id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
15,651 | 3 kV DC is used in Belgium, Italy, Spain, Poland, the northern Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Chile, and former Soviet Union countries (also using 25 kV 50 Hz AC). It was formerly used by the Milwaukee Road from Harlowton, Montana to Seattle-Tacoma, across the Continental Divide and including extensi... | [
{
"answer": "3 kV DC",
"question": "What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?"
},
{
"answer": "25 kV 50 Hz AC",
"question": "Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?"
},
{
"answer": "Western Railroad",
"que... |
15,652 | Most electrification systems use overhead wires, but third rail is an option up to about 1,200 V. Third rail systems exclusively use DC distribution. The use of AC is not feasible because the dimensions of a third rail are physically very large compared with the skin depth that the alternating current penetrates to (0.... | [
{
"answer": "overhead wires",
"question": "What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?"
},
{
"answer": "DC distribution",
"question": "Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?"
},
{
"answer": "skin depth",
"question": "What depth does the alternating cur... |
15,653 | DC systems (especially third-rail systems) are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and cannot use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide. This may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high-voltage AC, even for urban... | [
{
"answer": "low voltages",
"question": "Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?"
},
{
"answer": "cannot",
"question": "Can DC systems use low-level platform?"
},
{
"answer": "air-conditioning",
"question": "Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effe... |
15,655 | A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the "second generation" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol – ground current feed). This involves a third rail which is flush with ... | [
{
"answer": "2003",
"question": "What year the \"second generation\" of tram system began to operate in France?"
},
{
"answer": "1958",
"question": "When was the original system discontinued?"
},
{
"answer": "energized segment",
"question": "How is the circuit of the third rail divid... |
15,656 | The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420v DC, and a ... | [
{
"answer": "four-rail system",
"question": "What type of system does London Underground use?"
},
{
"answer": "carries the electrical return",
"question": "What is the purpose of the forth rail?"
},
{
"answer": "+420v DC",
"question": "What is the volatage surge of the third rail of ... |
15,657 | The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even a... | [
{
"answer": "electrolytic damage",
"question": "What danger can return currents cause?"
},
{
"answer": "by using resistors",
"question": "How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? "
},
{
"answer": "ceramic chairs",
"question": "What insures minimal current leak during... |
15,658 | On tracks that London Underground share with National Rail third-rail stock (the Bakerloo and District lines both have such sections), the centre rail is connected to the running rails, allowing both types of train to operate, at a compromise voltage of 660 V. Underground trains pass from one section to the other at sp... | [
{
"answer": "to simplify rolling stock use",
"question": "Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?"
},
{
"answer": "660 V",
"question": "What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?"
},
{
"answer": "the centre rail is conne... |
15,659 | A few lines of the Paris Métro in France operate on a four-rail power scheme because they run on rubber tyres which run on a pair of narrow roadways made of steel and, in some places, concrete. Since the tyres do not conduct the return current, the two guide rails provided outside the running 'roadways' double up as co... | [
{
"answer": "rubber tyres",
"question": "Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?"
},
{
"answer": "two guide rails",
"question": "What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?"
},
{
"answer": "a single polarity supply",
"question": "... |
15,660 | An early advantage of AC is that the power-wasting resistors used in DC locomotives for speed control were not needed in an AC locomotive: multiple taps on the transformer can supply a range of voltages. Separate low-voltage transformer windings supply lighting and the motors driving auxiliary machinery. More recently,... | [
{
"answer": "multiple taps on the transformer",
"question": "How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?"
},
{
"answer": "power-wasting resistors",
"question": "What was a disadvantage of DC system?"
},
{
"answer": "low-voltage transformer windings",
"question... |
15,661 | DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and ... | [
{
"answer": "if fitted with laminated pole pieces",
"question": "How can DC motor turn universal?"
},
{
"answer": "inductive reactance and eddy current losses",
"question": "What problems did AC distribution cause?"
},
{
"answer": "low AC frequencies",
"question": "How do railways tr... |
15,662 | High-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for standard gauge national networks. The meter gauge Rhaetian Railway (RhB) and the neighbouring Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) operate on 11 kV at 16.7 Hz frequency. Practice has proven that both Swiss and German 15 kV trains can operate under these lower voltages. The Rh... | [
{
"answer": "adopting the already proven RhB system.",
"question": "How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?"
},
{
"answer": "1913",
"question": "When was the first trail of RhB system tested?"
}
] |
15,664 | In the UK, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway pioneered overhead electrification of its suburban lines in London, London Bridge to Victoria being opened to traffic on 1 December 1909. Victoria to Crystal Palace via Balham and West Norwood opened in May 1911. Peckham Rye to West Norwood opened in June 1912. Fu... | [
{
"answer": "1 December 1909",
"question": "When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?"
},
{
"answer": "Victoria to Crystal Palace",
"question": "What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?"
},
{
"answ... |
15,665 | Three-phase AC railway electrification was used in Italy, Switzerland and the United States in the early twentieth century. Italy was the major user, for lines in the mountainous regions of northern Italy from 1901 until 1976. The first lines were the Burgdorf-Thun line in Switzerland (1899), and the lines of the Ferro... | [
{
"answer": "Italy, Switzerland and the United States",
"question": "What countries used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Italy",
"question": "What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?"
},
{
"answer": "in the mountainous reg... |
15,666 | The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase inductio... | [
{
"answer": "Hungary",
"question": "What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?"
},
{
"answer": "16 kV at 50 Hz",
"question": "What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?"
},
{
"answer": "four-pole rotating phase converter",
"question": "What type of t... |
15,668 | Modern electrification systems take AC energy from a power grid which is delivered to a locomotive and converted to a DC voltage to be used by traction motors. These motors may either be DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors which require further conversion of the DC to 3-phase AC (using ... | [
{
"answer": "DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors",
"question": "What nowdays electrification systems can use?"
},
{
"answer": "converting and transporting",
"question": "What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?"
},
{
"answer": "ohmic l... |
15,670 | Newly electrified lines often show a "sparks effect", whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue. The reasons may include electric trains being seen as more modern and attractive to ride, faster and smoother service, and the fact that electrification often goes h... | [
{
"answer": "\"sparks effect\"",
"question": "What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?"
},
{
"answer": "patronage / revenue",
"question": "What can electrification of modern trains effect? "
},
{
"answer": "rolling stock overhaul / replacement",
"question": "How can better se... |
15,671 | Network effects are a large factor with electrification. When converting lines to electric, the connections with other lines must be considered. Some electrifications have subsequently been removed because of the through traffic to non-electrified lines. If through traffic is to have any benefit, time consuming engine ... | [
{
"answer": "Network effects",
"question": "What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?"
},
{
"answer": "through traffic to non-electrified lines",
"question": "What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?"
},
{
"answer": "electrification to isolated ... |
15,672 | Additionally, there are issues of connections between different electrical services, particularly connecting intercity lines with sections electrified for commuter traffic, but also between commuter lines built to different standards. This can cause electrification of certain connections to be very expensive simply bec... | [
{
"answer": "connections between different electrical services",
"question": "What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?"
},
{
"answer": "the implications on the sections it is connecting",
"question": "Why the commuter lines built to different standards can c... |
15,673 | Central station electricity can often be generated with higher efficiency than a mobile engine/generator. While the efficiency of power plant generation and diesel locomotive generation are roughly the same in the nominal regime, diesel motors decrease in efficiency in non-nominal regimes at low power while if an elec... | [
{
"answer": "Central station",
"question": "Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?"
},
{
"answer": "it will shut down its least efficient generators",
"question": "How can electric power plant become more power efficient?"
},
{
"answer": "by regenerative braking",
"quest... |
15,674 | Energy sources unsuitable for mobile power plants, such as nuclear power, renewable hydroelectricity, or wind power can be used. According to widely accepted global energy reserve statistics, the reserves of liquid fuel are much less than gas and coal (at 42, 167 and 416 years respectively). Most countries with large r... | [
{
"answer": "unsuitable",
"question": "Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?"
},
{
"answer": "to substitute other fuels",
"question": "What is the recent incentive in order to overcome oil scarcity?"
},
{
"answer": "liquid fuel",
"question": "What type ... |
15,675 | In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in term... | [
{
"answer": "electric",
"question": "What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "1965",
"question": "What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?"
},
{
"answer": "25% less fuel per ton-km",
... |
15,677 | The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States. There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States, as well as six million Spanish language students. Together, this makes the United States of America the second largest Hispanophone count... | [
{
"answer": "There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,",
"question": "How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English \"v... |
15,678 | The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries, with the arrival of Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California. The Spanish explorers explored areas of 4... | [
{
"answer": "The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries",
"question": "How old is the Spanish language in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states",
"question": "Where in the Un... |
15,679 | Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America. Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513. In 1565, the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de León, founded St. Augustine, Florida, and as of the early 1800s, it became the oldest contin... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de León in 1513.",
"question": "When did the Spanish arrive to America?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America.",
"question": "Did Europeans sp... |
15,680 | In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas. A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836, the now largely "American" Texans, fought a war of independence from the central g... | [
{
"answer": "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas",
"question": "Was Texas a part of Mexico?"
},
{
"answer": "A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president.... |
15,681 | After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain also, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California and most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of ... | [
{
"answer": "California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California",
"question": "What states made up of Alta California"
},
{
"answer": "After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain",
"question": "When did other ... |
15,682 | Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California... | [
{
"answer": "Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law",
"question": "Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?"
},
{
"answer": "United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did.",
"quest... |
15,683 | For decades, the U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English, to the extent of making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools. It was completely unsuccessful, and retreated from that policy in 1948. Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish ... | [
{
"answer": "U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English",
"question": "Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?"
},
{
"answer": "making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools.",
"question": "H... |
15,684 | At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups, Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish, but millions of Puerto Rican Americans living in the U.S. mainland nonetheless are fluent in Spanish. Puerto Ricans are natural-born U.S. citizens, an... | [
{
"answer": "At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups",
"question": "How many Puerto Ricans are there?"
},
{
"answer": "increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, esp... |
15,685 | Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one mill... | [
{
"answer": "Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability",
"question": "Why did Cubans come to the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 i... |
15,686 | Likewise the migration of Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans also began as a result of political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. The uprising of the Sandinista revolution which toppled the Somoza dictatorship in 1979 caused many Nicaraguans to migrate particularly from those opposing the Sandinistas. T... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans",
"question": "What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?"
},
{
"answer": "political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s",
"question": "Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?"
},
{
"answer": "Throughout the 1980s with... |
15,687 | The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was alrea... | [
{
"answer": "The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.",
"question": "Why did Salvadorans come to America?"
},
{
"answer": "The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s",
"question": "When did Salvadorans come to... |
15,688 | As civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s, hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990, the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000. The number of Salvadoran immigr... | [
{
"answer": "civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s",
"question": "Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990",
"question": "When did Salvadorans flee "
},
{
... |
15,689 | Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States. Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela, only to later migrate to the United States along with their children and grandchildren who born and/or ... | [
{
"answer": "Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States.",
"question": "When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?"
},
{
"answer": "Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who w... |
15,690 | In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral... | [
{
"answer": "In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States",
"question": "How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?"
},
{
"answer": "mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest... |
15,691 | Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, esp... | [
{
"answer": "Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents",
"question": "Is there such a thing as bilingual state?"
},
{
"answer": "there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home.... |
15,692 | The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of S... | [
{
"answer": "The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico",
"question": "Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?"
},
{
"answer": "The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863,... |
15,693 | New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state; however, the state has no official language. New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English. Although English is the state government's pa... | [
{
"answer": "the state has no official language.",
"question": "Does New Mexico have an official language?"
},
{
"answer": "New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English.",
"question": "What language is New Mexico's language written in?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish has... |
15,694 | Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence, New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish and has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many ... | [
{
"answer": "Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence",
"question": "Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?"
},
{
"answer": ", New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Me... |
15,695 | In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language (though it lacks de jure status) and is used in government. However, the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas. Texas's counties bordering Mexico are mostly Hispanic, and consequently, Spanish is commonly spok... | [
{
"answer": "In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language",
"question": "What is Texas official language?"
},
{
"answer": ", the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas.",
"question": "Are there exceptions to Texas official language... |
15,696 | Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language in American secondary schools and of higher education. More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses in autumn of 2002 and Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of th... | [
{
"answer": "Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language",
"question": "What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses",
"question": "Are students taught Spanish in americ... |
15,697 | The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish, following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov. Moreover, non-Hispanic American origin politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic maj... | [
{
"answer": "The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish",
"question": "What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are avai... |
15,698 | Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project, the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants. Mr Veltman's language shift studies document high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the pref... | [
{
"answer": "Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project",
"question": "Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?"
},
{
"answer": "the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants",
... |
15,699 | Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is loca... | [
{
"answer": "Charleston",
"question": "What is the oldest city in South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "Charleston County",
"question": "What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?"
},
{
"answer": "Charleston Harbor",
"question": "Charleston is located on what harbor?"
},
{
... |
15,700 | Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, ... | [
{
"answer": "1670",
"question": "What year was Charleston founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Town",
"question": "What was Charleston's original name?"
},
{
"answer": "King Charles II of England",
"question": "Charles Town was named after which king?"
},
{
"answer": "Albemarle ... |
15,701 | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Ri... | [
{
"answer": "127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)",
"question": "How large is Charleston, South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "North Charleston",
"question": "Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? "
},
{
"answer": "18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)",
"question": "How much of ... |
15,702 | Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm throug... | [
{
"answer": "Summer",
"question": "What season is the wettest in Charleston?"
},
{
"answer": "thundershowers",
"question": "In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Winter",
"question": "What season is characterized as short in Charleston?"
},
... |
15,703 | The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C), on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944, and the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) on February 14, 1899, although at the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999 down to 6 °F (−14 °C) on January 21, 1985.... | [
{
"answer": "104 °F",
"question": "What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?"
},
{
"answer": "Hurricane Hugo",
"question": "What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?"
},
{
"answer": "7 °F (−14 °C)",
"question": "What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Cha... |
15,704 | The Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of three counties: Charleston, Berkeley, and Dorchester. As of the 2013 U.S. Census, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of 712,239 people. North Charleston is the second-largest city in the Charleston-North Charlest... | [
{
"answer": "548,404",
"question": "How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?"
},
{
"answer": "North Charleston",
"question": "What is the third largest city in South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "9,123",
"question": "How many people lived in Moncks Co... |
15,705 | The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip an... | [
{
"answer": "Reconstruction Era",
"question": "What era brought counties to South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional parish system",
"question": "Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "public service districts",
"question": "What is the main use of the ... |
15,706 | After Charles II of England (1630–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660 following Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, he granted the chartered Province of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It took seven years before the group arranged for settlement expedi... | [
{
"answer": "1670",
"question": "What year was Charles Town founded?"
},
{
"answer": "seven years",
"question": "How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "the Grand Model",
"question": "What was the plan to settle and deve... |
15,707 | The community was established by several shiploads of settlers from Bermuda (which lies due east of South Carolina, although at 1,030 km or 640 mi, it is closest to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina), under the leadership of governor William Sayle, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-... | [
{
"answer": "Bermuda",
"question": "Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Cape Hatteras",
"question": "Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?"
},
{
"answer": "William Sayle",
"question": "Who was the first governor of Charleston?"
},
{
... |
15,708 | The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial year... | [
{
"answer": "Catholics",
"question": "What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "1830",
"question": "About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?"
},
{
"answer": "England",
"question": "What European ... |
15,709 | The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn ... | [
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?"
},
{
"answer": "Native Americans",
"question": "Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?"
},
{
"answer": "1720s",
"question"... |
15,710 | Africans were brought to Charles Town on the Middle Passage, first as "servants", then as slaves. Ethnic groups transported here included especially Wolof, Yoruba, Fulani, Igbo, Malinke, and other people of the Windward Coast. An estimated 40% of the total 400,000 Africans transported and sold as slaves into North Amer... | [
{
"answer": "Toni Morrison",
"question": "What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?"
},
{
"answer": "40%",
"question": "What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Passage",
"question": "What stage of... |
15,711 | Colonial Lowcountry landowners experimented with cash crops ranging from tea to silkworms. African slaves brought knowledge of rice cultivation, which plantation owners cultivated and developed as a successful commodity crop by 1700. With the coerced help of African slaves from the Caribbean, Eliza Lucas, daughter of p... | [
{
"answer": "rice",
"question": "African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?"
},
{
"answer": "1750",
"question": "By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?"
},
{
"answer": "Britain",
"question": "Which nation subsidized indigo crops f... |
15,712 | By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Bo... | [
{
"answer": "slave trade",
"question": "What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?"
},
{
"answer": "1770",
"question": "When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?"
},
{
"answer": "slaves",
"question": "Who made up the majority of Charles To... |
15,713 | Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of... | [
{
"answer": "Creek nations",
"question": "What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?"
},
{
"answer": "500,000 to 1,250,000",
"question": "What is the estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?"
},
{
"ans... |
15,714 | As Charles Town grew, so did the community's cultural and social opportunities, especially for the elite merchants and planters. The first theatre building in America was built in 1736 on the site of today's Dock Street Theatre. Benevolent societies were formed by different ethnic groups, from French Huguenots to free ... | [
{
"answer": "College of Charles Towne",
"question": "What is the oldest college in South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "1970",
"question": "Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1748",
"question": "What year was the Charles Towne Library Soci... |
15,715 | On June 28, 1776, General Sir Henry Clinton along with 2,000 men and a naval squadron tried to seize Charles Towne, hoping for a simultaneous Loyalist uprising in South Carolina. When the fleet fired cannonballs, they failed to penetrate Fort Sullivan's unfinished, yet thick, palmetto-log walls. No local Loyalists atta... | [
{
"answer": "General Sir Henry Clinton",
"question": "Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "Col. Moultrie",
"question": "Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "June 28, 1776",
"quest... |
15,716 | Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Fran... | [
{
"answer": "Siege of Charles Towne",
"question": "What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "14,000",
"question": "How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?"
},
{
"answer": "1780",
"question": "In what year did General Clinton return ... |
15,717 | Although the city lost the status of state capital to Columbia in 1786, Charleston became even more prosperous in the plantation-dominated economy of the post-Revolutionary years. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 revolutionized the processing of this crop, making short-staple cotton profitable. It was more easil... | [
{
"answer": "Columbia",
"question": "What city became the state capital of South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "1786",
"question": "Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1793",
"question": "In what year was the cotton gin invented?"
},
{... |
15,718 | The city also had a large class of free people of color. By 1860, 3,785 free people of color were in Charleston, nearly 18% of the city's black population, and 8% of the total population. Free people of color were far more likely to be of mixed racial background than slaves. Many were educated, practiced skilled crafts... | [
{
"answer": "3,785",
"question": "How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?"
},
{
"answer": "8%",
"question": "What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?"
},
{
"answer": "18%",
"question": "What percentage of Charleston's black population w... |
15,719 | By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the ... | [
{
"answer": "slave revolt",
"question": "What was planned by Denmark Vesey?"
},
{
"answer": "May 1822",
"question": "When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?"
},
{
"answer": "hanged",
"question": "How was Vesey executed in 1822?"
},
{
"answer": "five slaves",
"q... |
15,720 | In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes,... | [
{
"answer": "Southern Baptist Church",
"question": "Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?"
},
{
"answer": "17,000",
"question": "How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?"
},
{
"answer": "liquor",
"question": "What barred product ,alon... |
15,721 | Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free ... | [
{
"answer": "the American Missionary Association",
"question": "What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "free secondary school",
"question": "What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?"
},
{
"answer": "Charleston's African American population",
"... |
15,722 | In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's population, and 73% of Charleston County. With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in num... | [
{
"answer": "57%",
"question": "What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?"
},
{
"answer": "73%",
"question": "What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?"
},
{
"answer": "white Democrats",
"question": "In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought a... |
15,723 | Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns fro... | [
{
"answer": "the Red Shirts",
"question": "What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?"
},
{
"answer": "federal constitutional amendments.",
"question": "What granted Freeman were American citizenship?"
},
{
"answer": "October 15",
"question": "The Cainhoy ... |
15,724 | On August 31, 1886, Charleston was nearly destroyed by an earthquake. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away as Boston to the north, Chicago and Milwaukee to the northwest, as far west as New Orleans, as far south as Cuba, and a... | [
{
"answer": "an earthquake",
"question": "What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?"
},
{
"answer": "August 31, 1886",
"question": "What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?"
},
{
"answer": "2,000 buildings",
"question": "How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake ... |
15,725 | Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature... | [
{
"answer": "Democrat",
"question": "Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?"
},
{
"answer": "1896",
"question": "What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?"
},
{
"answer": "1889.",
"question": "The William Enston Home was... |
15,726 | On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jack... | [
{
"answer": "June 17, 2015",
"question": "On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?"
},
{
"answer": "Dylann Roof",
"question": "What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "st... |
15,727 | Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performin... | [
{
"answer": "spring",
"question": "What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?"
},
{
"answer": "Festival dei Due Mondi",
"question": "Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?"
},
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?"
},
... |
15,728 | Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from acros... | [
{
"answer": "the Footlight Players",
"question": "What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?"
},
{
"answer": "Marion Square",
"question": "Where is the annual Charleston Fashion week held?"
},
{
"answer": "1931",
"question": "The Footlight Players started creating theatri... |
15,730 | Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival tak... | [
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?"
},
{
"answer": "art festival",
"question": "What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?"
},
{
"answer": "James Island County Park",
"question": "The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where... |
15,731 | As it has on every aspect of Charleston culture, the Gullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development of jazz music. In turn, the music of Charleston has had an influence on that of the rest of the country. The geechee dances that accompanied the ... | [
{
"answer": "Chris Smith",
"question": "Who wrote the \"Charleston\"?"
},
{
"answer": "1920s",
"question": "What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?"
},
{
"answer": "Eubie Blake",
"question": "Who created the song \"Charleston Rag\"?"
},
{
"answer": "the Gulla... |
15,732 | The Jenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on a variety ... | [
{
"answer": "1891",
"question": "What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?"
},
{
"answer": "donations of musical instruments",
"question": "What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?"
},
{
"answer": "Daniel J. Jenkins",
"question": "What Charleston Reverend establish... |
15,733 | As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft and toured the USA and Europe. The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" by DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same... | [
{
"answer": "Theodore Roosevelt",
"question": "What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?"
},
{
"answer": "Porgy",
"question": "What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?"
},
{
"answer": "Porgy and Bess",
"question": "What was the na... |
15,734 | The City of Charleston Fire Department consists over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 19 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, and one ladder company. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the divisions of the department. The ... | [
{
"answer": "19",
"question": "How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?"
},
{
"answer": "300",
"question": "How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?"
},
{
"answer": "Russell (Rusty) Thomas",
"question": "Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008... |
15,735 | The City of Charleston Police Department, with a total of 452 sworn officers, 137 civilians, and 27 reserve police officers, is South Carolina's largest police department. Their procedures on cracking down on drug use and gang violence in the city are used as models to other cities to do the same.[citation needed] Acco... | [
{
"answer": "The City of Charleston Police Department",
"question": "What is the largest police department of South Carolina?"
},
{
"answer": "27",
"question": "How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?"
},
{
"answer": "137",
"question": "How many civ... |
15,736 | Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest ... | [
{
"answer": "Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center",
"question": "What is the state's first school of medicine?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Pleasant",
"question": "Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?"
},
{
"answer": "City of North Charleston",
"question": "Where is... |
15,737 | The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston A... | [
{
"answer": "Charleston International Airport",
"question": "What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?"
},
{
"answer": "North Charleston",
"question": "The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?"
},
{
"answer": "12 miles (20 km)",
"question": "How fa... |
15,738 | Interstate 26 begins in downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city to North Charleston, the Charleston International Airport, Interstate 95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Exp... | [
{
"answer": "the city's Neck area",
"question": "What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?"
},
{
"answer": "U.S. Highway 78",
"question": "What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?"
},
{
"answer": "Meeting Street",
"question": "U.S. Highway 78 merges wit... |
15,739 | The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across the Cooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was the second-longest cable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[citation needed] The bridge links Mount Pleasant with downtown Charleston, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicy... | [
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Pleasant",
"question": "What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?"
},
{
"answer": "1929",
"question": "What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?"
},
{
"an... |
15,740 | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools into Bishop England ... | [
{
"answer": "150 years",
"question": "Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?"
},
{
"answer": "K-8 parochial schools",
"question": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?"
},
{
"answer": "150 years",
"question": "How old a... |
15,741 | Public institutions of higher education in Charleston include the College of Charleston (the nation's 13th-oldest university), The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, and the Medical University of South Carolina. The city is also home to private universities, including the Charleston School of Law . Charle... | [
{
"answer": "College of Charleston",
"question": "What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?"
},
{
"answer": "downtown on North Market Street",
"question": "Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?"
},
{
"answer": "2007",
"question": "What year did the Art institute of Cha... |
15,742 | Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide t... | [
{
"answer": "Spoleto",
"question": "What is the name of Charleston's sister city?"
},
{
"answer": "Italy",
"question": "In what country is Spoleto located?"
},
{
"answer": "Gian Carlo Menotti",
"question": "Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?"
},
{
... |
15,743 | During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval ... | [
{
"answer": "1996",
"question": "What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?"
},
{
"answer": "2,500 nuclear warheads",
"question": "How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?"
},
{
"answer": "Two",
"question": "How ... |
15,744 | In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recent tariff acts. Soon, federal soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and five United States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harb... | [
{
"answer": "1832",
"question": "What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?"
},
{
"answer": "federal soldiers",
"question": "After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?"
},
{
"answer": "five United State... |
15,745 | By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. The slave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and the slaves bought and sold. The legal importation of African slaves had ended in 1808, although smuggling w... | [
{
"answer": "The slave trade",
"question": "What industry depended on the port of Charleston?"
},
{
"answer": "the Market Hall and Sheds",
"question": "Where was fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?"
},
{
"answer": "1808",
"question": "What year did the legal importation of ... |
15,746 | After the defeat of the Confederacy, federal forces remained in Charleston during the city's reconstruction. The war had shattered the prosperity of the antebellum city. Freed slaves were faced with poverty and discrimination, but a large community of free people of color had been well-established in the city before th... | [
{
"answer": "26%",
"question": "What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?"
},
{
"answer": "postwar Republican Party",
"question": "Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?"
},
{
"answer": "poverty",
"question": "What else did freed slaves face in... |
15,747 | Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to ... | [
{
"answer": "violet",
"question": "Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?"
},
{
"answer": "Green Blue",
"question": "Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?"
},
{
"answer": "orange",
"question": "Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?"
... |
15,748 | In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky... | [
{
"answer": "hemoglobin",
"question": "From where does the color red in blood come from?"
},
{
"answer": "iron",
"question": "What does hemoglobin contain?"
},
{
"answer": "iron oxide",
"question": "What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?"
},
{
"answer": "Rayleigh sc... |
15,749 | A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have bee... | [
{
"answer": "Neolithic Period",
"question": "During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?"
},
{
"answer": "the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees",
"question": "What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "From w... |
15,750 | Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with... | [
{
"answer": "the Book of Exodus",
"question": "In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?"
},
{
"answer": "colored twice with coccus",
"question": "What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?"
},
{
"answer": "Kokkos",
"question": "In a... |
15,751 | But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the s... | [
{
"answer": "4000 BC",
"question": "When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?"
},
{
"answer": "Red ochre",
"question": "What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?"
},
{
"answer": "the rubia",
"question": "What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment ... |
15,752 | In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army... | [
{
"answer": "Tyrian purple",
"question": "Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "holidays",
"question": "At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?"
},
{
"answer": "a red shawl",
"question": "What is a flammeum?"
},
{
"answ... |
15,753 | The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more... | [
{
"answer": "vermilion",
"question": "What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "the mineral cinnabar",
"question": "From where did vermilion originate?"
},
{
"answer": "mercury",
"question": "Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?"
},
{
"answer": "Alm... |
15,754 | Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Sa... | [
{
"answer": "Emperor Charlemagne",
"question": "Which European emperor painted their palace red?"
},
{
"answer": "1295",
"question": "In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?"
},
{
"answer": "12th century",
"question": "When was Saint Denis Basilica ... |
15,755 | Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned towa... | [
{
"answer": "wealth",
"question": "What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?"
},
{
"answer": "holidays",
"question": "On what occasion would townspeople wear red?"
},
{
"answer": "rubia tinctorum",
"question": "What root was used for red clothing owned by common... |
15,756 | Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune t... | [
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?"
},
{
"answer": "fire",
"question": "What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?"
},
{
"answer": "metal, wood, water",
"question": "Outside of Fire and Earth, ... |
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