id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
5,638 | Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking. | [
{
"answer": "marking",
"question": "What is the oldest way to study migration?"
},
{
"answer": "a nick on the beak",
"question": "How have swans been marked?"
},
{
"answer": "Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen",
"question": "Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?"
},
{
"ans... |
5,639 | Orientation behaviour studies have been traditionally carried out using variants of a setup known as the Emlen funnel, which consists of a circular cage with the top covered by glass or wire-screen so that either the sky is visible or the setup is placed in a planetarium or with other controls on environmental cues. Th... | [
{
"answer": "the Emlen funnel",
"question": "How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?"
},
{
"answer": "circular",
"question": "What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?"
},
{
"answer": "The orientation behaviour",
"question": "What is studied quantitatively i... |
5,640 | Hunting along migration routes threatens some bird species. The populations of Siberian cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that wintered in India declined due to hunting along the route, particularly in Afghanistan and Central Asia. Birds were last seen in their favourite wintering grounds in Keoladeo National Park in ... | [
{
"answer": "Hunting along migration routes",
"question": "What threatens some bird species?"
},
{
"answer": "Siberian cranes",
"question": "What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?"
},
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "When were birds last seen in Keoladeo Natio... |
5,641 | It is on Absecon Island, on the Atlantic coast. Atlantic City was incorporated on May 1, 1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township. The city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City. | [
{
"answer": "Absecon Island",
"question": "What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?"
},
{
"answer": "1854",
"question": "In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?"
},
{
"answer": "Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township",
"question": "What are the names ... |
5,642 | Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a potential resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, The Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue, was built. | [
{
"answer": "The Belloe House",
"question": "What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "1853",
"question": "In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue",
"question"... |
5,643 | The city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the direct link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of ... | [
{
"answer": "Philadelphia",
"question": "What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?"
},
{
"answer": "500,000",
"question": "By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?"
},
{
"answer": "Absecon Lightho... |
5,644 | The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and wid... | [
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies",
"question": "Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "1944",
"question": "What year was the... |
5,645 | The first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland that was available without a toll. | [
{
"answer": "Pleasantville",
"question": "The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?"
},
{
"answer": "1870",
"question": "The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "30-cent",
"question": "How much of a ... |
5,646 | By 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City. At this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming hous... | [
{
"answer": "1878",
"question": "By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?"
},
{
"answer": "Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway",
"question": "What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic Cit... |
5,647 | In the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses that dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels. Two of the city's most distinctive hotels were the Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel. | [
{
"answer": "early part of the 20th century",
"question": "When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?"
},
{
"answer": "large hotels",
"question": "What replaced many of the modest boarding houses? "
},
{
"answer": "Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel",
"... |
5,648 | In 1903, Josiah White III bought a parcel of land near Ohio Avenue and the boardwalk and built the Queen Anne style Marlborough House. The hotel was a hit and, in 1905–06, he chose to expand the hotel and bought another parcel of land next door to his Marlborough House. In an effort to make his new hotel a source of co... | [
{
"answer": "1903",
"question": "In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?"
},
{
"answer": "Marlborough House",
"question": "What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?"
},
{
"answer": "Queen Anne",
"question": "In what style was the Malborough House b... |
5,649 | The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ... | [
{
"answer": "The Traymore Hotel",
"question": "What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?"
},
{
"answer": "1879",
"question": "What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?"
},
{
"answer": "Daniel White",
"question": "Who was the owner of The... |
5,651 | In 1883, salt water taffy was conceived in Atlantic City by David Bradley. The traditional story is that Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm, soaking his taffy with salty Atlantic Ocean water. He sold some "salt water taffy" to a girl, who proudly walked down to the beach to show her friends. Bradley's mothe... | [
{
"answer": "1883",
"question": "In what year was salt water taffy conceived?"
},
{
"answer": "David Bradley",
"question": "Who was the creator of salt water taffy?"
},
{
"answer": "Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm",
"question": "What happened to David Bradley's shop th... |
5,652 | The 1920s, with tourism at its peak, are considered by many historians as Atlantic City's golden age. During Prohibition, which was enacted nationally in 1919 and lasted until 1933, much liquor was consumed and gambling regularly took place in the back rooms of nightclubs and restaurants. It was during Prohibition that... | [
{
"answer": "1920s",
"question": "What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?"
},
{
"answer": "1919",
"question": "What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?"
},
{
"answer": "The World's Playground",
"question": "During Prohibition what name was given to Atl... |
5,653 | During this time, Atlantic City was under the mayoral reign of Edward L. Bader, known for his contributions to the construction, athletics and aviation of Atlantic City. Despite the opposition of many others, he purchased land that became the city's municipal airport and high school football stadium, both of which were... | [
{
"answer": "Edward L. Bader",
"question": "During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "construction, athletics and aviation",
"question": "What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?"
},
{
"answer": "1923",
"question": "What ye... |
5,654 | From May 13 to May 16 in 1929, Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America. The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox" Torrio, with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, Meyer Lansky and ... | [
{
"answer": "organized crime figures from all across America",
"question": "Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio",
"question": "What family was Charles "
},
{
... |
5,655 | Like many older east coast cities after World War II, Atlantic City became plagued with poverty, crime, corruption, and general economic decline in the mid-to-late 20th century. The neighborhood known as the "Inlet" became particularly impoverished. The reasons for the resort's decline were multi-layered. First of all,... | [
{
"answer": "the \"Inlet\"",
"question": "Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?"
},
{
"answer": "cheap, fast jet service",
"question": "What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,656 | The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt tha... | [
{
"answer": "Democratic National Convention",
"question": "What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?"
},
{
"answer": "Hubert Humphrey",
"question": "Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon Johnson",
"question"... |
5,657 | By the late 1960s, many of the resort's once great hotels were suffering from embarrassing vacancy rates. Most of them were either shut down, converted to cheap apartments, or converted to nursing home facilities by the end of the decade. Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, many of these hotels were dem... | [
{
"answer": "the late 1960s",
"question": "By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?"
},
{
"answer": "demolished",
"question": "Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,659 | With the redevelopment of Las Vegas and the opening of two casinos in Connecticut in the early 1990s, along with newly built casinos in the nearby Philadelphia metro area in the 2000s, Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to its failure to diversify away from gaming. Determined to expand, in 1999 the Atlantic C... | [
{
"answer": "to diversify away from gaming",
"question": "Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?"
},
{
"answer": "Steve Wynn",
"question": "Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?"
},
{
"answer": "to develop a new roadway",
"ques... |
5,660 | Although Wynn's plans for development in the city were scrapped in 2002, the tunnel opened in 2001. The new roadway prompted Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage to build Atlantic City's newest casino. The Borgata opened in July 2003, and its success brought an influx of developers to Atlantic City with plans for... | [
{
"answer": "2001",
"question": "In what year did the tunnel open?"
},
{
"answer": "The Borgata",
"question": "What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?"
},
{
"answer": "July 2003",
"question": "When did The Borgata open?"
},
{
"answer": "2002",
"question": "In ... |
5,661 | Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was ... | [
{
"answer": "November 11, 2006",
"question": "When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?"
},
{
"answer": "demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion",
"question": "What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?"
},
{
"answer": "$1.5–2 billion casino r... |
5,663 | In the wake of the closures and declining revenue from casinos, Governor Christie said in September 2014 that the state would consider a 2015 referendum to end the 40-year-old monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling and allowing gambling in other municipalities. With casino revenue declining from $5.2 bill... | [
{
"answer": "40-year",
"question": "How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?"
},
{
"answer": "Governor Christie",
"question": "Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?"
},
{
"answer": "Septe... |
5,664 | "Superstorm Sandy" struck Atlantic City on October 29, 2012, causing flooding and power-outages but left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas including the Boardwalk and casino resorts, despite widespread belief that the city's boardwalk had been destroyed. The source of the misinformation was a widely circulated... | [
{
"answer": "October 29, 2012",
"question": "When did \"Superstorm Sandy\" strike Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "943 mb",
"question": "\"Superstorm Sandy\" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?"
},
{
"answer": "flooding and power-outages",
"question": ... |
5,665 | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 17.037 square miles (44.125 km2), including 10.747 square miles (27.835 km2) of land and 6.290 square miles (16.290 km2) of water (36.92%). | [
{
"answer": "17.037 square miles",
"question": "According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area in square miles?"
},
{
"answer": "10.747 square miles",
"question": "What is the area of land?"
},
{
"answer": "6.290 square miles",
"question": "What is the area of w... |
5,666 | Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Chelsea, City Island, Great Island and Venice Park. | [
{
"answer": "Venice Park",
"question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?"
},
{
"answer": "Great Island",
"question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name... |
5,667 | Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 °F (24.2 °C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs e... | [
{
"answer": "75.6 °F",
"question": "What is the daily average temperature in July?"
},
{
"answer": "September",
"question": "Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?"
},
{
"answer": "35.5 °F",
"question": "What is the average temperature for Janua... |
5,668 | Annual precipitation is 40 inches (1,020 mm) which is fairly spread throughout the year. Owing to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location in South Jersey, Atlantic City receives less snow than a good portion of the rest of New Jersey. Even at the airport, where low temperatures are often much lower than al... | [
{
"answer": "40 inches",
"question": "How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually?"
},
{
"answer": "16.5 inches",
"question": "What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?"
},
{
"answer": "Atlantic Ocean",
"question": "Atlant... |
5,670 | There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was... | [
{
"answer": "15,504",
"question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?"
},
{
"answer": "27.3%",
"question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?"
},
{
"answer": "44.8%",
"q... |
5,671 | In the city, 24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males. | [
{
"answer": "24.6%",
"question": "What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?"
},
{
"answer": "12.7%",
"question": "What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?"
},
{
"answer": "36.3 years",
"question": "What was the median age?"
},
{
"answer... |
5,672 | The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $30,237 (with a margin of error of +/- $2,354) and the median family income was $35,488 (+/- $2,607). Males had a median income of $32,207 (+/- $1,641) versus $29,298 (+/- $1,380) for fem... | [
{
"answer": "$30,237",
"question": "How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?"
},
{
"answer": "$35,488",
"question": "How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?"
},
{
"answer": "$32,207",
"question": "H... |
5,673 | As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city w... | [
{
"answer": "40,517",
"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "3,569.8 people per square mile",
"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?"
},
{
"answer": "20,219... |
5,674 | There were 15,848 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.8% were married couples living together, 23.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.4% had someone living alone who w... | [
{
"answer": "27.7%",
"question": "How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?"
},
{
"answer": "15,848",
"question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "37.2%",
"question": "How many households were made up of individuals?"
}... |
5,675 | In the city the population was spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males. | [
{
"answer": "35 years",
"question": "What was the median age of Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "96.1",
"question": "For every 100 females, how many males were there?"
},
{
"answer": "93.2",
"question": "For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?"
},
{
"... |
5,676 | The median income for a household in the city was $26,969, and the median income for a family was $31,997. Males had a median income of $25,471 versus $23,863 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,402. About 19.1% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of ... | [
{
"answer": "$26,969",
"question": "What was the median income for a household in the city?"
},
{
"answer": "$31,997",
"question": "What was the median income for a family in the city?"
},
{
"answer": "$15,402",
"question": "What was the per capita income for the city?"
},
{
... |
5,677 | As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country at 13.8%, out of labor force of around 141,000. | [
{
"answer": "unemployment",
"question": "As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?"
},
{
"answer": "13.8%",
"question": "What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?"
},
{
"answer"... |
5,678 | In July 2010, Governor Chris Christie announced that a state takeover of the city and local government "was imminent". Comparing regulations in Atlantic City to an "antique car", Atlantic City regulatory reform is a key piece of Gov. Chris Christie's plan, unveiled on July 22, to reinvigorate an industry mired in a fou... | [
{
"answer": "Governor Chris Christie",
"question": "In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?"
},
{
"answer": "antique car",
"question": "What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?"
},
{
"answer": "Atlantic... |
5,679 | On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construc... | [
{
"answer": "2011",
"question": "What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?"
},
{
"answer": "The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements",
"question": "What were the three major things that the d... |
5,680 | The tourism district would comprise several key areas in the city; the Marina District, Ducktown, Chelsea, South Inlet, Bader Field, and Gardner's Basin. Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district, including several in the city's northern end, or North Beach. Gardner's Basin, which is home to the Atlanti... | [
{
"answer": "10",
"question": "How many roadways will be included in the district?"
},
{
"answer": "Gardner's Basin",
"question": "What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?"
},
{
"answer": "Gardner's Basin",
"question": "What place was originally left off of the tourism distr... |
5,681 | Atlantic City is considered as the "Gambling Capital of the East Coast," and currently has eight large casinos and several smaller ones. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes. They are regulat... | [
{
"answer": "Gambling Capital of the East Coast",
"question": "What is Atlantic City known for?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?"
},
{
"answer": "33,000",
"question": "Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos emplo... |
5,682 | In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-... | [
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "Trump Plaza",
"question": "What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?"
},
{
"answer": "1984",
"question": "What year did... |
5,683 | Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business. | [
{
"answer": "selling",
"question": "What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?"
},
{
"answer": "Trump Taj Mahal",
"question": "What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?"
},
{
"answer": "2013",
"question":... |
5,684 | Caesars Entertainment executives have been reconsidering the future of their three remaining Atlantic City properties (Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's), in the wake of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing by the company's casino operating unit in January 2015. | [
{
"answer": "three",
"question": "How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?"
},
{
"answer": "Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's",
"question": "What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?"
},
{
"answer": "Chapter 11",
"question": "What t... |
5,685 | Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,... | [
{
"answer": "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall",
"question": "What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?"
},
{
"answer": "an arena",
"question": "What is the Boardwalk Hall?"
},
{
"answer": "1997",
"question": "In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?"
... |
5,686 | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | [
{
"answer": "Monopoly City",
"question": "What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?"
},
{
"answer": "Monopoly",
"question": "The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?"
},
{
"answer": "Ruth Hoskins",
"question": "Who learned the game of M... |
5,687 | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | [
{
"answer": "Marvin Gardens",
"question": "What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?"
},
{
"answer": "Marven Gardens",
"question": "What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?"
},
{
"answer": "Charles Darrow",
"question": "Wh... |
5,688 | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | [
{
"answer": "immune systems in all organisms",
"question": "In general, what does immunology study?"
},
{
"answer": "both health and diseases",
"question": "Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?"
},
{
"answer": "autoimmune diseases, hyperse... |
5,689 | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | [
{
"answer": "exempt",
"question": "The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?"
},
{
"answer": "thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver",
"question": "What are the major organs of the immun... |
5,690 | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | [
{
"answer": "typically cellular in nature",
"question": "The structure of immune system components can be described as what?"
},
{
"answer": "not associated with any specific organ",
"question": "Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?"
},
{
"answer": "embedded",... |
5,691 | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | [
{
"answer": "epidemiology and medicine",
"question": "Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?"
},
{
"answer": "the body systems, pathogens, and immunity",
"question": "Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?"
},
{
"answer": "430 BCE",
"question"... |
5,692 | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | [
{
"answer": "innate immune system",
"question": "What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?"
},
{
"answer": "acquired or adaptive immune system",
"question": "Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?"
},
{
"answer": "humoral (or antibody)",
"q... |
5,693 | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | [
{
"answer": "antibodies and antigens",
"question": "Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?"
},
{
"answer": "specific proteins",
"question": "What are antibodies comprised of?"
},
{
"answer": "B lymphocytes",
"question": "What cells produce antibodies?"
},... |
5,694 | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | [
{
"answer": "research",
"question": "In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?"
},
{
"answer": "non-classical models of immunity",
"question": "What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?"
},
{
"answer": "cells, organs and systems",
"que... |
5,695 | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | [
{
"answer": "Clinical immunology",
"question": "The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?"
},
{
"answer": "failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth",
"question": "What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,696 | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | [
{
"answer": "hypersensitivities",
"question": "What is a type of immune system disorder?"
},
{
"answer": "asthma and other allergies",
"question": "What are some examples of hypersensitivities?"
},
{
"answer": "respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.",
"question": "W... |
5,697 | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | [
{
"answer": "AIDS",
"question": "What is the most famous immune system disease?"
},
{
"answer": "an immunodeficiency",
"question": "What kind of disease is AIDS?"
},
{
"answer": "CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages",
"question": "Which types of cells are suppre... |
5,699 | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | [
{
"answer": "Maternal factors",
"question": "In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?"
},
{
"answer": "breast milk",
"question": "Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?"
},
{
"answer": "up to 18 months",
"question": "For how long do t... |
5,700 | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | [
{
"answer": "hormones",
"question": "What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?"
},
{
"answer": "17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)",
"question": "What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?"
},
{
"answer": "testosterone",
"question": "Which specific ho... |
5,701 | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | [
{
"answer": "strongly experimental",
"question": "The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?"
},
{
"answer": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\"",
"question": "What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?"
},
{
"answer": "phagocytes",
"question": "... |
5,702 | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | [
{
"answer": "Frank Burnet",
"question": "What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?"
},
{
"answer": "self/nonself distinction",
"question": "What triggers an immune response according to CST?"
},
{
"answer": "\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an... |
5,703 | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | [
{
"answer": "Bioscience",
"question": "What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?"
},
{
"answer": "bioscience",
"question": "Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?"
},
{
"answer": "humans and animals",
"question": "The goal of an imm... |
5,704 | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | [
{
"answer": "AAI courses",
"question": "Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?"
},
{
"answer": "Icahn School of Medicine",
"question": "What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?"
},
{
"answer": "Introductory Course and an A... |
5,705 | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | [
{
"answer": "an introduction to the basic principles of immunology",
"question": "Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?"
},
{
"answer": "clinically-oriented lecture series",
"question": "Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?"
},
... |
5,706 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | [
{
"answer": "MP3",
"question": "What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?"
},
{
"answer": "digital",
"question": "What kind of audio is the coding format for?"
},
{
"answer": "consumer audio streaming",
"question": "Other than storage, what is the common audio format used f... |
5,707 | The use of lossy compression is designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent the audio recording and still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original uncompressed audio for most listeners. An MP3 file that is created using the setting of 128 kbit/s will result in a file that is about 1/11... | [
{
"answer": "sound like a faithful reproduction",
"question": "What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?"
},
{
"answer": "created",
"question": "What kind of compression is used?"
},
{
"answer": "1/11",
"question": "If a file is created... |
5,708 | The compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce precision of components less audible to human hearing, ... | [
{
"answer": "accuracy",
"question": "What does the compression target in the song?"
},
{
"answer": "auditory resolution",
"question": "The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?"
},
{
"answer": "perceptual coding",
"question": "What is this metho... |
5,709 | MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 P... | [
{
"answer": "Moving Picture Experts Group",
"question": "Who designed MP3?"
},
{
"answer": "MPEG-1",
"question": "What was the first standard that this group had?"
},
{
"answer": "MPEG-2",
"question": "The first standard later developed into which standard?"
},
{
"answer": "1... |
5,710 | The MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of audi... | [
{
"answer": "perceptual limitation",
"question": "What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?"
},
{
"answer": "auditory masking",
"question": "What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "Alfred M. Mayer",
"question": "Who was the physicist to report ... |
5,712 | The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but th... | [
{
"answer": "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain",
"question": "What does OCF stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Perceptual Transform Coding",
"question": "What does PXFM stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "ASPEC",
"question": "What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes ... |
5,713 | As a doctoral student at Germany's University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989. MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaborat... | [
{
"answer": "doctoral",
"question": "What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?"
},
{
"answer": "early 1980s",
"question": "When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?"
},
{
"answer": "Erlangen-Nuremberg",
"question": "Where did Bradenburg become an assistant... |
5,714 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | [
{
"answer": "Tom's Diner",
"question": "What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?"
},
{
"answer": "Suzanne Vega",
"question": "Who was the artist of the first song used?"
},
{
"answer": "Karlheinz Brandenburg",
"question": "Who adjusted the song?"
},
{
"ans... |
5,715 | In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), ... | [
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many proposals were available in 1991?"
},
{
"answer": "Musicam",
"question": "Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?"
},
{
"answer": "Netherlands",
"question": "The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?"
},
{
... |
5,716 | Much of its technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of ISO MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II and the filter bank alone into Layer III (MP3) format as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid filter bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann (University of Hannover) the editing of the stand... | [
{
"answer": "filter bank",
"question": "What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?"
},
{
"answer": "Professor Musmann",
"question": "Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?"
},
{
"answer": "Leon van de Kerkhof",
"question": "Who's responsibi... |
5,717 | ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET. It provided the highest coding efficiency. | [
{
"answer": "ASPEC",
"question": "What was the name given to the proposal?"
},
{
"answer": "the highest coding efficiency",
"question": "What did the joint proposal provide?"
},
{
"answer": "AT&T Bell Laboratories",
"question": "Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Soc... |
5,718 | A working group consisting of Leon van de Kerkhof (The Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), Leonardo Chiariglione (Italy), Yves-François Dehery (France), Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (USA) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer 2, added some of their own ideas and create... | [
{
"answer": "filter bank",
"question": "What did the working group integrate their ideas with?"
},
{
"answer": "Layer 2",
"question": "Where was the filter bank taken from?"
},
{
"answer": "ASPEC",
"question": "What did the working group take ideas from?"
},
{
"answer": "MP3"... |
5,719 | All algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991 and finalized in 1992 as part of MPEG-1, the first standard suite by MPEG, which resulted in the international standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-1 Part 3), published in 1993. | [
{
"answer": "1991",
"question": "When were the algorithms approved?"
},
{
"answer": "1992",
"question": "When were the approved algorithms finalized?"
},
{
"answer": "MPEG-1",
"question": "What was the first started suite by MPEG?"
},
{
"answer": "ISO/IEC 11172-3",
"quest... |
5,720 | Further work on MPEG audio was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, MPEG-2, more formally known as international standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Part 3 or backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio BC), originally published in 1995. MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined addi... | [
{
"answer": "second suite",
"question": "Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?"
},
{
"answer": "MPEG-2",
"question": "What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?"
},
{
"answer": "half",
"question": "At what rate were the new sampling ... |
5,721 | An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to ... | [
{
"answer": "MPEG-2.5 audio",
"question": "As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?"
},
{
"answer": "Fraunhofer IIS",
"question": "Where was this extension developed?"
},
{
"answer": "human speech",
"question": "The new sampling rates wid... |
5,722 | Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channe... | [
{
"answer": "bit rate",
"question": "What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?"
},
{
"answer": "input",
"question": "Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?"
},
{
"answer": "Compact Disc",
"question": "What does CD stand for?"
},
{
... |
5,723 | Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of Suzanne Vega's song "Tom's Diner" to assess and refine the MP3 compression algorithm. This song was chosen because of its nearly monophonic nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. Some refer to Suza... | [
{
"answer": "CD",
"question": "What type of recording did Brandenburg use?"
},
{
"answer": "the MP3 compression algorithm",
"question": "What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?"
},
{
"answer": "monophonic",
"question": "What word describes the nature of the song used?"
},... |
5,724 | A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical ... | [
{
"answer": "the ISO MPEG Audio committee",
"question": "Who developed the reference simulation software?"
},
{
"answer": "C",
"question": "Which language was the reference simulation software written in?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1994",
"question": "When was the reference software appr... |
5,725 | On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder called l3enc. The filename extension .mp3 was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named .bit). With the first real-time software MP3 player WinPlay3 (released 9 September 1995) many people were able ... | [
{
"answer": "7 July 1994",
"question": "When was the first software MP3 encoder released?"
},
{
"answer": "l3enc",
"question": "What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?"
},
{
"answer": ".mp3",
"question": "What was the filename extension?"
},
{
"answer": "WinPlay3... |
5,726 | As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"". | [
{
"answer": "sound scholar",
"question": "What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?"
},
{
"answer": "Australian",
"question": "Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?"
},
{
"answer": "stolen credit card",
"question": "What did the hacker use to acquire the software?"
},
... |
5,727 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | [
{
"answer": "the Internet",
"question": "Where did MP3s begin to spread?"
},
{
"answer": "Winamp",
"question": "Which audio player was released in 1997?"
},
{
"answer": "Nullsoft",
"question": "Who released the audio player?"
},
{
"answer": "MPMan",
"question": "What was ... |
5,728 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | [
{
"answer": "mp3.com",
"question": "Which website offered MP3s for free?"
},
{
"answer": "thousands",
"question": "How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?"
},
{
"answer": "peer-to-peer",
"question": "What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?"... |
5,729 | The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users w... | [
{
"answer": "copyright",
"question": "What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?"
},
{
"answer": "music piracy",
"question": "What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?"
},
{
"answer": "Napster",
"question": "Who was the target of the record compan... |
5,730 | Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. | [
{
"answer": "Unauthorized",
"question": "What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?"
},
{
"answer": "authorized",
"question": "Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?"
},
{
"answer": "unrestricted",
"question": "What kind of music is sold by these comp... |
5,731 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | [
{
"answer": "MP3 frames",
"question": "A header and data block together make up what?"
},
{
"answer": "elementary stream",
"question": "What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?"
},
{
"answer": "dard",
"question": "What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 heade... |
5,732 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | [
{
"answer": "MPEG-1",
"question": "Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?"
},
{
"answer": "non-normative",
"question": "Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?"
},
{
"answer": "their own algorithms",
... |
5,733 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | [
{
"answer": "576",
"question": "How many domain samples are taken during encoding?"
},
{
"answer": "frequency-domain samples",
"question": "Domain samples are transformed into what?"
},
{
"answer": "there is a transient",
"question": "When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?"
},
... |
5,734 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | [
{
"answer": "tree",
"question": "What kind of structure does a filter bank have?"
},
{
"answer": "pre-echo problems",
"question": "Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?"
},
{
"answer": "time/frequency",
"question": "What kind of resolution are the... |
5,735 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | [
{
"answer": "Decoding",
"question": "What is carefully defined in the standard?"
},
{
"answer": "bitstream compliant",
"question": "What are most decoders?"
},
{
"answer": "specified degree of rounding tolerance",
"question": "The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decomp... |
5,736 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | [
{
"answer": "gapless playback",
"question": "What is there no official provision for?"
},
{
"answer": "LAME",
"question": "What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?"
},
{
"answer": "seamless playback",
"question": "Adding additional metadata allows players... |
5,737 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | [
{
"answer": "sound quality of the result",
"question": "A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?"
},
{
"answer": "creating an MP3 file",
"question": "What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?"
},
{
"answer": "the cre... |
5,738 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | [
{
"answer": "compression artifacts",
"question": "If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?"
},
{
"answer": "compression artifacts",
"question": "Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "compress",
"question... |
5,739 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | [
{
"answer": "quality of the encoder",
"question": "Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?"
},
{
"answer": "encoding algorithms",
"question": "The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encodin... |
5,740 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | [
{
"answer": "one",
"question": "How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?"
},
{
"answer": "Constant Bit Rate",
"question": "What does CBR stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "Variable Bit Rate",
"question": "What does VBR stand for?"
},
{
"answer": "music containing o... |
5,741 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | [
{
"answer": "ambient noise",
"question": "A listening environment is also know by which term?"
},
{
"answer": "sound cards",
"question": "Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?"
},
{
"answer": "Perceived quality",
"... |
5,742 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | [
{
"answer": "Music Professor Jonathan Berger",
"question": "Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?"
},
{
"answer": "Stanford University",
"question": "Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?"
},
{
"answer": "risen each year",
... |
5,743 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | [
{
"answer": "The Ghost in the MP3",
"question": "What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?"
},
{
"answer": "sounds lost during MP3 compression",
"question": "What did the study aim to isolate?"
},
{
"answer": "Tom's Diner",
"question": "What is the track \"moDernis... |
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