id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
16,850 | In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Ro... | [
{
"answer": "179 BC",
"question": "In what year did Philip pass away?"
},
{
"answer": "Perseus",
"question": "Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?"
},
{
"answer": "168 BC",
"question": "In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?"
},... |
16,851 | Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 ... | [
{
"answer": "four client republics",
"question": "How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?"
},
{
"answer": "148 BC",
"question": "In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?"
},
{
"answer": "a Macedonian pretender to the throne",
"question": "Who did Rome f... |
16,852 | The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpatio... | [
{
"answer": "The Jugurthine War",
"question": "What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?"
},
{
"answer": "treachery",
"question": "What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?"
},
{
"answer": "Jugurtha",
"question": "Who attempted to usurp t... |
16,853 | In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into ... | [
{
"answer": "101 BC",
"question": "When did the Cimbrian War end?"
},
{
"answer": "121 BC",
"question": "In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?"
},
{
"answer": "The Cimbrian War",
"question": "What war began in the year 113 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "n... |
16,854 | The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts o... | [
{
"answer": "with plunder",
"question": "How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?"
},
{
"answer": "their generals",
"question": "Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?"
},
{
"answer": "the slaves",
"question": "Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?... |
16,855 | Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its form... | [
{
"answer": "150,000",
"question": "How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?"
},
{
"answer": "91 BC",
"question": "When was the beginning of the Social War?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 500,000",
"question": "How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the S... |
16,856 | The internal unrest reached its most serious state, however, in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius sup... | [
{
"answer": "civil wars",
"question": "What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?"
},
{
"answer": "88 BC",
"question": "In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?"
},
{
"answer": "very door of the city",
"question": "In what specific section of Rome did the Battl... |
16,857 | Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of... | [
{
"answer": "Mithridates the Great",
"question": "Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaius Marius",
"question": "With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?"
},
{
"answer": "by seeking to expand his kingdom",
"question": "How did the ruler... |
16,858 | During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Ga... | [
{
"answer": "Julius Caesar",
"question": "Who held a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?"
},
{
"answer": "would give him the dramatic military success he sought",
"question": "Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?"
},
{
"answer": "59 BC",
"question": "When did Julius Caes... |
16,859 | By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") to share power and influence. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire (modern Iraq and Iran). After initial... | [
{
"answer": "53 BC",
"question": "When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?"
},
{
"answer": "Crassus",
"question": "Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?"
},
{
"answer": "the Battle of Carrhae",
"question": "In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?"
},
... |
16,860 | By the spring of 49 BC, the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army, and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stro... | [
{
"answer": "49 BC",
"question": "During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?"
},
{
"answer": "Pompey",
"question": "Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?"
},
{
"answer": "Caesar",
"question": "Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?"... |
16,861 | Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC. ... | [
{
"answer": "Caesar",
"question": "Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?"
},
{
"answer": "senators",
"question": "Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?"
},
{
"answer": "Mark Antony",
"question": "Which former l... |
16,862 | However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octa... | [
{
"answer": "Second Triumvirate of Octavian",
"question": "What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?"
},
{
"answer": "27 BC",
"question": "In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?"
},
{
"answer": "Octavian",
"question": ... |
16,863 | The last king of the Roman Kingdom, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne, including the Tarquinian conspiracy, the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium, all of w... | [
{
"answer": "senators",
"question": "Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "life term",
"question": "What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?"
},
{
"answer": "509 BC",
"question": "When did the... |
16,864 | In 494 BC, the city was at war with two neighboring tribes. The plebeian soldiers refused to march against the enemy, and instead seceded to the Aventine Hill. The plebeians demanded the right to elect their own officials. The patricians agreed, and the plebeians returned to the battlefield. The plebeians called these ... | [
{
"answer": "494 BC",
"question": "In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes?"
},
{
"answer": "The plebeians",
"question": "Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials?"
},
{
"answer": "plebeian aediles",
"question": "What were the assistants to ... |
16,865 | After the consulship had been opened to the plebeians, the plebeians were able to hold both the dictatorship and the censorship. Plebiscites of 342 BC placed limits on political offices; an individual could hold only one office at a time, and ten years must elapse between the end of his official term and his re-electio... | [
{
"answer": "342 BC",
"question": "What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently?"
},
{
"answer": "interest",
"question": "What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,866 | Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians w... | [
{
"answer": "before 312 BCE",
"question": "In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?"
},
{
"answer": "plebeians",
"question": "Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?"
},
{
"answer": "only patricians",
"question": "Who was allowed to be elected ... |
16,867 | By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To... | [
{
"answer": "poor",
"question": "What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "senators",
"question": "Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?"
},
{
"answer": "the final plebeian secession",
"question": "What did the pa... |
16,868 | The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians. However, the plight of the average plebeian had not changed. A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had, but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in t... | [
{
"answer": "patricians",
"question": "Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?"
},
{
"answer": "The plebeians",
"question": "Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "A small number",
"question": "How many plebeian... |
16,869 | The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians, and thus resolved the last great political question of the era. No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC. The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate. In effect, the plebeians were sa... | [
{
"answer": "287 BC and 133 BC",
"question": "What years did no important political changes happen during?"
},
{
"answer": "because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy",
"question": "Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?"
},
{
"answer... |
16,870 | In the final decades of this era many plebeians grew poorer. The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight, while their farms fell into disrepair. The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices. As commodity prices fell, many farmers could no longer operate the... | [
{
"answer": "long military campaigns",
"question": "What had caused citizens to vacate their farms?"
},
{
"answer": "offered them the most",
"question": "How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian?"
},
{
"answer": "culture of dependency",
"question": "What t... |
16,871 | Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC. He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law... | [
{
"answer": "tribune",
"question": "To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?"
},
{
"answer": "Tiberius Gracchus",
"question": "Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?"
},
{
"answer": "when he stood for reelect... |
16,872 | Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ult... | [
{
"answer": "123 BC",
"question": "In what year was Gaius elected to office?"
},
{
"answer": "Gaius",
"question": "Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces",
"que... |
16,874 | Several years later, in 88 BC, a Roman army was sent to put down an emerging Asian power, king Mithridates of Pontus. The army, however, was defeated. One of Marius' old quaestors, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, had been elected consul for the year, and was ordered by the senate to assume command of the war against Mithridate... | [
{
"answer": "88 BC",
"question": "In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?"
},
{
"answer": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla",
"question": "Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?"
},
{
"answer": "populares",
"qu... |
16,875 | During the period in which the populares party controlled the city, they flouted convention by re-electing Marius consul several times without observing the customary ten-year interval between offices. They also transgressed the established oligarchy by advancing unelected individuals to magisterial office, and by subs... | [
{
"answer": "ten-year interval",
"question": "How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?"
},
{
"answer": "most of Marius' supporters",
"question": "Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "78 BC",
"qu... |
16,876 | In 77 BC, the senate sent one of Sulla's former lieutenants, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), to put down an uprising in Spain. By 71 BC, Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission. Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Sp... | [
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?"
},
{
"answer": "Pompey",
"question": "Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted?"
},
{
"answer": "70 BC",
"question": "In what year was the election held ... |
16,877 | Around 66 BC, a movement to use constitutional, or at least peaceful, means to address the plight of various classes began. After several failures, the movement's leaders decided to use any means that were necessary to accomplish their goals. The movement coalesced under an aristocrat named Lucius Sergius Catilina. The... | [
{
"answer": "Around 66 BC",
"question": "When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin?"
},
{
"answer": "one former consul",
"question": "How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy?"
},
{
"answer... |
16,878 | In 62 BC, Pompey returned victorious from Asia. The Senate, elated by its successes against Catiline, refused to ratify the arrangements that Pompey had made. Pompey, in effect, became powerless. Thus, when Julius Caesar returned from a governorship in Spain in 61 BC, he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey... | [
{
"answer": "59 BC",
"question": "In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul?"
},
{
"answer": "First Triumvirate",
"question": "What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus?"
},
{
"answer": "a future consulship",
"... |
16,879 | Caesar became consul in 59 BC. His colleague, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, was an extreme aristocrat. Caesar submitted the laws that he had promised Pompey to the assemblies. Bibulus attempted to obstruct the enactment of these laws, and so Caesar used violent means to ensure their passage. Caesar was then made governor ... | [
{
"answer": "Bibulus",
"question": "Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?"
},
{
"answer": "sacrilege case",
"question": "What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?"
},
{
"answer": "Clodius",
"question": "Who enacted a law that would i... |
16,880 | Clodius formed armed gangs that terrorised the city and eventually began to attack Pompey's followers, who in response funded counter-gangs formed by Titus Annius Milo. The political alliance of the triumvirate was crumbling. Domitius Ahenobarbus ran for the consulship in 55 BC promising to take Caesar's command from h... | [
{
"answer": "Clodius",
"question": "Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?"
},
{
"answer": "consul",
"question": "What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "childbirth",
"question": "What caused the death... |
16,881 | Beginning in the summer of 54 BC, a wave of political corruption and violence swept Rome. This chaos reached a climax in January of 52 BC, when Clodius was murdered in a gang war by Milo. On 1 January 49 BC, an agent of Caesar presented an ultimatum to the senate. The ultimatum was rejected, and the senate then passed ... | [
{
"answer": "52 BC",
"question": "In which year did Clodius die?"
},
{
"answer": "Milo",
"question": "Who was responsible for the death of Clodius?"
},
{
"answer": "Pompey",
"question": "Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar?"
},
{
"answer":... |
16,882 | Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given ... | [
{
"answer": "Caesar",
"question": "In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?"
},
{
"answer": "power to veto",
"question": "What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?"
},
{
"answer": "46 BC",
"que... |
16,883 | Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 BC. The assassination was led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Most of the conspirators were senators, who had a variety of economic, political, or personal motivations for carrying out the assassination. Many were afraid that Caesar would soon resurrect the monarchy and decla... | [
{
"answer": "March 15, 44 BC",
"question": "On what date was Caesar killed?"
},
{
"answer": "senators",
"question": "Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?"
},
{
"answer": "the monarchy",
"question": "What did some members of the conspiracy believe... |
16,884 | After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena... | [
{
"answer": "Mark Antony",
"question": "Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?"
},
{
"answer": "Battle of Actium",
"question": "In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?"
},
{
"answer": "42 BC",
"question": "In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?"
... |
16,885 | As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were ... | [
{
"answer": "Rome's military",
"question": "Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?"
},
{
"answer": "obstinate persistence",
"question": "What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?"
},
{
"answer": "civil war",
"question... |
16,886 | During this period, Roman soldiers seem to have been modelled after those of the Etruscans to the north, who themselves seem to have copied their style of warfare from the Greeks. Traditionally, the introduction of the phalanx formation into the Roman army is ascribed to the city's penultimate king, Servius Tullius (ru... | [
{
"answer": "Servius Tullius",
"question": "Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?"
},
{
"answer": "wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment",
"question": "Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?"
},
{
"answer": "wealthiest c... |
16,887 | One disadvantage of the phalanx was that it was only effective when fighting in large, open spaces, which left the Romans at a disadvantage when fighting in the hilly terrain of central Italian peninsula. In the 4th century BC, the Romans abandoned the phalanx in favour of the more flexible manipular formation. This ch... | [
{
"answer": "only effective when fighting in large, open spaces",
"question": "What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?"
},
{
"answer": "4th century BC",
"question": "In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?"
},
{
"answer": "manipular f... |
16,888 | The heavy infantry of the maniples were supported by a number of light infantry and cavalry troops, typically 300 horsemen per manipular legion. The cavalry was drawn primarily from the richest class of equestrians. There was an additional class of troops who followed the army without specific martial roles and were de... | [
{
"answer": "300 horsemen",
"question": "How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?"
},
{
"answer": "richest class of equestrians",
"question": "Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?"
},
{
"answer": "lower social cl... |
16,889 | Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the begi... | [
{
"answer": "the Socii",
"question": "Where did Rome receive half of their army from?"
},
{
"answer": "900 cavalry",
"question": "How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?"
},
{
"answer": "770,000 men",
"question": "How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the S... |
16,890 | The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both... | [
{
"answer": "2nd century BC",
"question": "During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?"
},
{
"answer": "greater collapse of the middle classes",
"question": "What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?"
},
{
"answer": "huge losse... |
16,891 | In process known as the Marian reforms, Roman consul Gaius Marius carried out a programme of reform of the Roman military. In 107 BC, all citizens, regardless of their wealth or social class, were made eligible for entry into the Roman army. This move formalised and concluded a gradual process that had been growing for... | [
{
"answer": "all citizens",
"question": "Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?"
},
{
"answer": "citizen stock",
"question": "Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?"
},
{
"answer": "non-citizens",
"question": "Who would likely make up the m... |
16,892 | The legions of the late Republic were, structurally, almost entirely heavy infantry. The legion's main sub-unit was called a cohort and consisted of approximately 480 infantrymen. The cohort was therefore a much larger unit than the earlier maniple sub-unit, and was divided into six centuries of 80 men each. Each centu... | [
{
"answer": "480 infantrymen",
"question": "Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?"
},
{
"answer": "8 men",
"question": "How many troops were placed into each tent group?"
},
{
"answer": "cavalry troops",
"question": "Who would now be used as scouts ... |
16,893 | After having declined in size following the subjugation of the Mediterranean, the Roman navy underwent short-term upgrading and revitalisation in the late Republic to meet several new demands. Under Caesar, an invasion fleet was assembled in the English Channel to allow the invasion of Britannia; under Pompey, a large ... | [
{
"answer": "Mediterranean Sea",
"question": "In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?"
},
{
"answer": "as many as a thousand ships",
"question": "Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?"
},
{
"answer": "Caesar",
... |
16,894 | The senate's ultimate authority derived from the esteem and prestige of the senators. This esteem and prestige was based on both precedent and custom, as well as the caliber and reputation of the senators. The senate passed decrees, which were called senatus consulta. These were officially "advice" from the senate to a... | [
{
"answer": "the esteem and prestige of the senators",
"question": "What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?"
},
{
"answer": "the senate",
"question": "Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?"
},
{
"answer": "senatus consulta",
"question": "What was ... |
16,895 | The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and politi... | [
{
"answer": "legal status of Roman citizenship",
"question": "What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?"
},
{
"answer": "assemblies",
"question": "Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?"
},
{
"answer": "optimo jure",
"question... |
16,896 | Citizens were organized on the basis of centuries and tribes, which would each gather into their own assemblies. The Comitia Centuriata ("Centuriate Assembly") was the assembly of the centuries (i.e. soldiers). The president of the Comitia Centuriata was usually a consul. The centuries would vote, one at a time, until ... | [
{
"answer": "Comitia Centuriata",
"question": "What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?"
},
{
"answer": "centuries",
"question": "What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?"
},
{
"answer": "magistrates",
"question": "Which elected offi... |
16,897 | The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure ... | [
{
"answer": "35 tribes",
"question": "How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?"
},
{
"answer": "geographical subdivisions",
"question": "How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?"
},
{
"answer": "the Comitia Tributa",
"question": "What asse... |
16,898 | Each republican magistrate held certain constitutional powers. Only the People of Rome (both plebeians and patricians) had the right to confer these powers on any individual magistrate. The most powerful constitutional power was imperium. Imperium was held by both consuls and praetors. Imperium gave a magistrate the au... | [
{
"answer": "People of Rome",
"question": "Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?"
},
{
"answer": "imperium",
"question": "What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?"
},
{
"answer": "authority to command a military force",
"question": "What did ... |
16,899 | One check on a magistrate's power was his collegiality. Each magisterial office would be held concurrently by at least two people. Another such check was provocatio. Provocatio was a primordial form of due process. It was a precursor to habeas corpus. If any magistrate tried to use the powers of the state against a cit... | [
{
"answer": "one-year",
"question": "How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?"
},
{
"answer": "at least two people",
"question": "How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?"
},
{
"answer": "Provocatio",
"question": "What form of... |
16,900 | The consuls of the Roman Republic were the highest ranking ordinary magistrates; each consul served for one year. Consuls had supreme power in both civil and military matters. While in the city of Rome, the consuls were the head of the Roman government. They would preside over the senate and the assemblies. While abroa... | [
{
"answer": "Consuls",
"question": "Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?"
},
{
"answer": "Praetors",
"question": "Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?"
},
{
"answer": "two censors",
"question": "Who was responsible for the handling of t... |
16,901 | Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. O... | [
{
"answer": "six months",
"question": "How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?"
},
{
"answer": "Constitutional government would be dissolved",
"question": "What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?"
},
{
"answer": "capital offense... |
16,902 | Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills. The city also had several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city ... | [
{
"answer": "the city center",
"question": "Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?"
},
{
"answer": "apartment blocks",
"question": "What type of housing could be located in the city center?"
},
{
"answer": "Palatine Hill",
"question": "From what local area in Rome is the wor... |
16,903 | Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its signifi... | [
{
"answer": "European cultures",
"question": "What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?"
},
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "Greeks",
"question": "From ... |
16,904 | Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not ... | [
{
"answer": "over 25%",
"question": "Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?"
},
{
"answer": "slave markets",
"question": "Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?"
},
{
"answer": "Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered",
... |
16,905 | Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark materi... | [
{
"answer": "a toga",
"question": "What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?"
},
{
"answer": "toga virilis",
"question": "What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "The toga pulla",
"question": ... |
16,906 | The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple:... | [
{
"answer": "11 o'clock",
"question": "When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?"
},
{
"answer": "Fingers were used",
"question": "What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?"
},
{
"answer": "staple",
"question": "What type of food was... |
16,907 | Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded ... | [
{
"answer": "Wine",
"question": "What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?"
},
{
"answer": "An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic",
"question": "What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?"
},
{
"answer": "all meals",
"question": ... |
16,908 | Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girl... | [
{
"answer": "physical training",
"question": "How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens?"
},
{
"answer": "Girls",
"question": "Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving?"
},
{
"answer": "Oratory",
"question": "What Roman art involved speeches m... |
16,909 | The native language of the Romans was Latin. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in gramma... | [
{
"answer": "Latin",
"question": "What was the primary language of the Romans?"
},
{
"answer": "Romance languages",
"question": "What type of language is French considered to be?"
},
{
"answer": "Vulgar Latin",
"question": "What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?"
},
{
... |
16,910 | Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epi... | [
{
"answer": "Greek authors",
"question": "Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?"
},
{
"answer": "poetry",
"question": "What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?"
},
{
"answer": "Virgil",
"question": "Who was the author of the epic poem A... |
16,911 | Music was a major part of everyday life.[citation needed] The word itself derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses". Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists a... | [
{
"answer": "Music",
"question": "What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?"
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "What language does the word Music see it's origins in?"
},
{
"answer": "developments only within the last 1,000 years",
"question": "What do many people con... |
16,912 | Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural s... | [
{
"answer": "urban requirements changed",
"question": "What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?"
},
{
"answer": "Roman concrete",
"question": "What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?"
},
{
"answer": "even after more... |
16,913 | The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing.[citation needed] Eques... | [
{
"answer": "Campus Martius",
"question": "What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?"
},
{
"answer": "Field of Mars",
"question": "What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?"
},
{
"answer": "backgammon",
"question": "What is the Roman board game Tabula a... |
16,914 | Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship wa... | [
{
"answer": "around 500 BC",
"question": "When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? "
},
{
"answer": "Greek",
"question": "Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?"
},
{
"answer": "Proto-Indo-European panthe... |
16,915 | It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflic... | [
{
"answer": "early December 1941",
"question": "When do most people believe the Pacific War began?"
},
{
"answer": "7/8 December 1941",
"question": "On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?"
},
{
"answer": "7 July 1937",
"question": "When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?"
... |
16,916 | The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces,... | [
{
"answer": "atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki",
"question": "What events ended the war with Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "2 September 1945",
"question": "On what date did Japan surrender?"
},
{
"answer": "a new liberal-democratic constitution",
"question": "What changed in the rul... |
16,917 | Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their ... | [
{
"answer": "Greater East Asia War",
"question": "By what name was the war with Japan referred?"
},
{
"answer": "Japan–China Incident",
"question": "What did Japanese officials call the war?"
},
{
"answer": "achieving their independence from the Western powers",
"question": "What was... |
16,918 | The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burm... | [
{
"answer": "temporary alliance",
"question": "What role did Thailand play in the war?"
},
{
"answer": "Wang Jingwei regime",
"question": "Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?"
},
{
"answer": "Phayap Army",
"question": "Which army invaded Burma?"
},
{
"answer": "Bri... |
16,919 | The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japa... | [
{
"answer": "not an ally",
"question": "Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?"
},
{
"answer": "blackmail",
"question": "What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "the same way",
"question": "Is Thailand treated differently than other Axi... |
16,920 | Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (t... | [
{
"answer": "Korea and Formosa",
"question": "Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?"
},
{
"answer": "Collaborationist units",
"question": "What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? "
},
{
"answer": "Philippines",
"question": "What other Asian country, a group of islands, hel... |
16,921 | The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), Ne... | [
{
"answer": "took part",
"question": "Did Mexico play a part in the war?"
},
{
"answer": "Australia",
"question": "What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "On which side of the war were the Chinese?"
},
{
"a... |
16,922 | By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support ... | [
{
"answer": "Marco Polo Bridge Incident",
"question": "What incident occured on July 7, 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?"
},
{
"answer": "December 1937",
"question": "When did the Nanking Massacre occur?"
},
{
... |
16,923 | In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military al... | [
{
"answer": "Vichy France",
"question": "Who controled Indochina in 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "Germany and Italy",
"question": "Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "September 1940",
"question": "When did Japan invade Indochina?"
},
{
"answer": "litt... |
16,925 | Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist governmen... | [
{
"answer": "Chiang Kai-shek",
"question": "Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?"
},
{
"answer": "January 1941",
"question": "When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?"
},
{
"answer": "supporting several",
"question": "Did Japan support rival gov... |
16,926 | From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese... | [
{
"answer": "Sankichi Takahashi",
"question": "Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "oil reserves",
"question": "Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "1940",
"question": "In what year did the Greater Eas... |
16,927 | In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in C... | [
{
"answer": "\"ABCD (\"American-British-Chinese-Dutch\")",
"question": "What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?"
},
{
"answer": "stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan",
"question": "What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?"
},
{
"an... |
16,928 | The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached... | [
{
"answer": "recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.",
"question": "What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?"
},
{
"answer": "impossible",
"question": "Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?"
},
{
"answer": "defeated by reaching limited military objec... |
16,929 | In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of ... | [
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?"
},
{
"answer": "not officially at war",
"question": "Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?"
},
{
"answer": "2,403",
"question": "How many Americans died in the ... |
16,930 | Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, t... | [
{
"answer": "Lend-Lease",
"question": "What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?"
},
{
"answer": "8 December",
"question": "On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "Four days",
"question": "How long af... |
16,931 | Following the Declaration by United Nations (the first official use of the term United Nations) on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell... | [
{
"answer": "1 January 1942",
"question": "What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?"
},
{
"answer": "General Sir Archibald Wavell",
"question": "Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "15 January",
"question":... |
16,932 | In January, Japan invaded Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942; about 13... | [
{
"answer": "Solomon Islands",
"question": "What islands did Japan invade?"
},
{
"answer": "15 February 1942",
"question": "When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?"
},
{
"answer": "about 130,000",
"question": "How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Bat... |
16,934 | Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia. In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia. The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in... | [
{
"answer": "Two",
"question": "How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?"
},
{
"answer": "Burma",
"question": "Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?"
},
{
"answer": "Japanese Army",
"question": "What Jap... |
16,935 | President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in M... | [
{
"answer": "President Franklin Roosevelt",
"question": "Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1942",
"question": "When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?"
},
{
"answer": "MacArthur",
"question": ... |
16,936 | In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was f... | [
{
"answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt",
"question": "What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?"
},
{
"answer": "1 April 1942",
"question": "When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?"
},
{
"answer": "Harry Hopkins",
"question": "Who was P... |
16,938 | A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the inva... | [
{
"answer": "Aleutian Islands",
"question": "In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?"
},
{
"answer": "capture of Midway",
"question": "What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?"
},
{
"answer": "272",
"question": "How many planes did Nagumo have for... |
16,941 | Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Sta... | [
{
"answer": "Owen Stanley Ranges",
"question": "What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?"
},
{
"answer": "Second Australian Imperial Force",
"question": "What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? "
},
{
"answer": "... |
16,944 | In August 1943 the Allies formed a new South East Asia Command (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the British India Command, under Wavell. In October 1943 Winston Churchill appointed Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its Supreme Commander. The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was ... | [
{
"answer": "South East Asia Command",
"question": "What Allied command replaced the British India Command in August, 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten",
"question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander of the SEAC in October, 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "General Joseph Sti... |
16,945 | Midway proved to be the last great naval battle for two years. The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew. At the same time, Japan, lacking an adequate industrial base or technological strategy, a good aircrew training pro... | [
{
"answer": "increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew",
"question": "What did the United States turn it's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway?"
},
{
"answer": "air attack",
"question": "How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized?"
},
{
"a... |
16,946 | U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied n... | [
{
"answer": "strangled Japan",
"question": "What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?"
},
{
"answer": "submarines",
"question": "What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "two percent",
"question": "What percent did submarines make up in ... |
16,947 | U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest. US submariners also claimed 28% of Japanese warships destroyed. Furthermore, they played important reconnaissance roles, as at the battles of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and Leyte Gulf (October 1944) (an... | [
{
"answer": "56%",
"question": "What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?"
},
{
"answer": "28%",
"question": "What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?"
},
{
"answer": "George H.W. Bush",
"question": "What future U.S. president was... |
16,948 | Allied submarines did not adopt a defensive posture and wait for the enemy to attack. Within hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, in retribution against Japan, Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine: unrestricted submarine warfare against Japan. This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Axis... | [
{
"answer": "unrestricted submarine warfare",
"question": "What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "Conrad Helfrich",
"question": "Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Ship-a-day Helfrich\"",
"question": "Wh... |
16,949 | While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet subs performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war U.S.) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not guerre de course (commerce ... | [
{
"answer": "Imperial Japanese Navy",
"question": "What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?"
},
{
"answer": "guerre de course",
"question": "What was commerce raiding refered to as?"
},
{
"answer": "long-range reconnaissance",
"question": "What was the ... |
16,950 | The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route t... | [
{
"answer": "commerce raiding",
"question": "What did the US Navy rely on?"
},
{
"answer": "Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines",
"question": "What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?"
},
{
"answer": "close surveillance of enemy bases",
"question": "What did Ad... |
16,953 | After the Allied setbacks in 1943, the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts. In the first months of 1944, the Chinese and American troops of the Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC), commanded by the American Joseph Stilwell, began extending the Ledo Road from India into nor... | [
{
"answer": "South East Asia command",
"question": "What command prepared offensives into Burma after the Allied setbacks in 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "Joseph Stilwell",
"question": "Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC?"
},
{
"answer": "Ledo Road",
"question": "What road did the... |
16,954 | The Japanese responded to the Allied attacks by launching an offensive of their own into India in the middle of March, across the mountainous and densely forested frontier. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteen... | [
{
"answer": "March",
"question": "What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?"
},
{
"answer": "Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi",
"question": "Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?"
},
{
"answer": "Kohima in Nagaland",
"question": "Where had t... |
16,955 | As many Japanese had feared, Japan's supply arrangements could not maintain her forces. Once Mutaguchi's hopes for an early victory were thwarted, his troops, particularly those at Kohima, starved. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imp... | [
{
"answer": "starved",
"question": "What happened to Mutaguchi's troops?"
},
{
"answer": "22 June",
"question": "When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken?"
},
{
"answer": "50,000",
"question": "How many troops had the Japanese lost?"
},
{
"answer": "starvation and disease... |
16,956 | Although the advance in the Arakan had been halted to release troops and aircraft for the Battle of Imphal, the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by the Chindits operating against the Japanese lines of communication. In the middle of 1944 the Chinese Expeditionary Force invaded nor... | [
{
"answer": "Battle of Imphal",
"question": "What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?"
},
{
"answer": "Chindits",
"question": "Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?"
},
{
"answer": "Mount Song",
"question": "What fort... |
16,958 | The forces converged in the largest sea battle of World War II up to that point. Over the previous month American destroyers had destroyed 17 of 25 submarines out of Ozawa's screening force. Repeated U.S. raids destroyed the Japanese land-based planes. Ozawa's main attack lacked coordination, with the Japanese planes a... | [
{
"answer": "17",
"question": "How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?"
},
{
"answer": "staggered",
"question": "In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?"
},
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many American warships were damaged during t... |
16,959 | On the second day, U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa's fleet, 275 miles (443 km)[citation needed] away, and submarines sank two Japanese carriers. Mitscher launched 230 torpedo planes and dive bombers. He then discovered the enemy was actually another 60 miles (97 km)[citation needed] further off, out of aircraf... | [
{
"answer": "second",
"question": "On what day did U.S> planes located Ozawa's fleet?"
},
{
"answer": "275",
"question": "How many miles away was Ozawa's fleet located?"
},
{
"answer": "130",
"question": "How many planes did the U.S. lose?"
},
{
"answer": "450",
"question... |
16,961 | Sho-1 called for V. Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa's force to use an apparently vulnerable carrier force to lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte and remove air cover from the Allied landing forces, which would then be attacked from the west by three Japanese forces: V. Adm. Takeo Kurita's force would enter Leyte Gulf and attac... | [
{
"answer": "V. Adm. Takeo Kurita",
"question": "Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?"
},
{
"answer": "one or more",
"question": "How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?"
},
{
"answer": "Sho-1",
"question": "What was the namee of the plan wher... |
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