id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
4,469 | A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian is... | [
{
"answer": "the Jaluit Gesellschaft",
"question": "What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?"
},
{
"answer": "1905",
"question": "When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?"
},
{
"answer": "the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899",
"questio... |
4,470 | Catholic missionary Father A. Erdland, from the Sacred Heart Jesu Society based in Hiltrup, Germany, lived on Jaluit from around 1904 to 1914. He was very interested in the islands and conducted considerable research on the Marshallese culture and language. He published a 376-page monograph on the islands in 1914. Fath... | [
{
"answer": "the Sacred Heart Jesu Society",
"question": "What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?"
},
{
"answer": "1914",
"question": "In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "1911",
"question": "In what year was Father Linckens' last vis... |
4,471 | Under German control, and even before then, Japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the Marshall Islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. After the Meiji Restoration (1868), the Japanese government adopted a policy of turning the Japanese Empire into a great economic and military pow... | [
{
"answer": "the Meiji Restoration",
"question": "What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?"
},
{
"answer": "East Asia",
"question": "In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?"
},
{
"answer": "traders",
"question": "Along with fisherme... |
4,472 | In 1914, Japan joined the Entente during World War I and captured various German Empire colonies, including several in Micronesia. On September 29, 1914, Japanese troops occupied the Enewetak Atoll, and on September 30, 1914, the Jaluit Atoll, the administrative centre of the Marshall Islands. After the war, on June 28... | [
{
"answer": "September 29, 1914",
"question": "On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?"
},
{
"answer": "the Entente",
"question": "What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?"
},
{
"answer": "the Jaluit Atoll",
"question": "What did the Japanese occup... |
4,473 | The German Empire had primarily economic interests in Micronesia. The Japanese interests were in land. Despite the Marshalls' small area and few resources, the absorption of the territory by Japan would to some extent alleviate Japan's problem of an increasing population with a diminishing amount of available land to h... | [
{
"answer": "1,000",
"question": "About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?"
},
{
"answer": "economic",
"question": "What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "land",
"question": "What was the pr... |
4,474 | The Japanese enlarged administration and appointed local leaders, which weakened the authority of local traditional leaders. Japan also tried to change the social organization in the islands from Matrilineality to the Japanese Patriarchal system, but with no success. Moreover, during the 1930s, one third of all land up... | [
{
"answer": "Matrilineality",
"question": "What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?"
},
{
"answer": "the Japanese Patriarchal system",
"question": "What system of social organization was used in Japan?"
},
{
"answer": "March 27, 1933",
"question": "On w... |
4,475 | In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein Atoll was the administrative center of the Japanese 6th Fleet Forces Service, whose task was the defense of the Marshall Islands. | [
{
"answer": "6th Fleet",
"question": "What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Kwajalein",
"question": "On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?"
},
{
"answer": "defense of the Marshall Islands",
"question": "What was the mission of the 6th... |
4,476 | In World War II, the United States, during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, invaded and occupied the islands in 1944, destroying or isolating the Japanese garrisons. In just one month in 1944, Americans captured Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak, and, in the next two months, the rest of the Marshall Island... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign",
"question": "What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?"
},
{
"answer": "1944",
"question"... |
4,477 | The battle in the Marshall Islands caused irreparable damage, especially on Japanese bases. During the American bombing, the islands' population suffered from lack of food and various injuries. U.S. attacks started in mid-1943, and caused half the Japanese garrison of 5,100 people in the atoll Mili to die from hunger b... | [
{
"answer": "1943",
"question": "In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?"
},
{
"answer": "5,100",
"question": "How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?"
},
{
"answer": "half",
"question": "What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?"
... |
4,478 | Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?"
},
{
"answer": "Security Council Resolution 21",
"question": "What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?"
},
{
"answer": "1947",
"questio... |
4,479 | During the early years of the Cold War from 1946 to 1958, the United States tested 67 nuclear weapons at its Pacific Proving Grounds located in the Marshall Islands, including the largest atmospheric nuclear test ever conducted by the U.S., code named Castle Bravo. "The bombs had a total yield of 108,496 kilotons, over... | [
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "In what year did the Cold War begin?"
},
{
"answer": "67",
"question": "How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?"
},
{
"answer": "Castle Bravo",
"question": "What was the name of the United States' largest at... |
4,480 | Nuclear claims between the U.S. and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects from these nuclear tests linger. Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of those residents of the Bikini Atoll exposed to radioactive fallout. From 1956 to August 1998, at least $759 million was paid to the ... | [
{
"answer": "Project 4.1",
"question": "What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?"
},
{
"answer": "1956",
"question": "When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?"
},
{
"answer": "759",
"question"... |
4,481 | In 1986, the Compact of Free Association with the United States entered into force, granting the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) its sovereignty. The Compact provided for aid and U.S. defense of the islands in exchange for continued U.S. military use of the missile testing range at Kwajalein Atoll. The independe... | [
{
"answer": "the Compact of Free Association",
"question": "What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "1986",
"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?"
},
{
"answer": "Kwajalein Atoll",
"question": "Where in the Marshall... |
4,482 | In 2008, extreme waves and high tides caused widespread flooding in the capital city of Majuro and other urban centres, 3 feet (0.91 m) above sea level. On Christmas morning in 2008, the government declared a state of emergency. In 2013, heavy waves once again breached the city walls of Majuro. | [
{
"answer": "Majuro",
"question": "What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Christmas",
"question": "On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?"
},
{
"answer": "0.91",
"question": "In meters, how high were the 2008 floods... |
4,483 | In 2013, the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands experienced drought. The drought left 6,000 people surviving on less than 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of water per day. This resulted in the failure of food crops and the spread of diseases such as diarrhea, pink eye, and influenza. These emergencies resulted... | [
{
"answer": "the northern atolls",
"question": "What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "6,000",
"question": "How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of w... |
4,484 | Following the 2013 emergencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Tony de Brum was encouraged by the Obama administration in the United States to turn the crises into an opportunity to promote action against climate change. De Brum demanded new commitment and international leadership to stave off further climate disaster... | [
{
"answer": "Tony de Brum",
"question": "As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?"
},
{
"answer": "September 2013",
"question": "In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Majuro Declaration for Climate Leade... |
4,485 | The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution. Elections are held every four years in universal suffrage (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators)... | [
{
"answer": "parliamentary-presidential system",
"question": "What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "18",
"question": "How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?"
},
{
"answer": "every four years",
"question": "How often are elections h... |
4,486 | Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The upper house of Parliament, called the Council of Iroij, is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Niti... | [
{
"answer": "the Council of Iroij",
"question": "What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?"
},
{
"answer": "twelve tribal chiefs",
"question": "Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?"
},
{
"answer": "ten",
"question": "How many... |
4,487 | The Compact of Free Association with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It allows islanders to live and work in the United States and establishes economic and technical aid programs. | [
{
"answer": "Compact of Free Association",
"question": "What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "the U.S.",
"question": "What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "technical aid",
"question": "Along with eco... |
4,488 | The Marshall Islands was admitted to the United Nations based on the Security Council's recommendation on August 9, 1991, in Resolution 704 and the General Assembly's approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3. In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistentl... | [
{
"answer": "August 9, 1991",
"question": "When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?"
},
{
"answer": "September 17, 1991",
"question": "When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?"
},
{
"answer": "the... |
4,489 | On 28 April 2015, the Iranian navy seized the Marshall Island-flagged MV Maersk Tigris near the Strait of Hormuz. The ship had been chartered by Germany's Rickmers Ship Management, which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons. The ship was reported to be under the control of the Iranian... | [
{
"answer": "28 April 2015",
"question": "On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?"
},
{
"answer": "MV Maersk Tigris",
"question": "What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?"
},
{
"answer": "Rickmers Ship Management",
"question": "Who ch... |
4,490 | The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains l... | [
{
"answer": "the Federated States of Micronesia",
"question": "What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "Wake Island",
"question": "What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?"
},
{
"answer": "1,900,000",
"question": "How many square kil... |
4,491 | In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometres (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a shark sanctuary. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometres (... | [
{
"answer": "772,000",
"question": "How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?"
},
{
"answer": "October 2011",
"question": "In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "1,776,000",
"question... |
4,492 | The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio. | [
{
"answer": "Wake Island",
"question": "What island do the Marshall Islands claim?"
},
{
"answer": "the United States",
"question": "Who controls Wake Island?"
},
{
"answer": "1899",
"question": "In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?"
},
{
"answer": "Enen-kio",... |
4,493 | The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. Many Pacific typhoons begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region, and grow stronger as they move west toward the Mariana Islands and the Philippines. | [
{
"answer": "May",
"question": "When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?"
},
{
"answer": "November",
"question": "In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?"
},
{
"answer": "tropical storms",
"question": "Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Mars... |
4,494 | Due to its very low elevation, the Marshall Islands are threatened by the potential effects of sea level rise. According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change. | [
{
"answer": "its very low elevation",
"question": "What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?"
},
{
"answer": "the president of Nauru",
"question": "Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?"
},
{
"answer": "flooding from... |
4,495 | Population has outstripped the supply of freshwater, usually from rainfall. The northern atolls get 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rainfall annually; the southern atolls about twice that. The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains. | [
{
"answer": "1,300",
"question": "How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?"
},
{
"answer": "rainfall",
"question": "What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "drought",
"question": "What is the Marshal... |
4,496 | In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization, which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may impact business conditions in the islands. | [
{
"answer": "the International Labour Organization",
"question": "What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks",
"question": "What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organizat... |
4,497 | United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the U.S. is committed to provide US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013, and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.... | [
{
"answer": "US$57.7 million",
"question": "How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "US$62.7 million",
"question": "How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?"
},
{
"answer": "the... |
4,498 | The United States Army maintains the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on Kwajalein Atoll. Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base. | [
{
"answer": "Kwajalein Atoll",
"question": "On what atoll is a missile test facility based?"
},
{
"answer": "Ronald Reagan",
"question": "Who is the missile test facility named after?"
},
{
"answer": "Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site",
"question": "What is the offici... |
4,499 | Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.[citation needed] The most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "breadfruit",
"question": "Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?"
},
{
"answer": "small farms",
"question": "Where does most agricultural production take place?"
}
] |
4,500 | In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue, and the plant's owners tried to partner with the g... | [
{
"answer": "1999",
"question": "In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?"
},
{
"answer": "400",
"question": "How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?"
},
{
"answer": "2005",
"question": "In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?"
},
{
"answer": "t... |
4,501 | On September 15, 2007, Witon Barry (of the Tobolar Copra processing plant in the Marshall Islands capital of Majuro) said power authorities, private companies, and entrepreneurs had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to diesel fuel for vehicles, power generators, and ships. Coconut trees abound in the P... | [
{
"answer": "the Tobolar Copra processing plant",
"question": "Who did Witon Barry work for?"
},
{
"answer": "Majuro",
"question": "Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?"
},
{
"answer": "the meat of the coconut",
"question": "What is copra?"
},
{
"answer": "6 to 10",
... |
4,502 | Historical population figures are unknown. In 1862, the population was estimated at about 10,000. In 1960, the entire population was about 15,000. In July 2011, the number of island residents was estimated to number about 72,191. Over two-thirds of the population live in the capital, Majuro and Ebeye, the secondary urb... | [
{
"answer": "10,000",
"question": "About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?"
},
{
"answer": "15,000",
"question": "How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?"
},
{
"answer": "72,191",
"question": "As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshal... |
4,503 | Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer isl... | [
{
"answer": "Marshallese",
"question": "What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?"
},
{
"answer": "Asia",
"question": "From what continent did the Marshallese originate?"
},
{
"answer": "one-half",
"question": "What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?... |
4,504 | Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan J... | [
{
"answer": "Congregational",
"question": "What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?"
},
{
"answer": "24.2%",
"question": "What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?"
},
{
"answer": "8.3%",
"question": "What percentage of Marshall Islands ... |
4,505 | The Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands) operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. There are two tertiary institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the College of the Marshall Islands and the University of the South Pacific. | [
{
"answer": "Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)",
"question": "What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?"
},
{
"answer": "College of the Marshall Islands",
"question": "Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Mar... |
4,506 | The Marshall Islands are served by the Marshall Islands International Airport in Majuro, the Bucholz Army Airfield in Kwajalein, and other small airports and airstrips. | [
{
"answer": "Majuro",
"question": "Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?"
},
{
"answer": "Bucholz Army Airfield",
"question": "What airfield operates in Kwajalein?"
}
] |
4,507 | The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the ... | [
{
"answer": "noble class",
"question": "What class was slackta in Poland?"
},
{
"answer": "King Casimir III the Great",
"question": "Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?"
},
{
"answer": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland",
"question... |
4,508 | The origins of the szlachta are shrouded in obscurity and mystery and have been the subject of a variety of theories.:207 Traditionally, its members were owners of landed property, often in the form of "manor farms" or so-called folwarks. The nobility negotiated substantial and increasing political and legal privileges... | [
{
"answer": "manor farms",
"question": "What is another name for folwarks?"
},
{
"answer": "obscurity and mystery",
"question": "Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud."
},
{
"answer": "late 18th century",
"question": "Around what time was the decline of the po... |
4,509 | During the Partitions of Poland from 1772 to 1795, its members began to lose these legal privileges and social status. From that point until 1918, the legal status of the nobility was essentially dependent upon the policies of the three partitioning powers: the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Habsburg M... | [
{
"answer": "1772 to 1795",
"question": "When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. "
},
{
"answer": "Russian Empire",
"question": "What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on."
},
{
"answer": "1921",
"question": "When wa... |
4,510 | The notion that all Polish nobles were social equals, regardless of their financial status or offices held, is enshrined in a traditional Polish saying: | [
{
"answer": "social equals",
"question": "What was the notion for all polish nobles?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish saying",
"question": "What ethnic saying is this traditional from?"
},
{
"answer": "regardless of their financial status",
"question": "Did it matter how much money a person h... |
4,511 | The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from... | [
{
"answer": "slahta",
"question": "What german word does the term szlachta come from?"
},
{
"answer": "\"(noble) family\"",
"question": "What does slahta mean?"
},
{
"answer": "rycerz",
"question": "What is the polish name for knight?"
},
{
"answer": "Ritter",
"question":... |
4,512 | Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writ... | [
{
"answer": "German \"schlachten\"",
"question": "What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?"
},
{
"answer": "(\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\")",
"question": "What does schlachtan mean in german?"
},
{
"answer": "Schlacht",
"question": "What German w... |
4,513 | Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania. | [
{
"answer": "magnates",
"question": "What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?"
},
{
"answer": "magnat",
"question": "What is the singular version of magnates?"
},
{
"answer": "możny",
"question": "What is another name referring polish nobles?"
},
{
"answer": "możni... |
4,514 | The Polish term "szlachta" designated the formalized, hereditary noble class of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In official Latin documents of the old Commonwealth, hereditary szlachta are referred to as "nobilitas" and are indeed the equivalent in legal status of the English nobility. | [
{
"answer": "szlachta",
"question": "What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?"
},
{
"answer": "formalized, hereditary",
"question": "What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?"
},
{
"answer": "hereditary szlachta",
"question": "Who is refe... |
4,515 | Today the word szlachta in the Polish language simply translates to "nobility". In its broadest meaning, it can also denote some non-hereditary honorary knighthoods granted today by some European monarchs. Occasionally, 19th-century non-noble landowners were referred to as szlachta by courtesy or error, when they owned... | [
{
"answer": "nobility",
"question": "What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?"
},
{
"answer": "szlachta",
"question": "What were the non noble land owners referred too as?"
},
{
"answer": "by courtesy or error",
"question": "Why were the non nobles and nobles referred a... |
4,516 | In the past, a certain misconception sometimes led to the mistranslation of "szlachta" as "gentry" rather than "nobility".:206 :xvi This mistaken practice began due to the economic status of some szlachta members being inferior to that of the nobility in other European countries (see also Estates of the Realm regarding... | [
{
"answer": "included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals",
"question": "Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?"
},
{
"answer": "szlachta",
"question": "Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?"
}
] |
4,517 | As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridi... | [
{
"answer": "hereditary juridical status",
"question": "What ultimately determined nobility?"
},
{
"answer": "to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.",
"question": "What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?"
},
{
"answer": "no",
"question": "Did the tenants of the wealthi... |
4,518 | The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known ... | [
{
"answer": "obscure",
"question": "Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?"
},
{
"answer": "odwieczna",
"question": "What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?"
},
{
"answer": "descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians",
"question": "What... |
4,520 | The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish c... | [
{
"answer": "documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure",
"question": "WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?"
},
{
"answer": "Middle Ages and in the early modern period",
"question": "WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?... |
4,521 | Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance... | [
{
"answer": "Around the 14th century",
"question": "Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?"
},
{
"answer": "defend the country",
"question": "What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?"
}
] |
4,522 | Concerning the early Polish tribes, geography contributed to long-standing traditions. The Polish tribes were internalized and organized around a unifying religious cult, governed by the wiec, an assembly of free tribesmen. Later, when safety required power to be consolidated, an elected prince was chosen to govern. Th... | [
{
"answer": "geography",
"question": "What contributed to the long standing traditions?"
},
{
"answer": "wiec",
"question": "What was governing the polish tribes?"
},
{
"answer": "an assembly of free tribesmen",
"question": "What was the wiec?"
},
{
"answer": "an elected prin... |
4,523 | The tribes were ruled by clans (ród) consisting of people related by blood or marriage and theoretically descending from a common ancestor, giving the ród/clan a highly developed sense of solidarity. (See gens.) The starosta (or starszyna) had judicial and military power over the ród/clan, although this power was often... | [
{
"answer": "clans (ród)",
"question": "What ruled over the tribes?"
},
{
"answer": "theoretically descending from a common ancestor",
"question": "What did the clans people all have in common?"
},
{
"answer": "related by blood or marriage",
"question": "What gave them a sense of sol... |
4,524 | Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well. | [
{
"answer": "Mieszko I of Poland",
"question": "WHo established an elite knightly retinue?"
},
{
"answer": "(c. 935 – 25 May 992)",
"question": "How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?"
},
{
"answer": "preserving the unity of his state",
"question": "Along with uniting the lekhitic... |
4,525 | Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz"... | [
{
"answer": "rycerz",
"question": "WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?"
},
{
"answer": "knight",
"question": "What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?"
},
{
"answer": "wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking ... |
4,526 | The Period of Division from, A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314, which included nearly 200 years of feudal fragmentation and which stemmed from Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons, was the genesis of the social structure which saw the economic elevation of the great landowning feudal nobles (możni/Magnates, both eccl... | [
{
"answer": "A.D., 1138 – A.D., 1314",
"question": "WHen was the period of Division?"
},
{
"answer": "Bolesław III's division of Poland among his sons",
"question": "What stemmed the period of division?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish",
"question": "What tribe was the prior social structure ... |
4,527 | Some możni (Magnates) descending from past tribal dynasties regarded themselves as co-proprietors of Piast realms, even though the Piasts attempted to deprive them of their independence. These możni (Magnates) constantly sought to undermine princely authority.:75, 76 In Gall Anonym's chronicle, there is noted the nobil... | [
{
"answer": "co-proprietors of Piast realms",
"question": "What did some Mozni regard themselves with?"
},
{
"answer": "attempted to deprive them of their independence",
"question": "What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?"
},
{
"answer": "możni",
"question": "Who constantly s... |
4,528 | In Lithuania Propria and in Samogitia prior to the creation of the Kingdom of Lithuania by Mindaugas, nobles were named die beste leuten in sources that were written in German language. In the Lithuanian language nobles were named ponai. The higher nobility were named 'kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai' (dukes)—i.e., loanword... | [
{
"answer": "die beste leuten",
"question": "WHat were nobles named in german language?"
},
{
"answer": "ponai",
"question": "What were the nobles named in lithuanian?"
},
{
"answer": "kunigai' or 'kunigaikščiai'",
"question": "What were the higher nobility named?"
},
{
"answ... |
4,529 | After the Union of Horodło the Lithuanian nobility acquired equal status with the Polish szlachta, and over time began to become more and more polonized, although they did preserve their national consciousness, and in most cases recognition of their Lithuanian family roots. In the 16th century some of the Lithuanian no... | [
{
"answer": "Polish szlachta",
"question": "What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?"
},
{
"answer": "polonized",
"question": "What did the polish szlachta become more of?"
},
{
"answer": "they were of Roman extraction",
"question": "What did some lithuanian no... |
4,530 | The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empir... | [
{
"answer": "the highest members of the nobility",
"question": "WHo was first invloved in the polonization?"
},
{
"answer": "Russian Empire",
"question": "Who imposed various sanction on the people?"
},
{
"answer": "removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas",
"question": "Wh... |
4,531 | In Ruthenia the nobility gradually gravitated its loyalty towards the multicultural and multilingual Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the principalities of Halych and Volhynia became a part of it. Many noble Ruthenian families intermarried with Lithuanian ones. | [
{
"answer": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania",
"question": "What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?"
},
{
"answer": "multicultural and multilingual",
"question": "What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?"
},
{
"answer": "principalities of Halych and ... |
4,532 | The Orthodox nobles' rights were nominally equal to those enjoyed by Polish and Lithuanian nobility, but there was a cultural pressure to convert to Catholicism, that was greatly eased in 1596 by the Union of Brest. See for example careers of Senator Adam Kisiel and Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. | [
{
"answer": "Polish and Lithuanian nobility",
"question": "What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?"
},
{
"answer": "convert to Catholicism",
"question": "What social pressure was pressing down the people?"
},
{
"answer": "Union of Brest",
"question": "What greatly eased the ... |
4,533 | In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) may be equated with an individual given legal status as a szlachta (member of the Polish nobility). Initially, this privilege could be granted by monarch, but from the 1641 onward, this right was reserved for the sejm. M... | [
{
"answer": "by monarch",
"question": "Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?"
},
{
"answer": "ennoblement",
"question": "What right was reversed by sijm?"
},
{
"answer": "undifferentiated coat of arms",
"question": "What would be given to the enobled one?"
},
... |
4,534 | According to heraldic sources total number of legal ennoblements issued between the 14th century and the mid-18th century, is estimated at approximately 800. This is an average of only about two ennoblements per year or only 0.000 000 14 – 0.000 001 of historical population. Compare: historical demography of Poland. | [
{
"answer": "between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,",
"question": "Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?"
},
{
"answer": "two ennoblements per year",
"question": "What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century."
},
{
"answer": ... |
4,535 | According to heraldic sources 1,600 is a total estimated number of all legal ennoblements throughout the history of Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th century onward (half of which were performed in the final years of the late 18th century). | [
{
"answer": "1,600",
"question": "What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth"
},
{
"answer": "14th century onward",
"question": "When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?"
},
{
"answer": "final years of the late 18th century"... |
4,536 | In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving the... | [
{
"answer": "Vytautas the Great",
"question": "WHo reformed the grand duchy army?"
},
{
"answer": "bajorai",
"question": "vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?"
},
{
"answer": "Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors",
"question": "What names ... |
4,537 | Significant legislative changes in the status of the szlachta, as defined by Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, consist of its 1374 exemption from the land tax, a 1425 guarantee against the 'arbitrary arrests and/or seizure of property' of its members, a 1454 requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by... | [
{
"answer": "Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries",
"question": "Who defined the significant legislative changes?"
},
{
"answer": "1374 exemption from the land tax,",
"question": "What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?"
},
{
"answer": "requirement that mili... |
4,539 | The Polish nobility enjoyed many rights that were not available to the noble classes of other countries and, typically, each new monarch conceded them further privileges. Those privileges became the basis of the Golden Liberty in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite having a king, Poland was called the nobility'... | [
{
"answer": "many rights",
"question": "THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?"
},
{
"answer": "Poland",
"question": "What was the nobilities commonwealth?"
},
{
"answer": "not of the king or the ruling dynasty",
"question": "WHo elected the king?"
... |
4,540 | Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie. | [
{
"answer": "at the time of their election to the throne",
"question": "When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?"
},
{
"answer": "king-elect's Pacta conventa",
"question": "What specified the kings privileges?"
},
{
"answer": "ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax",
"... |
4,541 | In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use... | [
{
"answer": "1355",
"question": "When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?"
},
{
"answer": "Buda King Casimir III the Great",
"question": "who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? "
},
{
"answer": "Louis I of Hungary",
"question": "WHo is the nephe... |
4,542 | In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which... | [
{
"answer": "1374",
"question": "When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?"
},
{
"answer": "in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga",
"question": "WHy did King louis approve the privilege?"
},
{
"answer": "exempted the entire class from all... |
4,543 | In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), inclu... | [
{
"answer": "King Władysław II Jagiełło",
"question": "Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?"
},
{
"answer": "1422",
"question": "When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?"
},
{
"answer": "ceded",
"question": "What happened to the right to mi... |
4,544 | In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas c... | [
{
"answer": "at Kraków in 1433",
"question": "Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?"
},
{
"answer": "Brześć Kujawski privilege",
"question": "WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?"
},
{
"answer": "nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest",... |
4,545 | In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility... | [
{
"answer": "1454",
"question": "When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?"
},
{
"answer": "the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks",
"question": "What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?"
},
{
"answer": "judicial abuses",
"question": "THe nobility was protected from what?"
},
{
"... |
4,546 | The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won b... | [
{
"answer": "1492",
"question": "When did the first free election take place?"
},
{
"answer": "no restrictions on the choice of candidates.",
"question": "What was different about later elections then first free election?"
},
{
"answer": "senators",
"question": "Who only voted in the... |
4,547 | On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfo... | [
{
"answer": "King John I Albert",
"question": "Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?"
},
{
"answer": "On April 26, 1496",
"question": "Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?"
},
{
"answer": "increasing",
"question": "WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?"
},
{
"answ... |
4,548 | On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to r... | [
{
"answer": "23 October 1501",
"question": "When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?"
},
{
"answer": "Union of Mielnik",
"question": "Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?"
},
{
"answer": "Union of Mielnik",
"question": "Where was the coronation Sejm fo... |
4,549 | On 3 May 1505 King Alexander I Jagiellon granted the Act of "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu" (Latin: "I accept nothing new except by common consent"). This forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility, in Sejm and Senat assembled, and thus greatly strengthened the no... | [
{
"answer": "3 May 1505",
"question": "When did the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" happen?"
},
{
"answer": "King Alexander I Jagiellon",
"question": "Who granted the act Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\"?"
},
{
"answer": "forbade the king to pass any new law withou... |
4,550 | About that time the "executionist movement" (Polish: "egzekucja praw"--"execution of the laws") began to take form. Its members would seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country. In 1562 at the Sejm in Piotrków they would force the magnates to return many leased cr... | [
{
"answer": "\"executionist movement",
"question": "What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?"
},
{
"answer": "seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country",
"question": "What were the intentions of executionists movement?... |
4,551 | Until the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become a Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was supposed to sign ... | [
{
"answer": "Sigismund II Augustus",
"question": "Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?"
},
{
"answer": "monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family",
"question": "What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?"
},
{
"answer": "any Polish noble or for... |
4,552 | In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuani... | [
{
"answer": "1578",
"question": "The crown tribunal was created when?"
},
{
"answer": "king Stefan Batory",
"question": "Who created the crown tribunal?"
},
{
"answer": "reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court",
"question": "What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?"
},
... |
4,553 | For many centuries, wealthy and powerful members of the szlachta sought to gain legal privileges over their peers. Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates (karmazyni—the "Crimsons", from the crimson colour of their boots). A proper magnate should be able to trace noble ancestors back for many generatio... | [
{
"answer": "gain legal privileges over their peers",
"question": "What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?"
},
{
"answer": "Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates",
"question": "What were most szlachtas class?"
},
{
"answer": "Crimsons",
"question": "What is a... |
4,554 | Some historians estimate the number of magnates as 1% of the number of szlachta. Out of approx. one million szlachta, tens of thousands of families, only 200–300 persons could be classed as great magnates with country-wide possessions and influence, and 30–40 of them could be viewed as those with significant impact on ... | [
{
"answer": "1%",
"question": "Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?"
},
{
"answer": "200–300",
"question": "Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? "
},
{
"answer": "30–40",
"question": "Out of one million how many people could be viewed with signif... |
4,555 | Magnates often received gifts from monarchs, which significantly increased their wealth. Often, those gifts were only temporary leases, which the magnates never returned (in the 16th century, the anti-magnate opposition among szlachta was known as the ruch egzekucji praw—movement for execution of the laws—which demande... | [
{
"answer": "monarchs",
"question": "Magnates recieved gifts often from who?"
},
{
"answer": "Magnates",
"question": "What significantly increased the magnates wealth?"
},
{
"answer": "temporary leases",
"question": "What terms were these gifts given?"
},
{
"answer": "never r... |
4,556 | One of the most important victories of the magnates was the late 16th century right to create ordynacja's (similar to majorats), which ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this. Ordynacje's of families of Radziwiłł, Zamoyski, Potocki or Lubomirski often rivalled the estates of ... | [
{
"answer": "magnates",
"question": "The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?"
},
{
"answer": "late 16th century",
"question": "When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?"
},
{
"answer": "ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily pres... |
4,557 | The sovereignty of szlachta was ended in 1795 by Partitions of Poland, and until 1918 their legal status was dependent on policies of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia or the Habsburg Monarchy. | [
{
"answer": "1795",
"question": "When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?"
},
{
"answer": "Partitions of Poland",
"question": "Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?"
},
{
"answer": "szlachta",
"question": "UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty ... |
4,559 | The Polish nobility differed in many respects from the nobility of other countries. The most important difference was that, while in most European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy, in Poland the reverse process occurred: the nobility actually gained power at the expense of the... | [
{
"answer": "European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy",
"question": "What was different between the polish nobility and others?"
},
{
"answer": "actually gained power",
"question": "What happened to nobility at expense of the king?"
},
{
"answe... |
4,561 | There were a number of avenues to upward social mobility and the achievement of nobility. Poland's nobility was not a rigidly exclusive, closed class. Many low-born individuals, including townsfolk, peasants and Jews, could and did rise to official ennoblement in Polish society. Each szlachcic had enormous influence ov... | [
{
"answer": "closed class",
"question": "What class was polands nobility?"
},
{
"answer": "Many low-born individuals",
"question": "Who could rise into polish ennoblement?"
},
{
"answer": "enormous influence",
"question": "How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?"
... |
4,562 | All children of the Polish nobility inherited their noble status from a noble mother and father. Any individual could attain ennoblement (nobilitacja) for special services to the state. A foreign noble might be naturalised as a Polish noble (Polish: "indygenat") by the Polish king (later, from 1641, only by a general s... | [
{
"answer": "noble mother and father",
"question": "Children inherited polish nobility from whom?"
},
{
"answer": "special services to the state",
"question": "What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?"
},
{
"answer": "Polish king",
"question": "WHo could naturalize a polish ... |
4,563 | In theory at least, all Polish noblemen were social equals. Also in theory, they were legal peers. Those who held 'real power' dignities were more privileged but these dignities were not hereditary. Those who held honorary dignities were higher in 'ritual' hierarchy but these dignities were also granted for a lifetime.... | [
{
"answer": "equals",
"question": "In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?"
},
{
"answer": "not hereditary",
"question": "Was was unique about the dignities?"
},
{
"answer": "ritual",
"question": "If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?"
},
{
... |
4,564 | Note that the Polish landed gentry (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo) was composed of any nobility that owned lands: thus of course the magnates, the middle nobility and that lesser nobility that had at least part of the village. As manorial lordships were also opened to burgesses of certain privileged royal cities, not all la... | [
{
"answer": "any nobility that owned lands",
"question": "Who could compose the polish landed gentry?"
},
{
"answer": "(ziemianie or ziemiaństwo",
"question": "whats is another name for polish landed gentry?"
},
{
"answer": "no",
"question": "Did all hold title of nobility?"
}
] |
4,565 | Coats of arms were very important to the Polish nobility. Its heraldic system evolved together with its neighbours in Central Europe, while differing in many ways from the heraldry of other European countries. Polish knighthood families had its counterparts, links or roots in Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany (i.e. Juno... | [
{
"answer": "Coats of arms",
"question": "What was very important to the polish nobility?"
},
{
"answer": "heraldic system",
"question": "What kind of system was the coats of arms?"
},
{
"answer": "differing in many ways",
"question": "how did the polish nobility system compare to ot... |
4,566 | The most notable difference is that, contrary to other European heraldic systems, the Jews, Muslim Tatars or another minorities would be given the noble title. Also, most families sharing origin would also share a coat-of-arms. They would also share arms with families adopted into the clan (these would often have their... | [
{
"answer": "minorities would be given the noble title",
"question": "What is the most notable difference between countries?"
},
{
"answer": "most families sharing origin",
"question": "Coat of arms would be shared with who else?"
},
{
"answer": "on the basis of similarity of arms",
... |
4,567 | Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used. | [
{
"answer": "brisure",
"question": "What was rarely used?"
},
{
"answer": "Poland",
"question": "Where did the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?"
},
{
"answer": "their fathers",
"question": "Where did men get their coat of arms usually?"
}
] |
4,568 | The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalt... | [
{
"answer": "Sarmatism",
"question": "What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? "
},
{
"answer": "powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians",
"question": "Where did the name sarmatism originate?"
},
{
"answer": "served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility",
"question": "How... |
4,569 | Prior to the Reformation, the Polish nobility were mostly either Roman Catholic or Orthodox with a small group of Muslims. Many families, however, soon adopted the Reformed faiths. After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic, de... | [
{
"answer": "Roman Catholic or Orthodox",
"question": "What two religions were most common?"
},
{
"answer": "Muslims",
"question": "What was the minority group in the polish nobility?"
},
{
"answer": "ennoblement",
"question": "What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity... |
4,570 | Publius Vergilius Maro (Classical Latin: [ˈpuː.blɪ.ʊs wɛrˈɡɪ.lɪ.ʊs ˈma.roː]; October 15, 70 BC – September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics... | [
{
"answer": "Augustan",
"question": "During which period was Vigil a poet?"
},
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?"
},
{
"answer": "Aeneid",
"question": "Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?"
},
{
"answer": "Publius... |
4,571 | Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on... | [
{
"answer": "Aeneid",
"question": "Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?"
},
{
"answer": "Iliad and Odyssey",
"question": "Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?"
},
{
"answer": "Aeneas",
"question": "Who is the main character in the Aeneid?... |
4,572 | Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about... | [
{
"answer": "Varius",
"question": "Who was Virgil's editor?"
},
{
"answer": "Servius and Donatus",
"question": "Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?"
},
{
"answer": "inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing",
"question": "What do the ... |
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