id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
5,745 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | [
{
"answer": "44.1 kHz",
"question": "What sampling rate is used for CD audio?"
},
{
"answer": "CD audio",
"question": "What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?"
},
{
"answer": "the Internet",
"question": "Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?"
},
{
"a... |
5,746 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | [
{
"answer": "Uncompressed audio",
"question": "What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?"
},
{
"answer": "11:1",
"question": "What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?"
},
{
"answer": "9:1",
"question": "What would a bit rate of 1... |
5,747 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | [
{
"answer": "Non-standard",
"question": "The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?"
},
{
"answer": "freeformat",
"question": "Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?"
},
{
"answer": "640 kbit/s",
"question": "What is the highest bit rate the LAM... |
5,748 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | [
{
"answer": "Constant Bit Rate",
"question": "What does the term CBR mean?"
},
{
"answer": "Layer III",
"question": "Which early MPEG layer used CBR?"
},
{
"answer": "uniform",
"question": "The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?"
},
{
"answer": "bit reser... |
5,749 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | [
{
"answer": "variable bitrate audio",
"question": "What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?"
},
{
"answer": "layer III",
"question": "Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?"
},
{
"answer": "VBR",
"question": "What do encoders use... |
5,750 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | [
{
"answer": "bit reservoir",
"question": "A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "Layer III",
"question": "What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?"
},
{
"answer": "encoding delay",
"question"... |
5,751 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | [
{
"answer": "sfb21",
"question": "What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?"
},
{
"answer": "16 kHz",
"question": "What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?"
},
{
"answer": "less efficient storage",
"question": "The encoder has to choose between less ... |
5,752 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | [
{
"answer": "tag",
"question": "What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "album",
"question": "What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track number?"
},
{
"answer": "tag formats for MP3 files",
"question": "What do MP3... |
5,753 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | [
{
"answer": "ID3v2",
"question": "Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?"
},
{
"answer": "APEv2",
"question": "What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?"
},
{
"answer": "end",
"question": "What is the second place in a file that ta... |
5,754 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | [
{
"answer": "ReplayGain",
"question": "What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?"
},
{
"answer": "audio normalization",
"question": "What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?"
},
{
"answer": "the overall playbac... |
5,755 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | [
{
"answer": "European Union",
"question": "Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?"
},
{
"answer": "expired",
"question": "What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?"
},
{
"answer": "31 December 2017",
"question": "When will the technology be... |
5,756 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | [
{
"answer": "legal threats",
"question": "What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?"
},
{
"answer": "which patents must be licensed",
"question": "Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?"... |
5,757 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | [
{
"answer": "MPEG-1 standard",
"question": "What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?"
},
{
"answer": "after prior art has been made public",
"question": "When can patents not be filed in most countries?"
},
{
"answer": "20 years",
"question": "How long does it take for pate... |
5,758 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | [
{
"answer": "17 years after the publication date",
"question": "How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?"
},
{
"answer": "submarine patents",
"question": "A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?"
},
{
"answer": "2017",
"qu... |
5,759 | Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents. | [
{
"answer": "Thomson Consumer Electronics",
"question": "What was Technicolor's previous name?"
},
{
"answer": "Layer 3",
"question": "What patent does Technicolor claim to control?"
},
{
"answer": "actively enforcing these patents",
"question": "What are Technicolor constantly in th... |
5,760 | In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute pro... | [
{
"answer": "September 1998",
"question": "When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?"
},
{
"answer": "a license",
"question": "What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?"
},
{
"answer": "infringe the patent rights of Fraunho... |
5,761 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | [
{
"answer": "Thomson",
"question": "Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?"
},
{
"answer": "Sisvel S.p.A.",
"question": "Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?"
},
{
"answer": "a license to their patents",
"question": "What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end... |
5,762 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | [
{
"answer": "MP3 players",
"question": "What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?"
},
{
"answer": "IFA",
"question": "At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?"
},
{
"answer": "Sisvel",
"question": "Which company was the Italian patents firm representi... |
5,763 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | [
{
"answer": "Texas MP3 Technologies",
"question": "Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?"
},
{
"answer": "eastern Texas federal court",
"question": "Which court did the lawsuit take place in?"
},
{
"answer": "all settled the claims against them",
"question": "What ... |
5,764 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | [
{
"answer": "Alcatel-Lucent",
"question": "Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?"
},
{
"answer": "MP3 coding and compression",
"question": "What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?"
},
{
"answer": "seven",
"question": "How many patents did Alcatel c... |
5,765 | Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer El... | [
{
"answer": "MP3",
"question": "AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?"
},
{
"answer": "psychoacoustic",
"question": "What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?"
},
{
"answer": "Fraunhofer Gesellschaft",
"... |
5,766 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | [
{
"answer": "open",
"question": "Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?"
},
{
"answer": "any known patent restrictions",
"question": "Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?"
},
{
"answer": "free of some limitations inherent to... |
5,767 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | [
{
"answer": "lossless formats",
"question": "What is a significant alternative to MP3?"
},
{
"answer": "unaltered audio content",
"question": "What can lossless formats provide?"
},
{
"answer": "increased file size",
"question": "What is the downside of using a lossless format?"
},... |
5,768 | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | [
{
"answer": "Chicago",
"question": "What city did House music originate from?"
},
{
"answer": "1980s",
"question": "What decade did House music first develop?"
},
{
"answer": "1984",
"question": "What year was House music first popularized?"
},
{
"answer": "electronic dance m... |
5,769 | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | [
{
"answer": "4/4 beats",
"question": "House music is characterized by what type of beats?"
},
{
"answer": "euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house",
"question": "What are some subgenres of House music?"
},
{
"answer": "drum machines",
"question": "What are rhythms provid... |
5,770 | In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Frank... | [
{
"answer": "1999–2001",
"question": "When was the second wave of progressive house?"
},
{
"answer": "G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House",
"question": "What are some popular subgenres of House?"
},
{
"answer": "both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene",
"question": "whe... |
5,771 | Various disco songs incorporated sounds produced with synthesizers and drum machines, and some compositions were entirely electronic; examples include Giorgio Moroder's late 1970s productions such as Donna Summer's hit single "I Feel Love" from 1977, Cerrone's "Supernature" (1977), Yellow Magic Orchestra's synth-disco-... | [
{
"answer": "synthesizers and drum machines",
"question": "What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?"
},
{
"answer": "Giorgio Moroder",
"question": "who produced Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\"?"
},
{
"answer": "1980s disco-pop",
"question": "what sort ... |
5,772 | Soul and disco influenced house music, plus mixing and editing techniques earlier explored by disco, garage music and post-disco DJs, producers, and audio engineers such as Walter Gibbons, Tom Moulton, Jim Burgess, Larry Levan, Ron Hardy, M & M, and others who produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangemen... | [
{
"answer": "Soul and disco",
"question": "What influenced House music?"
},
{
"answer": "Early house producers",
"question": "What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?"
},
{
"answer": "samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines",
"question": "what did Frankie Knuckles us... |
5,773 | The electronic instrumentation and minimal arrangement of Charanjit Singh's Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat (1982), an album of Indian ragas performed in a disco style, anticipated the sounds of acid house music, but it is not known to have had any influence on the genre prior to the album's rediscovery in the ... | [
{
"answer": "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat",
"question": "What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album?"
},
{
"answer": "Indian ragas performed in a disco style",
"question": "What did Singh's album contain?"
},
{
"answer": "1982",
"question": "What year was synthesizi... |
5,774 | Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was previously involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial and post-punk record store Wax Trax! Records as an important connection between the ever-changing underground sounds of Chicago. As most proto-house DJs were primarily stuck to playing their... | [
{
"answer": "co-founder of an influential Trax Records",
"question": "Who is Rachel Cain?"
},
{
"answer": "two influential pioneers of house music",
"question": "Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy?"
},
{
"answer": "\"the Godfather of House,\"",
"question": "what was the nickname... |
5,775 | In the early 1980s, Chicago radio jocks The Hot Mix 5, and club DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles played various styles of dance music, including older disco records (mostly Philly disco and Salsoul tracks), electro funk tracks by artists such as Afrika Bambaataa, newer Italo disco, B-Boy hip hop music by Man Parrish,... | [
{
"answer": "The Hot Mix 5",
"question": "who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?"
},
{
"answer": "B-Boy hip hop music",
"question": "what style of music did man parrish play?"
},
{
"answer": "electro funk",
"question": "what style of music did af... |
5,776 | The hypnotic electronic dance song "On and On", produced in 1984 by Chicago DJ Jesse Saunders and co-written by Vince Lawrence, had elements that became staples of the early house sound, such as the Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer and minimal vocals as well as a Roland (specifically TR-808) drum machine and Korg (specif... | [
{
"answer": "Jesse Saunders",
"question": "who produced the song \"on and on\" in 1984?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago",
"question": "where was jesse saunders from?"
},
{
"answer": "Vince Lawrence",
"question": "who co-wrote the hit song \"on and on\" in 1984?"
},
{
"answer": "Rola... |
5,777 | Starting in 1984, some of these DJs, inspired by Jesse Saunders' success with "On and On", tried their hand at producing and releasing original compositions. These compositions used newly affordable electronic instruments to emulate not just Saunders' song, but the edited, enhanced styles of disco and other dance music... | [
{
"answer": "1984",
"question": "when was jesse saunders' \"on and on\" a hit?"
},
{
"answer": "African-American and gay audiences",
"question": "what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "what year was house music first used as a... |
5,778 | Deep house's origins can be traced to Chicago producer Mr Fingers's relatively jazzy, soulful recordings "Mystery of Love" (1985) and "Can You Feel It?" (1986). According to author Richie Unterberger, it moved house music away from its "posthuman tendencies back towards the lush" soulful sound of early disco music. | [
{
"answer": "Mr Fingers",
"question": "what producer was the first to produce deep house? "
},
{
"answer": "Chicago",
"question": "where was producer mr. fingers' from?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "when was mr. fingers' \"mystery of love\" released? "
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,779 | Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's "Acid Tracks" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having... | [
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "When was Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" released?"
},
{
"answer": "Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson",
"question": "Who founded the group Phuture?"
},
{
"answer": "TB-303",
"question": "what instrument wa... |
5,780 | Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell ... | [
{
"answer": "WBMX-FM",
"question": "what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?"
},
{
"answer": "Trax Records and DJ International Records",
"question": "what record labels helped popularize house music?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Move Your Body\"",
"question": "what song by marshall jeffer... |
5,782 | Chip E.'s 1985 recording "It's House" may also have helped to define this new form of electronic music. However, Chip E. himself lends credence to the Knuckles association, claiming the name came from methods of labeling records at the Importes Etc. record store, where he worked in the early 1980s: bins of music that D... | [
{
"answer": "\"It's House\"",
"question": "what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?"
},
{
"answer": "1985",
"question": "when was Chip E's hit \"It's House\" released?"
},
{
"answer": "Importes Etc",
"question": "the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what st... |
5,783 | In a 1986 interview, Rocky Jones, the former club DJ who ran the D.J. International record label, doesn't mention Importes Etc., Frankie Knuckles, or the Warehouse by name, but agrees that "house" was a regional catch-all term for dance music, and that it was once synonymous with older disco music. | [
{
"answer": "Rocky Jones",
"question": "who ran the D.J. International record label?"
},
{
"answer": "dance music,",
"question": "House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?"
},
{
"answer": "older disco music",
"question": "what was 'house music' once synonymous with?"... |
5,784 | Larry Heard, a.k.a. "Mr. Fingers", claims that the term "house" became popular due to many of the early DJs creating music in their own homes using synthesizers and drum machines such as the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and the TB 303.[citation needed] These synthesizers were used to create a house subgenre called acid house... | [
{
"answer": "Mr. Fingers",
"question": "What was the stage name of Larry Heard?"
},
{
"answer": "early DJs creating music in their own homes",
"question": "Why did the term house become popular? "
},
{
"answer": "synthesizers and drum machines",
"question": "what are the Roland TR-80... |
5,785 | Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term "house" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their "house" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJ... | [
{
"answer": "Detroit techno music",
"question": "What is Juan Atkins an originator of?"
},
{
"answer": "the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs",
"question": "What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?"
},
{
"answer": "differentiate the clubs and... |
5,786 | House also had an influence of relaying political messages to people who were considered to be outcasts of society. The music appealed to those who didn't fit into mainstream American society and was especially celebrated by many black males. Frankie Knuckles once said that the Warehouse club in Chicago was like "churc... | [
{
"answer": "outcasts of society",
"question": "Who did House relay political messages to? "
},
{
"answer": "church for people who have fallen from grace",
"question": "Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for? "
},
{
"answer": "Marshall Jefferson",
"question": "W... |
5,787 | Detroit techno is an offshoot of Chicago house music. It was developed starting in the late 80s, one of the earliest hits being "Big Fun" by Inner City. Detroit techno developed as the legendary disc jockey The Electrifying Mojo conducted his own radio program at this time, influencing the fusion of eclectic sounds int... | [
{
"answer": "\"Big Fun\" by Inner City",
"question": "what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits?"
},
{
"answer": "The Electrifying Mojo",
"question": "who started the Detroit techno development?"
},
{
"answer": "the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno",
"question": "what was the ... |
5,788 | Derrick May a.k.a. "MAYDAY" and Thomas Barnett released "Nude Photo" in 1987 on May's label "Transmat Records", which helped kickstart the Detroit techno music scene and was put in heavy rotation on Chicago's Hot Mix 5 Radio DJ mix show and in many Chicago clubs.[citation needed] A year later, Transmat released what wa... | [
{
"answer": "\"Nude Photo\"",
"question": "Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987?"
},
{
"answer": "Transmat Records",
"question": "what was the name of Mayday's record label?"
},
{
"answer": "Derrick May",
"question": "What was the real name of the artist Mayday?"
},
... |
5,789 | Kevin Saunderson's company KMS Records contributed many releases that were as much house music as they were techno. These tracks were well received in Chicago and played on Chicago radio and in clubs.[citation needed] Blake Baxter's 1986 recording, "When we Used to Play / Work your Body", 1987's "Bounce Your Body to th... | [
{
"answer": "Kevin Saunderson",
"question": "who founded KMS Records?"
},
{
"answer": "\"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\"",
"question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1986 hit recording?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\"",
"question": "what was the name of... |
5,790 | With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in Septembe... | [
{
"answer": "Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\"",
"question": "what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "#10",
"question": "what did \"Love Can't Turn Around\" peak at in the UK charts?"
},
{
"answer": "1986",
"question": "what year did ... |
5,791 | In January 1987, Chicago artist Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body" reached number one in the UK, showing it was possible for house music to cross over. The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with "Jack the Groove", and several further house hits reached the top ten that year. Stock Aitken Waterman's producti... | [
{
"answer": "Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\"",
"question": "What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "1987",
"question": "What year did \"Jack Your Body\" hit #1 in the UK?"
},
{
"answer": "Raze",
"question": "Who had a hit single with \"jack th... |
5,792 | The tour in March 1987[citation needed] of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK. Following the number-one success of MARRS' "Pump Up The Volume" in October, the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bomb Th... | [
{
"answer": "Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour",
"question": "what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s?"
},
{
"answer": "March 1987",
"question": "when did the DJ International Tour take place?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Pump Up The Volume... |
5,793 | One of the early anthemic tunes, "Promised Land" by Joe Smooth, was covered and charted within a week by the Style Council. Europeans embraced house, and began booking legendary American house DJs to play at the big clubs, such as Ministry of Sound, whose resident, Justin Berkmann brought in Larry Levan. | [
{
"answer": "Joe Smooth",
"question": "who released the hit single \"promised land\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Style Council",
"question": "who covered and charted the single \"promised land\"?"
},
{
"answer": "Justin Berkmann",
"question": "who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound?"
... |
5,794 | The house scene in cities such as Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London were also provided with many underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs alike which helped bolster an already contagious, but otherwise ignored by the mainstream, music genre. The earliest and influential UK house and techno record labels such as ... | [
{
"answer": "Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London",
"question": "what cities in the UK had major house scenes?"
},
{
"answer": "underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs",
"question": "what helped to bolster house music in the uk?"
},
{
"answer": "Warp Records and Network Records",
... |
5,795 | But house was also being developed on Ibiza,[citation needed] although no house artists or labels were coming from this tiny island at the time. By the mid-1980s a distinct Balearic mix of house was discernible.[citation needed] Several clubs such as Amnesia with DJ Alfredo were playing a mix of rock, pop, disco and ho... | [
{
"answer": "Ibiza",
"question": "what tiny island was house music also being devloped on?"
},
{
"answer": "Amnesia",
"question": "what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?"
},
{
"answer": "DJ Alfredo",
"question": "who was the DJ at Amnesia in the ... |
5,796 | In the U.S., the music was being developed to create a more sophisticated sound,[citation needed] moving beyond just drum loops and short samples. In Chicago, Marshall Jefferson had formed the house group Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from "intensity"). New York–based performers such as Mateo & Mat... | [
{
"answer": "Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\")",
"question": "what group did Marshall Jefferson form?"
},
{
"answer": "proto-techno music sound",
"question": "what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?"
},
{
"ans... |
5,797 | Atkins, a former member of Cybotron, released Model 500 "No UFOs" in 1985, which became a regional hit, followed by dozens of tracks on Transmat, Metroplex and Fragile. One of the most unusual was "Strings of Life" by Derrick May, a darker, more intellectual strain of house. "Techno-Scratch" was released by the Knights... | [
{
"answer": "Cybotron",
"question": "atkins was a former member of what music group?"
},
{
"answer": "\"No UFOs\"",
"question": "what hit single did atkins release in 1985?"
},
{
"answer": "\"Strings of Life\"",
"question": "what unusual single did derrick may release, featuring a da... |
5,798 | Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely... | [
{
"answer": "Paradise Garage",
"question": "what was a top club for house music in new york city?"
},
{
"answer": "Todd Terry",
"question": "who was a pioneer of the genre in america?"
},
{
"answer": "Weekend",
"question": "what hit house song did todd terry cover? "
},
{
"an... |
5,799 | In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are resp... | [
{
"answer": "Nu Groove Records",
"question": "what label launched the careers of burrell?"
},
{
"answer": "\"New York Underground\"",
"question": "what sound are the burrell's responsible for? "
},
{
"answer": "$100",
"question": "how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell ... |
5,801 | The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream. | [
{
"answer": "Vogue",
"question": "what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?"
},
{
"answer": "1990",
"question": "when was madonna's hit single \"vogue\" released?"
},
{
"answer": "1990s",
"question": "what decade did house music hit the mainstrea... |
5,802 | Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house ... | [
{
"answer": "Aly-us",
"question": "What gospel/R&B-influenced group released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993?"
},
{
"answer": "Cajmere",
"question": "who released the hit single \"time for the perculator\" in the us?"
},
{
"answer": "Green Velvet",
"question": "what was cajmere's alternat... |
5,803 | In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Go... | [
{
"answer": "Britain",
"question": "where did the \"chilling out\" concept develop?"
},
{
"answer": "Aphex Twin",
"question": "who released the album analogue bubblebath?"
},
{
"answer": "New York",
"question": "where was the band deee-lite based?"
},
{
"answer": "Orb",
"... |
5,804 | In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill... | [
{
"answer": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994",
"question": "what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?"
},
{
"answer": "The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten",
"question": "what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?"
},
{
"answer": "Novemb... |
5,805 | A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing compani... | [
{
"answer": "Liverpool",
"question": "where was a new type of club called Cream located?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago hard house",
"question": "what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?"
},
{
"answer": "Los Angeles",
"question": "george ce... |
5,806 | Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy... | [
{
"answer": "Paris",
"question": "Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?"
},
{
"answer": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s",
"question": "When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?"
},
{
"answer": "Paris's house scene",
"question": "Daft Punk, Stardu... |
5,807 | Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be "House Unity Day" in Chicago, in celebration of the "21st anniversary of house music" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of hou... | [
{
"answer": "August 10, 2005",
"question": "When was House Unity Day in Chicago?"
},
{
"answer": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley",
"question": "Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?"
},
{
"answer": "\"21st anniversary of house music\"",
"question": "In 2005, what anniversary was... |
5,808 | It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation... | [
{
"answer": "vocal house",
"question": "Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?"
},
{
"answer": "vocal house",
"question": "Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?"
},
{
"answer": "electro house and fidget house",
"question": "Dennis ... |
5,809 | Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] an... | [
{
"answer": "Miami",
"question": "Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? "
},
{
"answer": "house music",
"question": "The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? "
},
{
"answer": "Dubai & Abu Dhabi",
"question": "where did house music gain popularity in the middle ... |
5,811 | In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce. | [
{
"answer": "its roots",
"question": "There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?"
},
{
"answer": "to add a mass appeal to the music they produce",
"question": "Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?"
},
{
"answer": "hip hop and R&B",
"question":... |
5,812 | The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing.... | [
{
"answer": "shallow",
"question": "The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?"
},
{
"answer": "hyphen",
"question": "Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?"
},
{
"answer":... |
5,813 | The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that a... | [
{
"answer": "sentences",
"question": "What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?"
},
{
"answer": "sentence-style",
"question": "What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?"
},
{
"... |
5,814 | Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspensk... | [
{
"answer": "7th",
"question": "Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?"
},
{
"answer": "8th",
"question": "Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?"
},
{
"answer": "uncial",
"question": "Overtime which type of letter forms... |
5,815 | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in th... | [
{
"answer": "letter case",
"question": "In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case"
},
{
"answer": "smaller lower",
"question": "Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,816 | Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually ... | [
{
"answer": "formal",
"question": "Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?"
},
{
"answer": "capital",
"question": "In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?"
},
{
"answer": "beginning of a line of verse",
"question": "... |
5,817 | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no long... | [
{
"answer": "majuscule",
"question": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?"
},
{
"answer": "pen",
"question": "Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?"
},
{
"answer": "Alcuin",
"question": "Who developed the... |
5,818 | Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, ... | [
{
"answer": "Letter case",
"question": "What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?"
},
{
"answer": "special",
"question": "Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?"
},
{
"answer": "lowercase",
"question":... |
5,819 | Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In... | [
{
"answer": "generally have the same height",
"question": "Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?"
},
{
"answer": "ascenders",
"question": "In Time New Roman the letter \"b\" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height... |
5,820 | Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between maj... | [
{
"answer": "letter cases",
"question": "What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?"
},
{
"answer": "unicameral script",
"question": "What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?"
},
{
"answer": "... |
5,821 | In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case let... | [
{
"answer": "old Roman cursive",
"question": "Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?"
},
{
"answer": "Knut Kleve",
"question": "Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?"
},
{
"a... |
5,822 | As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford M... | [
{
"answer": "headings",
"question": "What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?"
},
{
"answer": "title case",
"question": "Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?"
},
{
"answer": "R. M. Ritter... |
5,824 | During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the s... | [
{
"answer": "Jornado",
"question": "What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?"
},
{
"answer": "Rio Grande",
"question": "Along which river did they hunt bison?"
},
{
"answer": "hunting, gathering, and farming",
"question": "How did the Chichimeca survive?"
},
{
... |
5,826 | At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, de... | [
{
"answer": "Mendarozqueta",
"question": "Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?"
},
{
"answer": "José Urrea",
"question": "What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?"
},
{
"answer": "Gutierrez",
... |
5,828 | In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; th... | [
{
"answer": "Spain, England, and France",
"question": "Which countries owned Mexican debt?"
},
{
"answer": "Manuel Doblado",
"question": "Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?"
},
{
"answer": "President Juárez",
"question": "Who was the President of Mexico at the time?"
},
{
... |
5,829 | Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but h... | [
{
"answer": "Maximilian",
"question": "Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?"
},
{
"answer": "500",
"question": "How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?"
},
{
"answer": "four",
"question": "At its zenith, the imperialist forces c... |
5,831 | In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified H... | [
{
"answer": "1912",
"question": "Which year did Orozco revolt?"
},
{
"answer": "Villa",
"question": "Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?"
},
{
"answer": "Raúl Madero",
"question": "Who saved Villa's life?"
},
{
"answer": "Huerta",
"question": "With whom did ... |
5,832 | Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide ri... | [
{
"answer": "Durango",
"question": "Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?"
},
{
"answer": "Desert",
"question": "The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?"
},
{
"answer": "Grand Canyon",
"question": "The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popul... |
5,833 | Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, Ame... | [
{
"answer": "Columbus, New Mexico",
"question": "Which city did Villa raid?"
},
{
"answer": "President Wilson",
"question": "Which American president pursued Villa?"
},
{
"answer": "nearly a year",
"question": "How long did the American troops pursue Villa?"
},
{
"answer": "P... |
5,834 | La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch set... | [
{
"answer": "Sierra Madre",
"question": "Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?"
},
{
"answer": "Paquime",
"question": "Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?"
},
{
"answer": "Sierra Madre Occidental",
"question": "Where did the Paquime seek r... |
5,836 | The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state la... | [
{
"answer": "Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado",
"question": "In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?"
},
{
"answer": "12,000 BC to 7000 BC",
"question": "What range of years are the oldest ruins from?"
},
{
"answer": "corn",
"question": "Which vegetable were they... |
5,838 | In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained... | [
{
"answer": "Chirrines and Cuchas",
"question": "Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?"
},
{
"answer": "The military",
"question": "Which was the third party?"
},
{
"answer": "1826",
"question": "In which year was the body installed?"
},
{
"... |
5,839 | In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisc... | [
{
"answer": "Cibola and Quivira",
"question": "Which cities was Ibarra looking for?"
},
{
"answer": "Chihuahua",
"question": "Through which present-day state did he travel?"
},
{
"answer": "Paquime",
"question": "Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of w... |
5,840 | According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8... | [
{
"answer": "95.6%",
"question": "What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "97.3%",
"question": "What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?"
},
{
"answer": "93.5%",
"question": "What percentage of children age 6-... |
5,841 | The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billio... | [
{
"answer": "12th-largest",
"question": "The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico"
},
{
"answer": "396 billion pesos",
"question": "What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?"
},
{
"answer": "service sector",
"question": "Which sector was the largest portion of th... |
5,842 | The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González becam... | [
{
"answer": "Simón Elías Gonzalez",
"question": "Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?"
},
{
"answer": "Sonora",
"question": "Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?"
},
{
"answer": "1829",
"question": "In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chi... |
5,843 | Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the ... | [
{
"answer": "northern",
"question": "In which region of the state did culture develop?"
},
{
"answer": "Big Houses",
"question": "To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?"
},
{
"answer": "Mogollon",
"question": "Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?"
},
{... |
5,845 | Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598... | [
{
"answer": "Santa Bárbara",
"question": "Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?"
},
{
"answer": "1598",
"question": "In which year was El Paso del Norte found?"
},
{
"answer": "El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro",
"question": "The path was important for... |
5,847 | On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capita... | [
{
"answer": "1847",
"question": "In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?"
},
{
"answer": "924",
"question": "How many men did he have?"
},
{
"answer": "Sacramento Pass",
"question": "What was the pass into the capital known as?"
},
{
"answer": "The Battle of ... |
5,848 | The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back ... | [
{
"answer": "Durango",
"question": "Who supported the reaction against the government?"
},
{
"answer": "José Urrea",
"question": "Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?"
},
{
"answer": "Chihuahua",
"question": "Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?"
},
{
"answ... |
5,849 | Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian v... | [
{
"answer": "Governor Terrazas",
"question": "Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?"
},
{
"answer": "Jesús José Casavantes",
"question": "Who was established as the new governor?"
},
{
"answer": "José María Patoni",
"question": "Who decided to march on Chihuahua in r... |
5,854 | But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerr... | [
{
"answer": "1875",
"question": "The elections of which year caused new hostilities?"
},
{
"answer": "Ángel Trías",
"question": "Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?"
},
{
"answer": "Donato Guerra",
"question": "Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North ... |
5,855 | Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugu... | [
{
"answer": "Miguel Ahumada",
"question": "Under which governor was the education system unified?"
},
{
"answer": "metric system",
"question": "Which system of measurement was standardized?"
},
{
"answer": "Civilian Hospital",
"question": "What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on Se... |
5,856 | Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he dis... | [
{
"answer": "paz porfiriana",
"question": "The internal stability was known as what?"
},
{
"answer": "1876 to 1910",
"question": "During what years did the economic growth occur?"
},
{
"answer": "Díaz",
"question": "Who committed to a strict \"No Re-election\" policy when running for... |
5,858 | The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no pr... | [
{
"answer": "United States",
"question": "War with what country seemed imminent?"
},
{
"answer": "President Wilson",
"question": "Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?"
},
{
"answer": "Carranza’s",
"question": "Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?"
... |
5,859 | The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas... | [
{
"answer": "Chihuahua",
"question": "Which state is the largest in the country by land?"
},
{
"answer": "12.6%",
"question": "What percentage of the country does it make up?"
},
{
"answer": "Sonora",
"question": "Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?"
},
{
"answe... |
5,860 | The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa... | [
{
"answer": "elevation of the terrain",
"question": "Climate in the state depends mainly on what?"
},
{
"answer": "The Sierra Madre Occidental",
"question": "Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?"
},
{
"answer": "west",
"question": "Vegetation is much greener ... |
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