id int64 0 18.9k | biography stringlengths 151 1.51k | qa listlengths 1 25 |
|---|---|---|
5,861 | The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, w... | [
{
"answer": "mammals",
"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?"
},
{
"answer": "rattlesnake",
"question": "Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?"
},
{
"answer": "skunk",
"question": "Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?"
}
] |
5,862 | Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 191... | [
{
"answer": "Carranza",
"question": "Villa became an enemy of whom?"
},
{
"answer": "Carranza",
"question": "Who took control in 1914?"
},
{
"answer": "Convention of Aguascalientes",
"question": "Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?"
},
{
"answer": "Eula... |
5,863 | The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third... | [
{
"answer": "July, August, and September",
"question": "Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?"
},
{
"answer": "100 °F",
"question": "The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?"
},
{
"answer": "canals",
"question": "The steppe is important agri... |
5,864 | The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most com... | [
{
"answer": "microclimates",
"question": "The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?"
},
{
"answer": "flora",
"question": "What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?"
},
{
"answer": "Pinus",
"question": "The state is home to one of th... |
5,866 | The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate ... | [
{
"answer": "Saltillo",
"question": "French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?"
},
{
"answer": "José María Patoni and Jesús González",
"question": "Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?"
},
{
"answer": "President Juárez",
"question... |
5,869 | The end of the Porfiriato came in 1910 with the beginning of the Mexican Revolution. Díaz had stated that Mexico was ready for democracy and he would step down to allow other candidates to compete for the presidency, but Díaz decided to run again in 1910 for the last time against Francisco I. Madero. During the campaig... | [
{
"answer": "1910",
"question": "The Porfiriato ended in which year?"
},
{
"answer": "Mexican Revolution",
"question": "The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?"
},
{
"answer": "Díaz",
"question": "Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?"
},... |
5,870 | The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government... | [
{
"answer": "Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata",
"question": "The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?"
},
{
"answer": "August 15, 1914",
"question": "The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?"
},
{
"answer": "Teoloyucan",
"question": "In wh... |
5,872 | In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: ... | [
{
"answer": "Samalayuca",
"question": "Which city is known for its sand dunes?"
},
{
"answer": "the Steppe",
"question": "The transition zone between east and west is called what?"
},
{
"answer": "Desert",
"question": "Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are ... |
5,873 | The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon to... | [
{
"answer": "migratory species",
"question": "The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?"
},
{
"answer": "hummingbird",
"question": "Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?"
},
{
"answer": "golden eagle",
"question": "Aquila chrysaetos is what type of ... |
5,874 | During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonit... | [
{
"answer": "Álvaro Obregón",
"question": "Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?"
},
{
"answer": "42%",
"question": "Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?"
},
{
"answer": "German",
"question": "Mennonites speak... |
5,875 | Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large mi... | [
{
"answer": "climate",
"question": "Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?"
},
{
"answer": "apples",
"question": "Which fruit does the state rank first in production?"
},
{
"answer": "milk",
"question": "The state produces lots of dairy which large proc... |
5,876 | Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and enco... | [
{
"answer": "Nueva Vizcaya",
"question": "What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?"
},
{
"answer": "Chihuahua",
"question": "Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?"
},
{
"answer": "one century",
"question": "The ... |
5,877 | Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Sol... | [
{
"answer": "Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares",
"question": "Hidalgo was turned over by whom?"
},
{
"answer": "1811",
"question": "In which year was Hidalgo turned over?"
},
{
"answer": "firing squad",
"question": "How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guil... |
5,878 | Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administr... | [
{
"answer": "1828",
"question": "During which year was the federal government unstable?"
},
{
"answer": "Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz",
"question": "Who dissolved the government eventually?"
},
{
"answer": "Yorkino",
"question": "With which type of government did Ortiz replace the... |
5,879 | Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elía... | [
{
"answer": "Colonel J.J. Calvo",
"question": "Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?"
},
{
"answer": "Apaches",
"question": "The state was in a war with what group?"
},
{
"answer": "Simón Elías González",
"question": "Who declared the state's civil and military fo... |
5,880 | During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constan... | [
{
"answer": "indigenous tribes",
"question": "What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?"
},
{
"answer": "18",
"question": "How many military colonies were established by the state?"
},
{
"answer": "presidios",
"question": "The military colonies replaced what as population... |
5,881 | The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong ... | [
{
"answer": "liberal",
"question": "Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?"
},
{
"answer": "Chihuahua",
"question": "The intervention had serious consequences for which state?"
},
{
"answer": "President Juárez",
"quest... |
5,884 | A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic g... | [
{
"answer": "ranching and mining",
"question": "The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries."
},
{
"answer": "working class",
"question": "Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?"
},
{
"answer": "hac... |
5,885 | On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces... | [
{
"answer": "Venustiano Carranza",
"question": "Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?"
},
{
"answer": "Huerta",
"question": "The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?"
},
{
"answer": "Carranza",
"question": "Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?"
},
{
"an... |
5,886 | The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges tha... | [
{
"answer": "about a third",
"question": "The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?"
},
{
"answer": "Coahuila",
"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?"
},
{
"answer": "flat",
"question": "The desert zone's topogr... |
5,888 | The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, co... | [
{
"answer": "1921",
"question": "The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?"
},
{
"answer": "50.09%",
"question": "According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?"
},
{
"answer": "whites",
"question": "The second largest gr... |
5,889 | During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more t... | [
{
"answer": "NAFTA",
"question": "What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?"
},
{
"answer": "maquiladoras",
"question": "Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?"
},
{
"answer": "294,026",
"question": "How many in... |
5,890 | Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured... | [
{
"answer": "auditory",
"question": "What type of sensation is pitch?"
},
{
"answer": "frequency",
"question": "What is pitch closely related to?"
},
{
"answer": "Pitch",
"question": "Each persons perception of sound is called?"
}
] |
5,891 | This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semiton... | [
{
"answer": "12",
"question": "Octaves in linear pitch are what size?"
},
{
"answer": "1",
"question": "Semitones in linear pitch are what size?"
},
{
"answer": "69",
"question": "A440 in linear pitch are what size?"
},
{
"answer": "100",
"question": "An equal-tempered se... |
5,892 | The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successi... | [
{
"answer": "twelve-note chromatic scale",
"question": "What is the most common method of organization?"
},
{
"answer": "the twelfth root of two",
"question": "The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?"
},
{
"answer": "the octave",
"question": "All these different methods ... |
5,893 | According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost ... | [
{
"answer": "sound",
"question": "Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?"
},
{
"answer": "frequency",
"question": "Pitch is a close proxy for what?"
},
{
"answer": "rapid",
"question": "High pitch is what type of oscillation?"
},
{
"answer": "slower",
"question": "Low p... |
5,894 | A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies ... | [
{
"answer": "sound generated",
"question": "This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?"
},
{
"answer": "numerous",
"question": "A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?"
},
{
"answer": "overtones",
"question": "Harmonics are an important class of what?"... |
5,895 | The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials... | [
{
"answer": "ambiguous",
"question": "The pitch of complex tones can be?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "A complex tone is composed of how many waves?"
},
{
"answer": "the missing fundamental",
"question": " The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?"
},
{
"answer"... |
5,896 | The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two to... | [
{
"answer": "the tone's frequency content",
"question": "The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?"
},
{
"answer": "playing two tones in quick succession",
"question": "The jnd is typically tested by?"
},
{
"answer": "1,400",
"question": "What is... |
5,897 | It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the... | [
{
"answer": "snare drum",
"question": "Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?"
},
{
"answer": "the addition of a true repetition of the original sound",
"question": "Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?"
},
{
"answer": "indefinite p... |
5,898 | For example, one might refer to the A above middle C as a', A4, or 440 Hz. In standard Western equal temperament, the notion of pitch is insensitive to "spelling": the description "G4 double sharp" refers to the same pitch as A4; in other temperaments, these may be distinct pitches. Human perception of musical interval... | [
{
"answer": "spelling",
"question": "The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?"
},
{
"answer": "A4",
"question": "The description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as what?"
},
{
"answer": "logarithmic",
"question": "Human perception of musical intervals is approximately... |
5,900 | The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by t... | [
{
"answer": "1189",
"question": "When did King Richard I begin his reign?"
},
{
"answer": "lions",
"question": "Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?"
},
{
"answer": "a crown",
"question": "What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on... |
5,901 | Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the tra... | [
{
"answer": "blue",
"question": "What color were England's first away kits?"
},
{
"answer": "red",
"question": "What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?"
},
{
"answer": "grey",
"question": "Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away ki... |
5,902 | England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974, 1978 and 1994. The team's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950, 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time, versus Italy and Uruguay in... | [
{
"answer": "2014",
"question": "In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?"
},
{
"answer": "Uruguay",
"question": "In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?"
},
{
"answer": "1974, 1978 an... |
5,903 | Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defea... | [
{
"answer": "1949",
"question": "In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?"
},
{
"answer": "7–1",
"question": "What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?"
},
{
"answer": "1954",
"question": "In what year did England reach the quarter-... |
5,904 | In February 2012, Capello resigned from his role as England manager, following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player. Following this, there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job. However, on 1... | [
{
"answer": "2012",
"question": "In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?"
},
{
"answer": "John Terry",
"question": "Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?"
},
{
"answer": "Roy Hodgson",
"qu... |
5,905 | The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in ... | [
{
"answer": "The Football Association",
"question": "Which governing body controls the England national football team?"
},
{
"answer": "Scotland",
"question": "Which other team, besides England, is one of the two oldest national teams in football?"
},
{
"answer": "1872",
"question":... |
5,906 | To begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908. Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, ... | [
{
"answer": "1906",
"question": "In which year did England join FIFA?"
},
{
"answer": "1908",
"question": "England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?"
},
{
"answer": "1946",
"question": "England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined... |
5,907 | England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on... | [
{
"answer": "third place",
"question": "In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?"
},
{
"answer": "eight",
"question": "In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?"
},
{
"answer": "tied for ninth-best",
"question": "... |
5,908 | England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA Wo... | [
{
"answer": "West Germany",
"question": "A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?"
},
{
"answer": "3–2",
"question": "What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?"
},
{
"answer": "1974",
"question": "In which year did Eng... |
5,909 | Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup... | [
{
"answer": "Sven-Göran Eriksson",
"question": "Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?"
},
{
"answer": "No.4",
"question": "Wh... |
5,910 | All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live. From the 2008–09 season until the 2017–18 season, England's home and away qualifiers, and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV (often with the exception of STV, the ITV affiliate in central and northern Scotland). England's a... | [
{
"answer": "BBC Radio 5 Live",
"question": "Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?"
},
{
"answer": "2008–09",
"question": "What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?"
},
{
"answer": "STV",
"question": "Wh... |
5,911 | England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups, they are tied for sixth-best in terms of number of wins alongside France and Spain. The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title. The England team won their first and only World C... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?"
},
{
"answer": "Spain",
"question": "Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?"
},
{
"answer": "1966",
"question": "In which year did England... |
5,913 | When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products... | [
{
"answer": "World War II",
"question": "What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?"
},
{
"answer": "petroleum and synthetic rubber products",
"question": "Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?"
},
{
"answ... |
5,914 | One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the ... | [
{
"answer": "1986",
"question": "In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?"
},
{
"answer": "the nationwide recession",
"question": "Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?"
},
{
"answer": "reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry",
... |
5,915 | Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine ma... | [
{
"answer": "unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands",
"question": "What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Rocky Mountains",
"question": "Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?"
},
{
... |
5,917 | In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of "Best Places for Business and Careers" by Forbes magazine. Foreign governments have established 92 consular offices in Houston's metropolitan area, the third highest in the nation. Forty foreign governments maintai... | [
{
"answer": "Best Places for Business and Careers",
"question": "Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?"
},
{
"answer": "92",
"question": "How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments?"
},
{
"answer": "Forty",
"question": "How man... |
5,918 | Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world. Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Pride Parade, ... | [
{
"answer": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo",
"question": "What is the largest annual event held in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "20 days",
"question": "How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?"
},
{
"answer": "the end of June",
"question": "When is the annual Houston P... |
5,919 | Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km2). The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km2) that are managed by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark i... | [
{
"answer": "parks and green space",
"question": "What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?"
},
{
"answer": "19,600",
"question": "How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?"
},
{
"answer": "the city",
"question": "Who manages Houston's gree... |
5,920 | The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government. Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in the state of Texas are nonpartisan. The City's elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council. The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, ... | [
{
"answer": "Sylvester Turner",
"question": "Who is the current mayor of Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "strong mayoral form of municipal government",
"question": "What form of government does Houston have?"
},
{
"answer": "the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council"... |
5,921 | The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT (HoustonPBS) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises two NPR member stations: KUHF ... | [
{
"answer": "KUHT (HoustonPBS)",
"question": "What was the first public television station in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "listener-funded",
"question": "How is Houston Public Radio funded?"
},
{
"answer": "two NPR member stations",
"question": "Houston Public Radio us comprised of how m... |
5,922 | Houston (i/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest ci... | [
{
"answer": "in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico",
"question": "Where is Houston located?"
},
{
"answer": "fourth",
"question": "Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?"
},
{
"answer": "2.239 million people",
"question": "What was the population of Ho... |
5,923 | By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton. Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General John Bankhead Magruder, who use... | [
{
"answer": "cotton",
"question": "What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? "
},
{
"answer": "rail lines",
"question": "What type of roads converged in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "General John Bankhead Magruder",
"question": "Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?... |
5,924 | In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina. One month later, approximately 2.5 million Houston area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban eva... | [
{
"answer": "Hurricane Rita",
"question": "What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "largest urban evacuation",
"question": "The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?"
},
{
"answer": "150,000",
"questi... |
5,925 | Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role. Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that par... | [
{
"answer": "Houston",
"question": "What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning?"
},
{
"answer": "mandatory lot size",
"question": "Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Houston have?"
},
{
"answer": "affordable housing",
"question": "What is Hou... |
5,926 | The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and... | [
{
"answer": "oilfield equipment",
"question": "Of what is Houston a center?"
},
{
"answer": "petrochemical complex",
"question": "What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success?"
},
{
"answer": "first",
"question": "Where does the Port of Houston rank in internation... |
5,927 | The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in a... | [
{
"answer": "Houston Theater District",
"question": "What area of Houston hosts performing arts?"
},
{
"answer": "theater seats",
"question": "Of what is Houston second in performing arts?"
},
{
"answer": "Hobby Center for the Performing Arts",
"question": "Besides Jones Hall, what o... |
5,928 | The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Cente... | [
{
"answer": "17-block area",
"question": "How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover?"
},
{
"answer": "Bayou Music Center",
"question": "What place produces live concerts, plays and comedy?"
},
{
"answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center",
"question": "Where is... |
5,930 | Several private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as The University of St. Thomas, Houston's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university—are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students,... | [
{
"answer": "The University of St. Thomas",
"question": "What is Houston's one Catholic university?"
},
{
"answer": "Rice University",
"question": "What famous research university is located in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "6,000",
"question": "What is the student enrollment of Rice Univ... |
5,931 | Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions. All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and loca... | [
{
"answer": "Texas Medical Center",
"question": "Where in Houston is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?"
},
{
"answer": "49",
"question": "How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?"
},
{
"answer": "73,600",
"question": "How many people... |
5,932 | Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence... | [
{
"answer": "Continental Airlines",
"question": "Until 2010, which airline made Houston its headquarters?"
},
{
"answer": "Bush Intercontinental",
"question": "Where is United Airlines' largest air hub?"
},
{
"answer": "United Airlines",
"question": "With which airline did Continenta... |
5,933 | Houston's economy has a broad industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. It is also leading in health care sectors and building oilfield equipment; only New York City is home to more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in ... | [
{
"answer": "New York City",
"question": "What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Port of Houston",
"question": "What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?"
},
{
"answer": "Space City",
"question": "What is Houston's nick... |
5,934 | Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F (11.7 °C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24,... | [
{
"answer": "mild winters",
"question": "What kind of winter weather does Houston have?"
},
{
"answer": "53.1 °F",
"question": "What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Snowfall",
"question": "What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?"
},
{
"answer":... |
5,935 | The University of Houston System's annual impact on the Houston area's economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit and 24,000 local jobs generated. This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. Syste... | [
{
"answer": "$1.1 billion",
"question": "How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year?"
},
{
"answer": "24,000",
"question": "How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "12,500",
"question": "How many student graduate fro... |
5,936 | Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou (now known as Allen's Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded and won at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of w... | [
{
"answer": "1836",
"question": "When was Houston founded?"
},
{
"answer": "Buffalo Bayou",
"question": "Where is Allen's Landing?"
},
{
"answer": "June 5, 1837",
"question": "When was the City of Houston incorporated?"
},
{
"answer": "Sam Houston",
"question": "For whom ... |
5,937 | Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community. The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United Sta... | [
{
"answer": "South",
"question": "In what part of the United States is Houston located?"
},
{
"answer": "international community",
"question": "What part of the Houston population is growing?"
},
{
"answer": "1.1 million",
"question": "How many of the people who live in Houston were ... |
5,938 | In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a ... | [
{
"answer": "hurricane",
"question": "What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?"
},
{
"answer": "Spindletop",
"question": "Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Beaumont",
"question": "Near what T... |
5,940 | During the summer months, it is common for temperatures to reach over 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority from June to September, with a high of 90 °F or above and 4.6 days at or over 100 °F (38 °C). However, humidity usually yields a higher heat index. Summer mornings average ov... | [
{
"answer": "106.5",
"question": "How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?"
},
{
"answer": "4.6",
"question": "How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?"
},
{
"answer": "humidity",
"question": "What weather factor produces a highe... |
5,941 | Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city's working class and minority areas vote Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites ... | [
{
"answer": "divided",
"question": "What is the political climate of Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "wealthier areas",
"question": "Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?"
},
{
"answer": "Democratic",
"question": "How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?"
},
{
"answ... |
5,943 | The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land MSA's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012 was $489 billion, making it the fourth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Austria's, Venezuela's, or South Africa's GDP. Only 26 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceedi... | [
{
"answer": "$489 billion",
"question": "What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?"
},
{
"answer": "fourth-largest",
"question": "Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?"
},
{
"answer": "26",
"question": "Ho... |
5,944 | The Baylor College of Medicine has annually been considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center has consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990. The Menninger Clinic, a renowned psychiat... | [
{
"answer": "Baylor College of Medicine",
"question": "What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools?"
},
{
"answer": "one of the top two",
"question": "How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care?"
},
{
"answer": "psychiatric"... |
5,945 | In 2013, Houston was identified as the #1 U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research... | [
{
"answer": "#1",
"question": "Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?"
},
{
"answer": "two",
"question": "How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost?"
},
{
"answer": "more than 100",
"question": "How many foreign companies relocated to Houston?"
},
{
"answer":... |
5,946 | Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jac... | [
{
"answer": "Three",
"question": "How many community colleges serve Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "within the 10 largest",
"question": "How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?"
},
{
"answer": "Houston Community College System",
... |
5,947 | METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will ... | [
{
"answer": "January 1, 2004",
"question": "When did Houston start using light rail lines?"
},
{
"answer": "about 8 miles",
"question": "How long was the first light rail line in Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "NRG Park",
"question": "Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?"
},
{
... |
5,948 | The second-largest commercial airport is William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic flights. However, in 2015 Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby airport to several destinations in Mexico, C... | [
{
"answer": "William P. Hobby Airport",
"question": "What is the second airport that serves Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Houston International Airport",
"question": "What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?"
},
{
"answer": "1967",
"question": "When was Houston International Airport r... |
5,949 | The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km), including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded earthquakes in Houston, but researche... | [
{
"answer": "300",
"question": "How many estimated active faults does Houston have?"
},
{
"answer": "310 miles",
"question": "What is the total length of the Houston faults?"
},
{
"answer": "water",
"question": "What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in... |
5,950 | Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the eleven current-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompass... | [
{
"answer": "ward system",
"question": "What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "Houston City Council districts",
"question": "What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?"
},
{
"answer": "Interstate 610 Loop",
"question":... |
5,952 | Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city. The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these... | [
{
"answer": "biomedical research and aeronautics",
"question": "Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?"
},
{
"answer": "Houston Ship Channel",
"question": "What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?"
},
{
"answer": "global city",
"question": "What designation ... |
5,953 | In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life. The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years... | [
{
"answer": "top ranking",
"question": "How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?"
},
{
"answer": "2008",
"question": "When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?"
},
{
"answer": "fourth",
"question": "Where did Forbes magazine ... |
5,955 | The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, t... | [
{
"answer": "14",
"question": "How many members did the original Houston city council have?"
},
{
"answer": "five",
"question": "How many at-large positions were there originally?"
},
{
"answer": "entire city",
"question": "What areas do at-large council members represent?"
},
{
... |
5,956 | Four separate and distinct state universities are located in Houston. The University of Houston is a nationally recognized Tier One research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 40,000 students on its... | [
{
"answer": "40,000",
"question": "How many students does the University of Houston have?"
},
{
"answer": "southeast",
"question": "Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?"
},
{
"answer": "Four",
"question": "How many separate universities does Houston have?"
... |
5,957 | Houston is served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned... | [
{
"answer": "Houston Chronicle",
"question": "What is Houston's major newspaper?"
},
{
"answer": "Hearst Corporation",
"question": "Who owns the Houston Chronicle?"
},
{
"answer": "1995",
"question": "When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?"
},
{
... |
5,959 | The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the ... | [
{
"answer": "tenth-busiest",
"question": "How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?"
},
{
"answer": "182",
"question": "How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?"
},
{
"answer": "2006",
"question": "When did th... |
5,960 | In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) sal... | [
{
"answer": "Cyprus",
"question": "Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?"
},
{
"answer": "сuprum",
"question": "What term does the name copper originate from?"
},
{
"answer": "copper(II) salts",
"question": "What componds are common in copper?"
},
{
"answer": "bl... |
5,962 | The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC... | [
{
"answer": "Corinthian bronze",
"question": "What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?"
},
{
"answer": "depletion gilding",
"question": "How is Corinthian bronze made?"
},
{
"answer": "Alexandria",
"question": "Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was... |
5,963 | Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distributio... | [
{
"answer": "copper",
"question": "What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?"
},
{
"answer": "Electrical wiring",
"question": "What is the most important market for copper today?"
},
{
"answer": "Roughly half",
"question": "How much of mined copper is used for cables and el... |
5,964 | Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become ... | [
{
"answer": "biostatic",
"question": "What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?"
},
{
"answer": "Muntz metal",
"question": "What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?"
},
{
"answer": "ships",
"question": "Because of copper's biostatic properties ... |
5,965 | Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic inte... | [
{
"answer": "group 11",
"question": "What group of the periodic table is copper in?"
},
{
"answer": "one s-orbital electron",
"question": "Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common."
},
{
"answer": "filled d-electron shell",
"question": "What makes copper bondings w... |
5,966 | Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite... | [
{
"answer": "50 parts per million",
"question": "What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust."
},
{
"answer": "420 tonnes",
"question": "How large was the biggest find of copper?"
},
{
"answer": "1857",
"question": "What year was the largest find of copper discovered?"
... |
5,967 | In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cupr... | [
{
"answer": "chalkos",
"question": "What was copper called in Greece?"
},
{
"answer": "Cyprus",
"question": "In what area was copper first mined?"
},
{
"answer": "Aphrodite",
"question": "What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?"
},
{
"answer": "Venus",
"question... |
5,968 | Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last... | [
{
"answer": "organocopper compounds",
"question": "What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?"
},
{
"answer": "copper(I) oxide",
"question": "What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?"
},
{
"answer": "Gilman reagent",
"question": "What is produced ... |
5,969 | The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feat... | [
{
"answer": "Renaissance sculptors",
"question": "Who used copper to produce art?"
},
{
"answer": "daguerreotype",
"question": "What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?"
},
{
"answer": "Statue of Liberty",
"question": "What famous NY city landmark is made from cop... |
5,970 | Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coi... | [
{
"answer": "conductivity",
"question": "What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?"
},
{
"answer": "43%-46%",
"question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?"
},
{
"answer": "69%",
"question": "What percentage of el... |
5,971 | Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A samp... | [
{
"answer": "Chromobacterium violaceum",
"question": "Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?"
},
{
"answer": "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi",
"question": "What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?"
},
{
"answer": "Suillus luteus",
"question": "What fungus protects pine tr... |
5,973 | Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use... | [
{
"answer": "wood preservative",
"question": "What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?"
},
{
"answer": "moss",
"question": "What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?"
},
{
"answer": "antimicrobial protective fabrics",
"question": "What function does c... |
5,974 | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | [
{
"answer": "at least 10,000 years",
"question": "How long has copper been in use?"
},
{
"answer": "95%",
"question": "What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?"
},
{
"answer": "more than half",
"question": "How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 ye... |
5,975 | The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus... | [
{
"answer": "copper lumps",
"question": "What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?"
},
{
"answer": "the shape and look",
"question": "What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?"
},
{
"answer": "Julius Caesar",
"question": "Who had his own... |
5,976 | The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper ... | [
{
"answer": "60%",
"question": "What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?"
},
{
"answer": "20%",
"question": "What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?"
},
{
"answer": "15%",
"question": "What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?"
},
... |
5,977 | The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scatt... | [
{
"answer": "The softness",
"question": "What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?"
},
{
"answer": "silver",
"question": "What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?"
},
{
"answer": "3.1×106 A/m2",
"question": "What is the maximum premis... |
5,978 | Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 20... | [
{
"answer": "copper sulfides",
"question": "In what form is copper extracted?"
},
{
"answer": "open pit mines",
"question": "From what types of mines is copper extracted?"
},
{
"answer": "0.4 to 1.0% copper",
"question": "What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extrac... |
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