa... | [
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?"
},
{
"answer": "IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott",
"question": "IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?"
},
{
"answer": "Think",
"question": "IBM employees created a magazine in 19... |
14,340 | In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, a... | [
{
"answer": "Thomas J. Watson, Jr",
"question": "Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?"
},
{
"answer": "1952",
"question": "In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?"
},
{
"answer": "sex, national origin, and age",
"question": "In 19... |
14,341 | On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing p... | [
{
"answer": "September 21, 1953",
"question": "What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?"
},
{
"answer": "the U.S. South",
"question": "IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in th... |
14,342 | IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. IBM has also released code under different open so... | [
{
"answer": "Linux",
"question": "IBM began supporting this in 1998."
},
{
"answer": "the IBM Linux Technology Center",
"question": "300 Linux kernel developers work here."
},
{
"answer": "Eclipse",
"question": "IBM created the software framework known as?"
},
{
"answer": "SC... |
14,343 | DeveloperWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-st... | [
{
"answer": "DeveloperWorks",
"question": "IBM runs what website for software developers?"
},
{
"answer": "was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame",
"question": "In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?"
},
{
"answer": "Linux",
"question": "DeveloperWorks has content about open indus... |
14,344 | Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. I... | [
{
"answer": "PowerPC tri-core processor",
"question": "What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?"
},
{
"answer": "less than 24 months",
"question": "How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?"
},
{
"answer": "Cell BE microprocessor",
"question": "Playstation 3 featu... |
14,345 | IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Of... | [
{
"answer": "Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X",
"question": "What will Open Client Offering run on?"
},
{
"answer": "Open Document Format software",
"question": "What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?"
},
{
"answer": "5%",
"question": "What ... |
14,346 | In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Re... | [
{
"answer": "Project Big Green",
"question": "What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?"
},
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "Secure Blue was launched in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "encryption hardware",
"question": "What t... |
14,347 | IBM also holds the SmartCamp program globally. The program searches for fresh start-up companies that IBM can partner with to solve world problems. IBM holds 17 SmartCamp events around the world. Since July 2011, IBM has partnered with Pennies, the electronic charity box, and produced a software solution for IBM retail... | [
{
"answer": "SmartCamp",
"question": "What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?"
},
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?"
},
{
"answer": "Pennies",
"question": "Who has IBM ... |
14,348 | The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compou... | [
{
"answer": "Endicott",
"question": "What location is the birthplace of IBM?"
},
{
"answer": "4,100 gallons",
"question": "How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?"
},
{
"answer": "more than two decades",
"question": "How long did IBM use liquid ... |
14,349 | The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to ... | [
{
"answer": "New Right",
"question": "What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-socialist",
"question": "Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Menzies",
"question": "Who was the Lib... |
14,350 | Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "The forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged tha... | [
{
"answer": "the middle class",
"question": "Whom are referred to as \"The forgoten people?\""
},
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Don Chipp",
"question": "Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 19... |
14,351 | Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time... | [
{
"answer": "generally maintain",
"question": "Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?"
},
{
"answer": "the Country Party",
"question": "Which group is currently known as the \"National Party\"?"
},
{
"answer": "a conservative liberal group who advocated mark... |
14,352 | The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by th... | [
{
"answer": "United Australia Party (UAP)",
"question": "Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments",
"question": "From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?"
},
{
"answer": "Nationalist Party of Austral... |
14,353 | The UAP had been formed as a new conservative alliance in 1931, with Labor defector Joseph Lyons as its leader. The stance of Lyons and other Labor rebels against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Great Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives. With Australia... | [
{
"answer": "the Great Depression",
"question": "What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyons' death in 1939",
"question": "What event caused Robert Menzies ... |
14,354 | Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio ta... | [
{
"answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\"",
"question": "To what are Menzies' \"Forgotten People\" radio talks compared to?"
},
{
"answer": "\"backbone of Australia\"",
"question": "How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?"
},
{
"answer": "opposed",
"question": "Was... |
14,355 | The formation of the party was formally announced at Sydney Town Hall on 31 August 1945. It took the name "Liberal" in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party. The new party was dominated by the remains of the old UAP; with few exceptions, the UAP party room became the Liberal party room. The Australian Women's Na... | [
{
"answer": "Sydney Town Hall",
"question": "Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?"
},
{
"answer": "in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party",
"question": "Where did the name \"Liberal\" come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Young Liberals",
"question": "Wha... |
14,356 | After an initial loss to Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and the party stayed in office for a record 23 years—still the longest unbroken run in government at the federal level. Australia experienced prolonged economic growth during the post-war boom period of the Me... | [
{
"answer": "a record 23 years",
"question": "How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?"
},
{
"answer": "end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children",
"question": "What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 ... |
14,357 | Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by... | [
{
"answer": "Anti-communism",
"question": "What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?"
},
{
"answer": "committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war",
"question": "What actions show... |
14,358 | In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San ... | [
{
"answer": "ANZUS Treaty",
"question": "Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?"
},
{
"answer": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States",
"question": "Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "South East Asia ... |
14,360 | Holt increased Australian commitment to the growing War in Vietnam, which met with some public opposition. His government oversaw conversion to decimal currency. Holt faced Britain's withdrawal from Asia by visiting and hosting many Asian leaders and by expanding ties to the United States, hosting the first visit to Au... | [
{
"answer": "Holt",
"question": "Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?"
},
{
"answer": "commitment to the growing War in Vietnam",
"question": "Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?"
},
{
"answer": "1967 Referendum",
"question": "Whi... |
14,361 | The Gorton Government increased funding for the arts, setting up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School. The Gorton Government passed legislation establishing equal pay for men and women and increased pensions, allowances and... | [
{
"answer": "The Gorton Government",
"question": "Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?"
},
{
"answer": "The Gorton Government",
"question": "Which government established equal pay for men and women?"
},
{
"answer": "end of 1970",
"question": "What year did the Gor... |
14,362 | Gorton maintained good relations with the United States and Britain, but pursued closer ties with Asia. The Gorton government experienced a decline in voter support at the 1969 election. State Liberal leaders saw his policies as too Centralist, while other Liberals didn't like his personal behaviour. In 1971, Defence M... | [
{
"answer": "Asia",
"question": "Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?"
},
{
"answer": "Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser",
"question": "Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?"
},
{
"answer": "he resigned",
"question": "Was Gorton impeached, v... |
14,363 | During McMahon's period in office, Neville Bonner joined the Senate and became the first Indigenous Australian in the Australian Parliament. Bonner was chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971 and celebrated his maiden parliamentary speech with a boomerang throwing display on the lawns of Parliament... | [
{
"answer": "Neville Bonner",
"question": "Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?"
},
{
"answer": "12 years",
"question": "How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?"
},
{
"answer": "chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971",
"question": "... |
14,364 | Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 197... | [
{
"answer": "11 November 1975",
"question": "On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?"
},
{
"answer": "the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr",
"question": "How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?"
},
{
"answer": "Fras... |
14,365 | Fraser maintained some of the social reforms of the Whitlam era, while seeking increased fiscal restraint. His government included the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian, Neville Bonner, and in 1976, Parliament passed the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, which, while limited to the Northern Territory, affirmed "i... | [
{
"answer": "Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976",
"question": "Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?"
},
{
"answer": "a severe drought",
"question": "What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?"
},
{
"answer": "Australian ... |
14,366 | Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consu... | [
{
"answer": "he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag",
"question": "How was Howard different from Paul Keating?"
},
{
"answer": "pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introductio... |
14,367 | Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Ele... | [
{
"answer": "the Liberal and National parties",
"question": "Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?"
},
{
"answer": "the new Liberal National Party of Queensland",
"question": "In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?"
}... |
14,368 | Following the 2007 Federal Election, Dr Brendan Nelson was elected leader by the Parliamentary Liberal Party. On 16 September 2008, in a second contest following a spill motion, Nelson lost the leadership to Malcolm Turnbull. On 1 December 2009, a subsequent leadership election saw Turnbull lose the leadership to Tony ... | [
{
"answer": "42 votes to 41",
"question": "How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?"
},
{
"answer": "Dr Brendan Nelson",
"question": "Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?"
},
{
"answer": "Malcolm Turnbull",
"question": ... |
14,369 | The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now ... | [
{
"answer": "Malcolm Turnbull",
"question": "Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?"
},
{
"answer": "Tony Abbott",
"question": "Who was Turnbull elected to replace?"
},
{
"answer": "Julie Bishop",
"question": "Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?"
},
{
"answer"... |
14,370 | Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including t... | [
{
"answer": "Ken Wyatt",
"question": "Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?"
},
{
"answer": "2010",
"question": "In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?"
},
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "In what year was the... |
14,371 | The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but was to a large extent abandoned by the Howard Government, which showed strong ... | [
{
"answer": "six",
"question": "How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?"
},
{
"answer": "Menzies",
"question": "Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?"
},
{
"answer": "almost entirely by the parliamentary parties,... |
14,374 | In South Australia, initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League (LCL), mostly led by Premier of South Australia Tom Playford, was in power from the 1933 election to the 1965 election, though with assistance from an electoral malapportionment, or gerrymander, known as the Playm... | [
{
"answer": "from the 1933 election to the 1965 election",
"question": "How long was Tom Playford in political power?"
},
{
"answer": "a record five",
"question": "How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?"
},
{
"answer": "1968 election to the 1970 ... |
14,375 | In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. ... | [
{
"answer": "translator",
"question": "What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)",
"question": "What are samurai usually called in Japanse?"
},
{
"answer": "Kokin Wakashū",
"question": "Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?"
... |
14,376 | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | [
{
"answer": "bushi",
"question": "What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?"
},
{
"answer": "a clan",
"question": "What were samurai affiliated with?"
},
{
"answer": "less than 10%",
"question": "How much of Japan were samurais?"
},
{
"answer": "everyday life and in mod... |
14,377 | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | [
{
"answer": "663 AD",
"question": "When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?"
},
{
"answer": "Tang China and Silla",
"question": "Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?"
},
{
"answer": "a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs",
"question": "What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukin... |
14,378 | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | [
{
"answer": "early Heian period",
"question": "In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?"
},
{
"answer": "the late 8th and early 9th centuries",
"question": "When was the early Heian?"
},
{
"answer": "Emishi",
"question": "Who did Kammu fail to conquer?"
},
{
"answer": "sei'i-ta... |
14,379 | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | [
{
"answer": "late 12th century",
"question": "When was the Genpei war?"
},
{
"answer": "Minamoto no Yoritomo",
"question": "Who was given the right to appoint shugo?"
},
{
"answer": "clan leader",
"question": "What was Minamoto's position?"
},
{
"answer": "Minamoto no Yoritom... |
14,380 | Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a dis... | [
{
"answer": "Heiji Rebellion",
"question": "What rebellion happened in 1160?"
},
{
"answer": "the rival Minamoto and Taira clans",
"question": "Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?"
},
{
"answer": "four-year",
"question": "How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?"
},
{
"... |
14,381 | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | [
{
"answer": "Taira no Kiyomori",
"question": "Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?"
},
{
"answer": "Taira no Kiyomori",
"question": "Who established the first samurai-led administration?"
},
{
"answer": "the Minamoto",
"question": "Who succeeded the Taira clan?"
},... |
14,382 | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | [
{
"answer": "1180",
"question": "When did the Gempei War begin?"
},
{
"answer": "1185",
"question": "When did the Gempei War end?"
},
{
"answer": "The Taira and the Minamoto",
"question": "Which clans fought in the Gempei War?"
},
{
"answer": "Honshu and Kyushu",
"questio... |
14,383 | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | [
{
"answer": "Yuan",
"question": "Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?"
},
{
"answer": "40,000",
"question": "How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "900",
"question": "How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "nort... |
14,384 | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | [
{
"answer": "a great stone barrier",
"question": "What was built around Hakata Bay?"
},
{
"answer": "1276",
"question": "When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?"
},
{
"answer": "1277",
"question": "When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?"
},
{
"an... |
14,386 | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | [
{
"answer": "Tokugawa Ieyasu",
"question": "Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?"
},
{
"answer": "Eastern Army",
"question": "What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?"
},
{
"answer": "Katō Kiyomasa",
"question": "Which commander l... |
14,387 | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | [
{
"answer": "Oda Nobunaga",
"question": "Who used arquebuses a lot?"
},
{
"answer": "innovation",
"question": "What did Oda Nobunaga value?"
},
{
"answer": "Oda Nobunaga",
"question": "Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?"
},
{
"answer": "1582",
"question": "When did Oda ... |
14,388 | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | [
{
"answer": "During the Tokugawa shogunate",
"question": "When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?"
},
{
"answer": "the early 17th century",
"question": "When had samurai last been used in battle?"
},
{
"answer": "the Edo period",
"question": "What was another name for the Tokug... |
14,389 | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | [
{
"answer": "daimyo",
"question": "Who were most samurais' lords?"
},
{
"answer": "Confucius and Mencius",
"question": "Whose teachings did all samurai read?"
},
{
"answer": "social class, time and geographic location",
"question": "What did Bushido transcend?"
},
{
"answer":... |
14,390 | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | [
{
"answer": "U.S. Navy",
"question": "Which force invaded Japan in 1853?"
},
{
"answer": "Commodore Matthew Perry",
"question": "Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "force Japan to open its borders to trade",
"question": "What was Perry's goal in Japan?"
},
... |
14,391 | From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to buil... | [
{
"answer": "1854",
"question": "When was the samurai military modernized?"
},
{
"answer": "Nagasaki",
"question": "Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?"
},
{
"answer": "Naval",
"question": "What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?"
},
{
"answer": "trad... |
14,393 | Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setti... | [
{
"answer": "Samurai",
"question": "What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?"
},
{
"answer": "Iwasaki Yatarō",
"question": "Who started Mitsubishi?"
},
{
"answer": "great-grandson of a samurai",
"question": "What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?"
},
{
... |
14,394 | The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while ... | [
{
"answer": "Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto",
"question": "What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?"
},
{
"answer": "Zen",
"question": "What type of meditation did samurai do?"
},
{
"answer": "The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth",
... |
14,396 | "First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virt... | [
{
"answer": "battle",
"question": "What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?"
},
{
"answer": "the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors",
"question": "What debt should samurai not forget?"
},
{
"answer": "loyalty and filial piety",
"question"... |
14,397 | Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and th... | [
{
"answer": "the Sengoku Era",
"question": "When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?"
},
{
"answer": "1592",
"question": "When did Japan begin invading Korea?"
},
{
"answer": "1598",
"question": "When did Japan finish invading Korea?"
},
{
"answer": "to \"...grasp the long and the sh... |
14,398 | Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Tor... | [
{
"answer": "Tokugawa Ieyasu",
"question": "Who did Torii Mototada serve?"
},
{
"answer": "1539",
"question": "When was Torii Mototada born?"
},
{
"answer": "1600",
"question": "When did Torii Mototada die?"
},
{
"answer": "40,000",
"question": "How many people were in Is... |
14,399 | The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives a... | [
{
"answer": "Uesugi Kenshin",
"question": "Who was Takeda's rival?"
},
{
"answer": "the \"way of the warrior as death\"",
"question": "What did Uesugi encourage?"
},
{
"answer": "Japanese historian",
"question": "What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,400 | Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than ... | [
{
"answer": "Jesuit",
"question": "What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?"
},
{
"answer": "1506",
"question": "When was St. Francis Xavier born?"
},
{
"answer": "1552",
"question": "When did St. Francis Xavier die?"
},
{
"answer": "1549–1551",
"question": "When d... |
14,401 | In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan i... | [
{
"answer": "Malaysia",
"question": "Where was Malacca?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "Where was Goa?"
},
{
"answer": "Anjiro",
"question": "Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?"
},
{
"answer": "Portuguese",
"question": "In what language did Anjiro speak... |
14,402 | In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of wa... | [
{
"answer": "William Scott Wilson",
"question": "Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?"
},
{
"answer": "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari",
"question": "Who were the models for future generations of samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "the Heike Monogatari",
"question": "Where did Japanese warr... |
14,403 | As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adap... | [
{
"answer": "samurai",
"question": "Whose culture included tea ceremonies?"
},
{
"answer": "monochrome ink",
"question": "What kind of painting did samurai do?"
},
{
"answer": "Chinese arts",
"question": "What was Japanese culture influenced by?"
},
{
"answer": "Zen monks",
... |
14,404 | For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age... | [
{
"answer": "an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony",
"question": "What did Nobunaga mean?"
},
{
"answer": "a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province",
"question": "What did Kazusanosuke mean?"
},
{
"answer": "a formal nickname (yobina)",
"question": "W... |
14,405 | A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money... | [
{
"answer": "akin to a marriage",
"question": "How did the samurai treat concubines?"
},
{
"answer": "shameful, if not criminal",
"question": "How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?"
},
{
"answer": "many wealthy merchants",
"question": "Who thought being a concubine was bett... |
14,406 | A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for pe... | [
{
"answer": "rare",
"question": "How common was divorce for samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "adoption of a male heir",
"question": "What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?"
},
{
"answer": "it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage",
"... |
14,407 | Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the child... | [
{
"answer": "Maintaining the household",
"question": "What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?"
},
{
"answer": "one who remains in the home",
"question": "What did okugatasama mean?"
},
{
"answer": "manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend t... |
14,408 | Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that ma... | [
{
"answer": "humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty",
"question": "What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?"
},
{
"answer": "the children (and perhaps servants, too)",
"question": "Who did samurai wives have to teach?"
},
{
"answer": "elderly parents ... |
14,410 | As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Tho... | [
{
"answer": "Tokugawa",
"question": "In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?"
},
{
"answer": "intelligence and education as desirable attributes",
"question": "What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?"
},
{
"answer": "philosophical and literary cl... |
14,411 | The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Ad... | [
{
"answer": "William Adams",
"question": "Who was the first Western samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu",
"question": "Who made William Adams a samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "Anjin Miura",
"question": "What was William Adams's Japanese name?"
},
{
"answer": "bannerman... |
14,412 | Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the eas... | [
{
"answer": "Dutch",
"question": "What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?"
},
{
"answer": "1556",
"question": "Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?"
},
{
"answer": "Yayousu",
"question": "What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?"
},
{
"answ... |
14,413 | In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in... | [
{
"answer": "Prussian",
"question": "What nationality was Edward Schnell?"
},
{
"answer": "military instructor and procurer of weapons",
"question": "What duties did Edward Schnell have?"
},
{
"answer": "the Aizu domain",
"question": "Who did Edward Schnell work for?"
},
{
"a... |
14,414 | As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The... | [
{
"answer": "a form of lamellar armor",
"question": "What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?"
},
{
"answer": "yoroi",
"question": "What was the first samurai armor called?"
},
{
"answer": "kozane",
"question": "What were the small scales in yoroi called?"
},
{
... |
14,415 | In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor... | [
{
"answer": "the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection",
"question": "Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?"
},
{
"answer": "kozane dou",
"question": "What type of armor was replaced?"
},
{
"answer": "plate armor",
"question": "What new ... |
14,416 | The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to... | [
{
"answer": "those who serve in close attendance to nobility",
"question": "What did 'samurai' mean at first?"
},
{
"answer": "to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend",
"question": "What did 'samorapu' mean?"
},
{
"answer": "to serve, ... |
14,417 | Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. S... | [
{
"answer": "ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families",
"question": "Who were the bushi class?"
},
{
"answer": "mainly in the north of Japan",
"question": "Where did the bushi live?"
},
{
"answer": "Kyoto",
"question": "Where did the imperial family live?"
},
{... |
14,418 | Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many ... | [
{
"answer": "hara kiri",
"question": "What was a synonym for seppuku?"
},
{
"answer": "allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death",
"question": "What was the reason for seppuku?"
},
{
"answer": "as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior",
"q... |
14,419 | Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lo... | [
{
"answer": "Akechi Mitsuhide",
"question": "Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "Kusunoki Masashige)",
"question": "Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "Tokugawa",
"question": "Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to... |
14,420 | Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, gr... | [
{
"answer": "historical drama",
"question": "What is Jidaigeki?"
},
{
"answer": "One of Japan’s most renowned directors",
"question": "Who is Akira Kurosawa? "
},
{
"answer": "Akira Kurosawa",
"question": "Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?"
},
{
"answer": "Seven Samurai",
"qu... |
14,421 | Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popul... | [
{
"answer": "one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists",
"question": "Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?"
},
{
"answer": "for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture",
"question": "Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?"
},
{
"answer": "manga",
... |
14,422 | Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers ... | [
{
"answer": "Moscardi, N.D.",
"question": "Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "hack-and-slash",
"question": "What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?"
},
{
"answer": "gritty urban",
"question": "What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?"
}
] |
14,423 | Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the tre... | [
{
"answer": "Takashi Okazaki",
"question": "Who created Afro Samurai?"
},
{
"answer": "Studio Gonzo",
"question": "Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "When did Afro Samurai first air?"
},
{
"answer": "Spike TV",
"question":... |
14,425 | As the number of possible tests for even simple software components is practically infinite, all software testing uses some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available time and resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with the... | [
{
"answer": "finding software bugs",
"question": "What is the purpose of testing software?"
},
{
"answer": "tests for even simple software components is practically infinite",
"question": "Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?"
},
{
"answer": "it can illuminate other, deeper... |
14,426 | Although testing can determine the correctness of software under the assumption of some specific hypotheses (see hierarchy of testing difficulty below), testing cannot identify all the defects within software. Instead, it furnishes a criticism or comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against or... | [
{
"answer": "all the defects",
"question": "What can testing not completely find?"
},
{
"answer": "furnishes a criticism or comparison",
"question": "While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?"
},
{
"answer": "oracles—principles or mechanisms",
"question": "What does the softw... |
14,427 | A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes e... | [
{
"answer": "to detect software failures",
"question": "What is the primamry reason for testing software?"
},
{
"answer": "cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions",
"question": "What can testing software not fully completely establish?"
},
{
"answer": "exa... |
14,428 | Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failure... | [
{
"answer": "programmer makes an error",
"question": "What is the first step that leads to a software failure?"
},
{
"answer": "defect (fault, bug)",
"question": "What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?"
},
{
"answer": "run on a new computer hardware platform",
"questi... |
14,429 | A fundamental problem with software testing is that testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible, even with a simple product.:17-18 This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find in tes... | [
{
"answer": "testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible",
"question": "What is the primary issue with running software testing?"
},
{
"answer": "defects that occur infrequently",
"question": "What types of software bugs are difficult to find during... |
14,430 | Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combin... | [
{
"answer": "use combinatorial test design",
"question": "Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? "
},
{
"answer": "get greater test coverage with fewer tests",
"question": "What does the use of combinatorial testing consist ... |
14,431 | It is commonly believed that the earlier a defect is found, the cheaper it is to fix it. The following table shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the stage it was found. For example, if a problem in the requirements is found only post-release, then it would cost 10–100 times more to fix than if it had alrea... | [
{
"answer": "the earlier a defect is found",
"question": "What determines the cost of fixing a bug?"
},
{
"answer": "10–100 times more",
"question": "Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?"
},
{
"answer": "cloud-based services",
"qu... |
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