id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
15,757 | Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the ... | [
{
"answer": "906–1279",
"question": "During what years did the Song dynasty occur?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "green",
"question": "What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?"
},
... |
15,758 | Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women ... | [
{
"answer": "nobles",
"question": "Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?"
},
{
"answer": "Cao Xueqin",
"question": "who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?"
},
{
"answer": "1715–1763",
"question": "During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?"
},
{
"answer"... |
15,759 | There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect whic... | [
{
"answer": "Rubia",
"question": "What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?"
},
{
"answer": "the wealthy",
"question": "Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish Cochineal",
"question": "The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?"
},
{
... |
15,760 | But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which liv... | [
{
"answer": "Hernán Cortés",
"question": "Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "16th",
"question": "In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "1519-1521",
"question": "During what years w... |
15,761 | The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a... | [
{
"answer": "carmine",
"question": "What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?"
},
{
"answer": "change color",
"question": "What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?"
},
{
"answer": "rubia tinctorum plant",
"question": "What was madder lake ma... |
15,762 | During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathe... | [
{
"answer": "French Revolution",
"question": "During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?"
},
{
"answer": "red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap",
"question": "What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?"
},
{
"answer": "celebrate",
"question": "Women with red caps crowded around gui... |
15,763 | As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in... | [
{
"answer": "rouge d'Adrinople",
"question": "What was Turkey red called in France?"
},
{
"answer": "the 1740s",
"question": "In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?"
},
{
"answer": "carmine",
"question": "What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?... |
15,764 | The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly fol... | [
{
"answer": "19th",
"question": "In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?"
},
{
"answer": "Vincent van Gogh",
"question": "Who painted the Night Cafe?"
},
{
"answer": "1888",
"question": "In what year was The Night Cafe painted?"
},
{
"answer": "T... |
15,765 | Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthen... | [
{
"answer": "20th",
"question": "During which century did Matisse work?"
},
{
"answer": "strengthened",
"question": "Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?"
},
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressu... |
15,766 | Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramari... | [
{
"answer": "Harvard University",
"question": "To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?"
},
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?"
},
{
"answer": "Naphtol and Lithol",
"question": "What organic reds did Rothko use in the ... |
15,767 | Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was ... | [
{
"answer": "minerals",
"question": "What was red ochre composed of?"
},
{
"answer": "mixing organic dyes",
"question": "How were pigments like red lake created?"
},
{
"answer": "insects or plants, with white chalk or alum",
"question": "What was red lake composed of?"
},
{
"... |
15,768 | In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the col... | [
{
"answer": "red, green and blue",
"question": "Which colors are part of the RGB model?"
},
{
"answer": "white",
"question": "What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?"
},
{
"answer": "additive primary colors",
"question": "The RGB color model has three colors ... |
15,769 | So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the... | [
{
"answer": "zero to 255,",
"question": "Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?"
},
{
"answer": "16,777,216",
"question": "What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?"
},
{
"answer": "255, 00, 00",
"question": "What is the number used to indicate pure... |
15,770 | As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, a... | [
{
"answer": "Rayleigh",
"question": "What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?"
},
{
"answer": "scatter more strongly",
"question": "What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?"
},
{
"answer": "removed almost completely",
"q... |
15,771 | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used com... | [
{
"answer": "1960",
"question": "When was the first ruby laser invented?"
},
{
"answer": "1962",
"question": "In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?"
},
{
"answer": "Red helium–neon",
"question": "What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?"
},
{
"answer":... |
15,772 | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process chang... | [
{
"answer": "the summer growing season",
"question": "At which period of the year are phosphates high?"
},
{
"answer": "phosphate",
"question": "What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?"
},
{
"answer": "the stem of the plant",
"question": "Where does phosphate within a ... |
15,773 | Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at ... | [
{
"answer": "pheomelanin",
"question": "What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?"
},
{
"answer": "the lips",
"question": "There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?"
},
{
"answer": "eumelanin",
"question": ... |
15,774 | Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, lea... | [
{
"answer": "the face",
"question": "In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?"
},
{
"answer": "increased performance",
"question": "Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?"
},
{
"answer": "tae kwon do",
"questio... |
15,775 | Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christia... | [
{
"answer": "courage",
"question": "What trait do people most commonly link red with?"
},
{
"answer": "to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs",
"question": "Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?"
},
{
"answer": "a red cross on a white field",
"question": ... |
15,776 | Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each ot... | [
{
"answer": "296 AD",
"question": "When was Saint Valentine martyred?"
},
{
"answer": "a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest",
"question": "Who was Saint Valentine?"
},
{
"answer": "14th",
"question": "In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?"
},
{
... |
15,777 | Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree cere... | [
{
"answer": "Scarlet",
"question": "What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?"
},
{
"answer": "good fortune and prosperity",
"question": "What good traits is the color red associated with in China?"
},
{
"answer": "4th",
"question": "In what centu... |
15,778 | Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with ... | [
{
"answer": "defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it",
"question": "What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"answer": "they would show no mercy to their enemy",
"question": "What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?"
},
{
"an... |
15,779 | Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight... | [
{
"answer": "Vienna",
"question": "In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?"
},
{
"answer": "1968",
"question": "In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?"
},
{
"answer": "Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 196... |
15,780 | Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidentia... | [
{
"answer": "to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person",
"question": "In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?"
},
{
"answer": "People wearing red seem to be closer",
"question": "What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?"
},
{
... |
15,781 | "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full ... | [
{
"answer": "seven heads",
"question": "How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?"
},
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?"
},
{
"answer": "golden",
"question": "What kind of cup did the woman on the sc... |
15,783 | In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts ... | [
{
"answer": "Ndembu warriors",
"question": "What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?"
},
{
"answer": "life and health",
"question": "What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?"
},
{
"answer": "white",
"question": "What color do the... |
15,784 | Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the... | [
{
"answer": "the Atlanta Braves",
"question": "What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?"
},
{
"answer": "1869",
"question": "When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?"
},
{
"answer": "communism",
"question": "What political movment was red identified with in the 195... |
15,785 | In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlét... | [
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?"
},
{
"answer": "i rossoneri",
"question": "What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?"
},
{
"answer": "a serious infraction",
"question": "What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a r... |
15,787 | Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republi... | [
{
"answer": "the late nineteenth century",
"question": "When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?"
},
{
"answer": "2004",
"question": "In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?"
},
{
"answer": "one big red cross",
"questio... |
15,788 | Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The ... | [
{
"answer": "1870 to 1918",
"question": "During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?"
},
{
"answer": "German nationalism",
"question": "What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Hitler's personal design",
"q... |
15,789 | The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Ch... | [
{
"answer": "Bastille",
"question": "After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "October 20, 1789",
"question": "On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?"
},
{
"answer": "Jul... |
15,790 | Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and r... | [
{
"answer": "February 1848",
"question": "When was the Communist Manifesto first created?"
},
{
"answer": "Karl Marx",
"question": "Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?"
},
{
"answer": "Louis Philippe",
"question": "The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?"
},
{... |
15,791 | In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the C... | [
{
"answer": "the French Army",
"question": "Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?"
},
{
"answer": "the Paris Commune",
"question": "After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?"
},
{
"answer": "two months",
"questi... |
15,792 | In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red ... | [
{
"answer": "39",
"question": "How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?"
},
{
"answer": "vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections",
"question": "In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?"
},
{
"answer": "2000",
"questi... |
15,793 | The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to a... | [
{
"answer": "1920",
"question": "In what year was the Community Party of China created?"
},
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?"
},
{
"answer": "Mao Zedong",
"question": "Who was the Party leader of the Communi... |
15,794 | After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sic... | [
{
"answer": "the Communist Party",
"question": "What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?"
},
{
"answer": "the national flower",
"question": "What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?"
},
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "In the mid 20th century th... |
15,795 | Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941, 16 British cities suffered aerial raids with at least 100 long tons of high explosives. Over a period of 267 days, London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three and a minimum ... | [
{
"answer": "7 September 1940",
"question": "What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "267 days",
"question": "How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?"
},
{
"answer": "71 times",
"question": "How many times was London attacke... |
15,796 | From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main At... | [
{
"answer": "57 consecutive nights",
"question": "How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?"
},
{
"answer": "Sea port of Hull",
"question": "What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?"
},
{
"answer": "More than one million",
... |
15,797 | The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 194... | [
{
"answer": "Operation Sea Lion",
"question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "42,000",
"question": "How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?"
},
{
"answer": "July 1943",
"question": "What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?"
}... |
15,798 | In the 1920s and 1930s, air power theorists Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell espoused the idea that air forces could win wars by themselves, without a need for land and sea fighting. It was thought there was no defence against air attack, particularly at night. Enemy industry, their seats of government, factories and c... | [
{
"answer": "Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell",
"question": "In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?"
},
{
"answer": "collapse of civilian will",
"question": "Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?"
},
{
"answer": "Unit... |
15,799 | Within the Luftwaffe, there was a more muted view of strategic bombing. The OKL did not oppose the strategic bombardment of enemy industries and or cities, and believed it could greatly affect the balance of power on the battlefield in Germany's favour by disrupting production and damaging civilian morale, but they did... | [
{
"answer": "Luftwaffe",
"question": "Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?"
},
{
"answer": "terror bombing",
"question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?"
},
{
"answer": "1942",
"question": "What year did the terror bombing policy become official?"
... |
15,800 | Wever argued that the Luftwaffe General Staff should not be solely educated in tactical and operational matters. He argued they should be educated in grand strategy, war economics, armament production, and the mentality of potential opponents (also known as mirror imaging). Wever's vision was not realised; the General ... | [
{
"answer": "Wever",
"question": "Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?"
},
{
"answer": "mirror imaging",
"question": "What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "independent strategic air offensives",
"question": "What... |
15,801 | In 1936, Wever was killed in an air crash. The failure to implement his vision for the new Luftwaffe was largely attributable to his immediate successors. Ex-Army personnel Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for the turning away from strategic planning and focusing on close air support. Howeve... | [
{
"answer": "air crash",
"question": "How did Wever die?"
},
{
"answer": "1936",
"question": "What year did Wever die?"
},
{
"answer": "Albert Kesselring and Hans-Jürgen Stumpff",
"question": "Who took over for Wever after his death?"
},
{
"answer": "Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jes... |
15,802 | Adolf Hitler failed to pay as much attention to bombing the enemy as he did to protection from enemy bombing, although he had promoted the development of a bomber force in the 1930s and understood that it was possible to use bombers for major strategic purposes. He told the OKL in 1939 that ruthless employment of the L... | [
{
"answer": "1930s",
"question": "What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?"
},
{
"answer": "prescribed targets are not hit",
"question": "Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?"
},
{
"answer": "inability to damage industries",
... |
15,803 | Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for o... | [
{
"answer": "air bombardment",
"question": "How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?"
},
{
"answer": "policy of moderation",
"question": "What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause? "
},
{
"answer": "political",
"question": "What kind of pr... |
15,804 | A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was "the most effective strategic weapon", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, "We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undiv... | [
{
"answer": "Hermann Göring",
"question": "Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?"
},
{
"answer": "strangle British sea communications",
"question": "What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "aircraft",
"question": "What did the ... |
15,805 | The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available... | [
{
"answer": "communications gap",
"question": "What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?"
},
{
"answer": "misrepresent what information",
"question": "What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?"
},
{
"answer": "1939",
"q... |
15,806 | Within hours of the UK and France declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939, the RAF bombed German warships along the German coast at Wilhelmshaven. Thereafter bombing operations were against ports and shipping and propaganda leaflet drops. Operations were planned to minimize civilian casualties. From 15 May 1940 – ... | [
{
"answer": "UK and France",
"question": "Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "Wilhelmshaven",
"question": "The RAF bombed what Germany coast?"
},
{
"answer": "propaganda",
"question": "What kind of leaflets were dropped?"
},
{
"an... |
15,807 | Although not specifically prepared to conduct independent strategic air operations against an opponent, the Luftwaffe was expected to do so over Britain. From July until September 1940 the Luftwaffe attacked RAF Fighter Command to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This involved the bombing of English Chann... | [
{
"answer": "air operations",
"question": "Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain? "
},
{
"answer": "to gain air superiority",
"question": "Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?"
},
{
"answer": "English",
"question": "What was the name of the C... |
15,808 | The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their targets, and thus attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. British fighter aircraft production continued at a rate surpassing Germany's by 2 to 1. The British produced 10,000 aircraft in 194... | [
{
"answer": "poor intelligence",
"question": "Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?"
},
{
"answer": "capture",
"question": "What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "2 to 1",
"question": "Britain's fabrication of fighter p... |
15,809 | The decision to change strategy is sometimes claimed as a major mistake by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL). It is argued that persisting with attacks on RAF airfields might have won air superiority for the Luftwaffe. Others argue that the Luftwaffe made little impression on Fighter Command in the last week of Augu... | [
{
"answer": "Oberkommando der Luftwaffe",
"question": "What does OKL stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "October",
"question": "What month would the weather window begin to decline?"
},
{
"answer": "the north",
"question": "If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled... |
15,810 | Regardless of the ability of the Luftwaffe to win air superiority, Adolf Hitler was frustrated that it was not happening quickly enough. With no sign of the RAF weakening, and Luftwaffe air fleets (Luftflotten) taking punishing losses, the OKL was keen for a change in strategy. To reduce losses further, a change in str... | [
{
"answer": "punishing",
"question": "The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?"
},
{
"answer": "change in strategy",
"question": "What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?"
},
{
"answer": "cover of darkness",
"question": "What kind of ... |
15,812 | Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OK... | [
{
"answer": "early 1938",
"question": "What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?"
},
{
"answer": "tactics",
"question": "What disagreements did the Luftwaffe staff center around?"
},
{
"answer": "unclear strategy",
"question": "Poor intelligence and... |
15,813 | In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial... | [
{
"answer": "limitations in weapons technology",
"question": "Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?"
},
{
"answer": "coal",
"question": "What was an important fuel in the Second World War?"
},
{
"answer": "Regional commissioners",
"ques... |
15,815 | In addition to the dead and wounded, government leaders feared mass psychological trauma from aerial attack and a resulting collapse of civil society. A committee of psychiatrists reported to the government in 1938 that there would be three times as many mental as physical casualties from aerial bombing, implying three... | [
{
"answer": "psychological trauma",
"question": "What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?"
},
{
"answer": "three to four",
"question": "Psychiatrists believe in 1938 that mental trauma could reach how many millions?"
},
{
"answer": "Wales",
"qu... |
15,816 | The government planned to voluntarily evacuate four million people—mostly women and children—from urban areas, including 1.4 million from London. It expected about 90% of evacuees to stay in private homes, and conducted an extensive survey to determine available space. Detailed preparations for transporting them were d... | [
{
"answer": "London",
"question": "The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?"
},
{
"answer": "a blackout",
"question": "What trial took place on August 10 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "the blackout",
"question": "What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians... |
15,817 | Much civil-defence preparation in the form of shelters was left in the hands of local authorities, and many areas such as Birmingham, Coventry, Belfast and the East End of London did not have enough shelters. The Phoney War, however, and the unexpected delay of civilian bombing permitted the shelter programme to finish... | [
{
"answer": "shelters",
"question": "What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?"
},
{
"answer": "1940",
"question": "What year did the shelter program finish?"
},
{
"answer": "unsafe",
"question": "Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940? "
},
{
... |
15,818 | Very deeply buried shelters provided the most protection against a direct hit. The government did not build them for large populations before the war because of cost, time to build, and fears that their very safety would cause occupants to refuse to leave to return to work, or that anti-war sentiment would develop in l... | [
{
"answer": "anti-war",
"question": "What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? "
},
{
"answer": "the Communist Party's",
"question": "Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?"
},
{
"answer": "Molotov-Ribben... |
15,819 | The most important existing communal shelters were the London Underground stations. Although many civilians had used them as such during the First World War, the government in 1939 refused to allow the stations to be used as shelters so as not to interfere with commuter and troop travel, and the fears that occupants mi... | [
{
"answer": "interfere with commuter and troop travel",
"question": "Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?"
},
{
"answer": "by the second week",
"question": "Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened h... |
15,820 | Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in priv... | [
{
"answer": "177,000",
"question": "What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September 27, 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "4%",
"question": "In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?"
},
{
"answer": "at home",
"question": "Where did 60% of populations st... |
15,821 | Public demand caused the government in October 1940 to build new deep shelters:189–190 within the Underground to hold 80,000 people but were not completed until the period of heaviest bombing had passed. By the end of 1940 significant improvements had been made in the Underground and in many other large shelters. Autho... | [
{
"answer": "1940",
"question": "What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?"
},
{
"answer": "80,000",
"question": "How many people were the new shelters going to hold?"
},
{
"answer": "Tickets",
"question": "What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shel... |
15,822 | Although the intensity of the bombing was not as great as prewar expectations so an equal comparison is impossible, no psychiatric crisis occurred because of the Blitz even during the period of greatest bombing of September 1940. An American witness wrote "By every test and measure I am able to apply, these people are ... | [
{
"answer": "American",
"question": "What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?"
},
{
"answer": "psychiatric crisis",
"question": "With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?"
},
{
"answer": "weather",
"question... |
15,823 | Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117–118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the... | [
{
"answer": "widespread shell shock",
"question": "Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?"
},
{
"answer": "lack of need",
"question": "Why did the psychiatric clinics close?"
},
{
"answer": "suicides and drunkenness",
"question": "What two things... |
15,825 | The civilians of London had an enormous role to play in the protection of their city. Many civilians who were unwilling or unable to join the military became members of the Home Guard, the Air Raid Precautions service (ARP), the Auxiliary Fire Service, and many other organisations. The AFS had 138,000 personnel by July... | [
{
"answer": "Air Raid Precautions",
"question": "What is ARP?"
},
{
"answer": "138,000",
"question": "The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?"
},
{
"answer": "Scout Association",
"question": "Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?"
},
{
"answer": "Pione... |
15,826 | The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up under the direction of Samuel Hoare, Home Secretary in 1938 specifically in the event of air raids. Hoare considered it the female branch of the ARP. They organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and opera... | [
{
"answer": "Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence",
"question": "What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?"
},
{
"answer": "Samuel Hoare",
"question": "Who was Home Secretary in 1938?"
},
{
"answer": "one million",
"question": "How many members did the WVS have at the end o... |
15,827 | In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germ... | [
{
"answer": "Hugh Dowding",
"question": "Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "defence of British air space",
"question": "What credit did Dowding receive?"
},
{
"answer": "bombing at night",
"question": "What strategy could the German's have... |
15,828 | Dowding accepted that as AOC, he was responsible for the day and night defence of Britain, and the blame, should he fail, would be laid at his door. When urgent changes and improvements needed to be made, Dowding seemed reluctant to act quickly. The Air Staff felt that this was due to his stubborn nature and reluctance... | [
{
"answer": "Dowding",
"question": "Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?"
},
{
"answer": "Air Staff",
"question": "Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?"
},
{
"answer": "attack him and his abilities",
"question": "What did the... |
15,829 | Dowding was summoned to an Air Ministry conference on 17 October 1940 to explain the poor state of night defences and the supposed (but ultimately successful) "failure" of his daytime strategy. The criticism of his leadership extended far beyond the Air Council, and the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook... | [
{
"answer": "Dowding",
"question": "Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17, 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "waning",
"question": "Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what?"
},
{
"answer": "sparse resources to build defences",
"question": "Neglect of ... |
15,830 | The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people ag... | [
{
"answer": "great trepidation",
"question": "People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?"
},
{
"answer": "countermeasures",
"question": "Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?"
},
{
"answer": "1,413",
"question": "How many people were killed by bomb drops... |
15,831 | Although night air defence was causing greater concern before the war, it was not at the forefront of RAF planning. Most of the resources went into planning for daylight fighter defences. The difficulty RAF bombers had navigating in darkness, led the British to believe German bombers would suffer the same problems and ... | [
{
"answer": "daylight fighter defences",
"question": "What did the RAF put most of their resources into?"
},
{
"answer": "suffer the same problems",
"question": "RAF bombers had trouble flying at night, so the British believe the Germans would do what?"
},
{
"answer": "night missions and... |
15,832 | British air doctrine, since the time of Chief of the Air Staff Hugh Trenchard in the early 1920s, had stressed offence was the best means of defence. British defensive strategy revolved around offensive action, what became known as the cult of the offensive. To prevent German formations from hitting targets in Britain,... | [
{
"answer": "cult of the offensive",
"question": "What did the British offence become know as?"
},
{
"answer": "lacked the technology and equipment",
"question": "Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases, factories and fuel reserves impractical?"
},
{
"answer": "specialist nig... |
15,833 | Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam, a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather. The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid, a system which used two Lorenz beams with ... | [
{
"answer": "land at night or in bad weather",
"question": "What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?"
},
{
"answer": "Knickebein",
"question": "The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?"
},
{
"answer": "two Lorenz beams",
"question": "The Knickebein was the same as the... |
15,834 | While Knickebein was used by German crews en masse, X-Gerät use was limited to specially trained pathfinder crews. Special receivers were mounted in He 111s, with a radio mast on the bomber's fuselage. The system worked on a higher frequency (66–77 MHz, compared to Knickebein's 30–33 MHz). Transmitters on the ground se... | [
{
"answer": "specially trained pathfinder crews",
"question": "While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?"
},
{
"answer": "66–77 MHz",
"question": "What frequency did the X-Gerat system use?"
},
{
"answer": "180",
"question": "What rate per minute did... |
15,835 | Y-Gerät was the most complex system of the three. It was, in effect, an automatic beam-tracking system, operated through the bomber's autopilot. The single approach beam along which the bomber tracked was monitored by a ground controller. The signals from the station were retransmitted by the bomber's equipment. This w... | [
{
"answer": "Y-Gerät",
"question": "Which system was the most complex of the three?"
},
{
"answer": "the bomber's autopilot",
"question": "Who operated the automatic beam system?"
},
{
"answer": "Direction-finding",
"question": "What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?"
... |
15,837 | German beacons operated on the medium-frequency band and the signals involved a two-letter Morse identifier followed by a lengthy time-lapse which enabled the Luftwaffe crews to determine the signal's bearing. The Meacon system involved separate locations for a receiver with a directional aerial and a transmitter. The ... | [
{
"answer": "medium",
"question": "The German beacons used what frequency band?"
},
{
"answer": "Morse",
"question": "What two letter identifier did the signal have?"
},
{
"answer": "Meacon",
"question": "What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial?"... |
15,838 | In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready, and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over, so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targ... | [
{
"answer": "Blitz was over",
"question": "Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?"
},
{
"answer": "ruses",
"question": "What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?"
},
{
"answer": "dummy",
"question": "What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up t... |
15,839 | The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversi... | [
{
"answer": "diversionary",
"question": "Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?"
},
{
"answer": "water",
"question": "What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?"
},
{
"answer": "boiler",
"question": "Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kin... |
15,840 | Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight... | [
{
"answer": "1,600",
"question": "The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?"
},
{
"answer": "around 400",
"question": "How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?"
},
{
"answer": "41",
"question": "How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?"
... |
15,841 | On 9 September the OKL appeared to be backing two strategies. Its round-the-clock bombing of London was an immediate attempt to force the British government to capitulate, but it was also striking at Britain's vital sea communications to achieve a victory through siege. Although the weather was poor, heavy raids took p... | [
{
"answer": "Farnborough",
"question": "What was the name of the airfield where heavy raids took place?"
},
{
"answer": "13",
"question": "How many Bf 109s were lost?"
},
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "FighterCommand lost how many fighters?"
},
{
"answer": "six",
"questio... |
15,842 | On 15 September the Luftwaffe made two large daylight attacks on London along the Thames Estuary, targeting the docks and rail communications in the city. Its hope was to destroy its targets and draw the RAF into defending them, allowing the Luftwaffe to destroy their fighters in large numbers, thereby achieving an air... | [
{
"answer": "Thames Estuary",
"question": "On September 15 the Luftwaffe made daylight raids on what target in London?"
},
{
"answer": "docks and rail communications",
"question": "What two targets were the Luftwaffe trying to destroy?"
},
{
"answer": "destroy their fighters in large num... |
15,843 | While Göring was optimistic the Luftwaffe could prevail, Hitler was not. On 17 September he postponed Operation Sea Lion (as it turned out, indefinitely) rather than gamble Germany's newly gained military prestige on a risky cross-Channel operation, particularly in the face of a sceptical Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Un... | [
{
"answer": "Göring",
"question": "Who thought the Luftwaffe could win?"
},
{
"answer": "17 September",
"question": "What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Stalin",
"question": "What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of ... |
15,844 | On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London. Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured. British anti-aircraft defences (General Frederick Alfred Pile) fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers. On 15 October, the bombers returned and about 9... | [
{
"answer": "380",
"question": "On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?"
},
{
"answer": "Around 200",
"question": "How many people were killed?"
},
{
"answer": "General Frederick Alfred Pile",
"question": "Who fired anti-defense rounds?"
},
{
"answer": "8,326 rounds",... |
15,845 | Loge continued during October. According to German sources, 9,000 short tons (8,200 t) of bombs were dropped in that month, of which about 10 percent of which was dropped in daylight. Over 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) was aimed at London during the night. Attacks on Birmingham and Coventry were subject to 500 short tons ... | [
{
"answer": "10 percent",
"question": "How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?"
},
{
"answer": "Birmingham and Coventry",
"question": "What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?"
},
{
"answer": "The Metropolitan-Vickers... |
15,846 | Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London, chiefly by night attack; second, to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands, again chiefly by night attack; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bo... | [
{
"answer": "to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands",
"question": "What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?"
},
{
"answer": "Kesselring",
"question": "Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?"
},
{
"answer": "250",
"question": "H... |
15,848 | The American observer Ingersoll reported at this time that "as to the accuracy of the bombing of military objectives, here I make no qualifications. The aim is surprisingly, astonishingly, amazingly inaccurate ... The physical damage to civilian London, to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined... | [
{
"answer": "Ingersoll",
"question": "What was the name of the American observer?"
},
{
"answer": "to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined.",
"question": "The American observer said what about the damage to London?"
},
{
"answer": "No bridge over the Thames had... |
15,850 | London's defences were rapidly reorganised by General Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command. The difference this made to the effectiveness of air defences is questionable. The British were still one-third below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery AAA (or ack-ack) in May 1941, with only 2,... | [
{
"answer": "General Pile",
"question": "Who reorganised London's defences?"
},
{
"answer": "one-third",
"question": "The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?"
},
{
"answer": "Dowding",
"question": "Who relied on night fighters?"
},
{
... |
15,851 | Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential w... | [
{
"answer": "airborne search lights",
"question": "The bombers used what out of desperation?"
},
{
"answer": "Airborne Interception radar",
"question": "What was considered unreliable?"
},
{
"answer": "Ground Control-led Interception",
"question": "Gunlaying radar and RAF controls co... |
15,853 | Nevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Office... | [
{
"answer": "radar",
"question": "What was critical in the night battles over Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "airborne radar",
"question": "What concept eventually became successful?"
},
{
"answer": "the night of 22/23 July 1940",
"question": "On what day did airborne radar help intercept ... |
15,855 | Five nights later, Birmingham was hit by 369 bombers from KG 54, KG 26, and KG 55. By the end of November, 1,100 bombers were available for night raids. An average of 200 were able to strike per night. This weight of attack went on for two months, with the Luftwaffe dropping 13,900 short tons (12,600 t) of bombs. In No... | [
{
"answer": "369",
"question": "How many bombers hit Birmingham?"
},
{
"answer": "two months",
"question": "For how many months did the night raids continue for?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 100 tons of bombs dropped",
"question": "How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be conside... |
15,856 | Probably the most devastating strike occurred on the evening of 29 December, when German aircraft attacked the City of London itself with incendiary and high explosive bombs, causing a firestorm that has been called the Second Great Fire of London. The first group to use these incendiaries was Kampfgruppe 100 which des... | [
{
"answer": "the evening of 29 December",
"question": "On what day was London itself attacked?"
},
{
"answer": "Kampfgruppe 100",
"question": "What group was the first to use incendiaries?"
},
{
"answer": "300",
"question": "How many fire bombs were dropped per minute?"
},
{
... |
15,857 | Not all of the Luftwaffe's effort was made against inland cities. Port cities were also attacked to try to disrupt trade and sea communications. In January Swansea was bombed four times, very heavily. On 17 January around 100 bombers dropped a high concentration of incendiaries, some 32,000 in all. The main damage was ... | [
{
"answer": "to try to disrupt trade and sea communications",
"question": "Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?"
},
{
"answer": "four times",
"question": "How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?"
},
{
"answer": "commercial and domestic areas",
"question": "What was prim... |
15,858 | Although official German air doctrine did target civilian morale, it did not espouse the attacking of civilians directly. It hoped to destroy morale by destroying the enemy's factories and public utilities as well as its food stocks (by attacking shipping). Nevertheless, its official opposition to attacks on civilians ... | [
{
"answer": "target civilian morale",
"question": "What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?"
},
{
"answer": "large-scale raids",
"question": "In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?"
},
{
"answer": "use of mines and incendiari... |
15,859 | Special units, such as KGr 100, became the Beleuchtergruppe (Firelighter Group), which used incendiaries and high explosive to mark the target area. The tactic was expanded into Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) with the creation of Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields) to mark targets. These were marked out by parachute fl... | [
{
"answer": "Beleuchtergruppe",
"question": "What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?"
},
{
"answer": "Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields)",
"question": "The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?"
},
{
"answe... |
15,860 | These decisions, apparently taken at the Luftflotte or Fliegerkorps level (see Organisation of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)), meant attacks on individual targets were gradually replaced by what was, for all intents and purposes, an unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack). Part of the reason for this was ... | [
{
"answer": "unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack)",
"question": "Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?"
},
{
"answer": "inaccuracy of navigation",
"question": "What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?"
},
{
"answer":... |
15,861 | In 1941, the Luftwaffe shifted strategy again. Erich Raeder—commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine—had long argued the Luftwaffe should support the German submarine force (U-Bootwaffe) in the Battle of the Atlantic by attacking shipping in the Atlantic Ocean and attacking British ports. Eventually, he convinced Hitler ... | [
{
"answer": "support the German submarine force",
"question": "What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?"
},
{
"answer": "attack British port facilities.",
"question": "Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?"
},
{
"answer": "the high success rates of the U-Boat force",
"... |
15,862 | Hitler's interest in this strategy forced Göring and Jeschonnek to review the air war against Britain in January 1941. This led to Göring and Jeschonnek agreeing to Hitler's Directive 23, Directions for operations against the British War Economy, which was published on 6 February 1941 and gave aerial interdiction of Br... | [
{
"answer": "Directions for operations against the British War Economy",
"question": "What was Hitler's Directive 23?"
},
{
"answer": "aerial interdiction of British imports by sea",
"question": "What was a top priority of Directive 23?"
},
{
"answer": "Operation Eagle Attack and the fol... |
15,863 | Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of... | [
{
"answer": "Directive 23",
"question": "What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?"
},
{
"answer": "control of more Luftwaffe units",
"question": "What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?"
},
{
"answer": "Karl Dönitz"... |
15,864 | Even so, the decision by OKL to support the strategy in Directive 23 was instigated by two considerations, both of which had little to do with wanting to destroy Britain's sea communications in conjunction with the Kriegsmarine. First, the difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production was becoming ... | [
{
"answer": "difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production",
"question": "What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?"
},
{
"answer": "the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break",
"question": "What was the second consideration?"
},
{
... |
15,865 | A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation... | [
{
"answer": "create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941",
"question": "What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?"
},
{
"answer": "meteorological conditions over Britain",
"question": "What was preventing escalation of air operati... |
15,866 | From the German point of view, March 1941 saw an improvement. The Luftwaffe flew 4,000 sorties that month, including 12 major and three heavy attacks. The electronic war intensified but the Luftwaffe flew major inland missions only on moonlit nights. Ports were easier to find and made better targets. To confuse the Bri... | [
{
"answer": "4,000",
"question": "How many sorties were flown in March 1941?"
},
{
"answer": "only on moonlit nights",
"question": "When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?"
},
{
"answer": "Ports were easier to find",
"question": "Why were ports better targets?"
},
{
"answ... |
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