id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
14,541 | Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also h... | [
{
"answer": "tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture",
"question": "On what does Palermo's economy rely?"
},
{
"answer": "the Sicilian Mafia",
"question": "Palermo is the home of what mafia?"
},
{
"answer": "gone down dramatically",
"question": "Has ... |
14,542 | The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cru... | [
{
"answer": "The port of Palermo",
"question": "Which port is Sicily's primary port?"
},
{
"answer": "2 million",
"question": "How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?"
},
{
"answer": "2 million",
"question": "How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?"
... |
14,543 | The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is bel... | [
{
"answer": "Santa Rosalia",
"question": "Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?"
},
{
"answer": "14 July",
"question": "When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?"
},
{
"answer": "Santa Rosalia",
"question": "Who is said to have ended the Black Death in ... |
14,544 | Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five ... | [
{
"answer": "Zn",
"question": "What is the symbol for Zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "30",
"question": "What is the atomic number for Zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "magnesium",
"question": "What is zinc chemically close to?"
},
{
"answer": "+2",
"question": "What is the oxidation state fo... |
14,545 | Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given ... | [
{
"answer": "copper and zinc",
"question": "What two metals are mixed to create Brass?"
},
{
"answer": "10th",
"question": "When was brass first used?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?"
},
{
"answer": "end of the 16th centur... |
14,546 | The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resista... | [
{
"answer": "Paracelsus",
"question": "Who named the element zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "Zinke",
"question": "What was zinc named after?"
},
{
"answer": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf",
"question": "Who is credited with discovering zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "Luigi Galvani and Alessandro ... |
14,547 | Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth... | [
{
"answer": "two billion",
"question": "How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?"
},
{
"answer": "ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency",
"question": "What can consumption of excess zinc cause?"
},
{
"answer": "biochemistry,",
"question": "Where can you find enzymes with a z... |
14,548 | Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own pl... | [
{
"answer": "bluish-white",
"question": "What color is zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "It is somewhat less dense than iron",
"question": "Is iron more dense than zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "100 and 150 °C",
"question": "At what temperature does the metal become malleable?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
14,549 | Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a... | [
{
"answer": "Several dozen",
"question": "How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "243.66",
"question": "What is the longest half life of the isotopes?"
},
{
"answer": "metastable isotope",
"question": "What does the superscript m represent?"
},
{
... |
14,550 | The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H
2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatili... | [
{
"answer": "+2",
"question": "What oxidation state dominates zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C",
"question": "What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?"
},
{
"answer": "+1 or +2",
"question": "what are the o... |
14,551 | Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal stru... | [
{
"answer": "diamagnetic and mostly colorless.",
"question": "Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc and magnesium",
"question": "The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?"
},
{
"answer": "ionic radius",
"question": "... |
14,552 | Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) comp... | [
{
"answer": "bulky ligands",
"question": "What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?"
},
{
"answer": "[Zn2]2+",
"question": "What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?"
},
{
"answer": "diamagnetic nature of the ion",
"question": "What confirms the ... |
14,553 | Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have v... | [
{
"answer": "noble gases",
"question": "What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "strong basic and acidic solutions",
"question": "ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?"
},
{
"answer": "electronics and optics.",
"question": "What applications do chalc... |
14,554 | In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)
2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)
2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)
2, sulfate ZnSO
4, phosphate Zn
3(PO4)
2, molybdate ZnMoO
4, cyanide Zn(CN)
2, arsenite ... | [
{
"answer": "zincates",
"question": "Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?"
}
] |
14,555 | The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around... | [
{
"answer": "The Charaka Samhita",
"question": "Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?"
},
{
"answer": "Mauryan period",
"question": "Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?"
},
{
"answer": "smelting of metallic zinc",
"question": "What process occu... |
14,556 | The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zin... | [
{
"answer": "Paracelsus",
"question": "Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "imply \"tin-like\"",
"question": "Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?"
},
{
"answer": "metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance",
... |
14,557 | William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques ... | [
{
"answer": "William Champion's brother, John,",
"question": "Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?"
},
{
"answer": "calamine",
"question": "Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "Johann Christia... |
14,558 | Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron ... | [
{
"answer": "extractive metallurgy.",
"question": "What is used to produce the metal zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "get an ore concentrate",
"question": "What is froth flotation used for?"
},
{
"answer": "grinding the ore",
"question": "What is the first step in zinc metal production?"
},
... |
14,559 | The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calam... | [
{
"answer": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores",
"question": "Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?"
},
{
"answer": "heavy metals",
"question": "Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?"
},
{
"answer": "mining operations leach signific... |
14,560 | Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zi... | [
{
"answer": "iron or steel",
"question": "What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?"
},
{
"answer": "protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate",
"question": "What forms as zinc corrodes?"
},
{
"answer": "electrochemically or as molten zinc",
"question": "How is zinc applie... |
14,561 | The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly ... | [
{
"answer": "relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation",
"question": "What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?"
},
{
"answer": "cathodic protection",
"question": "Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?"
},
{
"answer": "protect metals t... |
14,562 | Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in cer... | [
{
"answer": "lead/tin alloy",
"question": "What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?"
},
{
"answer": "machine bearings",
"question": "Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?"
},
{
"answer": "one cent coins",
"question": "Zinc in the main metal used in making... |
14,563 | Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with ... | [
{
"answer": "spin casting",
"question": "Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?"
},
{
"answer": "Zamak",
"question": "Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?"
},
{
"answer": "small and i... |
14,564 | Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used a... | [
{
"answer": "cold-rolled into sheets",
"question": "What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?"
},
{
"answer": "stamping dies",
"question": "What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "too expensive",
"question": "Why are all... |
14,565 | Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to ... | [
{
"answer": "zinc compounds",
"question": "In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "Zinc oxide",
"question": "What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?"
},
{
"answer": "Zinc oxide",
"question": "What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviol... |
14,566 | Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, a... | [
{
"answer": "Zinc chloride",
"question": "What is added to wood in order to preserve it?"
},
{
"answer": "luminescent pigments",
"question": "What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?"
},
{
"answer": "mid-infrared",
"question": "What kind of laser... |
14,567 | 64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, t... | [
{
"answer": "64Zn",
"question": "What is the most abundant zinc isotope?"
},
{
"answer": "intense gamma radiation",
"question": "What does 65Zn produce?"
},
{
"answer": "anti-corrosion agent",
"question": "Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?"
},
{
"answer": "65Zn",
... |
14,568 | Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its ef... | [
{
"answer": "vitamin and mineral supplements",
"question": "What consumable product is zinc included in?"
},
{
"answer": "antioxidant",
"question": "What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?"
},
{
"answer": "speed up the healing",
"question": "What is the benef... |
14,569 | Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this typ... | [
{
"answer": "prostate",
"question": "What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?"
},
{
"answer": "chemotherapeutic",
"question": "What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?"
},
{
"answer": "prostate cancer",
"question": "What could overuse of zinc possibly ca... |
14,571 | Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure... | [
{
"answer": "structural",
"question": "What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?"
},
{
"answer": "transcription factors,",
"question": "What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How man... |
14,572 | Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc conc... | [
{
"answer": "zinc oxide",
"question": "What is the most common supplement in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly insoluble",
"question": "Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?"
},
{
"answer": "20 mg/day",
"question": "What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in ... |
14,573 | For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to mai... | [
{
"answer": "cereals",
"question": "Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?"
},
{
"answer": "maize tortillas",
"question": "In what product did various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc picolinate",
"question": "What compound is better... |
14,574 | Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild z... | [
{
"answer": "mild zinc deficiency",
"question": "Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?"
},
{
"answer": "depresses immunity",
"question": "What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?"
},
{
"answer": "twice as much food",
"question": "What is required f... |
14,575 | Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many... | [
{
"answer": "plant sources",
"question": "What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "phytates",
"question": "What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?"
},
{
"answer": "seeds and cereal bran,",
"question": "Where is zinc chel... |
14,576 | Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplement... | [
{
"answer": "zinc",
"question": "What are two billion people in the world deficient in?"
},
{
"answer": "deficient in zinc",
"question": "800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc supplementation",
"question": "What is recommended by the WHO for maln... |
14,577 | Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in th... | [
{
"answer": "high-pH soils",
"question": "In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?"
},
{
"answer": "disease.",
"question": "Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?"
},
{
"answer": "toxic",
"question": "Excess zinc has what effect on plan... |
14,578 | There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg ... | [
{
"answer": "copper",
"question": "What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?"
},
{
"answer": "urinary",
"question": "What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?"
},
{
"answer": "ability of plants to absorb other essential metals",
... |
14,579 | The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop us... | [
{
"answer": "nerve receptors",
"question": "What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?"
},
{
"answer": "polio infections",
"question": "Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc-based intranasal cold products",
"question": "What did the FDA order removed from store... |
14,580 | In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsi... | [
{
"answer": "pennies",
"question": "What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc toxicosis",
"question": "What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?"
},
{
"answer": "ataxia",
"question": "Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordinati... |
14,581 | Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea... | [
{
"answer": "Pennies",
"question": "What are dogs known to ingest?"
},
{
"answer": "zinc toxicity",
"question": "What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?"
},
{
"answer": "parrots",
"question": "In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?"
},
{
"answer": "j... |
14,582 | Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's id... | [
{
"answer": "Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux",
"question": "Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?"
},
{
"answer": "eternality",
"question": "What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?"
},
{
"answer": "sublime",
"question": "What Edmund... |
14,583 | The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatori... | [
{
"answer": "18th century",
"question": "What century were most four influential books published?"
},
{
"answer": "Colen Campbell",
"question": "Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?"
},
{
"answer": "18th-century",
"question": "In what century did Palladian architecture become well establ... |
14,584 | At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamenta... | [
{
"answer": "Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington",
"question": "Who was the \"architect earl\"?"
},
{
"answer": "1729",
"question": "When was Chiswick House designed?"
},
{
"answer": "Palladio's Villa Capra",
"question": "What was the original building that Chiswick House design wa... |
14,585 | By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pom... | [
{
"answer": "Ancient Greece",
"question": "What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Sir William Hamilton",
"question": "What englishman excavated pompeii?"
},
{
"answer": "Rome",
"question": "In what city did a ... |
14,586 | A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popul... | [
{
"answer": "Napoleonic Empire",
"question": "When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "Louis XVI style",
"question": "What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Directoire\" or Empire",
"question": "What i... |
14,587 | Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiq... | [
{
"answer": "Pompeii and Herculaneum.",
"question": "What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?"
},
{
"answer": "Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).",
"question": "What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?"
},
{
... |
14,588 | The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, susp... | [
{
"answer": "authentically Roman",
"question": "What were interiors seeking to recreate?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours",
"question": "What colors were utilized for interiors?"
},
{
"answer": "Marie Antoinette",
"question": "Who brought Louis XVI s... |
14,589 | A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved des... | [
{
"answer": "Robert and James Adam",
"question": "Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?"
},
{
"answer": "Italy and Dalmatia",
"question": "Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?"
},
{
"answer": "The Works in Architecture",
"question": "What... |
14,590 | From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by ... | [
{
"answer": "Greek architectural",
"question": "From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek Revival",
"question": "What was this new phase of neoclassicism?"
},
{
"answer": "18th century",
"question": "Prior to what century had there ... |
14,592 | At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and ... | [
{
"answer": "more grandiose",
"question": "How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?"
},
{
"answer": "Napoleon I",
"question": "What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?"
},
{
"answer": "Regency",
"question": "What was the corresponding style to... |
14,593 | High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural ... | [
{
"answer": "Late Baroque architecture",
"question": "What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?"
},
{
"answer": "planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes",
"question": "What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?"
},
{
... |
14,594 | Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slig... | [
{
"answer": "ancient Romans",
"question": "What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?"
},
{
"answer": "grid system",
"question": "What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?"
},
{
"answer": "very logical and orderly",
"question": "... |
14,595 | From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra a... | [
{
"answer": "Ancient Greco-Roman ideal",
"question": "What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Palmyra and Baalbec",
"question": "What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?"
},
{
"answer": "James 'Athenian' Stuart",
... |
14,596 | In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass ... | [
{
"answer": "Albert Richardson",
"question": "What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?"
},
{
"answer": "interwar period",
"question": "In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?"
},
{
"answer": "New Delhi",
"question... |
14,597 | The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the t... | [
{
"answer": "Louis XVI style",
"question": "What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?"
},
{
"answer": "Directoire and \"Empire\"",
"question": "France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Robert Adam",
"question": "What architect typifi... |
14,598 | What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that s... | [
{
"answer": "Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80",
"question": "What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French",
"question": "How concerned was France with Greek archit... |
14,599 | The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Mor... | [
{
"answer": "Vác",
"question": "In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?"
},
{
"answer": "Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval",
"question": "What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Moreau",
"question": ... |
14,600 | Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of Bri... | [
{
"answer": "late 18th century",
"question": "When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "Hospitaller",
"question": "What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?"
},
{
"answer": "1832",
"question": "When was RNH Bighi built?"
},
{
... |
14,601 | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | [
{
"answer": "New Classical Architecture",
"question": "In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?"
},
{
"answer": "Traditional Architecture",
"question": "What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?"
},
{
"answer":... |
14,602 | After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the ... | [
{
"answer": "roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s",
"question": "When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?"
},
{
"answer": "New Urbanism",
"question": "What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?"
},
{
"answer": "ironic",
"question": "Many post modern... |
14,603 | In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the ... | [
{
"answer": "Prince Charles",
"question": "Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?"
},
{
"answer": "Qatari Royal family",
"question": "What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?"
},
{
"answer": "Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinso... |
14,604 | On October 9, 2006 at 6:00 a.m., the network switched to a 24-hour schedule, becoming one of the last major English-language broadcasters to transition to such a schedule. Most CBC-owned stations previously signed off the air during the early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.). Instead of the infomer... | [
{
"answer": "last",
"question": "Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?"
},
{
"answer": "early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)",
"question": "When did stations previously sign off the air?"
},
{
"answer": "infomercials",
"question... |
14,605 | Until 1998, the network carried a variety of American programs in addition to its core Canadian programming, directly competing with private Canadian broadcasters such as CTV and Global. Since then, it has restricted itself to Canadian programs, a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network r... | [
{
"answer": "1998",
"question": "In what year did the network end American programming?"
},
{
"answer": "a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats",
"question": "What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?"
},
{
"answer": "Little Mosque... |
14,606 | Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was r... | [
{
"answer": "Rogers Communications",
"question": "Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?"
},
{
"answer": "a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers",
"question": "Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?"
},
{
"answer": "on CBC-owned stations",... |
14,607 | The CBC's flagship newscast, The National, airs Sunday through Fridays at 10:00 p.m. EST and Saturdays at 6:00 p.m. EST. Until October 2006, CBC owned-and-operated stations aired a second broadcast of the program at 11:00 p.m.; this later broadcast included only the main news portion of the program, and excluded the an... | [
{
"answer": "analysis and documentary segment",
"question": "What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?"
},
{
"answer": "The National",
"question": "Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?"
},
{
"answer": "October 2006",
"question": "When did CBC discontinue its late-night bro... |
14,608 | In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Su... | [
{
"answer": "from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.",
"question": "What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?"
},
{
"answer": "weekend evenings",
"question": "When do most other stations view their local newscasts?"
},
{
"answer": "weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon",
"question": "When d... |
14,609 | One of the most popular shows on CBC Television is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of NHL hockey games, Hockey Night in Canada. It has been televised by the network since 1952. During the NHL lockout and subsequent cancellation of the 2004-2005 hockey season, CBC instead aired various recent and classic movies, bra... | [
{
"answer": "1952",
"question": "What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?"
},
{
"answer": "various recent and classic movies",
"question": "What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?"
},
{
"answer": "Saturday",
"question": "On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasti... |
14,610 | It was also the exclusive carrier of Canadian Curling Association events during the 2004–2005 season. Due to disappointing results and fan outrage over many draws being carried on CBC Country Canada (now called Cottage Life Television, the association tried to cancel its multiyear deal with the CBC signed in 2004. Afte... | [
{
"answer": "Curling",
"question": "CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?"
},
{
"answer": "Cottage Life Television",
"question": "What is CBC Country Canada now called?"
},
{
"answer": "TSN",
"question": "Who became the new exclusive carrier of cur... |
14,611 | Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American... | [
{
"answer": "The One",
"question": "Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?"
},
{
"answer": "to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer",
"question": "Why did CBC move The National in some areas?"
},
{
"answer": "to attra... |
14,612 | Beginning in 2005, the CBC has contributed production funds for the BBC Wales revival of Doctor Who, for which it received a special credit at the end of each episode. This arrangement continued until the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008. The CBC similarly contributed to the first season of the spin-off series, ... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?"
},
{
"answer": "the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008",
"question": "When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?"
},
{
"answer": "Torchwood",
"question": "Which Doctor Wh... |
14,613 | On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (C... | [
{
"answer": "Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)",
"question": "What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?"
},
{
"answer": "over-the-air",
"question": "Where is CBC available for free?"
},
{
"answer": "a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner",
"question": "What is required ... |
14,614 | Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself. CBC O&O stations operate as a mostly seamless national service with few deviations from the main network schedule, although there are some regional differences from time to time. For on-air identification, most ... | [
{
"answer": "Toronto's CBLT",
"question": "What station does not identify itself by its call letters?"
},
{
"answer": "CBC itself",
"question": "Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?"
},
{
"answer": "\"CB\"",
"question": "What are the first two letters of nearly ... |
14,615 | Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programmin... | [
{
"answer": "stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules",
"question": "What are private affiliates?"
},
{
"answer": "40",
"question": "Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's privat... |
14,618 | CBC Television stations can be received in many United States communities along the Canadian border over-the-air and have a significant audience in those areas. Such a phenomenon can also take place within Great Lakes communities such as Ashtabula, Ohio, which received programming from the CBC's London, Ontario, transm... | [
{
"answer": "September 2010",
"question": "When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?"
},
{
"answer": "South-Western Ontario",
"question": "Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "Ashtabula, Ohio",
"question": "Which US city can receive bro... |
14,619 | CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in borde... | [
{
"answer": "more complete and consistent",
"question": "Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "more",
"question": "Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?"
},
{
"answer": "tape delaying events to air in primetime",
"question": "... |
14,620 | While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets ... | [
{
"answer": "August 31, 2011",
"question": "What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?"
},
{
"answer": "only about half",
"question": "How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?"
},
{
"answer": "London, Ontario (metropolit... |
14,621 | Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 ot... | [
{
"answer": "August 31, 2012",
"question": "When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?"
},
{
"answer": "Barrie, Ontario",
"question": "At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?"
},
{
"answer": "both",
"question": "Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radi... |
14,622 | In markets where a digital transmitter was installed, existing coverage areas were not necessarily maintained. For instance, the CBC implemented a digital transmitter covering Fredericton, New Brunswick in the place of the existing transmitter covering Saint John, New Brunswick and Fredericton, and decided to maintain ... | [
{
"answer": "113,930 people",
"question": "How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?"
},
{
"answer": "303,465",
"question": "How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?"
},
{
"answer": "only... |
14,623 | CBC announced on April 4, 2012, that it will shut down all of its approximately 620 analogue television transmitters on July 31, 2012 with no plans to install digital transmitters in their place, thus reducing the total number of the corporation's television transmitters across the country down to 27. According to the ... | [
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "July 31, 2012",
"question": "When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?"
},
{
"answer": "$10 million",
"question": "How much did CBC say... |
14,624 | On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the ... | [
{
"answer": "15",
"question": "How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "financial reasons",
"question": "For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?"
},
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade... |
14,625 | On November 30, 2010, CBC's senior director of regulatory affairs issued a letter to the CRTC regarding CBC's plans for transitioning to digital. The letter states, "CBC/Radio-Canada will not be converting its analogue retransmitters in mandatory markets to digital after August 31, 2011." On December 16, 2010, some mo... | [
{
"answer": "On December 16, 2010",
"question": "On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?"
},
{
"answer": "August 31, 2011",
"question": "On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?"
},
... |
14,626 | On March 23, 2011, the CRTC rejected an application by the CBC to install a digital transmitter serving Fredricton, New Brunswick in place of the analogue transmitter serving Fredericton and Saint John, New Brunswick, which would have served only 62.5% of the population served by the existing analogue transmitter. The ... | [
{
"answer": "62.5%",
"question": "What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?"
},
{
"answer": "rejected",
"question": "Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected... |
14,627 | On August 18, 2011, the CRTC issued a decision that allows CBC's mandatory market rebroadcasting transmitters in analogue to remain on-air until August 31, 2012. Before that deadline, CBC's licence renewal process would take place and CBC's digital transition plans would be examined as part of that process. The require... | [
{
"answer": "August 18, 2011",
"question": "On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?"
},
{
"answer": "2 to 51",
"question": "Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?"
},
{
"answer": "5... |
14,628 | On July 17, 2012, the CRTC approved the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters, noting that "while the Commission has the discretion to refuse to revoke broadcasting licences, even on application from a licensee, it cannot direct the CBC or any other broadcaster to continue to operate its stations and transmitters." ... | [
{
"answer": "July 17, 2012",
"question": "On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?"
},
{
"answer": "July 31, 2012",
"question": "On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?"
},
{
"answer": "620",
"question": "How many anal... |
14,629 | The Appalachian Mountains (i/ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn/ or /ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alp... | [
{
"answer": "les Appalaches",
"question": "What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?"
},
{
"answer": "a system of mountains in eastern North America",
"question": "What are the Appalachian mountains?"
},
{
"answer": "roughly 480 million years ago",
"question": "When did th... |
14,630 | Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and M... | [
{
"answer": "thirteen provinces",
"question": "How many provinces are in the mountain range?"
},
{
"answer": "the Atlantic Coast Uplands",
"question": "What is one of the provinces?"
},
{
"answer": "the Adirondack provinces",
"question": "Which province is often left out?"
},
{
... |
14,631 | The range is mostly located in the United States but extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre... | [
{
"answer": "Canada",
"question": "What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?"
},
{
"answer": "100 to 300 mi",
"question": "How large is the zone in Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "Newfoundland",
"question": "Where does it start in Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "Central Alabam... |
14,632 | The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, ... | [
{
"answer": "several different regions associated with the mountain range",
"question": "What does the term Appalachian refer to?"
},
{
"answer": "Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina",
"question": "What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?... |
14,633 | While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spa... | [
{
"answer": "northern coast of Florida",
"question": "What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?"
},
{
"answer": "1528",
"question": "When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?"
},
{
"answer": "Apalchen",
"question": "What did they transcribe Florida's name as? "
},
{
... |
14,634 | In addition to the true folded mountains, known as the ridge and valley province, the area of dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains is usually grouped with the Appalachians. This includes the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York, the Poconos in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny Plateau of southw... | [
{
"answer": "dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains",
"question": "What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians? "
},
{
"answer": "Catskill Mountains",
"question": "What mountains does that region include?"
},
{
"answer": "Cumberland Plateau",
"question": "Wha... |
14,635 | The Appalachian belt includes, with the ranges enumerated above, the plateaus sloping southward to the Atlantic Ocean in New England, and south-eastward to the border of the coastal plain through the central and southern Atlantic states; and on the north-west, the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus declining toward the ... | [
{
"answer": "divides the mountain system into two unequal portions",
"question": "What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?"
},
{
"answer": "has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights",
"question": "What is common among all the mountains... |
14,639 | Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies ... | [
{
"answer": "on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin",
"question": "Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's... |
14,640 | In eastern Pennsylvania the Great Appalachian Valley, or Great Valley, was accessible by reason of a broad gateway between the end of South Mountain and the Highlands, and many Germans and Moravians settled here between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers forming the Pennsylvania Dutch community, some of whom even now ... | [
{
"answer": "between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers",
"question": "Where did a lot of Germans settle? "
},
{
"answer": "Pennsylvania German language",
"question": "What dialect was created because of this?"
},
{
"answer": "all of the Shenandoah Valley",
"question": "Where did th... |
14,641 | Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo... | [
{
"answer": "wild turkey",
"question": "What is one typical bird found in the range?"
}
] |
14,642 | Animals that characterize the Appalachian forests include five species of tree squirrels. The most commonly seen is the low to moderate elevation eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Occupying similar habitat is the slightly larger fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) and the much smaller southern flying squirrel (Gla... | [
{
"answer": "five species",
"question": "How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?"
},
{
"answer": "gray squirrel",
"question": "What is the most commonly seen species?"
},
{
"answer": "larger fox squirrel",
"question": "What does the squirrel share its habit... |
14,643 | Dryer and rockier uplands and ridges are occupied by oak-chestnut type forests dominated by a variety of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.) and, in the past, by the American chestnut (Castanea dentata). The American chestnut was virtually eliminated as a canopy species by the introduced fungal chestnut blight ... | [
{
"answer": "oak",
"question": "What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?"
},
{
"answer": "The American chestnut",
"question": "What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?"
},
{
"answer": "sapling-sized sprouts",
"question": "What does the tree live on?"
},
{
... |
14,644 | The oak forests of the southern and central Appalachians consist largely of black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks (Quercus velutina, Q. rubra, Q. alba, Q. prinus and Q. coccinea) and hickories, such as the pignut (Carya glabra) in particular. The richest forests, which grade into mesic types, usually in... | [
{
"answer": "black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks",
"question": "What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?"
},
{
"answer": "hickories",
"question": "What other tree is common there?"
},
{
"answer": "chestnut oak",
"question": "What trees are located... |
14,645 | In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, ener... | [
{
"answer": "energy",
"question": "What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?"
},
{
"answer": "joules",
"question": "In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?"
},
{
"answer": "the energy transferred to an object b... |
14,646 | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | [
{
"answer": "kinetic energy of a moving object",
"question": "Common energy forms include what?"
},
{
"answer": "destroyed",
"question": "In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?"
},
{
"answer": "Newtonian physics",
"question": ... |
14,647 | For "closed systems" with no external source or sink of energy, the first law of thermodynamics states that a system's energy is constant unless energy is transferred in or out by mechanical work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. This means that it is impossible to create or destroy energy. While heat ca... | [
{
"answer": "by adding up all forms of energy in the system",
"question": "How can the total energy of a system be calculated?"
},
{
"answer": "available energy",
"question": "The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "h... |
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