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"... | context-437_13_2.mp3 | context-437_13.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state. | This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state. | question-437_13_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | Where was the 'Continental model' of police from? |
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5732a92f328d981900601ff3 | Police | In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated ... | When did Rio get its first police investigator? | {
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5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a60 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When did Canada get its first police? | {
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5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | What was Canada's first police force? | {
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5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When were the first Mounties created? | {
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"... | context-437_15_4.mp3 | context-437_15.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. | The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in eighteen seventy-three. | question-437_15_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | When were the first Mounties created? |
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5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? | {
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5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? | {
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5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? | {
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... | context-437_17_1.mp3 | context-437_17.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hörnigk a 17th-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. | The German Polizeiwissenschaft (Science of Police) first theorized by Philipp von Hornigk a seventeenth-century Austrian Political economist and civil servant and much more famously by Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi who produced an important theoretical work known as Cameral science on the formulation of police. | question-437_17_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What was von Hornigk's career? |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? | {
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"... | context-437_18_1.mp3 | context-437_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main st... | It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'etat and therefore giving the superficial appearance of empowering the population (and unwittingly supervising the population), which, according to mercantilist theory, was to be the main st... | question-437_18_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? | {
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"procuring abunda... | context-437_18_0.mp3 | context-437_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). | question-437_18_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | {
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"t... | context-437_18_2.mp3 | context-437_18.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices. | Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning (which was important because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.), and surveillance of prices. | question-437_18_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0e | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? | {
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... | context-437_19_0.mp3 | context-437_19.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. | Edwin Chadwick's eighteen twenty-nine article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. | question-437_19_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Olivia | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0f | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | When was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
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5732afaccc179a14009dac10 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
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... | context-437_19_0.mp3 | context-437_19.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. | Edwin Chadwick's eighteen twenty-nine article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. | question-437_19_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? |
5732afaccc179a14009dac11 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? | {
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5732afaccc179a14009dac12 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What was the alternative to prevention? | {
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"... | context-437_19_1.mp3 | context-437_19.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". | The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of temptation." In contrast to a deterrent of punishment, a preventive police force would deter criminality by making crime cost-ineffective - "crime doesn't pay". | question-437_19_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | What was the alternative to prevention? |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | {
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"patrol dut... | context-437_20_0.mp3 | context-437_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | question-437_20_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do some think the most important police work happens? | {
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"on patrol"... | context-437_20_0.mp3 | context-437_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | question-437_20_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | Where do some think the most important police work happens? |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | How do patrol officers affect crime? | {
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"prevent cr... | context-437_20_0.mp3 | context-437_20.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | question-437_20_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | How do patrol officers affect crime? |
5732b2a0328d981900602011 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? | {
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... | context-437_21_0.mp3 | context-437_21.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early nineteen ninetys onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, nineteen ninety-three), (Sheptycki, nineteen ninety-five). | question-437_21_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? |
5732b2a0328d981900602012 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? | {
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} | context-437_21_0.mp3 | context-437_21.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early nineteen ninetys onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, nineteen ninety-three), (Sheptycki, nineteen ninety-five). | question-437_21_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? |
5732b2a0328d981900602013 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? | {
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"international p... | context-437_21_0.mp3 | context-437_21.mp3 | 22,050 | Kimberly | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early nineteen ninetys onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, nineteen ninety-three), (Sheptycki, nineteen ninety-five). | question-437_21_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? | {
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} | context-437_22_0.mp3 | context-437_22.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, two thousand two). | question-437_22_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? | {
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"anarchist agi... | context-437_22_1.mp3 | context-437_22.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. | For example, in the nineteenth century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. | question-437_22_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | What groups did European police work against across borders in the nineteenth century? |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | Which police force monitored Karl Marx? | {
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5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What international police agency was created before WW2? | {
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5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? | {
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5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? | {
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"te... | context-437_23_2.mp3 | context-437_23.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from 1968 on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. | The study showed that transnational police information sharing was routinized in the cross-Channel region from nineteen sixty-eight on the basis of agreements directly between the police agencies and without any formal agreement between the countries concerned. | question-437_23_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? |
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5732b8ac328d98190060202b | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? | {
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"outside of Euro... | context-437_24_0.mp3 | context-437_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | question-437_24_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? |
5732b8ac328d98190060202c | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? | {
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5732b8ac328d98190060202d | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What kind of policing has become common practice? | {
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"t... | context-437_24_1.mp3 | context-437_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). | Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, two thousand seven) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, two thousand seven). | question-437_24_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | What kind of policing has become common practice? |
5732b8ac328d98190060202e | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? | {
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"... | context-437_24_2.mp3 | context-437_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. | James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. | question-437_24_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? |
5732b8ac328d98190060202f | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What paradox did Sheptycki point out? | {
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"t... | context-437_24_4.mp3 | context-437_24.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity. | The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity. | question-437_24_4.mp3 | 22,050 | Salli | What paradox did Sheptycki point out? |
5732baf1328d981900602035 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Where has transnational policing become more important? | {
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"in United Na... | context-437_25_1.mp3 | context-437_25.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, ... | This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, ... | question-437_25_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | Where has transnational policing become more important? |
5732baf1328d981900602037 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? | {
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5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a90 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007? | {
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5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a93 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | Why is transnational policing so unaccountable? | {
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"t... | context-437_26_4.mp3 | context-437_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement. | As this report points out, and the existing academic literature on transnational policing seems to confirm, this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement. | question-437_26_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Amy | Why is transnational policing so unaccountable? |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a92 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | How accountable is Interpol? | {
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"t... | context-437_26_2.mp3 | context-437_26.mp3 | 22,050 | Joanna | 2007) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of 22% on overall accountability capabilities (p. | two thousand seven) Interpol had the lowest scores in its category (IGOs), coming in tenth with a score of twenty-two percent on overall accountability capabilities (p. | question-437_26_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | How accountable is Interpol? |
5732bba1d6dcfa19001e8a91 | Police | Perhaps the greatest question regarding the future development of transnational policing is: in whose interest is it? At a more practical level, the question translates into one about how to make transnational policing institutions democratically accountable (Sheptycki, 2004). For example, according to the Global Accou... | What is the least-accountable IGO? | {
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5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a98 | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What should non-lethal weapons properly be called? | {
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5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9a | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | What is supposed to be the last resort for police? | {
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5732bcead6dcfa19001e8a9c | Police | They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to ... | Where can police shoot fleeing convicts? | {
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5732bf5c328d98190060203f | Police | Unmarked vehicles are used primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence. Some police forces use unmarked or minimally marked cars for traffic law enforcement, since drivers slow down at the sight of marked police vehicles and unmarked vehicles make it easier for offic... | When do police often use unmarked cars? | {
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5732c242d6dcfa19001e8aa2 | Police | Motorcycles are also commonly used, particularly in locations that a car may not be able to reach, to control potential public order situations involving meetings of motorcyclists and often in escort duties where motorcycle police officers can quickly clear a path for escorted vehicles. Bicycle patrols are used in some... | Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol? | {
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5732c3521d5d2e14009ff8a2 | Police | In the United States, August Vollmer introduced other reforms, including education requirements for police officers. O.W. Wilson, a student of Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department. Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotat... | Who was O.W. Wilson a student of? | {
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5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8aaf | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into? | {
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5732c4bcd6dcfa19001e8ab0 | Police | In Terry v. Ohio (1968) the court divided seizure into two parts, the investigatory stop and arrest. The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the s... | What is an investigatory stop's search limited to? | {
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"... | context-437_33_2.mp3 | context-437_33.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of we... | The court further held that during an investigatory stop a police officer's search " [is] confined to what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed, and the intrusion, which [is] made for the sole purpose of protecting himself and others nearby, [is] confined to ascertaining the presence of we... | question-437_33_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | What is an investigatory stop's search limited to? |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ab | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What is the legal status of UK police officers? | {
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5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ac | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do? | {
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5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ad | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? | {
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"... | context-437_34_2.mp3 | context-437_34.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section 18 PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours by a Superinte... | However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of police operations, such as a power to authorize a search of a suspect's house (section eighteen PACE in England and Wales) by an officer of the rank of Inspector, or the power to authorize a suspect's detention beyond twenty-four hours... | question-437_34_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do? |
5732c58e1d5d2e14009ff8ae | Police | All police officers in the United Kingdom, whatever their actual rank, are 'constables' in terms of their legal position. This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. However, certain higher ranks have additional powers to authorize certain aspects of poli... | What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? | {
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"... | context-437_34_1.mp3 | context-437_34.mp3 | 22,050 | Brian | This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. | This means that a newly appointed constable has the same arrest powers as a Chief Constable or Commissioner. | question-437_34_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Ivy | What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's? |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac50 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders? | {
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"To ensure that t... | context-437_35_1.mp3 | context-437_35.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be ... | To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be ... | question-437_35_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Joey | Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders? |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac51 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | What could be impeded without police interference? | {
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"the realiz... | context-437_35_1.mp3 | context-437_35.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be ... | To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and where, without interference of the police, the realization of the private right would be ... | question-437_35_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kevin | What could be impeded without police interference? |
5732c66fcc179a14009dac52 | Police | In contrast, the police are entitled to protect private rights in some jurisdictions. To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law, some police acts require that the police may only interfere in such cases where protection from courts cannot be obtained in time, and whe... | How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen? | {
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"t... | context-437_35_2.mp3 | context-437_35.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table. | This would, for example, allow police to establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper in a case where the guest cannot pay the bill at nighttime because his wallet had just been stolen from the restaurant table. | question-437_35_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Justin | How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen? |
5733f55e4776f419006615ab | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | What does Punjab mean? | {
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... | context-438_0_0.mp3 | context-438_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: pnjb, panj-ab, "five waters": listen (help*info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. | question-438_0_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | What does Punjab mean? |
5733f55e4776f419006615ac | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | How many provinces does Pakistan have? | {
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"t... | context-438_0_0.mp3 | context-438_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: pnjb, panj-ab, "five waters": listen (help*info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. | question-438_0_1.mp3 | 22,050 | Kendra | How many provinces does Pakistan have? |
5733f55e4776f419006615ad | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | How large is Punjab? | {
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"te... | context-438_0_1.mp3 | context-438_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. | It has an area of two hundred five thousand, three hundred forty-four square kilometres (seventy-nine thousand, two hundred eighty-four square miles) and a population of ninety-one point three hundred seventy-nine.six hundred fifteen in twenty eleven, approximately fifty-six percent of the country's total population. | question-438_0_2.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | How large is Punjab? |
5733f55e4776f419006615ae | Punjab,_Pakistan | Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: پنجاب, panj-āb, "five waters": listen (help·info)), also spelled Panjab, is the most populous of the four provinces of Pakistan. It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. Its prov... | What is Punjab's population? | {
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"t... | context-438_0_1.mp3 | context-438_0.mp3 | 22,050 | Matthew | It has an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles) and a population of 91.379.615 in 2011, approximately 56% of the country's total population. | It has an area of two hundred five thousand, three hundred forty-four square kilometres (seventy-nine thousand, two hundred eighty-four square miles) and a population of ninety-one point three hundred seventy-nine.six hundred fifteen in twenty eleven, approximately fifty-six percent of the country's total population. | question-438_0_3.mp3 | 22,050 | Emma | What is Punjab's population? |
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