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4,359 | In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation. | [
{
"answer": "sovereignty",
"question": "What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?"
},
{
"answer": "how other states will react",
"question": "What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?"
},
{
"answer": "impose sanctions or... |
4,360 | If a state party's withdrawal is successful, its obligations under that treaty are considered terminated, and withdrawal by one party from a bilateral treaty of course terminates the treaty. When a state withdraws from a multi-lateral treaty, that treaty will still otherwise remain in force among the other parties, unl... | [
{
"answer": "terminated",
"question": "What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "a bilateral treaty",
"question": "What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?"
},
{
"answer": "remain in force",
... |
4,361 | If a party has materially violated or breached its treaty obligations, the other parties may invoke this breach as grounds for temporarily suspending their obligations to that party under the treaty. A material breach may also be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating the treaty itself. | [
{
"answer": "A material breach",
"question": "What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "temporarily suspending their obligations to that party",
"question": "In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result f... |
4,362 | A treaty breach does not automatically suspend or terminate treaty relations, however. It depends on how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it. Sometimes treaties will provide for the seriousness of a breach to be determined by a tribunal or other independent arbiter. An advantage of... | [
{
"answer": "the seriousness of a breach",
"question": "What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "a tribunal or other independent arbiter",
"question": "Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from p... |
4,363 | Treaties sometimes include provisions for self-termination, meaning that the treaty is automatically terminated if certain defined conditions are met. Some treaties are intended by the parties to be only temporarily binding and are set to expire on a given date. Other treaties may self-terminate if the treaty is meant ... | [
{
"answer": "self-termination",
"question": "Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?"
},
{
"answer": "set to expire on a given date",
"question": "What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?"
},
{
... |
4,364 | A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parti... | [
{
"answer": "a fundamental change in circumstances",
"question": "What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?"
},
{
"answer": "its own breach of the treaty",
"question": "A party cannot base its claim of a ... |
4,365 | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led ... | [
{
"answer": "the Banu Qaynuqa tribe",
"question": "The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?"
},
{
"answer": "the Constitution of Medina",
"question": "Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?"
... |
4,366 | Muhammad also ordered another siege on the Banu Qurayza during the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel. Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi. Al-Waqid... | [
{
"answer": "Gabriel",
"question": "What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza?"
},
{
"answer": "Al-Waqidi",
"question": "Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart?"
},
{
"answer": "600-900",
"ques... |
4,367 | There are several reasons an otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as a binding international agreement, most of which involve problems created at the formation of the treaty.[citation needed] For example, the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910 were protested; and they were confirmed as... | [
{
"answer": "at the formation of the treaty",
"question": "When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?"
},
{
"answer": "the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910",
"question": "What treatie... |
4,368 | A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a "manifest violation" is required such that it would be "objectively evident to any S... | [
{
"answer": "that state's domestic law",
"question": "A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?"
},
{
"answer": "his proper authority",
"question": "For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of ... |
4,369 | Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations, if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "invalid",
"question": "If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?"
},
{
"answer": "his sovereign",
"question": "Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiati... |
4,370 | According to the preamble in The Law of Treaties, treaties are a source of international law. If an act or lack thereof is condemned under international law, the act will not assume international legality even if approved by internal law. This means that in case of a conflict with domestic law, international law will a... | [
{
"answer": "The Law of Treaties",
"question": "The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law?"
},
{
"answer": "international law",
"question": "Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law?"
},
{
"answer": "treaties",
"questio... |
4,371 | Articles 46–53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated—considered unenforceable and void under international law. A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itse... | [
{
"answer": "Articles 46–53",
"question": "Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?"
},
{
"answer": "the content of the treaty itself",
"question": "In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, w... |
4,372 | A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident. | [
{
"answer": "own conduct",
"question": "What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "the truth",
"question": "Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?"
},
{
"answer": "A state's consent",
"question... |
4,373 | Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of either a representative, or the state itself through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of tha... | [
{
"answer": "fraudulent conduct",
"question": "What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?"
},
{
"answer": "corruption",
"question": "What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can ... |
4,374 | A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of ... | [
{
"answer": "null and void",
"question": "What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?"
},
{
"answer": "peremptory norm",
"question": "What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?"
},
{
"answer": "no... |
4,375 | The United Nations Charter states that treaties must be registered with the UN to be invoked before it or enforced in its judiciary organ, the International Court of Justice. This was done to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties that occurred in the 19th and 20th century. Section 103 of the Charter also states ... | [
{
"answer": "the International Court of Justice",
"question": "What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?"
},
{
"answer": "The United Nations Charter",
"question": "What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the In... |
4,376 | After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations, as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs, including signature, ratification and entry into force. | [
{
"answer": "the United Nations",
"question": "Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?"
},
{
"answer": "the Office of Legal Affairs",
"question": "Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal pro... |
4,377 | In function and effectiveness, the UN has been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government by some[citation needed], giving a comparison between modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation. | [
{
"answer": "the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government",
"question": "The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?"
},
{
"answer": "function and effectiveness",
"question": "In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-C... |
4,378 | The Brazilian federal constitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress (articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I). In practice, this has been interpreted as meaning that the executive branch is free to negotiate and sign a treaty,... | [
{
"answer": "articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I",
"question": "What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?"
},
{
"answer": "Congress",
"question": "In practice ... |
4,379 | The Federal Supreme Court has established that treaties are subject to constitutional review and enjoy the same hierarchical position as ordinary legislation (leis ordinárias, or "ordinary laws", in Portuguese). A more recent ruling by the Supreme Court in 2008 has altered that scheme somewhat, by stating that treaties... | [
{
"answer": "same hierarchical position",
"question": "The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights pr... |
4,380 | The Brazilian federal constitution does not have a supremacy clause with the same effects as the one on the U.S. constitution, a fact that is of interest to the discussion on the relation between treaties and state legislation. | [
{
"answer": "supremacy clause",
"question": "What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects?"
},
{
"answer": "state legislation",
"question": "A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discuss... |
4,381 | In the United States, the term "treaty" has a different, more restricted legal sense than exists in international law. United States law distinguishes what it calls treaties from executive agreement, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements. All four classes are equally treaties under internati... | [
{
"answer": "internal American law",
"question": "Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?"
},
{
"answer": "their method of approval",
"question": "Under US law, what... |
4,382 | Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that requ... | [
{
"answer": "10:1",
"question": "In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?"
},
{
"answer": "the relative ease",
"question": "What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?"
},
{
"ans... |
4,383 | The Supreme Court ruled in the Head Money Cases that "treaties" do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress and can be repealed or modified (for the purposes of U.S. law) by any subsequent Act of Congress, just like with any other regular law. The Supreme Court also ruled in Reid v. Covert that any treaty p... | [
{
"answer": "Head Money Cases",
"question": "In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?"
},
{
"answer": "Act of Congress",
"question": "The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the pur... |
4,384 | In India, the legislation subjects are divided into 3 lists -Union List, State List and Concurrent List . In the normal legislation process, the subjects in Union list can only be legislated upon by central legislative body called Parliament of India, for subjects in state list only respective state legislature can leg... | [
{
"answer": "Union List, State List and Concurrent List",
"question": "Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?"
},
{
"answer": "Concurrent subjects",
"question": "What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?"
},
... |
4,385 | Treaties formed an important part of European colonization and, in many parts of the world, Europeans attempted to legitimize their sovereignty by signing treaties with indigenous peoples. In most cases these treaties were in extremely disadvantageous terms to the native people, who often did not appreciate the implica... | [
{
"answer": "Treaties",
"question": "What formed an important part of European colonization?"
},
{
"answer": "indigenous peoples",
"question": "With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?"
},
{
"answer": "extremely disadv... |
4,386 | In some rare cases, such as with Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China, the local governments were able to use the treaties to at least mitigate the impact of European colonization. This involved learning the intricacies of European diplomatic customs and then using the treaties to prevent a power from overstepping their agr... | [
{
"answer": "Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China",
"question": "In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?"
},
{
"answer": "the intricacies of European diplomatic customs",
"question": "What did Ethiopians learn in order to... |
4,387 | In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine... | [
{
"answer": "autonomy",
"question": "What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?"
},
{
"answer": "Māori",
"question": "What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?"
},
{
"answer": "terra nullius",
... |
4,388 | Prior to 1871, the government of the United States regularly entered into treaties with Native Americans but the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871 (ch. 120, 16 Stat. 563) had a rider (25 U.S.C. § 71) attached that effectively ended the President’s treaty making by providing that no Indian nation or tribe shall... | [
{
"answer": "Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871",
"question": "What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?"
},
{
"answer": "agreements, statutes, and executive orders",
"question": ... |
4,389 | Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective ... | [
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?"
},
{
"answer": "the Partisans,",
"question": "During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?"
},
{
"answer": "Yugoslavia",
"question": "For what country is Tito viewed as unifying figure?"
},
{
... |
4,390 | He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist F... | [
{
"answer": "General Secretary",
"question": "What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?"
},
{
"answer": "Prime Minister",
"question": "What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?"
},
{
"answer": "98",
"question": "How many foreign deco... |
4,391 | Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, J... | [
{
"answer": "Slovene",
"question": "What ethnicity was Tito's mother?"
},
{
"answer": "Croat",
"question": "What ethnicity was Tito's father?"
},
{
"answer": "the Imperial Russians",
"question": "Who captured him during World War I?"
},
{
"answer": "Red Guard",
"question"... |
4,392 | Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991–92. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito w... | [
{
"answer": "1943",
"question": "When did the second Yugoslavia start?"
},
{
"answer": "Cominform",
"question": "What group did Tito found?"
},
{
"answer": "1951",
"question": "When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnr... |
4,394 | In the autumn of 1913, he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers and became a sergeant, serving in the 25th Croatian Regiment based in Zagreb. In May 1914, Broz won a silver medal at an army fencing competition in Budapest. At the outbreak of World War I in... | [
{
"answer": "1913",
"question": "When was he conscripted into the army?"
},
{
"answer": "sergeant",
"question": "What position in the army did he become after office school?"
},
{
"answer": "fencing",
"question": "What competition did he win a silver medal in?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,397 | In 1934 the Zagreb Provincial Committee sent Tito to Vienna where all the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia had sought refuge. He was appointed to the Committee and started to appoint allies to him, among them Edvard Kardelj, Milovan Đilas, Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Kidrič. In 1935, Tito travel... | [
{
"answer": "1934",
"question": "When was Tito sent to Vienna?"
},
{
"answer": "Milan Gorkić",
"question": "Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?"
},
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question"... |
4,398 | On 6 April 1941, German forces, with Hungarian and Italian assistance, launched an invasion of Yugoslavia. On 10 April 1941, Slavko Kvaternik proclaimed the Independent State of Croatia, and Tito responded by forming a Military Committee within the Central Committee of the Yugoslav Communist Party. Attacked from all si... | [
{
"answer": "6 April 1941",
"question": "When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "King Peter II",
"question": "Which king fled the country in 1941?"
},
{
"answer": "pamphlet",
"question": "What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle agains... |
4,399 | Despite conflicts with the rival monarchic Chetnik movement, Tito's Partisans succeeded in liberating territory, notably the "Republic of Užice". During this period, Tito held talks with Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović on 19 September and 27 October 1941. It is said that Tito ordered his forces to assist escaping Jews,... | [
{
"answer": "Partisans",
"question": "Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?"
},
{
"answer": "Chetnik movement",
"question": "Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?"
},
{
"answer": "Draža Mihailović",
"question": "Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?"
... |
4,400 | On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Y... | [
{
"answer": "1941",
"question": "When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?"
},
{
"answer": "1942",
"question": "When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?"
},
{
"answer": "President",
"question": "What position was Tito named to for the National Committee... |
4,401 | With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans... | [
{
"answer": "Axis",
"question": "Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?"
},
{
"answer": "Axis",
"question": "Who was the opponent of the Allies?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?"
},
{
"answer"... |
4,402 | After the Partisans managed to endure and avoid these intense Axis attacks between January and June 1943, and the extent of Chetnik collaboration became evident, Allied leaders switched their support from Draža Mihailović to Tito. King Peter II, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston C... | [
{
"answer": "Axis",
"question": "Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943?"
},
{
"answer": "Draža Mihailović",
"question": "From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito?"
},
{
... |
4,403 | In the first post war years Tito was widely considered a communist leader very loyal to Moscow, indeed, he was often viewed as second only to Stalin in the Eastern Bloc. In fact, Stalin and Tito had an uneasy alliance from the start, with Stalin considering Tito too independent. | [
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Who was Tito considered loyal to?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start?"
},
{
"answer":... |
4,404 | On 12 September 1944, King Peter II called on all Yugoslavs to come together under Tito's leadership and stated that those who did not were "traitors", by which time Tito was recognized by all Allied authorities (including the government-in-exile) as the Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, in addition to commander-in-chief o... | [
{
"answer": "King Peter II",
"question": "In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito's leadership?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet Union",
"question": "With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviet troops",
"question": "Who were allow... |
4,405 | In the final days of World War II in Yugoslavia, units of the Partisans were responsible for atrocities after the repatriations of Bleiburg, and accusations of culpability were later raised at the Yugoslav leadership under Tito. At the time, Josip Broz Tito repeatedly issued calls for surrender to the retreating column... | [
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? "
},
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?"
},
{
"answer": "Partisans",
"question": "In the final days of WWII... |
4,407 | Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (Uprava državne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a se... | [
{
"answer": "The State Security Administration",
"question": "What was formed as the new secret police?"
},
{
"answer": "Yugoslav intelligence",
"question": "Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators?"
},
{
"answer": "Catholic clergymen",
"question": "... |
4,408 | Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito met with the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia, Aloysius Stepinac on 4 June 1945, two days after his release from imprisonment. The two could not reach an agreement on the state of the Catholic Church. Under Stepinac's leadership, the bishops' conference released a letter... | [
{
"answer": "Aloysius Stepinac",
"question": "Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "two days",
"question": "How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "Catholic Church",
... |
4,409 | Unlike other new communist states in east-central Europe, Yugoslavia liberated itself from Axis domination with limited direct support from the Red Army. Tito's leading role in liberating Yugoslavia not only greatly strengthened his position in his party and among the Yugoslav people, but also caused him to be more ins... | [
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?"
},
{
"answer": "Soviets",
"question": "Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?"
},
{
"answer": "1945",
... |
4,412 | One significant consequence of the tension arising between Yugoslavia and Soviet Union, was that Tito fought Yugoslav Stalinists with Stalin's methods. In other words, Aleksandar Ranković and the State Security Service (UBDA) employed the same inhumane methods against their opponents as Stalin did in the Soviet Union a... | [
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?"
},
{
"answer": "Ranković",
"question": "Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?"... |
4,413 | Tito's estrangement from the USSR enabled Yugoslavia to obtain US aid via the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the same US aid institution which administered the Marshall Plan. Still, he did not agree to align with the West, which was a common consequence of accepting American aid at the time. After Stalin's ... | [
{
"answer": "US",
"question": "Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?"
},
{
"answer": "ECA",
"question": "What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "Marshall Plan",
"question": "What plan was also administered by the ECA?"
},
... |
4,414 | The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and ... | [
{
"answer": "Informbiro",
"question": "What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?"
},
{
"answer": "Titoism",
"question": "What was Tito's form of communism called?"
},
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Who encouraged purges against Titoi... |
4,415 | On 26 June 1950, the National Assembly supported a crucial bill written by Milovan Đilas and Tito about "self-management" (samoupravljanje): a type of cooperative independent socialist experiment that introduced profit sharing and workplace democracy in previously state-run enterprises which then became the direct soci... | [
{
"answer": "1950",
"question": "In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about \"self Management\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Milovan Đilas",
"question": "Who wrote the bill with Tito about \"self management\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Ribar",
"question": "Tito succeeded who as ... |
4,416 | The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to con... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?"
},
{
"answer": "11",
"question": "How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?"
},
{
"answer": "Czechoslovakia",
"question": "What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to c... |
4,417 | Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), th... | [
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?"
},
{
"answer": "1961",
"question": "In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?"
},
{
"answer": "Egypt",
"question": "Nasser led which country in... |
4,418 | Tito's foreign policy led to relationships with a variety of governments, such as exchanging visits (1954 and 1956) with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, where a street was named in his honor. | [
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?"
},
{
"answer": "Ethiopia",
"question": "What country does Emperor Selassie rule?"
},
{
"answer": "Ethiopia",
... |
4,419 | Tito was notable for pursuing a foreign policy of neutrality during the Cold War and for establishing close ties with developing countries. Tito's strong belief in self-determination caused early rift with Stalin and consequently, the Eastern Bloc. His public speeches often reiterated that policy of neutrality and coop... | [
{
"answer": "Cold War",
"question": "During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?"
},
{
"answer": "Stalin",
"question": "With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?"
},
{
"answer": "developing",
"question": "What type of countries did Tito develop re... |
4,421 | Tito visited India from December 22, 1954 through January 8, 1955. After his return, he removed many restrictions on churches and spiritual institutions in Yugoslavia. | [
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "When did Tito first visit India?"
},
{
"answer": "1955",
"question": "When did Tito leave India?"
},
{
"answer": "India",
"question": "After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "In... |
4,422 | Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win. | [
{
"answer": "Burma",
"question": "What country did U Nu lead?"
},
{
"answer": "U Nu",
"question": "Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?"
},
{
"answer": "Ne Win",
"question": "Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?"
},
{
"answer": "Burma",
"question": "Ne Win led what country?"
},... |
4,423 | Because of its neutrality, Yugoslavia would often be rare among Communist countries to have diplomatic relations with right-wing, anti-Communist governments. For example, Yugoslavia was the only communist country allowed to have an embassy in Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay. One notable exception to Yugoslavia's neutral ... | [
{
"answer": "Yugoslavia",
"question": "What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?"
},
{
"answer": "Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay",
"question": "Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?"
},
{
"answer": "Chile",
"... |
4,424 | On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over... | [
{
"answer": "7 April 1963",
"question": "When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "Americas",
"question": "Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?"
},
{
"answer": "United Nations General Assembly meet... |
4,425 | In 1966 an agreement with the Vatican, fostered in part by the death in 1960 of anti-communist archbishop of Zagreb Aloysius Stepinac and shifts in the church's approach to resisting communism originating in the Second Vatican Council, accorded new freedom to the Yugoslav Roman Catholic Church, particularly to catechiz... | [
{
"answer": "Stepinac",
"question": "What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "Yugoslav",
"question": "Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?"
},
{
"answer": "UDBA",
"question": "What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 aft... |
4,426 | On 1 January 1967, Yugoslavia was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors and abolish visa requirements. In the same year Tito became active in promoting a peaceful resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict. His plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territo... | [
{
"answer": "Yugoslavia",
"question": "Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "Whe... |
4,427 | In 1968, Tito offered Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubček to fly to Prague on three hours notice if Dubček needed help in facing down the Soviets. In April 1969, Tito removed generals Ivan Gošnjak and Rade Hamović in the aftermath of the invasion of Czechoslovakia due to the unpreparedness of the Yugoslav army to resp... | [
{
"answer": "Czechoslovak",
"question": "What country did Dubcek lead?"
},
{
"answer": "three hours",
"question": "How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?"
},
{
"answer": "Prague",
"question": "Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito",
"ques... |
4,428 | In 1971, Tito was re-elected as President of Yugoslavia by the Federal Assembly for the sixth time. In his speech before the Federal Assembly he introduced 20 sweeping constitutional amendments that would provide an updated framework on which the country would be based. The amendments provided for a collective presiden... | [
{
"answer": "1971",
"question": "In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time?"
},
{
"answer": "Federal Assembly",
"question": "Who elected Tito president in 1971?"
},
{
"answer": "20",
"question": "How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito in... |
4,429 | Tito's greatest strength, in the eyes of the western communists, had been in suppressing nationalist insurrections and maintaining unity throughout the country. It was Tito's call for unity, and related methods, that held together the people of Yugoslavia. This ability was put to a test several times during his reign, ... | [
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "What person's calls for unity is credited by western communists of holding together Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "the Croatian Spring",
"question": "What was referred to as the \"Mass Movement\"?"
},
{
"answer": "16 May 1974",
"question": "When was the... |
4,430 | Tito's visits to the United States avoided most of the Northeast due to large minorities of Yugoslav emigrants bitter about communism in Yugoslavia. Security for the state visits was usually high to keep him away from protesters, who would frequently burn the Yugoslav flag. During a visit to the United Nations in the l... | [
{
"answer": "Yugoslav",
"question": "What flag did protesters of Tito often burn?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito murderer",
"question": "What did protesters scream during Tito's visit to the United Nations in the late 1970's?"
},
{
"answer": "United States authorities.",
"question": "Which au... |
4,431 | After the constitutional changes of 1974, Tito began reducing his role in the day-to-day running of the state. He continued to travel abroad and receive foreign visitors, going to Beijing in 1977 and reconciling with a Chinese leadership that had once branded him a revisionist. In turn, Chairman Hua Guofeng visited Yug... | [
{
"answer": "Beijing",
"question": "Where did Tito travel in 1977 to reconcile with Chinese leadership?"
},
{
"answer": "1977",
"question": "In what year did Tito travel to China to reconcile with Chinese leadership?"
},
{
"answer": "Chairman Hua Guofeng",
"question": "What Chinese l... |
4,433 | Tito was interred in a mausoleum in Belgrade, which forms part of a memorial complex in the grounds of the Museum of Yugoslav History (formerly called "Museum 25 May" and "Museum of the Revolution"). The actual mausoleum is called House of Flowers (Kuća Cveća) and numerous people visit the place as a shrine to "better ... | [
{
"answer": "Belgrade",
"question": "In what city was Tito interred?"
},
{
"answer": "Museum of Yugoslav History",
"question": "What museum was formerly called \"Museum 25 May\"?"
},
{
"answer": "House of Flowers",
"question": "What name was given to Tito's mausoleum?"
},
{
"... |
4,435 | Every year a "Brotherhood and Unity" relay race is organized in Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia which ends at the "House of Flowers" in Belgrade on May 25 – the final resting place of Tito. At the same time, runners in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina set off for Kumrovec, Tito's birthplace in northern Cro... | [
{
"answer": "\"House of Flowers\"",
"question": "Where does the annual \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race end?"
},
{
"answer": "Belgrade",
"question": "Where is the final resting place of Tito?"
},
{
"answer": "Kumrovec",
"question": "Where is Tito's birthplace in Croatia?"
},
... |
4,436 | In the years following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, some historians stated that human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia under Tito, particularly in the first decade up until the Tito-Stalin split. On 4 October 2011, the Slovenian Constitutional Court found a 2009 naming of a street in Ljubljana after Tito to be un... | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional?"
},
{
"answer": "Ljubljana",
"question": "Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito",
"ques... |
4,437 | The court, however, explicitly made it clear that the purpose of the review was "not a verdict on Tito as a figure or on his concrete actions, as well as not a historical weighing of facts and circumstances". Slovenia has several streets and squares named after Tito, notably Tito Square in Velenje, incorporating a 10-m... | [
{
"answer": "Velenje",
"question": "Tito Square is located in what Slovenian city?"
},
{
"answer": "10-meter",
"question": "How tall is the statue in Tito Square?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito Square",
"question": "Where is a 10-meter statue of Tito located?"
},
{
"answer": "Slovenia... |
4,438 | Tito has also been named as responsible for systematic eradication of the ethnic German (Danube Swabian) population in Vojvodina by expulsions and mass executions following the collapse of the German occupation of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, in contrast to his inclusive attitude towards other Yugoslav nation... | [
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "What is the ethnic origin of the Danube Swabian people?"
},
{
"answer": "Vojvodina",
"question": "Where is the location of the Danube Swabian population?"
},
{
"answer": "Vojvodina",
"question": "There were mass executions of Danube Swabian populati... |
4,439 | Tito carried on numerous affairs and was married several times. In 1918 he was brought to Omsk, Russia, as a prisoner of war. There he met Pelagija Belousova who was then thirteen; he married her a year later, and she moved with him to Yugoslavia. Pelagija bore him five children but only their son Žarko Leon (born 4 Fe... | [
{
"answer": "Omsk",
"question": "Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918?"
},
{
"answer": "1918",
"question": "When was Tito brought to Russia as a prisoner of war?"
},
{
"answer": "thirteen",
"question": "How old was Pelagija Belousava when Tito met her?"
},
... |
4,440 | In 1936, when Tito stayed at the Hotel Lux in Moscow, he met the Austrian comrade Lucia Bauer. They married in October 1936, but the records of this marriage were later erased. | [
{
"answer": "Moscow",
"question": "Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?"
},
{
"answer": "1936",
"question": "When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?"
},
{
"answer": "Lucia Bauer",
"question": "What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?"
},
{
"answe... |
4,441 | His next relationship was with Herta Haas, whom he married in 1940. Broz left for Belgrade after the April War, leaving Haas pregnant. In May 1941, she gave birth to their son, Aleksandar "Mišo" Broz. All throughout his relationship with Haas, Tito had maintained a promiscuous life and had a parallel relationship with ... | [
{
"answer": "Herta Haas",
"question": "Who did Tito marry in 1940?"
},
{
"answer": "1941",
"question": "When did Haas give birth to Tito's son?"
},
{
"answer": "Aleksandar \"Mišo\" Broz",
"question": "What was the name of Tito's son born to him and Haas?"
},
{
"answer": "Davo... |
4,443 | Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia; Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Josip "Joška" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina. | [
{
"answer": "Aleksandra Broz",
"question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a theatre director?"
},
{
"answer": "Svetlana Broz",
"question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer?"
},
{
"answer": "Bosnia-Herzegovina",
"question": "Where does Svetlana Broz live?... |
4,444 | As the President, Tito had access to extensive (state-owned) property associated with the office, and maintained a lavish lifestyle. In Belgrade he resided in the official residence, the Beli dvor, and maintained a separate private home. The Brijuni islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on. The ... | [
{
"answer": "Beli dvor",
"question": "What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade?"
},
{
"answer": "Brijuni",
"question": "What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on?"
},
{
"answer": "Jože Plečnik",
"question": "Who designed the pavilion at the S... |
4,445 | Another residence was maintained at Lake Bled, while the grounds at Karađorđevo were the site of "diplomatic hunts". By 1974 the Yugoslav President had at his disposal 32 official residences, larger and small, the yacht Galeb ("seagull"), a Boeing 727 as the presidential airplane, and the Blue Train. After Tito's death... | [
{
"answer": "Karađorđevo",
"question": "The grounds at what location were the site of \"diplomatic hunts\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Galeb",
"question": "What was the name of the yacht the Yugoslav president had at his disposal?"
},
{
"answer": "Aviogenex",
"question": "What company bought t... |
4,446 | As regards knowledge of languages, Tito replied that he spoke Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, and some English. A biographer also stated that he spoke "Serbo-Croatian ... Russian, Czech, Slovenian ... German (with a Viennese accent) ... understands and reads French and Italian ... [and] also speaks Kirghiz." | [
{
"answer": "Viennese",
"question": "With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer?"
},
{
"answer": "some",
"question": "How much English did Tito speak?"
},
{
"answer": "Kirghiz",
"question": "Other than Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, Czech, Slovenian and Englis... |
4,447 | In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments, Tito would not enter a church again. As an adult, he frequently declared that he was an atheist. | [
{
"answer": "atheist",
"question": "What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?"
},
{
"answer": "Catholic",
"question": "What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?"
},
{
"answer": "slapped and shouted at",
"question": "What did a priest do to Tito as... |
4,448 | Every federal unit had a town or city with historic significance from the World War II period renamed to have Tito's name included. The largest of these was Titograd, now Podgorica, the capital city of Montenegro. With the exception of Titograd, the cities were renamed simply by the addition of the adjective "Tito's" (... | [
{
"answer": "Titograd",
"question": "What is the name of the largest town or city renamed in Tito's name?"
},
{
"answer": "Podgorica",
"question": "What is Titograd now called?"
},
{
"answer": "Montenegro",
"question": "What is Podgorica the capital city of?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
4,449 | In the years after Tito's death up to nowadays, some people have disputed his identity. Tito's personal doctor, Aleksandar Matunović, wrote a book about Tito in which he also questioned his true origin, noting that Tito's habits and lifestyle could only mean that he was from an aristocratic family. Serbian journalist V... | [
{
"answer": "Aleksandar Matunović",
"question": "What was the name of Tito's personal doctor?"
},
{
"answer": "Aleksandar Matunović",
"question": "Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin?"
},
{
"answer": "Vladan Dinić",
"question": "What Serbian journalist includes se... |
4,450 | In 2013 a lot of media coverage was given to unclassified NSA's study in Cryptologic Spectrum that concluded that Tito did not speak the language as a native, and had features of other Slavic languages (Russian and Polish). The hypothesis that "a non-Yugoslav, perhaps a Russian or a Pole" assumed Tito's identity was in... | [
{
"answer": "2013",
"question": "In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?"
},
{
"answer": "NSA",
"question": "What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian and Polish",
"question": "What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spe... |
4,451 | However, the NSA's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognize that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje. The acute accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito is perfectly pronouncing, is the strongest proof of Tito's bel... | [
{
"answer": "Croatian",
"question": "Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?"
},
{
"answer": "Zagorje",
"question": "What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?"
},
{
"answer": "NSA",
"question": "Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tit... |
4,452 | As the Communist Party was outlawed in Yugoslavia starting on 30 December 1920, Josip Broz took on many assumed names during his activity within the Party, including "Rudi", "Walter", and "Tito." Broz himself explains: | [
{
"answer": "1920",
"question": "Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia?"
},
{
"answer": "Communist",
"question": "What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920?"
},
{
"answer": "Josip Broz",
"question": "\"Rudi\", \"Walter\" and \"Tito\" are names that ... |
4,453 | Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were receive... | [
{
"answer": "119",
"question": "How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?"
},
{
"answer": "21",
"question": "Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?"
},
{
"answer": "French",
"question": "Which government awards the Legion of Honou... |
4,454 | The decorations were seldom displayed, however. After the Tito–Stalin split of 1948 and his inauguration as president in 1953, Tito rarely wore his uniform except when present in a military function, and then (with rare exception) only wore his Yugoslav ribbons for obvious practical reasons. The awards were displayed i... | [
{
"answer": "1948",
"question": "In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?"
},
{
"answer": "1953",
"question": "In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?"
},
{
"answer": "1980",
"question": "In what year was Tito's funeral?"
},
{
"answer": "Tito",
"question": "W... |
4,455 | Some of the other foreign awards and decorations of Josip Broz Tito include Order of Merit, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of Prince Henry, Order of Independence, Order of Merit, Order of the Nile, Order of the Condor of the Andes, Order of the Star of Romania, Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, Cro... | [
{
"answer": "Romania",
"question": "Tito was awarded the Star of what country?"
},
{
"answer": "Austria",
"question": "Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country?"
},
{
"answer": "Sheba",
"question": "Tito was awarded the Queen of where?"
... |
4,456 | The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Marshallese: Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ),[note 1] is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line. Geographically, the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia. The country... | [
{
"answer": "Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ",
"question": "What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?"
},
{
"answer": "the equator",
"question": "Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?"
},
{
"answer": "53,158",
"question": "As of 2011, how m... |
4,457 | Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other ... | [
{
"answer": "Micronesian colonists",
"question": "Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "traditional stick charts",
"question": "How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands?"
},
{
"answer": "1526",
"questi... |
4,458 | The European powers recognized the islands as part of the Spanish East Indies in 1874. However, Spain sold the islands to the German Empire in 1884, and they became part of German New Guinea in 1885. In World War I the Empire of Japan occupied the Marshall Islands, which in 1919 the League of Nations combined with othe... | [
{
"answer": "1874",
"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?"
},
{
"answer": "the German Empire",
"question": "In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "the South Pacific Mandate",
"quest... |
4,459 | Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and ag... | [
{
"answer": "presidential republic",
"question": "What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States",
"question": "With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?"
},
{
"answer": "service",
"question": "What is the mai... |
4,460 | The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, Philippines and other Pacific islands. The two official languages are Marshallese, which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and English. Almost the en... | [
{
"answer": "Marshallese",
"question": "What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Malayo-Polynesian",
"question": "What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?"
},
{
"answer": "United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Is... |
4,461 | Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts. | [
{
"answer": "Micronesians",
"question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?"
},
{
"answer": "historical or oral records",
"question": "What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "canoe",
"que... |
4,462 | Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526, commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria, the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition. On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14°N that he named "San Bartolome". | [
{
"answer": "Alonso de Salazar",
"question": "Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Spanish",
"question": "What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?"
},
{
"answer": "1526",
"question": "In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answe... |
4,463 | On September 21, 1529, Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón commanded the Spanish ship Florida, on his second attempt to recross the Pacific from the Maluku Islands. He stood off a group of islands from which local inhabitants hurled stones at his ship. These islands, which he named "Los Pintados", may have been Ujelang. On Octobe... | [
{
"answer": "Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón",
"question": "Whose ship was named Florida?"
},
{
"answer": "the Maluku Islands",
"question": "From where did Cerón attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean?"
},
{
"answer": "Los Pintados",
"question": "What did Cerón name the islands from which peopl... |
4,464 | The Spanish ship San Pedro and two other vessels in an expedition commanded by Miguel López de Legazpi discovered an island on January 9, 1530, possibly Mejit, at 10°N, which they named "Los Barbudos". The Spaniards went ashore and traded with the local inhabitants. On January 10, the Spaniards sighted another island t... | [
{
"answer": "Los Barbudos",
"question": "What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?"
},
{
"answer": "Mejit",
"question": "What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?"
},
{
"answer": "January 10",
... |
4,465 | Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore ... | [
{
"answer": "Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert",
"question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?"
},
{
"answer": "jolet jen Anij",
"question": "What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?"
},
{
"answer": "Adam Johann von Krusenstern",
"questio... |
4,466 | A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San... | [
{
"answer": "Captain DonSette",
"question": "Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?"
},
{
"answer": "Naiad",
"question": "What vessel was attacked in 1845?"
},
{
"answer": "Glencoe and Sea Nymph",
"question": "What ships were attacked ... |
4,467 | Although the Spanish Empire had a residual claim on the Marshalls in 1874, when she began asserting her sovereignty over the Carolines, she made no effort to prevent the German Empire from gaining a foothold there. Britain also raised no objection to a German protectorate over the Marshalls in exchange for German recog... | [
{
"answer": "the Spanish Empire",
"question": "What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?"
},
{
"answer": "the German Empire",
"question": "What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Britain",
"question": "What nation asserted their... |
4,468 | Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Car... | [
{
"answer": "November 1",
"question": "On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?"
},
{
"answer": "Imperial German Protectorate",
"question": "What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "W... |
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