id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
14,648 | Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the ob... | [
{
"answer": "generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine",
"question": "Give one example of energy transformation."
},
{
"answer": "Sun",
"question": "What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?"
},
{
"answer": "lifting an object against gravity... |
14,649 | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | [
{
"answer": "kinetic energy",
"question": "What is determined by an object's movement through space?"
},
{
"answer": "thermal energy",
"question": "What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?"
},
{
"answer": "potential energy",
"question": "What is a funct... |
14,650 | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | [
{
"answer": "Elastic energy in materials",
"question": "What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?"
},
{
"answer": "from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons",
"question": "Where is chemical energy stored and released?"
},
{
"answer": "kinetic",
"ques... |
14,651 | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | [
{
"answer": "vis viva",
"question": "What is a term for living force?"
},
{
"answer": "vis viva",
"question": "What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?"
},
{
"answer": "Gottfried Leibniz",
"question": "Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?... |
14,652 | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | [
{
"answer": "Thomas Young",
"question": "Who was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
},
{
"answer": "1807",
"question": "When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
},
{
"answer": "William Rankine",
"question": "Who coined the t... |
14,653 | These developments led to the theory of conservation of energy, formalized largely by William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) as the field of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical... | [
{
"answer": "William Thomson",
"question": "Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?"
},
{
"answer": "Thermodynamics",
"question": "What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?"
},
{
... |
14,654 | Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The... | [
{
"answer": "Lagrangian",
"question": "What is another energy-related concept?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange",
"question": "Who is the Lagrangian named after?"
},
{
"answer": "Lagrangian",
"question": "What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?"
},
... |
14,655 | Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in L... | [
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "When was Noether's theorem created?"
},
{
"answer": "Noether's theorem",
"question": "What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?"
},
{
"answer": "Noether's theorem",
"question"... |
14,656 | In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances ... | [
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?"
},
{
"answer": "Chemical reactions",
"question": "What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as ... |
14,658 | Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an ele... | [
{
"answer": "Sunlight",
"question": "What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?"
},
{
"answer": "oxygen",
"question": "What do plants release during photosynthesis?"
},
{
"answer": "Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis",
"question": ... |
14,659 | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | [
{
"answer": "an external source of energy",
"question": "What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?"
},
{
"answer": "1500–2000",
"question": "How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?"
},
{
"answer": "mitochondria",
"question": "Where are... |
14,661 | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | [
{
"answer": "Sunlight",
"question": "This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events."
},
{
"answer": "after it strikes the Earth",
"question": "When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?"
},
{
"answer": "hurricane",
"question": "What i... |
14,662 | In a slower process, radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic en... | [
{
"answer": "Earthquakes",
"question": "What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?"
},
{
"answer": "heat",
"question": "What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?"
},
{
"answer": "thermal energy",
"question": "What drives plate tectonics and m... |
14,663 | In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma-ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravi... | [
{
"answer": "stellar phenomena",
"question": "What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?"
},
{
"answer": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun",
"question": "What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?"
},
{
"answer": "B... |
14,664 | In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function. The Schrödinger equation equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system. Its results can be considered as a definition of measurement of energy in quantum mechanics. The Schröding... | [
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?"
},
{
"answer": "The Schrödinger equation",
"question": "What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?"
},
{
... |
14,665 | For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which in... | [
{
"answer": "electron–positron annihilation",
"question": "What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?"
},
{
"answer": "pair creation",
"question": "What is the inverse process called?"
},
{
... |
14,666 | There are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into work in a cyclic process, e.g. in a heat engine, as described by Carnot's theorem and the second law of thermodynamics. However, some energy transformations can be quite efficient. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is tr... | [
{
"answer": "Carnot's theorem",
"question": "What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?"
},
{
"answer": "what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind",
"question": "What is the direction of transformations in energy... |
14,668 | Energy gives rise to weight when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum, where it can be weighed. It is also equivalent to mass, and this mass is always associated with it. Mass is also equivalent to a certain amount of energy, and likewise always appears associated with it, as described in mass-energy equivalenc... | [
{
"answer": "when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum",
"question": "When does energy give rise to weight?"
},
{
"answer": "certain amount of energy",
"question": "Mass is also equivalent to what?"
},
{
"answer": "Albert Einstein",
"question": "Who created the formula E = mc... |
14,669 | Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion o... | [
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "Matter may be converted to what?"
},
{
"answer": "Matter",
"question": "Energy may be converted to what?"
},
{
"answer": "mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule",
"question": "Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?"
},
... |
14,670 | Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), witho... | [
{
"answer": "reversible processes and irreversible processes",
"question": "Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?"
},
{
"answer": "Thermodynamics",
"question": "What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?"
},
{
... |
14,671 | As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in irreversible states (i.e., as heat or other kinds of increases in disorder). This has been referred to as the inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe. In this heat death the energy of the universe does not change, but the fracti... | [
{
"answer": "irreversible states",
"question": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?"
},
{
"answer": "inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe",
"question": "What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irrever... |
14,672 | According to conservation of energy, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Energy is subject to a strict glo... | [
{
"answer": "conservation of energy",
"question": "According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?"
},
{
"answer": "total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system",
"question": "The total inflow of energy into a system... |
14,673 | This law is a fundamental principle of physics. As shown rigorously by Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently... | [
{
"answer": "Noether's theorem",
"question": "What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?"
},
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?"
},
{
"answer": "the uncertainty pri... |
14,674 | In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest qua... | [
{
"answer": "Virtual photons",
"question": "What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?"
},
{
"answer": "Virtual photons",
"question": "What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?"
},
{
"answer": "electrostatic interaction between el... |
14,675 | Energy transfer can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter. The portion of the energy which is transferred by conservative forces over a distance is measured as the work the source system does on the receiving system. The portion of the energy which does not do work during... | [
{
"answer": "Energy transfer",
"question": "What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?"
},
{
"answer": "heat",
"question": "The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "transmission ... |
14,676 | The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to... | [
{
"answer": "first law of thermodynamics",
"question": "What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer."
},
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energ... |
14,677 | This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom (i.e., given new available energy states that are t... | [
{
"answer": "entropy",
"question": "What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?"
},
{
"answer": "measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system",
"question": "What is entropy?"
},
{
"an... |
14,678 | East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the f... | [
{
"answer": "Teutonic Knights",
"question": "Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?"
},
{
"answer": "Poles and Lithuanians",
"question": "What other groups during this period for form minorities?"
},
{
"answer": "Christianity",
"question": "The Balts were gradually ... |
14,679 | Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was conn... | [
{
"answer": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire",
"question": "Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "1701",
"question": "In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?"
},
{
"answer": "Prussia... |
14,680 | The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the... | [
{
"answer": "1871",
"question": "What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Versailles",
"question": "What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
"question": "What year d... |
14,682 | The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cro... | [
{
"answer": "Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach",
"question": "Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?"
},
{
"answer": "1525",
"question": "In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "first duke of the Duchy of Pru... |
14,683 | The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in ... | [
{
"answer": "1618",
"question": "In what year did Maximilian III die?"
},
{
"answer": "Albert's line died out",
"question": "What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?"
},
{
"answer": "Frederick William",
"question": "Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in... |
14,684 | Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III... | [
{
"answer": "Holy Roman Empire",
"question": "Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?"
},
{
"answer": "Teutonic Order",
"question": "What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?"
},
{
"answer": "Frederick III",
"question": "Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?... |
14,685 | Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709–1711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick ... | [
{
"answer": "the plague and famine",
"question": "What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?"
},
{
"answer": "speakers of Old Prussian",
"question": "What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian troops",
"question"... |
14,686 | In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the "Polish Corridor" between his Prussian and Farther Pomerani... | [
{
"answer": "1772",
"question": "In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?"
},
{
"answer": "31 January 1773",
"question": "In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? "
},
{
"answer": "The Polish Partition Sejm",
"question": "What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?"
}
] |
14,687 | After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him, while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via Königsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel. The F... | [
{
"answer": "Battle of Jena-Auerstedt",
"question": "What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?"
},
{
"answer": "Königsberg",
"question": "What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "1807",
"question": "What year did Napoleon... |
14,688 | The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussi... | [
{
"answer": "Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg",
"question": "Who instigated the Prussian reforms?"
},
{
"answer": "emancipation of the serfs and Jews",
"question": "What was included in the reform?"
},
{
"answer": "1824",
"question": "In what y... |
14,689 | The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decre... | [
{
"answer": "1,996,626 people",
"question": "Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?"
},
{
"answer": "Protestants",
"question": "Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians",
"qu... |
14,690 | At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the captu... | [
{
"answer": "Russian Empire",
"question": "Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?"
},
{
"answer": "German Army had been directed towards the Western Front",
"question": "Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "1914",
... |
14,691 | With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia becam... | [
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "In what year did Germany become a republic?"
},
{
"answer": "Treaty of Versailles",
"question": "What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "The Seedienst Ostpreußen",
"question": "What was implemented to provide tr... |
14,692 | Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely a... | [
{
"answer": "Erich Koch",
"question": "Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?"
},
{
"answer": "mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province",
"question": "What large plans did Koch have?"
},
{
"answer": "attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats... |
14,693 | Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prus... | [
{
"answer": "publicly funded emergency relief programs",
"question": "How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?"
},
{
"answer": "Erich Koch Plan",
"question": "What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?"
},
{
... |
14,694 | In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered ... | [
{
"answer": "1938",
"question": "In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?"
},
{
"answer": "1,500",
"question": "Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "sent to concentration camps",
"question": "What ... |
14,695 | In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Ma... | [
{
"answer": "2.49 million",
"question": "How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "85%",
"question": "Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?"
},
{
"answer": "3,000",
"question": "How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?"... |
14,696 | In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant Ge... | [
{
"answer": "1939",
"question": "In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?"
},
{
"answer": "Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein",
"question": "What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?"
},
{
... |
14,697 | Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Obl... | [
{
"answer": "Poland and the Soviet Union",
"question": "What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?"
},
{
"answer": "Kaliningrad",
"question": "What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?"
},
{
"answer": "evacuated during the war",
"question":... |
14,698 | Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Pruss... | [
{
"answer": "800,000",
"question": "How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?"
},
{
"answer": "45 camps",
"question": "Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?"
},
{
"answer": "48,000",
"question": "How many forced labourers were in the largest cam... |
14,700 | In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered pe... | [
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?"
},
{
"answer": "Mikhail Kalinin",
"question": "In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from Konigsberg? "
},
{
"answer": "42,094",
"question": "Between August 24th and October 2... |
14,701 | A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Frit... | [
{
"answer": "expelled by the Soviet Union",
"question": "What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?"
},
{
"answer": "fascists",
"question": "What did the Russians consider Curonians?"
},
{
"answer": "West Germany",
"question": "Where did most of the Curonia... |
14,702 | After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, w... | [
{
"answer": "ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians",
"question": "Once the German populations was removed, what three groups settled into the nothern area?"
},
{
"answer": "eliminating all remnants of German history",
"question": "In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to... |
14,703 | Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trad... | [
{
"answer": "reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg",
"question": "What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?"
},
{
"answer": "Kaliningrad",
"question": "What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?"
},
{
"answer": "violent an... |
14,704 | Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial assoc... | [
{
"answer": "schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails",
"question": "What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?"
},
{
"answer": "Provinzialverband",
"question": "What was the name of the corporation that looked over common tas... |
14,705 | The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After co... | [
{
"answer": "Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey",
"question": "The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?"
},
{
"answer": "1299",
"question": "When was the Ottoman empire founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Oghuz Turks",
"question": "Who founded the Ottoman empire?"
},... |
14,706 | During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th centu... | [
{
"answer": "Suleiman the Magnificent",
"question": "Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?"
},
{
"answer": "16th and 17th centuries",
"question": "During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?"
},
{
"answ... |
14,707 | With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late... | [
{
"answer": "Constantinople",
"question": "What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?"
},
{
"answer": "lands around the Mediterranean basin",
"question": "What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?"
},
{
"answer": "into the lat... |
14,708 | The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred... | [
{
"answer": "Ottoman",
"question": "An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?"
},
{
"answer": "House of Osman",
"question": "What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?"
},
{
"answer": "House of Osman",
"question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty... |
14,709 | Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turk... | [
{
"answer": "Ertuğrul",
"question": "Who was the father of Osman I?"
},
{
"answer": "400 horsemen",
"question": "How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?"
},
{
"answer": "14th century",
"question": "When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its... |
14,710 | In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwes... | [
{
"answer": "Bursa",
"question": "Which city did Osman's son capture?"
},
{
"answer": "1324",
"question": "In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?"
},
{
"answer": "Orhan",
"question": "What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?"
},
{
... |
14,711 | With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the ... | [
{
"answer": "conquest of Constantinople",
"question": "What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?"
},
{
"answer": "Byzantine",
"question": "What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?"
},
{
"answer": "Timur",
"qu... |
14,712 | Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of H... | [
{
"answer": "Murad II",
"question": "Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?"
},
{
"answer": "Hungary",
"question": "Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?"
},
{
"answer": "Battle of Varna",
"question": "What battle took place on... |
14,713 | The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later By... | [
{
"answer": "Mehmed the Conqueror",
"question": "Who was the son of Murad II?"
},
{
"answer": "Constantinople",
"question": "What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?"
},
{
"answer": "its autonomy and land",
"question": "What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for acceptin... |
14,715 | France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Tu... | [
{
"answer": "Habsburg rule",
"question": "France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?"
},
{
"answer": "Corsica",
"question": "Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?"
},
{
"answer": "Francis I",
"question": "The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French kin... |
14,717 | The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and i... | [
{
"answer": "Sultans",
"question": "Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "military technology",
"question": "Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? "
},
{
"answer": "religious and intellectual",
"question": "What types of ... |
14,718 | The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied w... | [
{
"answer": "new maritime trade routes",
"question": "Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?"
},
{
"answer": "the Cape of Good Hope",
"question": "What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?"
},
{
"answer": "the Indian Ocean",
"question": "W... |
14,719 | In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege o... | [
{
"answer": "Philip II",
"question": "Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?"
},
{
"answer": "Battle of Lepanto",
"question": "What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?"
},
{
"answer": "Siege of Malta",
"question": "What siege occurred in 1565?"
},
{
"answer": "1573",
"quest... |
14,722 | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | [
{
"answer": "Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha",
"question": "Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?"
},
{
"answer": "the Great Turkish War",
"question": "What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?"
},
{
"answer": "Jan III Sobieski",
"question": "Whic... |
14,723 | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | [
{
"answer": "Little Walachia",
"question": "Oltenia is also known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "1716–1718",
"question": "The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?"
},
{
"answer": "Treaty of Passarowitz",
"question": "The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treat... |
14,724 | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | [
{
"answer": "Istanbul Technical University",
"question": "What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "an artillery school",
"question": "What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?"
},
{
"answer": "Ibrahim Muteferrika",
... |
14,725 | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | [
{
"answer": "Ukrainian Haidamaks",
"question": "Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?"
},
{
"answer": "Bessarabia",
"question": "Near what region was Balta bording?"
},
{
"answer": "1768–1774",
"question": "During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?"
},
{
"... |
14,726 | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | [
{
"answer": "1804–1815",
"question": "During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Suzerainty of Serbia",
"question": "What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?"
},
{
"answer": "the Greeks",
"question": "There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sul... |
14,727 | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | [
{
"answer": "571",
"question": "How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?"
},
{
"answer": "140,000",
"question": "How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?"
},
{
"answer": "528",
"question": "Greeks in Istanbul owned how many whol... |
14,728 | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | [
{
"answer": "1853–1856",
"question": "During what years did the Crimean War take place?"
},
{
"answer": "4 August 1854",
"question": "On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?"
},
{
"answer": "Crimean Tatars",
"question": "Roughly 200,0... |
14,729 | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | [
{
"answer": "Eugene Rogan",
"question": "What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? "
},
{
"answer": "1875",
"question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?"
},
{
"answer": "Ottoman Public Debt Administration",
"ques... |
14,730 | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | [
{
"answer": "Ottoman bashi-bazouks",
"question": "Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?"
},
{
"answer": "Russo-Turkish War",
"question": "What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?"
},
{
"answer": "The Russo-Turkish War",
"question": "Bulgaria became independent within the Empire a... |
14,731 | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | [
{
"answer": "Anatolia and Eastern Thrace",
"question": "Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?"
},
{
"answer": "1912–13",
"question": "When did the Balkan Wars take place?"
},
{
"answer": "East Thrace (European Turkey)",
"question": "What was the sole territ... |
14,734 | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | [
{
"answer": "In 1915",
"question": "When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?"
},
{
"answer": "ethnic Armenian",
"question": "What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?"
},
{
"answer": "1.5 million",
"question": "How many e... |
14,735 | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | [
{
"answer": "Sultan was the highest position",
"question": "What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "local administrative units based on the region's characteristics",
"question": "On type of system were the civil administrations of the em... |
14,738 | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | [
{
"answer": "the supreme monarch",
"question": "The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?"
},
{
"answer": "Divan",
"question": "What was the council that handled state politics named?"
},
{
"answer": "elders of the tribe",
"question": "What type of people were initially in... |
14,739 | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | [
{
"answer": "Qanun (or Kanun)",
"question": "What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?"
},
{
"answer": "Sharia",
"question": "What was religious law known as?"
},
{
"answer": "central and local authority",
"question": "What did the Ottoman Empire atte... |
14,740 | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | [
{
"answer": "Islamic courts",
"question": "What were the primary courts of the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "the Qur'an; the Hadīth",
"question": "From what works was Sharia developed?"
},
{
"answer": "the prophet Muhammad",
"question": "Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law s... |
14,741 | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | [
{
"answer": "Qadi",
"question": "Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?"
},
{
"answer": "closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation",
"question": "At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?"
},
{
"answer": "an appellate structure",
"questio... |
14,742 | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | [
{
"answer": "French models",
"question": "Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?"
},
{
"answer": "Nizamiye",
"question": "What was the new Ottoman court system known as?"
... |
14,744 | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | [
{
"answer": "European continent",
"question": "On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?"
},
{
"answer": "North Africa",
"question": "What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?"
},
{
"answer": "1517",
"question": "Egypt was added to the Ottoman ... |
14,745 | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | [
{
"answer": "Sultan Abdülhamid II",
"question": "Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?"
},
{
"answer": "Midhat Pasha",
"question": "Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?"
},
{
"answer": "the Golden Horn",... |
14,746 | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | [
{
"answer": "June 1909",
"question": "What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?"
},
{
"answer": "Yeşilköy",
"question": "Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?"
},
{
"answer": "3 July 1912",
"question": "On what date was the Aviation School... |
14,747 | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | [
{
"answer": "commercial and industrial centres",
"question": "The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?"
},
{
"answer": "Bayezid",
"question": "Who was Mehmed's successor?"
},
{
"answer": "the Jews from different parts of Europe",
"question": "W... |
14,748 | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | [
{
"answer": "consolidation and extension of the ruler's power",
"question": "The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?"
},
{
"answer": "the Middle East",
"question": "In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?"
},
{
"answer": "making the p... |
14,749 | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | [
{
"answer": "the treasury and chancery",
"question": "Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?"
},
{
"answer": "men of the pen",
"question": "What were the scribes of the chancery known as?"
},
{
"answer": "ulama",
"question": "Part of the ... |
14,750 | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | [
{
"answer": "its geopolitical structure",
"question": "What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish and Portuguese",
"question": "The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?"
... |
14,751 | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | [
{
"answer": "change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe",
"question": "What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "the Ottoman Empire itself",
"question": "The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East ma... |
14,752 | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | [
{
"answer": "commercial centres and routes",
"question": "The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "interests of the state",
"question": "What dominated all economic and political interests?"
},
{
"answer": "capitalist an... |
14,753 | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | [
{
"answer": "the clustering of populations",
"question": "The rise of ports caused what in populations?"
},
{
"answer": "The rise of port cities",
"question": "Steamships and railroads rose with what else?"
},
{
"answer": "1700",
"question": "In what year did urbanization in the Otto... |
14,754 | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | [
{
"answer": "the Crimean and Balkan regions",
"question": "The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Crimean Tartars",
"question": "Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?"
},
{
"answer": "3... |
14,755 | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | [
{
"answer": "Ottoman Turkish",
"question": "What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Persian and Arabic",
"question": "What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "Turkish",
"question": "What language was spoken ... |
14,756 | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | [
{
"answer": "about 2–3%",
"question": "What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?"
},
{
"answer": "15%",
"question": "At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?"
},
{
"answer": "pe... |
14,757 | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | [
{
"answer": "the second half of the 15th century",
"question": "The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?"
},
{
"answer": "a Muslim minority",
"question": "What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?"
},
{
"answer": "the non-Muslim population",
"question": "What gr... |
14,759 | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | [
{
"answer": "the millet system",
"question": "What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?"
},
{
"answer": "Justinian's Code",
"question": "What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?"
},
{
"answer": "zimmi",
"question": "What ... |
14,760 | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | [
{
"answer": "Sultanate of Rum",
"question": "The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?"
},
{
"answer": "Persianate empire",
"question": "What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?"
},
{
"answer": "some of the traditions, art and institutions of cult... |
14,761 | Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or less prescribed. Divan po... | [
{
"answer": "Divan poetry",
"question": "What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized?"
},
{
"answer": "Persian poetry",
"question": "What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?"
},
{
"answer": "a strict metrical framework",
"question": "What type of framework was Divan poetry ba... |
14,762 | Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which presc... | [
{
"answer": "the 19th century",
"question": "Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?"
},
{
"answer": "the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose",
"question": "What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?"
},
{
"answer"... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.