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"phosphor-c... | context-417_20_0.mp3 | context-417_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). | question-417_20_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors? |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc40 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used? | {
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"... | context-417_20_2.mp3 | context-417_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | Depending on the color of the original LED, phosphors of different colors can be employed. | Depending on the color of the original LED, phosphors of different colors can be employed. | question-417_20_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what? |
57311e4ca5e9cc1400cdbc43 | Light-emitting_diode | This method involves coating LEDs of one color (mostly blue LEDs made of InGaN) with phosphors of different colors to form white light; the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based or phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs). A fraction of the blue light undergoes the Stokes shift being transformed from shorter wavelengt... | What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method? | {
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57311faae6313a140071cc51 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on? | {
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57311faae6313a140071cc52 | Light-emitting_diode | Phosphor-based LED efficiency losses are due to the heat loss from the Stokes shift and also other phosphor-related degradation issues. Their luminous efficacies compared to normal LEDs depend on the spectral distribution of the resultant light output and the original wavelength of the LED itself. For example, the lumi... | What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue? | {
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"te... | context-417_21_2.mp3 | context-417_21.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from 3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). | For example, the luminous efficacy of a typical YAG yellow phosphor based white LED ranges from three to five times the luminous efficacy of the original blue LED because of the human eye's greater sensitivity to yellow than to blue (as modeled in the luminosity function). | question-417_21_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue? |
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5731208ee6313a140071cc62 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light? | {
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"te... | context-417_22_3.mp3 | context-417_22.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. | Currently, in the area of phosphor LED development, much effort is being spent on optimizing these devices to higher light output and higher operation temperatures. | question-417_22_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development? |
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57312247497a881900248b87 | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | White LEDs can be made by coating what? | {
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573125ee497a881900248bcb | Light-emitting_diode | The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine for... | What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation? | {
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573125ee497a881900248bcc | Light-emitting_diode | The structure of QD-LEDs used for the electrical-excitation scheme is similar to basic design of OLEDs. A layer of quantum dots is sandwiched between layers of electron-transporting and hole-transporting materials. An applied electric field causes electrons and holes to move into the quantum dot layer and recombine for... | What is one material used in electrical-excitation? | {
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"t... | context-417_26_4.mp3 | context-417_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated. | Fluorescence near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) utilizing an integrated QD-LED has been demonstrated. | question-417_26_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what? |
5731304e497a881900248c37 | Light-emitting_diode | High-power LEDs (HP-LEDs) or high-output LEDs (HO-LEDs) can be driven at currents from hundreds of mA to more than an ampere, compared with the tens of mA for other LEDs. Some can emit over a thousand lumens. LED power densities up to 300 W/cm2 have been achieved. Since overheating is destructive, the HP-LEDs must be m... | How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit? | {
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57313224e6313a140071ccee | Light-emitting_diode | LEDs have been developed by Seoul Semiconductor that can operate on AC power without the need for a DC converter. For each half-cycle, part of the LED emits light and part is dark, and this is reversed during the next half-cycle. The efficacy of this type of HP-LED is typically 40 lm/W. A large number of LED elements i... | What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power? | {
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"t... | context-417_28_3.mp3 | context-417_28.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | In 2009, Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED, named as 'Acrich MJT', capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit. | In two thousand nine, Seoul Semiconductor released a high DC voltage LED, named as 'Acrich MJT', capable of being driven from AC power with a simple controlling circuit. | question-417_28_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED? |
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57313c12a5e9cc1400cdbd6d | Light-emitting_diode | Alphanumeric LEDs are available in seven-segment, starburst and dot-matrix format. Seven-segment displays handle all numbers and a limited set of letters. Starburst displays can display all letters. Dot-matrix displays typically use 5x7 pixels per character. Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970... | Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters? | {
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"... | context-417_29_4.mp3 | context-417_29.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the 1970s and 1980s, but rising use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays. | Seven-segment LED displays were in widespread use in the nineteen seventys and nineteen eightys, but rising use of liquid crystal displays, with their lower power needs and greater display flexibility, has reduced the popularity of numeric and alphanumeric LED displays. | question-417_29_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays? |
57313d9505b4da19006bcf20 | Light-emitting_diode | Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can contr... | What makes RGB LEDs different? | {
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57313d9505b4da19006bcf23 | Light-emitting_diode | Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can contr... | The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED? | {
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57313d9505b4da19006bcf24 | Light-emitting_diode | Digital-RGB LEDs are RGB LEDs that contain their own "smart" control electronics. In addition to power and ground, these provide connections for data-in, data-out, and sometimes a clock or strobe signal. These are connected in a daisy chain, with the data in of the first LED sourced by a microprocessor, which can contr... | What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used? | {
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"... | context-417_31_1.mp3 | context-417_31.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. | These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. | question-417_31_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | How are LED filaments used? |
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"t... | context-417_31_3.mp3 | context-417_31.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage, high current converter which is required by single die LEDs. | Often a simple rectifier and capacitive current limiting are employed to create a low-cost replacement for a traditional light bulb without the complexity of creating a low voltage, high current converter which is required by single die LEDs. | question-417_31_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | What helps LED filaments remain low cost? |
57313e89a5e9cc1400cdbda5 | Light-emitting_diode | An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments r... | Single die LEDs require what? | {
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57313fb0497a881900248ce1 | Light-emitting_diode | The current–voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small am... | How are LEDs similar to other diodes? | {
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57313fb0497a881900248ce3 | Light-emitting_diode | The current–voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small am... | What is a solution to preventing an LED failure? | {
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... | context-417_32_2.mp3 | context-417_32.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. | If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. | question-417_32_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What is a solution to preventing an LED failure? |
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"... | context-417_32_1.mp3 | context-417_32.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. | This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. | question-417_32_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | What can cause a large change in current in LEDs? |
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"t... | context-417_32_3.mp3 | context-417_32.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. | Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. | question-417_32_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | What is a constant-voltage source? |
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5731405b497a881900248cf5 | Light-emitting_diode | The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so ar... | How are most LEDs classified? | {
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5731405b497a881900248cf9 | Light-emitting_diode | The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so ar... | Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs? | {
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5731405b497a881900248cf8 | Light-emitting_diode | The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so ar... | What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as? | {
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57314138497a881900248d00 | Light-emitting_diode | While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: "According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensit... | What dangerous metal can LEDs contain? | {
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57314138497a881900248cff | Light-emitting_diode | While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: "According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensit... | What substance does fluorescent lamps contain? | {
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57314138497a881900248d02 | Light-emitting_diode | While LEDs have the advantage over fluorescent lamps that they do not contain mercury, they may contain other hazardous metals such as lead and arsenic. Regarding the toxicity of LEDs when treated as waste, a study published in 2011 stated: "According to federal standards, LEDs are not hazardous except for low-intensit... | According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs? | {
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573143ba497a881900248d27 | Light-emitting_diode | One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christ... | What is another use for one-color light? | {
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5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf0 | Light-emitting_diode | Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters... | Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where? | {
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5731458d05b4da19006bcf98 | Light-emitting_diode | Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber l... | Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life? | {
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2 emission. | In the US, one kilowatt-hour (three point six MJ) of electricity currently causes an average one point thirty-four pounds (six hundred ten g) of CO two emission. | question-417_38_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes one point thirty-four pounds of CO two emission? |
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2 emission per year. | Assuming the average light bulb is on for ten hours a day, a forty-watt bulb will cause one hundred ninety-six pounds (eighty-nine kg) of CO two emission per year. | question-417_38_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | How much COtwo emission would a forty-watt light bulb produce after ten hours? |
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2 ove... | A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2? | {
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2 emission per year. The 6-watt LED equivalent will only cause 30 pounds (14 kg) of CO
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"... | context-417_38_3.mp3 | context-417_38.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | A building’s carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by 85% by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs. | A building's carbon footprint from lighting can therefore be reduced by eighty-five percent by exchanging all incandescent bulbs for new LEDs if a building previously used only incandescent bulbs. | question-417_38_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs? |
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573148d2e6313a140071cdc4 | Light-emitting_diode | The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to pr... | Where are LEDs often used? | {
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"... | context-417_40_3.mp3 | context-417_40.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. | This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. | question-417_40_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Where are opto-isolators found? |
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573148d2e6313a140071cdc6 | Light-emitting_diode | The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to pr... | What does an optoisolator do? | {
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"t... | context-417_40_4.mp3 | context-417_40.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential. | An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential. | question-417_40_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What does an optoisolator do? |
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