id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
14,432 | There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/te... | [
{
"answer": "Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections",
"question": "Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?"
},
{
"answer": "dynamic testing",
"question": "What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?"
},
{
... |
14,433 | White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as we... | [
{
"answer": "clear box testing",
"question": "What is another term used for White-box testing?"
},
{
"answer": "by seeing the source code",
"question": "What is involved with White-box testing?"
},
{
"answer": "testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills"... |
14,434 | Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary v... | [
{
"answer": "seeing the source code",
"question": "What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?"
},
{
"answer": "aware of what the software is supposed to do",
"question": "What are the software testers aware of?"
},
{
"answer": "equivalence partitioning, ... |
14,435 | Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either "is" or "is not" the same as... | [
{
"answer": "Specification-based testing",
"question": "What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?"
},
{
"answer": "specifications and requirements",
"question": "What are the test cases built around?"
},
{
"answer": "functional... |
14,436 | One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without... | [
{
"answer": "no programming knowledge is required",
"question": "What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?"
},
{
"answer": "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight.",
"question": "What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code... |
14,437 | Grey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.[not in citation given] M... | [
{
"answer": "having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms",
"question": "What does grey-box testing involve?"
},
{
"answer": "not required to have full access to the software's source code",
"question": "What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?"
},
{
"answer... |
14,438 | By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of... | [
{
"answer": "intelligent test scenarios",
"question": "What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?"
},
{
"answer": "an isolated testing environment",
"question": "What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?"
},
{
"answer": "SQL statements",
"question":... |
14,439 | There are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during the development process as... | [
{
"answer": "unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing",
"question": "What are the four recognized levels of testing software?"
},
{
"answer": "software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test",
"question": "What are these test (le... |
14,440 | Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software deve... | [
{
"answer": "reduce software development risks, time, and costs",
"question": "What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? "
},
{
"answer": "software developer or engineer",
"question": "Who performs the Unit testing phase?... |
14,441 | The practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as "message packets" and the range or data types can be checked, for data generated fr... | [
{
"answer": "component interface testing",
"question": "What is it called to check data passed between units?"
},
{
"answer": "message packets",
"question": "What is it called when data is being passed?"
},
{
"answer": "keep a separate log file of data items being passed",
"question"... |
14,442 | Operational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of testing focuses on the operat... | [
{
"answer": "Operational Acceptance",
"question": "What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?"
},
{
"answer": "operational readiness of the system",
"question": "What does Operational Acceptance focus on?"
},
{
"answer": "limited to those tests which are required to ver... |
14,443 | A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now b... | [
{
"answer": "compatibility with other application software",
"question": "What is the most common reason for software failure?"
},
{
"answer": "lack of backward compatibility",
"question": "What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,444 | Regression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working correctly, stops working ... | [
{
"answer": "Regression testing",
"question": "Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?"
},
{
"answer": "stops working as intended",
"question": "What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??"
},
{
"answer": "re-running prev... |
14,445 | Beta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so that further testing can en... | [
{
"answer": "Beta testing",
"question": "What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?"
},
{
"answer": "limited audience outside of the programming",
"question": "To whom is the beta testing released to?"
},
{
"answer": "perpetual beta",
"ques... |
14,446 | Destructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault injection, in the form o... | [
{
"answer": "Destructive testing",
"question": "What method is used to cause a system to fail?"
},
{
"answer": "software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs",
"question": "What does Destructive testing verify?"
},
{
"answer": "Software fault injection",
... |
14,447 | Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is ... | [
{
"answer": "Load testing",
"question": "What method is used to test software under a specific load?"
},
{
"answer": "data or a large number of users",
"question": "What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?"
},
{
"answer": "Volume testing",
"question": "What is called to ... |
14,448 | Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the softwa... | [
{
"answer": "Development Testing",
"question": "What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?"
},
{
"answer": "construction phase of the software development lifecycle",
"question": "When is development testing used?"
},
{
"answer": "construction errors",
"quest... |
14,449 | In contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a "test-driven software development" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme programming methodology). Of... | [
{
"answer": "extreme programming and the agile software development",
"question": "Which two current movements adhere to the \"test-driven software development\"?"
},
{
"answer": "unit tests are written first",
"question": "Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is w... |
14,450 | Bottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the next level of modules will b... | [
{
"answer": "modules, procedures, and functions",
"question": "What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?"
},
{
"answer": "the testing of higher level components",
"question": "Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?"
},
{
"answer": "makes it easier to report testin... |
14,452 | Several certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowledge. This has led some to ... | [
{
"answer": "requires the applicant to show their ability to test software",
"question": "With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?"
},
{
"answer": "testing field is not ready for certification",
"question": "What has the inability for the a... |
14,453 | Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to ... | [
{
"answer": "Software testing",
"question": "What makes up part of the SQA?"
},
{
"answer": "software development process",
"question": "What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?"
},
{
"answer": "video game",
"question": "What type of software would have a... |
14,455 | Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high ref... | [
{
"answer": "Iron",
"question": "What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?"
},
{
"answer": "increases the refractive index",
"question": "How does barium affect glass?"
},
{
"answer": "radioactivity",
"question": "What property of thorium oxide has caused it to ... |
14,456 | Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processi... | [
{
"answer": "soda",
"question": "What causes glass to dissolve in water?"
},
{
"answer": "better chemical durability",
"question": "Why is lime often added to glass?"
},
{
"answer": "70 to 74",
"question": "What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?"
},
{
"answer": "excell... |
14,457 | Following the glass batch preparation and mixing, the raw materials are transported to the furnace. Soda-lime glass for mass production is melted in gas fired units. Smaller scale furnaces for specialty glasses include electric melters, pot furnaces, and day tanks. After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of... | [
{
"answer": "removal of bubbles",
"question": "What happens during refining?"
},
{
"answer": "float glass process",
"question": "What method is used for making windows?"
},
{
"answer": "nitrogen",
"question": "What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?"
},
{
... |
14,458 | Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light following geometrical optics, without scattering it. It is used in the manufacture of lenses and windows. Common glass has a refraction index around 1.5. This may be modified by adding low-density materials such as boron, which lowers the index of refraction... | [
{
"answer": "boron",
"question": "What can be used to make glass less refractive?"
},
{
"answer": "1.5",
"question": "What is the refraction index of typical glass?"
},
{
"answer": "lead oxide",
"question": "What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?"
},
{
"answer": ... |
14,459 | The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass an... | [
{
"answer": "silicate glasses",
"question": "Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?"
},
{
"answer": "soda-lime glass",
"question": "What kind of glass are containers made from?"
},
{
"answer": "silica",
"question": "What is sand mostly made of?"
},
{
"answer":... |
14,460 | Glass is in widespread use largely due to the production of glass compositions that are transparent to visible light. In contrast, polycrystalline materials do not generally transmit visible light. The individual crystallites may be transparent, but their facets (grain boundaries) reflect or scatter light resulting in ... | [
{
"answer": "internal subdivisions",
"question": "What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?"
},
{
"answer": "surface tension",
"question": "What force gives glass its surface texture?"
},
{
"answer": "polycrystalline materials",
"question": "What, in contrast to glass, doe... |
14,461 | Naturally occurring glass, especially the volcanic glass obsidian, has been used by many Stone Age societies across the globe for the production of sharp cutting tools and, due to its limited source areas, was extensively traded. But in general, archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coa... | [
{
"answer": "obsidian",
"question": "What kind of glass exists in nature?"
},
{
"answer": "volcanic",
"question": "Obsidian is what type of glass?"
},
{
"answer": "cutting tools",
"question": "What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?"
},
{
"answer": "mid third mil... |
14,462 | Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) ... | [
{
"answer": "iron(II) oxide",
"question": "What can give glass a faint green tinge?"
},
{
"answer": "Manganese dioxide",
"question": "What can prevent a green color in glass?"
},
{
"answer": "reducing combustion atmosphere",
"question": "What other than additives can give glass a yel... |
14,463 | Glass remained a luxury material, and the disasters that overtook Late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics and met... | [
{
"answer": "glesum",
"question": "What word does \"glass\" come from?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Where did glasswork begin relatively late?"
},
{
"answer": "1730 BCE",
"question": "In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?"
},
{
"answer": "Trier",
"question"... |
14,465 | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | [
{
"answer": "laminated",
"question": "What type of glass is used in cars?"
},
{
"answer": "late Middle Ages",
"question": "When did eyeglasses originate?"
},
{
"answer": "glass",
"question": "The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?"
},
{
"answer": "solar",
... |
14,466 | From the 19th century, there was a revival in many ancient glass-making techniques including cameo glass, achieved for the first time since the Roman Empire and initially mostly used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy ... | [
{
"answer": "Louis Comfort Tiffany",
"question": "What famous lampmaker used glass?"
},
{
"answer": "1960",
"question": "When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?"
},
{
"answer": "cameo glass",
"question": "What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?"
... |
14,467 | Addition of lead(II) oxide lowers melting point, lowers viscosity of the melt, and increases refractive index. Lead oxide also facilitates solubility of other metal oxides and is used in colored glasses. The viscosity decrease of lead glass melt is very significant (roughly 100 times in comparison with soda glasses); t... | [
{
"answer": "lead(II) oxide",
"question": "What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?"
},
{
"answer": "100 times",
"question": "How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?"
},
{
"answer": "high electrical resistance",
"question": "Pb2+ causes lead glass to have w... |
14,468 | There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly cross-linked network of chemical bonds. The intermediates (titanium, aluminium, zirconium, beryllium, magnesium, zinc) can act as both network formers and... | [
{
"answer": "silicon, boron, germanium",
"question": "What components of glass for networks?"
},
{
"answer": "modifiers",
"question": "What type of components change the network's shape?"
},
{
"answer": "intermediates",
"question": "What type of component can both make and change net... |
14,469 | The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two pos... | [
{
"answer": "alkali metal ions",
"question": "What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?"
},
{
"answer": "dealkalization",
"question": "How can glass be prevented from corroding?"
},
{
"answer": "alkali and alkaline earth ions",
"question": "What types of ions doe... |
14,470 | New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals a... | [
{
"answer": "sodium selenite",
"question": "What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?"
},
{
"answer": "platinum crucibles",
"question": "What containers are used for melting?"
},
{
"answer": "the cost factor has a low priority",
"question": "Why are diff... |
14,471 | In the past, small batches of amorphous metals with high surface area configurations (ribbons, wires, films, etc.) have been produced through the implementation of extremely rapid rates of cooling. This was initially termed "splat cooling" by doctoral student W. Klement at Caltech, who showed that cooling rates on the ... | [
{
"answer": "W. Klement",
"question": "Who coined the term \"splat cooling\"?"
},
{
"answer": "bulk metallic glasses",
"question": "What are thick alloys made in layers called?"
},
{
"answer": "zirconium",
"question": "What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?"
},
... |
14,472 | In 2004, NIST researchers presented evidence that an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase (dubbed "q-glass") could be grown from the melt. This phase is the first phase, or "primary phase," to form in the Al-Fe-Si system during rapid cooling. Interestingly, experimental evidence indicates that this phase forms by a... | [
{
"answer": "NIST researchers",
"question": "Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?"
},
{
"answer": "nucleation barrier",
"question": "What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?"
},
{
"answer": "an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase",
"que... |
14,473 | Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics. They are formed as a glass, and then partially crystallized by heat treatment. For example, the microstructure of whiteware ceramics frequently contains both amorphous and crystalline phases. Crystalline grains are o... | [
{
"answer": "vitreous",
"question": "What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?"
},
{
"answer": "heat treatment",
"question": "What hardens glass-ceramics?"
},
{
"answer": "non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics",
"question": "What materials do glass ceramics have a ... |
14,474 | The term mainly refers to a mix of lithium and aluminosilicates that yields an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties. The most commercially important of these have the distinction of being impervious to thermal shock. Thus, glass-ceramics have become extremely useful for countertop cooking. Th... | [
{
"answer": "1000 °C",
"question": "How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?"
},
{
"answer": "countertop cooking",
"question": "Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?"
},
{
"answer": "impervious to thermal shock",
"questi... |
14,475 | Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into sma... | [
{
"answer": "bull's-eyes",
"question": "What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?"
},
{
"answer": "the center",
"question": "In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?"
},
{
"answer": "float glass",
"question": "... |
14,476 | The observation that old windows are sometimes found to be thicker at the bottom than at the top is often offered as supporting evidence for the view that glass flows over a timescale of centuries, the assumption being that the glass has exhibited the liquid property of flowing from one shape to another. This assumptio... | [
{
"answer": "stability",
"question": "What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?"
},
{
"answer": "glassblowers",
"question": "Who used to make window panes?"
},
{
"answer": "crown glass process",
"question":... |
14,477 | In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crys... | [
{
"answer": "a solid formed by rapid melt quenching",
"question": "How is \"glass\" defined in physics?"
},
{
"answer": "glass-forming ability",
"question": "What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?"
},
{
"answer": "cooling",
"question": "What must happen quickly for ... |
14,478 | Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the int... | [
{
"answer": "first-order phase transition",
"question": "What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?"
},
{
"answer": "equilibrium theory of phase transformations",
"question": "What theory isn't completely valid for glass?"
},
{
"answer": "a second-order phase transit... |
14,479 | Although the atomic structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure in a supercooled liquid, glass tends to behave as a solid below its glass transition temperature. A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the freezing point of the material, and in some cases will crystallize almost instant... | [
{
"answer": "a supercooled liquid",
"question": "Atomically, glass is similar to what?"
},
{
"answer": "A supercooled liquid",
"question": "What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?"
},
{
"answer": "a solid",
"question": "Despite its atomic structure, cooled glas... |
14,480 | Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has ... | [
{
"answer": "Public policy and political leadership",
"question": "What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?"
},
{
"answer": "2050",
"question": "Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?"
},
{
"answer": "144",
"question": "How m... |
14,481 | Total investment in renewable energy (including small hydro-electric projects) was $244 billion in 2012, down 12% from 2011 mainly due to dramatically lower solar prices and weakened US and EU markets. As a share of total investment in power plants, wind and solar PV grew from 14% in 2000 to over 60% in 2012. The top c... | [
{
"answer": "$244 billion",
"question": "How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "dramatically lower solar prices",
"question": "Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "China, Germany, Spain, the United Sta... |
14,482 | EU member countries have shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for... | [
{
"answer": "EU member countries",
"question": "Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?"
},
{
"answer": "Eurobarometer",
"question": "What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "2020",
"question": "The goal was to increase the share of rene... |
14,483 | By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contribute... | [
{
"answer": "1,360 GW",
"question": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?"
},
{
"answer": "19 percent",
"question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?"
},
{
"answer": "22 percent",
"question": "Renewables c... |
14,484 | During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination... | [
{
"answer": "Achim Steiner",
"question": "Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "2004 through 2009",
"question": "Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?"
},
{
"answer": "UN under-secretary general",
"qu... |
14,485 | According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power plants may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years, significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that harm the environment. The IEA has said: "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's dem... | [
{
"answer": "International Energy Agency",
"question": "Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?"
},
{
"answer": "2060",
"question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?... |
14,486 | In 2013, China led the world in renewable energy production, with a total capacity of 378 GW, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. As of 2014, China leads the world in the production and use of wind power, solar photovoltaic power and smart grid technologies, generating almost as much water, wind and solar energy ... | [
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?"
},
{
"answer": "market expansion",
"question": "What is the main driver of reduc... |
14,487 | Renewable energy technologies are getting cheaper, through technological change and through the benefits of mass production and market competition. A 2011 IEA report said: "A portfolio of renewable energy technologies is becoming cost-competitive in an increasingly broad range of circumstances, in some cases providing ... | [
{
"answer": "Renewable energy technologies",
"question": "What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?"
},
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?"
},
{
"answer": "IEA",
"quest... |
14,488 | Renewable energy is also the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources. As the cost of renewable power falls, the scope of economically viable applications increases. Renewable technologies are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity. Where "oil-fired g... | [
{
"answer": "Renewable energy",
"question": "What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?"
},
{
"answer": "the cost of renewable power falls",
"question": "What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?"
},
{
"... |
14,489 | Biomass for heat and power is a fully mature technology which offers a ready disposal mechanism for municipal, agricultural, and industrial organic wastes. However, the industry has remained relatively stagnant over the decade to 2007, even though demand for biomass (mostly wood) continues to grow in many developing co... | [
{
"answer": "material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants",
"question": "What is one problem with biomass?"
},
{
"answer": "First-generation biomass technologies",
"question": "What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?"
},
{
"answer"... |
14,490 | Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation – 3,427 terawatt-hours... | [
{
"answer": "Hydroelectricity",
"question": "What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydroelectricity",
"question": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?"
},
{
"answer": "Hydroelectricity",
"question": "Hydroelectricity ac... |
14,491 | Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants... | [
{
"answer": "150",
"question": "Hydropower is produced in how many countries?"
},
{
"answer": "China",
"question": "Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?"
},
{
"answer": "3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour",
"question": "What is the average cost of electricity from... |
14,492 | Geothermal power capacity grew from around 1 GW in 1975 to almost 10 GW in 2008. The United States is the world leader in terms of installed capacity, representing 3.1 GW. Other countries with significant installed capacity include the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (1.0 GW), Italy (0.8 GW), Iceland (... | [
{
"answer": "1 GW",
"question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?"
},
{
"answer": "10 GW",
"question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?"
},
{
"answer": "17 percent",
"question": "In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at t... |
14,494 | There are also many large plants under construction. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm under construction in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm being built in San Luis Obispo County, California are both 550 MW solar parks that will use thin-film solar photovoltaic modules made by First Solar. The Blythe Sol... | [
{
"answer": "Riverside County, California",
"question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?"
},
{
"answer": "San Luis Obispo County, California",
"question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?"
},
{
"answer": "SunPower",
"question": "Who is building ... |
14,496 | As of 2014, the wind industry in the USA is able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 fee... | [
{
"answer": "by using taller wind turbines with longer blades",
"question": "How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?"
},
{
"answer": "300 feet to 400 feet above the ground",
"question": "How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michiga... |
14,497 | Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW)... | [
{
"answer": "California's Mojave Desert",
"question": "Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?"
},
{
"answer": "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility",
"question": "What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
... |
14,498 | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | [
{
"answer": "10 percent",
"question": "Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?"
},
{
"answer": "The Energy Policy Act of 2005",
"question": "What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "GM",
... |
14,499 | According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra... | [
{
"answer": "Cellulosic ethanol",
"question": "What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?"
},
{
"answer": "Crop residues",
"question": "What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?"
},
{
"answer"... |
14,500 | As of 2008[update], geothermal power development was under way in more than 40 countries, partially attributable to the development of new technologies, such as Enhanced Geothermal Systems. The development of binary cycle power plants and improvements in drilling and extraction technology may enable enhanced geothermal... | [
{
"answer": "40",
"question": "As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Enhanced Geothermal Systems",
"question": "What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?"
},
{
"answer": "Demonstration EGS pr... |
14,501 | The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since 2008. In late 2011, factory-gate prices for crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules dropped below the $1.00/W mark. The $1.00/W installed cost, is often regarded in the PV industry as marking the achievement of grid parity for PV. These reductions have taken many s... | [
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?"
},
{
"answer": "technological advancements",
"question": "What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?"
},
{
"answer": "$1.00/W installed cost",
"question": ... |
14,502 | Many energy markets, institutions, and policies have been developed to support the production and use of fossil fuels. Newer and cleaner technologies may offer social and environmental benefits, but utility operators often reject renewable resources because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional p... | [
{
"answer": "because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants",
"question": "Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?"
},
{
"answer": "because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption",
"question": "Why do consumer... |
14,503 | Lester Brown states that the market "does not incorporate the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices, it does not value nature's services adequately, and it does not respect the sustainable-yield thresholds of natural systems". It also favors the near term over the long term, thereby showing limited ... | [
{
"answer": "the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices",
"question": "Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?"
},
{
"answer": "Lester Brown",
"question": "Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,504 | Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted ai... | [
{
"answer": "Tax shifting",
"question": "What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?"
},
{
"answer": "environmental tax reform",
"question": "Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "to create a more responsive marke... |
14,505 | Just as there is a need for tax shifting, there is also a need for subsidy shifting. Subsidies are not an inherently bad thing as many technologies and industries emerged through government subsidy schemes. The Stern Review explains that of 20 key innovations from the past 30 years, only one of the 14 was funded entire... | [
{
"answer": "subsidy shifting",
"question": "Besides tax shifting, what is another need?"
},
{
"answer": "the Internet",
"question": "What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?"
},
{
"answer": "federal tax deduction and a robu... |
14,506 | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | [
{
"answer": "renewable energy",
"question": "As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?"
},
{
"answer": "Renewable energy commercialization",
"question": "What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than ... |
14,507 | Lester Brown has argued that "a world facing the prospect of economically disruptive climate change can no longer justify subsidies to expand the burning of coal and oil. Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabili... | [
{
"answer": "International Solar Energy Society",
"question": "What group advocates leveling the playing field?"
},
{
"answer": "by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D",
"question": "How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to lev... |
14,508 | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China... | [
{
"answer": "Germany",
"question": "What country is reducing its coal subsidy?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?"
},
{
"answer": "coal",
"question": "Some countries have phased out al... |
14,509 | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total ... | [
{
"answer": "renewable energy policy",
"question": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?"
},
{
"answer": "12 per cent of the total EU energy mix",
"question": "The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?"
},
... |
14,510 | Public policy determines the extent to which renewable energy (RE) is to be incorporated into a developed or developing country's generation mix. Energy sector regulators implement that policy—thus affecting the pace and pattern of RE investments and connections to the grid. Energy regulators often have authority to ca... | [
{
"answer": "Public policy",
"question": "What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?"
},
{
"answer": "Energy regulators",
"question": "Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasibl... |
14,511 | The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (ar... | [
{
"answer": "liberalized electricity markets",
"question": "What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?"
},
{
"answer": "RES Directive",
"question": "What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guara... |
14,512 | A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need n... | [
{
"answer": "Stern Review",
"question": "What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?"
},
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?"
},
{
"answer": "climate change concerns coupled wit... |
14,513 | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | [
{
"answer": "New government spending, regulation, and policies",
"question": "What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?"
},
{
"answer": "commercialization of clean energy",
"question": "What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp... |
14,514 | As of 2012, renewable energy plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries globally. Renewables are becoming increasingly economic in both developing and developed countries. Prices for renewable energy technologies, primarily wind power and solar power, continued to drop, making renewables competitive with co... | [
{
"answer": "renewable energy",
"question": "What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Renewables",
"question": "What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?"
},
{
"answer": "renewable energy technologies",
"que... |
14,515 | United Nations' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that "renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity". In October 2011, he "announced the creation of a high-level group to drum up support for energy access, energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. The group... | [
{
"answer": "Ban Ki-moon",
"question": "Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?"
},
{
"answer": "renewable energy",
"question": "Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?"
},
{
"answer": "Kandeh Yumkella",
"que... |
14,516 | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | [
{
"answer": "58 percent",
"question": "In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?"
},
{
"answer": "18.1 percent",
"question": "Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?"
},
{
"answer": "$140.4 billion",
"question": "How much was the worldwide i... |
14,518 | Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy Program says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implem... | [
{
"answer": "Mark Z. Jacobson",
"question": "Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?"
},
{
"answer": "social and political",
"question": "What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?"
},
{
"answer": "Mark Z. Jacobson",
"questi... |
14,519 | Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation... | [
{
"answer": "can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand",
"question": "Why is renewable energy an attractive option?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "In what country is the National Research Council located?"
},
{
... |
14,520 | Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architectu... | [
{
"answer": "history, culture, architecture and gastronomy",
"question": "For what is Palermo known?"
},
{
"answer": "2,700 years old",
"question": "How old is the city of Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "Sicily",
"question": "On what island is Palermo located?"
}
] |
14,521 | The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz ('flower'). Palermo then became a possession of Carthage, before becoming part of the Roman Republic, the Roman Empire and eventually part of the Byzantine Empire, for over a thousand years. The Greeks named the city Panormus meaning 'complete port'. From 831 to ... | [
{
"answer": "734 BC",
"question": "In what year was Palermo founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Ziz",
"question": "What name was Palermo originally founded as?"
},
{
"answer": "the Phoenicians",
"question": "What group of people founded Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "Panormus",
"questio... |
14,522 | Palermo is Sicily's cultural, economic and touristic capital. It is a city rich in history, culture, art, music and food. Numerous tourists are attracted to the city for its good Mediterranean weather, its renowned gastronomy and restaurants, its Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque churches, palaces and buildings, and its n... | [
{
"answer": "Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque",
"question": "What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "Palermo",
"question": "Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?"
},
{
"answer": "tourism, services, commerce and agriculture",
"ques... |
14,523 | Palermo is surrounded by mountains, formed of calcar, which form a cirque around the city. Some districts of the city are divided by the mountains themselves. Historically, it was relatively difficult to reach the inner part of Sicily from the city because of the mounts. The tallest peak of the range is La Pizzuta, abo... | [
{
"answer": "mountains",
"question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?"
},
{
"answer": "mountains",
"question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?"
},
{
"answer": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,",
"question": "Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as \"The mos... |
14,524 | Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from t... | [
{
"answer": "the streets that were built on them follow their shapes",
"question": "How can former rivers be recognised presently?"
},
{
"answer": "Oreto river",
"question": "What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "Papireto river and the Kemonia",
"question":... |
14,525 | During 734 BC the Phoenicians, a sea trading people from the north of ancient Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo. Some sources suggest they named the settlement "Ziz." It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the... | [
{
"answer": "\"Ziz.\"",
"question": "What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?"
},
{
"answer": "Motya and Soluntum",
"question": "Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians"
},
{
"answer": "remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few an... |
14,526 | The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole ... | [
{
"answer": "in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis",
"question": "Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?"
},
{
"answer": "prevent attacks from foreign threats",
"question": "What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?"
},
... |
14,528 | As the Roman Empire was falling apart, Palermo fell under the control of several Germanic tribes. The first were the Vandals in 440 AD under the rule of their king Geiseric. The Vandals had occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455 establishing themselves as a significant force. They acquired Corsica, Sar... | [
{
"answer": "occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455",
"question": "How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?"
},
{
"answer": "Ostrogoths",
"question": "Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?"
},
{
"answer": "Theodoric supported Roman culture and... |
14,529 | The Muslims took control of the Island in 904, after decades of fierce fighting, and the Emirate of Sicily was established. Muslim rule on the island lasted for about 120 years and was marked by cruelty and brutality against the native population, which was reduced into near slavery[clarification needed] and Christian ... | [
{
"answer": "120 years",
"question": "How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?"
},
{
"answer": "agricultural crops",
"question": "What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?"
},
{
"answer": "reduced into near slavery",
"question": "How w... |
14,530 | After dynastic quarrels however, there was a Christian reconquest in 1072. The family who returned the city to Christianity were called the Hautevilles, including Robert Guiscard and his army, who is regarded as a hero by the natives. It was under Roger II of Sicily that Norman holdings in Sicily and the southern part ... | [
{
"answer": "Robert Guiscard",
"question": "Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "Hautevilles",
"question": "What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?"
},
{
"answer": "Palazzo dei Normanni"... |
14,531 | Sicily fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire in 1194. Palermo was the preferred city of the Emperor Frederick II. Muslims of Palermo emigrated or were expelled during Holy Roman rule. After an interval of Angevin rule (1266–1282), Sicily came under control of the Aragon and Barcelona dynasties. By 1330, Paler... | [
{
"answer": "1194",
"question": "What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "emigrated or were expelled",
"question": "What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?"
},
{
"answer": "51,000",
"question": "What was Palermos population in 1330?"
},
... |
14,532 | After the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), Sicily was handed over to the Savoia, but by 1734 it was again a Bourbon possession. Charles III chose Palermo for his coronation as King of Sicily. Charles had new houses built for the growing population, while trade and industry grew as well. However, by now Palermo was now just an... | [
{
"answer": "Treaty of Utrecht (1713)",
"question": "After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?"
},
{
"answer": "his coronation",
"question": "For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?"
},
{
"answer": "Naples",
"question": "Where did the Royal Court resid... |
14,533 | From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained u... | [
{
"answer": "Giuseppe La Masa",
"question": "Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?"
},
{
"answer": "Ruggero Settimo",
"question": "Who was the first president of Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "The Bourbons",
"question": "Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?"
},
{
"... |
14,535 | The so-called "Sack of Palermo" is one of the major visible faces of the problem. The term is used to indicate the speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings. The reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities, especially Palermo,... | [
{
"answer": "speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings",
"question": "To what does the term \"Sack of Palermo\" refer?"
},
{
"answer": "reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities",
"question": "Why did... |
14,537 | Palermo has at least 2 circuits of City Walls - many pieces of which still survive. The first circuit surrounded the ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis. Via Vittorio Emanuele was the main road east-west through this early walled city. The easter... | [
{
"answer": "ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis",
"question": "Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?"
},
{
"answer": "Via Vittorio Emanuele",
"question": "What was the name of the primary east-west road with... |
14,538 | In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the ... | [
{
"answer": "to protect the port at La Cala",
"question": "What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?"
},
{
"answer": "A huge chain",
"question": "What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?"
},
{
"answer": "medieval",
"question": "During which historical period was the wa... |
14,539 | The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). Th... | [
{
"answer": "solar \"observatory\"",
"question": "What is a heliometer?"
},
{
"answer": "la Meridiana",
"question": "What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?"
},
{
"answer": "precisely N/S",
"question": "Which direction does la Meridiana run?"
},
{
... |
14,540 | In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% peopl... | [
{
"answer": "1.2 million",
"question": "How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "52.6%",
"question": "What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "40.4",
"question": "What is the average age of a Palermo resident?"
},
... |
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