<br> Charlemagne, Quebec Charlemagne () is an off-island suburb of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of the Rivière des Prairies, northeast of Montreal's downtown core. As of 2011, the population was 5,853. It is the birthplace of recording artist Céline Dion, who was the winner of the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, Ireland, representing Switzerland with her song, \"Ne partez pas sans moi\". The town council named one of its main streets after her without the recognition of a Quebec","title":"Charlemagne, Quebec"},{"psg_id":"6675721","text":"2008, only of the \"En Charlemagne\" vineyard surface was in production for Charlemagne AOC, producing a total of 7 hectoliters (essentially three barrels worth of wine). Similarly, white wines made from lieu-dits primarily used for Corton AOC (approximately of Chardonnay producing around 88 hectoliters of wine) can be labeled as Corton-Charlemagne or as Corton blanc. Master of Wine Clive Coates describes the Chardonnay of Corton-Charlemagne as being slower to mature than Montrachet with well-made examples from favorable vintages needing at least 10 years of aging before they are drinking at their peak. Coates note that the wines from the Pernand-Vergelesses","title":"Corton-Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"18678973","text":"French ship Charlemagne (1809) Charlemagne was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, part of the shorter \"Borée\" subtype. \"Charlemagne\" was the first ship of the line to be built in Antwerp according to the wishes of Napoléon, who wanted to expand the French Navy by exploiting shipyards in Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy. In 1807, she was stationned in Vlissingen under Commander Dupotet, in the squadron of Vice-Admiral Missiessy. She aided in the defence of Antwerp against the amphibious raid led by Chatham, and again during the Siege of Antwerp of 1814. After the Bourbon Restoration,","title":"French ship Charlemagne (1809)"},{"psg_id":"14934926","text":"before dying on 7 September 2010 and based primarily on the contemporary biography of Charlemagne written by Einhard, who knew Charlemagne personally. Charlemagne, le prince à cheval Charlemagne, le prince à cheval is a 1993 television miniseries about the life of Charlemagne. It consists of five episodes and covers the period from the death of his father, Pepin the Short in AD 768 until Charlemagne's corronation as the first Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, AD 800. However, there is a minor chronological anachronism: in an earlier episode, we see Widukind, the king of the Saxons surrender and convert to","title":"Charlemagne, le prince à cheval"},{"psg_id":"6640404","text":"and ended his career as a Brigadier General. In his late days, he constantly declined to comment on his exploits in Haiti, notably to Haitian journalist asking for interviews on the 100th anniversary of Péralte's birth, in 1986. Charlemagne Péralte Charlemagne Masséna Péralte (1886 - 1 November 1919) was a Haitian nationalist leader who opposed the US Invasion of his country in 1915. Leading guerrilla fighters called the Cacos, he posed such a challenge to the US forces in Haiti that the occupying forces had to upgrade their presence in the country. Péralte remains a highly praised hero in both","title":"Charlemagne Péralte"},{"psg_id":"19544823","text":"Of course, the division of the empire among his sons is well documented. Turner, Samuel Epes (Translator), \"Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne\", Harper & Brothers, New York, 1880, reprinted by the University of Michigan Press in 1960 with a copyrighted forward by Sidney Painter Thorpe, Lewis G. M., \"Two Lives of Charlemagne\", Penguin, 1969 Testament of Charlemagne The Testament of Charlemagne was documented and witnessed in 811, the 43rd year of his reign. Charlemagne had intended to make a last will and testament in order to share his wealth with his daughters and the children of his concubines (his sons","title":"Testament of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63558","text":"which the lyrics blame the great king for imposing the burden of compulsory education on French children. Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones, Sr. in \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane, Henry Jones remarks, \"I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne: 'Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky. Despite the quote's popularity since the movie, there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this. \"The Economist\" features a weekly column entitled","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63491","text":"to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"6675720","text":"level of 12% by volume. In 1998, the combined Corton-Charlemagne and Charlemagne grand cru contained that produced 2325 hectoliters of \"Grand Cru\" white wine. By 2008, those figured changed only slightly with of vineyard surface being in production within the AOC producing 2,237 hectoliter of wine, corresponding to just under 300,000 bottles. Out of the three Grand Cru AOCs that are make up the hill of Corton, the Charlemagne AOC is the least used of these, as the majority of growers have elected to use the Corton-Charlemagne AOC for white wines from vineyards that are entitled to both appellations. In","title":"Corton-Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"13639359","text":"Charlemagne Tower Jr. Charlemagne Tower Jr. (April 17, 1848February 24, 1923) was an American businessman, scholar, and diplomat. Charlemagne Tower was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 17, 1848 to Charlemagne Tower Sr. and Amelia Malvina (Bartle) Tower. He was the first of seven children and his sister, Henrietta, was the last. He spent his childhood in Orwigsburg and Pottsville, Pennsylvania. In 1862 he entered a military academy in New Haven, Connecticut and transferred in 1865 to Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. Tower entered Harvard University in 1868 and graduated in 1872. After graduating from Harvard, Tower returned","title":"Charlemagne Tower Jr."},{"psg_id":"19577424","text":"Adolf Charlemagne Adolf Iosifovich Charlemagne, or Sharleman (Russian: Адольф Иосифович Шарлемань; 8 December 1826, Saint Petersburg - 31 January 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter of historical, genre and battle scenes. He was also the creator of a popular design for playing cards known as the \"Satin Deck\". His father was the architect, . His grandfather, the sculptor and decorative artist, Jean-Baptiste Charlemagne-Baudet (1734-1789), was originally from Rouen and had come to Russia to work for Catherine the Great. His brother, Iosif, also became an artist and architect. He received his primary education at Saint Peter's School, then enrolled","title":"Adolf Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"9261508","text":"to the Russian Empire. Charlemagne Tower Charlemagne Tower, (April 18, 1809 – July 25, 1889) was an American lawyer and businessman active in acquiring land in the Schuylkill Valley in Pennsylvania and serving as an officer for coal and railroad companies. He organized and led a company of Union soldiers from Pottsville in a 3-month enlistment during the American Civil War, when he was commissioned as captain. After the war, with sell-off of lands by the Northern Pacific Railroad, he acquired large tracts in the upper Midwest and Northwest. Charlemagne Tower was born on April 18, 1809 in Paris, Oneida","title":"Charlemagne Tower"},{"psg_id":"9261481","text":"Charlemagne Tower Charlemagne Tower, (April 18, 1809 – July 25, 1889) was an American lawyer and businessman active in acquiring land in the Schuylkill Valley in Pennsylvania and serving as an officer for coal and railroad companies. He organized and led a company of Union soldiers from Pottsville in a 3-month enlistment during the American Civil War, when he was commissioned as captain. After the war, with sell-off of lands by the Northern Pacific Railroad, he acquired large tracts in the upper Midwest and Northwest. Charlemagne Tower was born on April 18, 1809 in Paris, Oneida County, New York, the","title":"Charlemagne Tower"},{"psg_id":"7797304","text":"spread to his brain. 1978, \"Manno et Marco\", Marc Records Manno Charlemagne Joseph Emmanuel \"Manno\" Charlemagne (April 14, 1948 – December 10, 2017) was a Haitian political folk singer, songwriter and acoustic guitarist, political activist and politician. He recorded his political chansons in both French and in Creole. He lived abroad in exile twice, both during the 1980s and again during the years 1991–1994, when the country was ruled by a military \"junta\" led by Raoul Cédras. Charlemagne grew up in Carrefour, to the south of the capital of Port-au-Prince, where he was influenced as much by the songs of","title":"Manno Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"6675723","text":"single Corton-Charlemagne wine. Among the owners of a 16 hectare section of Corton-Charlemagne that falls within the boundaries of the Aloxe is Hospices de Beaune and Maison Louis Latour while Bonneau du Martray owns a large part of the 19 hectare section along the Pernand-Vergelesses section with Domaine Comte Senard also having significant holdings. Corton-Charlemagne Corton-Charlemagne is an \"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\" (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for white wine in Côte de Beaune subregion of Burgundy. It is located in the communes of Aloxe-Corton, Pernand-Vergelesses and Ladoix-Serrigny with Chardonnay being the only permitted grape variety. Around 300,000 bottles of white","title":"Corton-Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"5221569","text":"France, he also called his own imperial crown the \"Crown of Charlemagne\". Crown of Charlemagne The Crown of Charlemagne was a name given to the ancient coronation crown of Kings of the Franks, and later Kings of France after 1237. It was probably created as a simple circlet of four curved rectangular jewelled plates for Charles the Bald, the grandson of Charlemagne, but later, four large jewelled fleur-de-lis were added to these four original plates, probably by Philip Augustus around 1180 and surmounted by a cap decorated with precious stones. At this time a similar but open crown, the one","title":"Crown of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"17740460","text":"Throne of Charlemagne The Throne of Charlemagne ( or \"Aachener Königsthron\", \"Royal Throne of Aachen\") is a throne erected in the 790s by Charlemagne, as one of the fittings of his palatine chapel in Aachen (today's Aachen Cathedral) and placed in the Octagon of the church. Until 1531, it served as the coronation throne of the Kings of Germany, being used at a total of thirty-one coronations. As a result, especially in the eleventh century, it was referred to as the \"totius regni archisolum\" (\"Archstool of the Whole Realm\"). Charlemagne himself was not crowned on this throne. The throne is","title":"Throne of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"16552830","text":"\"full on\" heavy metal, after performing a more symphonic metal style on his prior releases. He was the oldest heavy metal performer in history. He was joined on the single by tenor Vincent Ricciardi, who also appeared on \"Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross\". Charlemagne: The Omens of Death Charlemagne: The Omens of Death is the fourth and final album by actor and heavy metal singer Christopher Lee. It was released on 27 May 2013. It is a sequel to his album \"\" (2010). The music was arranged by Judas Priest's Richie Faulkner, and features prominent Guatemalan guitar virtuoso","title":"Charlemagne: The Omens of Death"},{"psg_id":"6586618","text":"The ratings are determined by three criteria: the level of success, the proportion of students who obtained a Bachelor’s Degree having spent their last two years of school at the establishment, and the added value (calculated from the social background of students, their age and their results at national certificate). It also hosts preparatory classes for schools , namely two classes of MPSI , a class of HPIC for the first year, an MP, and a PC for the second year. In 2015, L'Étudiant gave the following ranking for competitions in 2014: Lycée Charlemagne The Lycée Charlemagne is located in","title":"Lycée Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"6586612","text":"classes: The school is associated with Charlemagne Middle School that is located just opposite it, on Rue Charlemagne, and is alongside the walls of Philippe Auguste, of which only the exterior cladding still exists. In 1580, The Cardinal de Bourbon bought the Duchess of Montmorency's Hotel of Rochepot and Damville. He gave it to the Jesuits, who demolished the main building located along the Rue Saint Antoine and replaced it with a chapel dedicated to St. Louis, in 1582. Between 1627 and 1647, the Jesuits built a building destined to become their home on the grounds of Philippe-Auguste. This home","title":"Lycée Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"2218738","text":"Italian Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi in 1952, the International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen has repeatedly sent messages going far beyond Germany and promoting the \"unity of Europe\". The award sponsors assert that the list of Charlemagne Prize winners reflects the history of the European process of unification. They continue that it has been awarded to the founding fathers of the United Europe such as de Gasperi, Schuman, Monnet and Adenauer, and to those who have embodied hope for integration such as Edward Heath, Konstantin Karamanlis, and His Majesty Juan Carlos I. The sponsors promote that the","title":"Charlemagne Prize"},{"psg_id":"17773929","text":"opposite the king at coronations, who was spiritually affirmed in this way as a legitimate successor of Charlemagne. The use of ancient intaglios and cameos on the reliquary indicates the special significance of Ancient Rome to the Medieval imperial ideology - both Charlemagne and Charles IV saw their rule as part of that tradition. Recent historical research holds that it is very probable that Charles IV was crowned with the same crown which is worn by the reliquary - since the Imperial Crown was then in the possession of Charles' rival Louis IV. It is probable that the hoop with","title":"Bust of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"11689504","text":"The Charlemagne Pursuit The Charlemagne Pursuit is Steve Berry's seventh novel, and is the fourth adventure for former U.S. Justice Department Operative turned Antiquarian book dealer, Cotton Malone. It was released on December 9, 2008. The story follows Cotton Malone in his attempt to find details of his father's death. His father, Forrest Malone, was a US Navy Officer who disappeared while on a mission on an experimental submarine in 1971. Also investigating the submarine's fate are the German twins, Cristl Falk and Dorothea Lindauer, whose father was on the same submarine. The search is complicated by Admiral Langford Ramsey,","title":"The Charlemagne Pursuit"},{"psg_id":"15094045","text":"in gratitude for helping him fight the Saracens. Since then, Charlemagne has been a national symbol for the principality. The Grand Master of the order is the Prime Minister of the Principality of Andorra, currently Antoni Martí. Grand Chancellor is the Minister of Culture, currently Olga Gelabert. The order is divided into four classes: Order of Charlemagne The Order of Charlemagne () is the only order and civil decoration issued by the Principality of Andorra. The Order of Charlemagne was created 7 December 2007 by the Minister of Culture Juli Minoves Triquell with the purpose to \"reward the merits of","title":"Order of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"20487120","text":"major success, selling over 2 million copies. In addition to reaching #1 on the French music charts, the song also enjoyed international success, becoming a hit in Japan. Its popularity endures as French schoolchild's song. Sacré Charlemagne \"Sacré Charlemagne\" is a song by France Gall. It was released in 1964 as a single, on an EP, and on an album, credited to \"France Gall et ses petits amis\". According to the charts U.S. \"Billboard\" published in its \"Hits of the World\" section, the song reached no. 1 in France. The song is about medieval emperor Charlemagne, traditionally seen as the","title":"Sacré Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"11689505","text":"who attempts to hide his involvement with a second submarine, one that was sent to find Forest Malone and his crew. Stephanie Nelle, Malone's ex-boss, and Edwin Davis, the (Deputy National Security Advisor), become involved while searching for Charlie Smith, a killer hired by Ramsey to eradicate any links to him. The Charlemagne Pursuit The Charlemagne Pursuit is Steve Berry's seventh novel, and is the fourth adventure for former U.S. Justice Department Operative turned Antiquarian book dealer, Cotton Malone. It was released on December 9, 2008. The story follows Cotton Malone in his attempt to find details of his father's","title":"The Charlemagne Pursuit"},{"psg_id":"6675722","text":"side tend to have a flinty note and be characterized by more austerity than those from the Aloxe-Corton side that can be slightly more firm and full-bodied. Wine writer Tom Stevenson describes Corton-Charlemagne as \"the most sumptuous of all white Burgundies\" with rich buttery and fruit flavors and notes of cinnamon, vanilla and honey. Like most Grand cru vineyards in Burgundy ownership of the vines on Corton-Charlemagne is spread out among several growers with some doing estate bottling while other selling their portion of the crop to \"négociants\" who combine it with the produce of other parcels to make a","title":"Corton-Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"6675706","text":"Saulieu. According to later legend, the vineyards are dedicated to white grape varieties because the emperor's wife preferred white wines as they did not stain his beard. The AOC was created in 1937. The vines are located on the higher ground of a hilltop that stretches between the Burgundian villages of Ladoix-Serrigny and Pernand-Vergelesses. The slopes planted with the most valuable vineyards face south-east on the hilltop, with the land gradually sloping downwards towards the major French highway Route 74. The red wine appellation of Corton covers the lower part of the hill with the areas for Corton and Corton-Charlemagne","title":"Corton-Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63479","text":"Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year. Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain. The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his.","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63563","text":"religion. Considered the greatest scholar of his day, he became the king's confidant and adviser. He brought his interest in libraries to the king's court. He was also a tutor to the king and his sons, teaching them liberal arts, theology and astrology. Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63508","text":"won a major victory over them in 796. Pannonian Croat Duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne, and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croats of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia and Pannonia. The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering the Littoral Croat Duchy. During that time, Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav of Croatia. In the Battle of Trsat, the forces of Eric fled their positions and were routed by the forces of Višeslav. Eric was among those killed which was a great blow for the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne also directed his attention","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63503","text":"the rights he had held. Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties, as had been done with Saxony. In 788, the Avars, an Asian nomadic group that had settled down in what is today Hungary (Einhard called them Huns), invaded Friuli and Bavaria. Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until 790 when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr. A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia. The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in 792. For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied, along with the Slavs, against","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63502","text":"among the Slavic Serbs and Czechs. The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars. However, Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria and Croatia. In 789, Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. He claimed that Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria was an unfit ruler, due to his oath-breaking. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges. In 794, Tassilo was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt; he formally handed over to the king all of","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63480","text":"In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento, where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps. Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arecchis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent. Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory. Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty. During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63534","text":"the realm. Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded. Charlemagne applied this system to much of the European continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100. Early in Charlemagne's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending. Then lending of money for interest was proscribed in 814 because it violated","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63532","text":"extensively by the Frankish military because they provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops, which was critical to building and maintaining the large empire. Charlemagne had an important role in determining Europe's immediate economic future. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold . Instead, he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up Pippin's system for pragmatic reasons, notably a shortage of the metal. The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium, which resulted in ceding Venice and Sicily to the East and losing their trade","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63501","text":"of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them, but also failed. According to Einhard: By 774, Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy, and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown, placing the Papal States under Frankish protection. The Duchy of Spoleto south of Rome was acquired in 774, while in the central western parts of Europe, the Duchy of Bavaria was absorbed and the Bavarian policy continued of establishing tributary marches, (borders protected in return for tribute or taxes)","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63497","text":"Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia. In his first campaign, in 773, Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn. The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions. He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63559","text":"\"Charlemagne\", focusing generally on European affairs and, more usually and specifically, on the European Union and its politics. Actor and singer Christopher Lee's symphonic metal concept album \"\" and its heavy metal follow-up \"\" feature the events of Charlemagne's life. A 2010 episode of \"QI\" discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor (see most recent common ancestor). In April 2014, on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne's death, public art \"Mein Karl\" by Ottmar Hörl at Katschhof place was installed between city","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63555","text":"\"Roland\" fame—and his historical commander of the border with Brittany, Roland, and the 12 paladins. These are analogous to, and inspired the myth of, the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur's court. Their tales constitute the first \"chansons de geste\". In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth based his stories of Arthur largely on stories of Charlemagne. During the Hundred Years War in the 14th century, there was considerable cultural conflict in England, where the Norman rulers were aware of their French roots and identified with Charlemagne, Anglo-Saxon natives felt more affinity for Arthur, whose own legends were","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63550","text":"like the common people. Charlemagne had residences across his kingdom, including numerous private estates that were governed in accordance with the Capitulare de villis. A 9th-century document detailing the inventory of an estate at Asnapium listed amounts of livestock, plants and vegetables and kitchenware including cauldrons, drinking cups, brass kettles and firewood. The manor contained seventeen houses built inside the courtyard for nobles and family members and was separated from its supporting villas. Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines. Nonetheless, he had only four legitimate grandsons, the four sons of his fourth son,","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63543","text":"however, can be over-emphasised; efforts at taming Merovingian and Germanic influence had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, where Alcuin retired as an abbot. Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance while continuing many traditional practices, such as the division of the kingdom among sons. In 806, Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death. For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy and Thuringia. To Pippin, he gave Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia.","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63535","text":"Church law. Charlemagne introduced the \"Capitulary for the Jews\", a prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents, in essence banning it across the board, a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy. In addition to this broad change, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities. His \"Capitulary for the Jews\", however, was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews, and certainly not his earlier relationship with them, which evolved","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63510","text":"when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him \"Imperator Romanorum\" (\"Emperor of the Romans\") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope effectively nullified the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople:Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor, though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI, had the effect of setting up two separate (and often opposing) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority. For centuries to come, the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole. Einhard says that Charlemagne was","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63447","text":"as did the French and German monarchies. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially, labelling as heterodox his support of the filioque and the Pope's recognizing him as legitimate Roman Emperor rather than Irene of Athens of the Byzantine Empire. These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054. Charlemagne died in 814, having ruled as emperor for almost 14 years. He was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen. He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons, but only his son","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"19826945","text":"Talisman of Charlemagne The Talisman of Charlemagne is a 9th-century Carolingian reliquary encolpion that may once have belonged to Charlemagne and is purported to contain a fragment of the True Cross. It is the only surviving piece of goldwork which can be connected with Charlemagne himself with some degree of probability, but the connection has been seriously questioned. The talisman is now kept in Rheims in the Palace of Tau (inv.no. G 7). The 7.3 cm long medallion is one of the few surviving items of goldsmithery from the ninth century AD. It is not really a piece of religious","title":"Talisman of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"17901087","text":"Sabre of Charlemagne The so-called Sabre of Charlemagne (German: \"Säbel Karls des Großen\") is an early sabre of Hungarian (Magyar) type (presumably made in the early 10th century) falsely reputed to have belonged to the ruler Charlemagne which has exceptionally been preserved (as opposed to recovered from the archaeological record) as part of the Aachen regalia of the Holy Roman Empire. Along with the rest of the imperial regalia from both Aachen and Nuremberg, it is now kept in the Hofburg Palace, Vienna. The Sabre of Charlemagne is not to be confused with a second weapon which is also ascribed","title":"Sabre of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"17773931","text":"Prize of Aachen Bust of Charlemagne The Bust of Charlemagne (de: \"Karlsbüste\") is a reliquary from around 1350 which is supposed to contain Charlemagne's skullcap. The reliquary is part of the treasure kept in the Aachen Cathedral Treasury. Made in the Mosan region, long a center of high-quality metalwork, the bust is a masterpiece both of late Gothic metalwork as well figural sculpture. The Bust of Charlemagne, as a masterpiece of Mosan goldwork, initiated a height of silver-gilt naturalistic reliquary busts. Created 500 years after the death of Charlemagne, the bust is an idealized representation, the facial structure, hair style","title":"Bust of Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"11849576","text":"tracks \"Dusty Fingers\" and \"Back To Basics\" for the album \"Back To Basics Chapter One\" and then later on \"Lost Orbit\" and \"Frozen\" for the album \"Back To Basics Chapter Two\". She also worked with London Elektricity and S.P.Y on the track \"I Am Somebody\" for the Street Child World Cup. In 2015 she provided the backing vocals for Ricky Valance's single Welcome Home in aid to raise money for various RAF charities. After being diagnosed with kidney cancer the previous year, Charlemagne died of the disease on 28 October 2015, aged 51. Diane Charlemagne Diane Charlemagne (22 February 1964","title":"Diane Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"63538","text":"Lombard; Italians Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia; and Franks Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard and Waldo of Reichenau. Charlemagne promoted the liberal arts at court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself (in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves) under the tutelage of Peter of Pisa, from whom he learned grammar; Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialectic (logic), and astronomy (he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars); and Einhard, who tutored him in arithmetic. His great scholarly failure, as Einhard relates, was","title":"Charlemagne"},{"psg_id":"11043096","text":"d'Orient\"). The ship remained there until she was ordered to Toulon in August 1917. \"Charlemagne\" was placed in reserve on 17 September and disarmed on 1 November. She was condemned on 21 June 1920 and later sold for scrap in 1923. French battleship Charlemagne Charlemagne was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the French Navy in the mid-1890s, name ship of her class. She spent most of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron (\"escadre de la Méditerranée\"). Twice she participated in the occupation of the port of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, then owned by the Ottoman Empire, once","title":"French battleship Charlemagne"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16424519\",\n \"text\": \"their inheritance by their father. Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne Bertha (c. 780 – after 11 March 824) was the seventh child and third daughter of Charlemagne, King of the Franks, by his second wife, Hildegard of the Vinzgau. Bertha was raised with her brothers and sisters in the royal household of Charlemagne, who had all of his children educated by tutors. An offer by Offa of Mercia to arrange a marriage between Bertha and his son, Ecgfrith, led to Charlemagne breaking off diplomatic relations with Mercia in 790, and banning English ships from his ports. Like her sisters, Bertha never\",\n \"title\": \"Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16424516\",\n \"text\": \"Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne Bertha (c. 780 – after 11 March 824) was the seventh child and third daughter of Charlemagne, King of the Franks, by his second wife, Hildegard of the Vinzgau. Bertha was raised with her brothers and sisters in the royal household of Charlemagne, who had all of his children educated by tutors. An offer by Offa of Mercia to arrange a marriage between Bertha and his son, Ecgfrith, led to Charlemagne breaking off diplomatic relations with Mercia in 790, and banning English ships from his ports. Like her sisters, Bertha never formally married; it has been\",\n \"title\": \"Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63477\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne upheld the pope's side. Charlemagne demanded what the pope had requested, but Desiderius swore never to comply. Charlemagne and his uncle Bernard crossed the Alps in 773 and chased the Lombards back to Pavia, which they then besieged. Charlemagne temporarily left the siege to deal with Adelchis, son of Desiderius, who was raising an army at Verona. The young prince was chased to the Adriatic littoral and fled to Constantinople to plead for assistance from Constantine V, who was waging war with Bulgaria. The siege lasted until the spring of 774 when Charlemagne visited the pope in Rome. There\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8281146\",\n \"text\": \"Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne or Voyage de Charlemagne à Jérusalem et à Constantinople (\\\"Pilgrimage of Charlemagne\\\" or \\\"Charlemagne's Voyage to Jerusalem and Constantinople\\\") is an Old French \\\"chanson de geste\\\" (epic poem) dealing with a fictional expedition by Charlemagne and his knights. The oldest known written version was probably composed around 1140. Two 15th-century reworkings of the story are also known. In the story, Charlemagne asks his wife if she thinks he is the most handsome king in the world. To Charlemagne's outrage, she answers that the (fictional) Byzantine Emperor Hugo is better looking. Under the\",\n \"title\": \"Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63493\",\n \"text\": \"Chanson de Roland\\\"). The conquest of Italy brought Charlemagne in contact with the Saracens who, at the time, controlled the Mediterranean. Charlemagne's eldest son, Pepin the Hunchback, was much occupied with Saracens in Italy. Charlemagne conquered Corsica and Sardinia at an unknown date and in 799 the Balearic Islands. The islands were often attacked by Saracen pirates, but the counts of Genoa and Tuscany (Boniface) controlled them with large fleets until the end of Charlemagne's reign. Charlemagne even had contact with the caliphal court in Baghdad. In 797 (or possibly 801), the caliph of Baghdad, Harun al-Rashid, presented Charlemagne with\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11849574\",\n \"text\": \"Diane Charlemagne Diane Charlemagne (22 February 1964 – 28 October 2015) was a British jazz, soul, funk and electronic dance music singer. Charlemagne was lead singer with 1980s funk band, 52nd Street, having replaced previous lead vocalist Beverley McDonald in 1984. In 1990, 52nd Street re-emerged as Cool Down Zone, with Charlemagne providing vocals as well as having writing credits on all 10 songs on their album \\\"New Direction\\\". Later she was lead singer with Urban Cookie Collective, who had two UK Top 10 hits in the 1990s. Charlemagne provided the vocal for Goldie's \\\"Inner City Life\\\", and performed vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675705\",\n \"text\": \"Corton-Charlemagne Corton-Charlemagne is an \\\"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\\\" (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for white wine in Côte de Beaune subregion of Burgundy. It is located in the communes of Aloxe-Corton, Pernand-Vergelesses and Ladoix-Serrigny with Chardonnay being the only permitted grape variety. Around 300,000 bottles of white wine are produced each year in the appellation. Corton-Charlemagne is named after the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne, who once owned the hill of Corton on which the vineyards now rest. The first mention of a \\\"Clos de Charlemagne\\\" dates to 1375, in a lease of the 'Clos le Charlemagne' by the Chapitre de Saint-Androche-de-\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63527\",\n \"text\": \"earthenwork rampart. The Danevirke protected Danish land and gave Godfred the opportunity to harass Frisia and Flanders with pirate raids. He also subdued the Frank-allied Veleti and fought the Abotrites. Godfred invaded Frisia, joked of visiting Aachen, but was murdered before he could do any more, either by a Frankish assassin or by one of his own men. Godfred was succeeded by his nephew Hemming, who concluded the Treaty of Heiligen with Charlemagne in late 811. In 813, Charlemagne called Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, his only surviving legitimate son, to his court. There Charlemagne crowned his son as\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15094044\",\n \"text\": \"Order of Charlemagne The Order of Charlemagne () is the only order and civil decoration issued by the Principality of Andorra. The Order of Charlemagne was created 7 December 2007 by the Minister of Culture Juli Minoves Triquell with the purpose to \\\"reward the merits of those who have excelled in their field of work and who have made outstanding services to the Andorran State\\\". The name of the order was given to honour the figure of the founder of the Principality of Andorra, Emperor Charlemagne of the Franks, who granted sovereignty to the people of the \\\"Valleys of Andorra\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63507\",\n \"text\": \"in battle and Charlemagne avenged him by harrying the Eastphalians on the Elbe. Thrasuco, his successor, led his men to conquest over the Nordalbingians and handed their leaders over to Charlemagne, who honoured him. The Abotrites remained loyal until Charles' death and fought later against the Danes. When Charlemagne incorporated much of Central Europe, he brought the Frankish state face to face with the Avars and Slavs in the southeast. The most southeast Frankish neighbours were Croats, who settled in Pannonian Croatia and Dalmatian Croatia. While fighting the Avars, the Franks had called for their support. During the 790s, he\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12848695\",\n \"text\": \"USS Charlemagne USS \\\"Charlemagne\\\" is a fictional brig of war from the \\\"Revolution at Sea\\\" novel series by James L. Nelson. A Continental Navy warship, she is known as the first Continental command of Captain Isaac Biddlecomb in James L. Nelsons \\\"Revolution at Sea\\\" series. She was originally built as a privateer but was taken into the Rhode Island State Navy to stop in her attempt to stop all smuggling in that colony. There she accompanied \\\"Katy\\\" in capturing \\\"Rose\\\"s tender, \\\"Diana\\\". She was then purchased by the Continental Army for a mission to liberate gunpowder on Bermuda. On the\",\n \"title\": \"USS Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63554\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne had a sustained impact on European culture. The author of the \\\"Visio Karoli Magni\\\" written around 865 uses facts gathered apparently from Einhard and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after the dissensions war (840–43) as the basis for a visionary tale of Charles' meeting with a prophetic spectre in a dream. Charlemagne was a model knight as one of the Nine Worthies who enjoyed an important legacy in European culture. One of the great medieval literary cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the \\\"Matter of France\\\", centres on his deeds—the Emperor with the Flowing Beard of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2218735\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne Prize The Charlemagne Prize (; full name originally \\\"Internationaler Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen\\\", International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen, since 1988 \\\"Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen\\\", International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen) is a prize awarded for work done in the service of European unification. It has been awarded annually since 1950 by the German city of Aachen. It commemorates Charlemagne, ruler of the Frankish Empire and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire, who resided and is buried at Aachen. Traditionally the award is given to the recipient on Ascension Day in a ceremony in the town\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14053786\",\n \"text\": \"Cours Charlemagne The Cours Charlemagne is a large central street located in the Perrache quarter, in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon. This street is dedicated to Charlemagne, who came several times to Lyon. In addition, the bishop Leidrade represented the emperor in the city and by his great work of reconstruction. The Cours Charlemagne begins Place des Archives, just at the south of the vaults of the interchange of Perrache. It ends on the Quai Perrache, which overlooks the Pont Pasteur. The layout of the street was decided in 1806 (and published in 1826) to establish an imperial palace at\",\n \"title\": \"Cours Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63560\",\n \"text\": \"hall and the Aachen cathedral, displaying 500 Charlemagne statues. The expansion pack \\\"Age of Charlemagne\\\" for the 2015 strategy game \\\"\\\" features Charlemagne as the faction leader for his half of the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne was a lover of books, sometimes having them read to him during meals. He was thought to enjoy the works of St. Augustine. His court played a key role in producing books that taught elementary Latin and different aspects of the church. It also played a part in creating a royal library that contained in-depth works on language and Christian faith. Charlemagne encouraged clerics to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7797303\",\n \"text\": \"October, a truckload of troops pulled up to his home, roughed him up in front of his family, and hauled him off to jail. His wife, Chantel, went into hiding with the couple's baby son, Ti-Manno, and later fled to the island of Guadeloupe. Charlemagne took up guitar and singing at the age of 16. By 1968, he had formed a band named \\\"Les Remarquables.\\\" He later started a twoubadou band named \\\"Les Trouvères\\\" with Marco Jeanty. Charlemagne died in Miami Beach, Florida on December 10, 2017, aged 69, after a struggle of several months with lung cancer which had\",\n \"title\": \"Manno Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63557\",\n \"text\": \"de Landen and Pépin le Bref). The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (called the \\\"Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen\\\") in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to \\\"personages of merit who have promoted the idea of western unity by their political, economic and literary endeavours.\\\" Winners of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, the founder of the pan-European movement, Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill. In its national anthem, \\\"El Gran Carlemany\\\", the nation of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence. In 1964, young French singer France Gall released the hit song \\\"Sacré Charlemagne\\\" in\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14053789\",\n \"text\": \"club, several banks, etc. The street is currently bordered by a double row of plane trees. Cours Charlemagne The Cours Charlemagne is a large central street located in the Perrache quarter, in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon. This street is dedicated to Charlemagne, who came several times to Lyon. In addition, the bishop Leidrade represented the emperor in the city and by his great work of reconstruction. The Cours Charlemagne begins Place des Archives, just at the south of the vaults of the interchange of Perrache. It ends on the Quai Perrache, which overlooks the Pont Pasteur. The layout of\",\n \"title\": \"Cours Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8281149\",\n \"text\": \"saying he will help Charlemagne. Charlemagne returns to Hugo and claims that he is indeed capable of all the things he and his companions boasted about. Hugo doesn't believe it, but with the help of God, the Peers can perform their tasks. Hugo is very impressed and takes a vow to become Charlemagne's vassal. Once back home he forgives his wife and becomes a more pious king. Whether \\\"Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne\\\" is a satire on the genre of the \\\"chanson de geste\\\" or not is debated. Also, date and location of composition of the poem is unknown. The text\",\n \"title\": \"Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7797301\",\n \"text\": \"Manno Charlemagne Joseph Emmanuel \\\"Manno\\\" Charlemagne (April 14, 1948 – December 10, 2017) was a Haitian political folk singer, songwriter and acoustic guitarist, political activist and politician. He recorded his political chansons in both French and in Creole. He lived abroad in exile twice, both during the 1980s and again during the years 1991–1994, when the country was ruled by a military \\\"junta\\\" led by Raoul Cédras. Charlemagne grew up in Carrefour, to the south of the capital of Port-au-Prince, where he was influenced as much by the songs of the peasants who moved into the area in search of\",\n \"title\": \"Manno Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4107295\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne, Quebec Charlemagne () is an off-island suburb of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of the Rivière des Prairies, northeast of Montreal's downtown core. As of 2011, the population was 5,853. It is the birthplace of recording artist Céline Dion, who was the winner of the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, Ireland, representing Switzerland with her song, \\\"Ne partez pas sans moi\\\". The town council named one of its main streets after her without the recognition of a Quebec commission. Additionally, the town erected a sculpture on Dion's behalf. Charlemagne is also the birthplace\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne, Quebec\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63444\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state that Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire. He was later canonized by Antipope Paschal III. Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7966281\",\n \"text\": \"then defeat it physically. In the next issue, Michael fights with War Dancer, the star of another Defiant series. The series ends with Charles revisiting his family 20 years after he had left home. Charlemagne (comics) Charlemagne is an American extinct comic book series, published by Defiant Comics from February 1994 until July 1994. The series lasted for 5 issues before Defiant ceased publication. A free teaser issue, #0, was published inside \\\"Hero Illustrated\\\" #9, and not available separately. \\\"Charlemagne\\\" revolves around Charles Smith. When the series begins in 1973, Charles is a 12-year-old boy who runs away from home\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7966278\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne (comics) Charlemagne is an American extinct comic book series, published by Defiant Comics from February 1994 until July 1994. The series lasted for 5 issues before Defiant ceased publication. A free teaser issue, #0, was published inside \\\"Hero Illustrated\\\" #9, and not available separately. \\\"Charlemagne\\\" revolves around Charles Smith. When the series begins in 1973, Charles is a 12-year-old boy who runs away from home after his brother Pete is reported missing in Vietnam. Charles manages to get to Vietnam, and spends months trying to locate Pete. His search takes him to a small village where Charles sees his\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11276627\",\n \"text\": \"Gerberga, wife of Carloman I Gerberga (8th century) was the wife of Carloman I, King of the Franks, and sister-in-law of Charlemagne. Her flight to the Lombard kingdom of Desiderius following Carloman's death precipitated the last Franco-Lombard war, and the end of the independent kingdom of the Lombards in 774. Very little is known of Gerberga. Her family and background are otherwise unknown: references to her being a daughter of Desiderius appear to be based upon confusion between herself and her sister-in-law, the Lombard princess Desiderata, who had married Carloman's brother, Charlemagne, as part of a pact between the Franks\",\n \"title\": \"Gerberga, wife of Carloman I\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63556\",\n \"text\": \"relatively primitive. Therefore, storytellers in England adapted legends of Charlemagne and his 12 Peers to the Arthurian tales. In the \\\"Divine Comedy\\\", the spirit of Charlemagne appears to Dante in the , among the other \\\"warriors of the faith\\\". Charlemagne appears in \\\"Adelchi\\\", the second tragedy by Italian writer Alessandro Manzoni, first published in 1822. In 1867, an equestrian statue of Charlemagne was made by Louis Jehotte and was inaugurated in 1868 on the Boulevard d'Avroy in Liège. In the niches of the neo-roman pedestal are six statues of Charlemagne's ancestors (Sainte Begge, Pépin de Herstal, Charles Martel, Bertrude, Pépin\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63551\",\n \"text\": \"Louis. In addition, he had a grandson (Bernard of Italy, the only son of his third son, Pippin of Italy), who was illegitimate but included in the line of inheritance. Among his descendants are several royal dynasties, including the Habsburg, Capetian and Plantagenet dynasties. By consequence, most if not all established European noble families ever since can genealogically trace their background to Charlemagne. He was named \\\"Charles\\\" in French and English, \\\"Carolus\\\" in Latin, after his grandfather, Charles Martel. Later Old French historians dubbed him \\\"Charles le Magne\\\" (Charles the Great), becoming Charlemagne in English after the Norman conquest of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18678974\",\n \"text\": \"on 30 August 1814, \\\"Charlemagne\\\" was transferred to the Dutch Navy, as per the Treaty of Paris. The Dutch brought her into service as \\\"Naussau\\\". French ship Charlemagne (1809) Charlemagne was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, part of the shorter \\\"Borée\\\" subtype. \\\"Charlemagne\\\" was the first ship of the line to be built in Antwerp according to the wishes of Napoléon, who wanted to expand the French Navy by exploiting shipyards in Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy. In 1807, she was stationned in Vlissingen under Commander Dupotet, in the squadron of Vice-Admiral Missiessy. She aided\",\n \"title\": \"French ship Charlemagne (1809)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63505\",\n \"text\": \"line, but in 800, the Bulgarians under Khan Krum attacked the remains of the Avar state. In 803, Charlemagne sent a Bavarian army into Pannonia, defeating and bringing an end to the Avar confederation. In November of the same year, Charlemagne went to Regensburg where the Avar leaders acknowledged him as their ruler. In 805, the Avar khagan, who had already been baptised, went to Aachen to ask permission to settle with his people south-eastward from Vienna. The Transdanubian territories became integral parts of the Frankish realm, which was abolished by the Magyars in 899–900. In 789, in recognition of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4031403\",\n \"text\": \"is dedicated to preserving films that document disappearing traditional cultures. After moving to Europe in 1995, in addition to creating exhibitions, Palestine performs regularly, re-releasing older material and developing new videos and sonic projects. Charlemagne Palestine, who has long incorporated bears and plush toys into his performances, created the art installation Bear Mitzvah in Meshugahland at The Jewish Museum in New York City in 2017. Charlemagne Palestine Chaim Moshe Tzadik Palestine (born 1947), known professionally as Charlemagne Palestine, is an American musical performance artist. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1947, Palestine began by singing sacred Jewish music and studying\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Palestine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675714\",\n \"text\": \"permitted to be called Corton-Charlemagne. The lieu-dits responsible for the majority of Corton-Charlemagne are \\\"Le Charlemagne\\\", \\\"Les Pouget\\\" and \\\"Les Languettes\\\". As part of the Burgundy wine region, the hill of Corton shares the same continental climate as the rest of the Côte-d'Or. The particularly mesoclimate of Corton-Charlemagne is fractionally cooler, by a few growing degrees than the lower slopes that produce red Corton AOC. The majority of Corton-Charlemagne grapes come from the westerly exposed lieu-dits of \\\"Le Charlemagne\\\" and \\\"En Charlemagne\\\". Being not as favorably exposed as the eastern facing lieu-dits of Corton, both the Chardonnay and few Pinot\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19544820\",\n \"text\": \"Testament of Charlemagne The Testament of Charlemagne was documented and witnessed in 811, the 43rd year of his reign. Charlemagne had intended to make a last will and testament in order to share his wealth with his daughters and the children of his concubines (his sons mostly inheriting parts of his kingdom). Unfortunately, it was begun too late and was not finished before his death in 814. Nevertheless, three years prior, he made a division of his possessions, ratified in the presence of the faithful who were called upon as witnesses. The text of this testament is quoted from Einhard\",\n \"title\": \"Testament of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17787366\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne de Maupas Charlemagne Émile de Maupas (8 December 1818 – 19 June 1888) was a French lawyer and politician who was head of the Parisian Police during the critical period when Napoleon III seized power in the coup of 2 December 1851. Charlemagne Émile de Maupas was born in Bar-sur-Aube, Aube, on 8 December 1818. He studied law in Paris. He entered the prefectural career as a sub-prefect of Uzès in 1845, then of Beaune in 1847. He returned to private life after the February Revolution of 1848. He attached himself to the Bonapartist party, and soon gained the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne de Maupas\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19826951\",\n \"text\": \"Empire, Empress Eugenie entrusted it to Henri Conneau who hid it in a wall of his house and transmitted it to her in England. In 1919 it passed from to the Archbishop of Rheims, Cardinal Louis Luçon, who placed it in the church treasury of the Abbey of Saint-Remi. The exchange of the hair of Mary for a piece of the True Cross may have taken place in this period. Talisman of Charlemagne The Talisman of Charlemagne is a 9th-century Carolingian reliquary encolpion that may once have belonged to Charlemagne and is purported to contain a fragment of the True\",\n \"title\": \"Talisman of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675707\",\n \"text\": \"partially overlapping. Furthermore, there is a third Grand Cru appellation on the Corton hill, Charlemagne, that may be used for white wine produced from the \\\"En Charlemagne\\\" lieu-dit. However, as \\\"En Charlemagne\\\" is only 0.28 hectares in size, production is limited and usually blended with grapes from the other lieu-dits of Corton-Charlemagne. As of 2012, the Corton-Charlemagne AOC was producing an average of 2,280 hectoliters of wine a year (around 304,000 bottles of wine) representing more than 2 out of every 3 bottles of all the \\\"Grand Cru\\\" class white wine produced throughout the Côte de Nuits and Côte de\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2218740\",\n \"text\": \"children's children\\\". In April 2008, the organisers of the Charlemagne Prize and the European Parliament jointly created a new European Charlemagne Youth Prize, which recognises contributions by young people towards the process of European integration. (The popes are counted only for the Vatican City) Charlemagne Prize The Charlemagne Prize (; full name originally \\\"Internationaler Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen\\\", International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen, since 1988 \\\"Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen\\\", International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen) is a prize awarded for work done in the service of European unification. It has been awarded annually since 1950 by the German\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63544\",\n \"text\": \"Louis received Aquitaine, the Spanish March and Provence. The imperial title was not mentioned, which led to the suggestion that, at that particular time, Charlemagne regarded the title as an honorary achievement that held no hereditary significance. Pepin died in 810 and Charles in 811. Charlemagne then reconsidered the matter, and in 813, crowned his youngest son, Louis, co-emperor and co-King of the Franks, granting him a half-share of the empire and the rest upon Charlemagne's own death. The only part of the Empire that Louis was not promised was Italy, which Charlemagne specifically bestowed upon Pippin's illegitimate son Bernard.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63523\",\n \"text\": \"endorsed by the Franks. The Second Council of Nicaea reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene. The council was not recognised by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited, even though Charlemagne ruled more than three provinces of the classical Roman empire and was considered equal in rank to the Byzantine emperor. And while the Pope supported the reintroduction of the iconic veneration, he politically digressed from Byzantium. He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, to honour his saviour Charlemagne, and to solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63511\",\n \"text\": \"ignorant of the Pope's intent and did not want any such coronation: A number of modern scholars, however, suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly, he cannot have missed the bejewelled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray; something even contemporary sources support. Historians have debated for centuries whether Charlemagne was aware before the coronation of the Pope's intention to crown him Emperor (Charlemagne declared that he would not have entered Saint Peter's had he known, according to chapter twenty-eight of Einhard's \\\"Vita Karoli Magni\\\"), but that debate obscured the more significant question of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63504\",\n \"text\": \"the Saxons. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne at his capital, Aachen, and redistributed to his followers and to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. Soon the Avar tuduns had lost the will to fight and travelled to Aachen to become vassals to Charlemagne and to become Christians. Charlemagne accepted their surrender and sent one native chief, baptised Abraham, back to Avaria with the ancient title of khagan. Abraham kept his people in\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63456\",\n \"text\": \"bound by a private contract or Friedelehe at the time of his birth, but did not marry until 744. Charlemagne's exact birthplace is unknown, although historians have suggested Aachen in modern-day Germany, and Liège (Herstal) in present-day Belgium as possible locations. Aachen and Liège are close to the region from whence the Merovingian and Carolingian families originated. Other cities have been suggested, including Düren, Gauting, Mürlenbach, Quierzy, and Prüm. No definitive evidence resolves the question. Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pepin the Short (714 – 24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720 –\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63509\",\n \"text\": \"to the Slavs to the west of the Avar khaganate: the Carantanians and Carniolans. These people were subdued by the Lombards and Bavarii and made tributaries, but were never fully incorporated into the Frankish state. In 799, Pope Leo III had been bullied by the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue. Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn. Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a council on 1 December. On 23 December, Leo swore an oath of innocence. At Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December),\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20487119\",\n \"text\": \"Sacré Charlemagne \\\"Sacré Charlemagne\\\" is a song by France Gall. It was released in 1964 as a single, on an EP, and on an album, credited to \\\"France Gall et ses petits amis\\\". According to the charts U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" published in its \\\"Hits of the World\\\" section, the song reached no. 1 in France. The song is about medieval emperor Charlemagne, traditionally seen as the \\\"inventor of school\\\", since education became mandatory for all children during his reign. Because of this the narrator of the song blames Charlemagne for having to go to school. The song was France Gall's first\",\n \"title\": \"Sacré Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6640399\",\n \"text\": \"in Haiti and in the Dominican Republic. Name on birth certificate: François Borgia Charlemagne Peralte Date of birth on birth certificate: 10 October 1885 His father was General Remi Massena Peralte. Source for correction: \\\"1885–1985, Un Centenaire; Charlemagne Peralte,\\\", Georges Michel. Privately published in Port-au-Prince, 1989. Footnote, p. 19. Cites research of Roger Gaillard concerning birth and baptismal certificates in \\\"Premiere Ecrasement du Cacoism\\\", Port-au-Prince:Le Natal, 1981. Also appears in Douglas Henry Daniels's English translation of Michel's book,\\\"Charlemagne Peralte and the First American Occupation.\\\" Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing CO., 1996. An officer by career, Charlemagne Péralte was the military chief\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Péralte\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13639362\",\n \"text\": \"in Overbrook, outside of Philadelphia. On February 9, 1923 he entered the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. Charlemagne Tower Jr. died February 24, 1923. The cause of death was pneumonia. He was buried in Waterville Cemetery in Waterville, NY. \\\"This article integrates text in the public domain taken from the following two sources:\\\" Charlemagne Tower Jr. Charlemagne Tower Jr. (April 17, 1848February 24, 1923) was an American businessman, scholar, and diplomat. Charlemagne Tower was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 17, 1848 to Charlemagne Tower Sr. and Amelia Malvina (Bartle) Tower. He was the first of seven children and his sister,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Tower Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6586611\",\n \"text\": \"Lycée Charlemagne The Lycée Charlemagne is located in the Marais quarter of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, the capital city of France. Constructed many centuries before it became a lycée, the building originally served as the home of the Order of the Jesuits. The lycée itself was founded by Napoléon Bonaparte and celebrated its bicentennial in 2004. The lycée is directly connected to the Collège Charlemagne (formerly known as \\\"le petit lycée\\\") which is located directly across from it, on the Rue Charlemagne. Also the lycée offers two-year courses preparing students for entry to the Grandes écoles, divided into seven\",\n \"title\": \"Lycée Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7797302\",\n \"text\": \"a livelihood, as by his Catholic school choir. Raised by his aunt, he did not know who is father was until he was 37 years old. In 1986, after the fall of the Duvalier dictatorship, Charlemagne organized a youth group and choir in his old neighborhood, Carrefour. For a brief time following Bertrand Aristide's landslide victory on 16 December 1990, Charlemagne found himself in the role of a government booster. He served as an unofficial minister in the Aristide cabinet, an assignment that ended abruptly nine months later, when a military junta overthrew Haiti's first freely elected president. On 11\",\n \"title\": \"Manno Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6640398\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne Péralte Charlemagne Masséna Péralte (1886 - 1 November 1919) was a Haitian nationalist leader who opposed the US Invasion of his country in 1915. Leading guerrilla fighters called the Cacos, he posed such a challenge to the US forces in Haiti that the occupying forces had to upgrade their presence in the country. Péralte remains a highly praised hero in both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Born in 1886 in the central city of Hinche, Péralte was born into , (Péralte is a French version of the Spanish name Peralta). Péralte is revered on both sides of the island,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Péralte\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4107296\",\n \"text\": \"of politician Camille Laurin. Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates Anglophone public schools: <br> <br> Charlemagne, Quebec Charlemagne () is an off-island suburb of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of the Rivière des Prairies, northeast of Montreal's downtown core. As of 2011, the population was 5,853. It is the birthplace of recording artist Céline Dion, who was the winner of the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, Ireland, representing Switzerland with her song, \\\"Ne partez pas sans moi\\\". The town council named one of its main streets after her without the recognition of a Quebec\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne, Quebec\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675721\",\n \"text\": \"2008, only of the \\\"En Charlemagne\\\" vineyard surface was in production for Charlemagne AOC, producing a total of 7 hectoliters (essentially three barrels worth of wine). Similarly, white wines made from lieu-dits primarily used for Corton AOC (approximately of Chardonnay producing around 88 hectoliters of wine) can be labeled as Corton-Charlemagne or as Corton blanc. Master of Wine Clive Coates describes the Chardonnay of Corton-Charlemagne as being slower to mature than Montrachet with well-made examples from favorable vintages needing at least 10 years of aging before they are drinking at their peak. Coates note that the wines from the Pernand-Vergelesses\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18678973\",\n \"text\": \"French ship Charlemagne (1809) Charlemagne was a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy, part of the shorter \\\"Borée\\\" subtype. \\\"Charlemagne\\\" was the first ship of the line to be built in Antwerp according to the wishes of Napoléon, who wanted to expand the French Navy by exploiting shipyards in Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy. In 1807, she was stationned in Vlissingen under Commander Dupotet, in the squadron of Vice-Admiral Missiessy. She aided in the defence of Antwerp against the amphibious raid led by Chatham, and again during the Siege of Antwerp of 1814. After the Bourbon Restoration,\",\n \"title\": \"French ship Charlemagne (1809)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14934926\",\n \"text\": \"before dying on 7 September 2010 and based primarily on the contemporary biography of Charlemagne written by Einhard, who knew Charlemagne personally. Charlemagne, le prince à cheval Charlemagne, le prince à cheval is a 1993 television miniseries about the life of Charlemagne. It consists of five episodes and covers the period from the death of his father, Pepin the Short in AD 768 until Charlemagne's corronation as the first Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, AD 800. However, there is a minor chronological anachronism: in an earlier episode, we see Widukind, the king of the Saxons surrender and convert to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne, le prince à cheval\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6640404\",\n \"text\": \"and ended his career as a Brigadier General. In his late days, he constantly declined to comment on his exploits in Haiti, notably to Haitian journalist asking for interviews on the 100th anniversary of Péralte's birth, in 1986. Charlemagne Péralte Charlemagne Masséna Péralte (1886 - 1 November 1919) was a Haitian nationalist leader who opposed the US Invasion of his country in 1915. Leading guerrilla fighters called the Cacos, he posed such a challenge to the US forces in Haiti that the occupying forces had to upgrade their presence in the country. Péralte remains a highly praised hero in both\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Péralte\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19544823\",\n \"text\": \"Of course, the division of the empire among his sons is well documented. Turner, Samuel Epes (Translator), \\\"Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne\\\", Harper & Brothers, New York, 1880, reprinted by the University of Michigan Press in 1960 with a copyrighted forward by Sidney Painter Thorpe, Lewis G. M., \\\"Two Lives of Charlemagne\\\", Penguin, 1969 Testament of Charlemagne The Testament of Charlemagne was documented and witnessed in 811, the 43rd year of his reign. Charlemagne had intended to make a last will and testament in order to share his wealth with his daughters and the children of his concubines (his sons\",\n \"title\": \"Testament of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63558\",\n \"text\": \"which the lyrics blame the great king for imposing the burden of compulsory education on French children. Charlemagne is quoted by Dr Henry Jones, Sr. in \\\"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\\\". After using his umbrella to induce a flock of seagulls to smash through the glass cockpit of a pursuing German fighter plane, Henry Jones remarks, \\\"I suddenly remembered my Charlemagne: 'Let my armies be the rocks and the trees and the birds in the sky. Despite the quote's popularity since the movie, there is no evidence that Charlemagne actually said this. \\\"The Economist\\\" features a weekly column entitled\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63491\",\n \"text\": \"to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. In 778, he led the Neustrian army across the Western Pyrenees, while the Austrasians, Lombards, and Burgundians passed over the Eastern Pyrenees. The armies met at Saragossa and Charlemagne received the homage of the Muslim rulers, Sulayman al-Arabi and Kasmin ibn Yusuf, but the city did not fall for him. Indeed, Charlemagne faced the toughest battle of his career. The Muslims forced him\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675720\",\n \"text\": \"level of 12% by volume. In 1998, the combined Corton-Charlemagne and Charlemagne grand cru contained that produced 2325 hectoliters of \\\"Grand Cru\\\" white wine. By 2008, those figured changed only slightly with of vineyard surface being in production within the AOC producing 2,237 hectoliter of wine, corresponding to just under 300,000 bottles. Out of the three Grand Cru AOCs that are make up the hill of Corton, the Charlemagne AOC is the least used of these, as the majority of growers have elected to use the Corton-Charlemagne AOC for white wines from vineyards that are entitled to both appellations. In\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13639359\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne Tower Jr. Charlemagne Tower Jr. (April 17, 1848February 24, 1923) was an American businessman, scholar, and diplomat. Charlemagne Tower was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 17, 1848 to Charlemagne Tower Sr. and Amelia Malvina (Bartle) Tower. He was the first of seven children and his sister, Henrietta, was the last. He spent his childhood in Orwigsburg and Pottsville, Pennsylvania. In 1862 he entered a military academy in New Haven, Connecticut and transferred in 1865 to Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire. Tower entered Harvard University in 1868 and graduated in 1872. After graduating from Harvard, Tower returned\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Tower Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19577424\",\n \"text\": \"Adolf Charlemagne Adolf Iosifovich Charlemagne, or Sharleman (Russian: Адольф Иосифович Шарлемань; 8 December 1826, Saint Petersburg - 31 January 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian painter of historical, genre and battle scenes. He was also the creator of a popular design for playing cards known as the \\\"Satin Deck\\\". His father was the architect, . His grandfather, the sculptor and decorative artist, Jean-Baptiste Charlemagne-Baudet (1734-1789), was originally from Rouen and had come to Russia to work for Catherine the Great. His brother, Iosif, also became an artist and architect. He received his primary education at Saint Peter's School, then enrolled\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9261508\",\n \"text\": \"to the Russian Empire. Charlemagne Tower Charlemagne Tower, (April 18, 1809 – July 25, 1889) was an American lawyer and businessman active in acquiring land in the Schuylkill Valley in Pennsylvania and serving as an officer for coal and railroad companies. He organized and led a company of Union soldiers from Pottsville in a 3-month enlistment during the American Civil War, when he was commissioned as captain. After the war, with sell-off of lands by the Northern Pacific Railroad, he acquired large tracts in the upper Midwest and Northwest. Charlemagne Tower was born on April 18, 1809 in Paris, Oneida\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9261481\",\n \"text\": \"Charlemagne Tower Charlemagne Tower, (April 18, 1809 – July 25, 1889) was an American lawyer and businessman active in acquiring land in the Schuylkill Valley in Pennsylvania and serving as an officer for coal and railroad companies. He organized and led a company of Union soldiers from Pottsville in a 3-month enlistment during the American Civil War, when he was commissioned as captain. After the war, with sell-off of lands by the Northern Pacific Railroad, he acquired large tracts in the upper Midwest and Northwest. Charlemagne Tower was born on April 18, 1809 in Paris, Oneida County, New York, the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7797304\",\n \"text\": \"spread to his brain. 1978, \\\"Manno et Marco\\\", Marc Records Manno Charlemagne Joseph Emmanuel \\\"Manno\\\" Charlemagne (April 14, 1948 – December 10, 2017) was a Haitian political folk singer, songwriter and acoustic guitarist, political activist and politician. He recorded his political chansons in both French and in Creole. He lived abroad in exile twice, both during the 1980s and again during the years 1991–1994, when the country was ruled by a military \\\"junta\\\" led by Raoul Cédras. Charlemagne grew up in Carrefour, to the south of the capital of Port-au-Prince, where he was influenced as much by the songs of\",\n \"title\": \"Manno Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675723\",\n \"text\": \"single Corton-Charlemagne wine. Among the owners of a 16 hectare section of Corton-Charlemagne that falls within the boundaries of the Aloxe is Hospices de Beaune and Maison Louis Latour while Bonneau du Martray owns a large part of the 19 hectare section along the Pernand-Vergelesses section with Domaine Comte Senard also having significant holdings. Corton-Charlemagne Corton-Charlemagne is an \\\"Appellation d'origine contrôlée\\\" (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for white wine in Côte de Beaune subregion of Burgundy. It is located in the communes of Aloxe-Corton, Pernand-Vergelesses and Ladoix-Serrigny with Chardonnay being the only permitted grape variety. Around 300,000 bottles of white\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5221569\",\n \"text\": \"France, he also called his own imperial crown the \\\"Crown of Charlemagne\\\". Crown of Charlemagne The Crown of Charlemagne was a name given to the ancient coronation crown of Kings of the Franks, and later Kings of France after 1237. It was probably created as a simple circlet of four curved rectangular jewelled plates for Charles the Bald, the grandson of Charlemagne, but later, four large jewelled fleur-de-lis were added to these four original plates, probably by Philip Augustus around 1180 and surmounted by a cap decorated with precious stones. At this time a similar but open crown, the one\",\n \"title\": \"Crown of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17740460\",\n \"text\": \"Throne of Charlemagne The Throne of Charlemagne ( or \\\"Aachener Königsthron\\\", \\\"Royal Throne of Aachen\\\") is a throne erected in the 790s by Charlemagne, as one of the fittings of his palatine chapel in Aachen (today's Aachen Cathedral) and placed in the Octagon of the church. Until 1531, it served as the coronation throne of the Kings of Germany, being used at a total of thirty-one coronations. As a result, especially in the eleventh century, it was referred to as the \\\"totius regni archisolum\\\" (\\\"Archstool of the Whole Realm\\\"). Charlemagne himself was not crowned on this throne. The throne is\",\n \"title\": \"Throne of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16552830\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"full on\\\" heavy metal, after performing a more symphonic metal style on his prior releases. He was the oldest heavy metal performer in history. He was joined on the single by tenor Vincent Ricciardi, who also appeared on \\\"Charlemagne: By the Sword and the Cross\\\". Charlemagne: The Omens of Death Charlemagne: The Omens of Death is the fourth and final album by actor and heavy metal singer Christopher Lee. It was released on 27 May 2013. It is a sequel to his album \\\"\\\" (2010). The music was arranged by Judas Priest's Richie Faulkner, and features prominent Guatemalan guitar virtuoso\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne: The Omens of Death\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6586618\",\n \"text\": \"The ratings are determined by three criteria: the level of success, the proportion of students who obtained a Bachelor’s Degree having spent their last two years of school at the establishment, and the added value (calculated from the social background of students, their age and their results at national certificate). It also hosts preparatory classes for schools , namely two classes of MPSI , a class of HPIC for the first year, an MP, and a PC for the second year. In 2015, L'Étudiant gave the following ranking for competitions in 2014: Lycée Charlemagne The Lycée Charlemagne is located in\",\n \"title\": \"Lycée Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6586612\",\n \"text\": \"classes: The school is associated with Charlemagne Middle School that is located just opposite it, on Rue Charlemagne, and is alongside the walls of Philippe Auguste, of which only the exterior cladding still exists. In 1580, The Cardinal de Bourbon bought the Duchess of Montmorency's Hotel of Rochepot and Damville. He gave it to the Jesuits, who demolished the main building located along the Rue Saint Antoine and replaced it with a chapel dedicated to St. Louis, in 1582. Between 1627 and 1647, the Jesuits built a building destined to become their home on the grounds of Philippe-Auguste. This home\",\n \"title\": \"Lycée Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2218738\",\n \"text\": \"Italian Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi in 1952, the International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen has repeatedly sent messages going far beyond Germany and promoting the \\\"unity of Europe\\\". The award sponsors assert that the list of Charlemagne Prize winners reflects the history of the European process of unification. They continue that it has been awarded to the founding fathers of the United Europe such as de Gasperi, Schuman, Monnet and Adenauer, and to those who have embodied hope for integration such as Edward Heath, Konstantin Karamanlis, and His Majesty Juan Carlos I. The sponsors promote that the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne Prize\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17773929\",\n \"text\": \"opposite the king at coronations, who was spiritually affirmed in this way as a legitimate successor of Charlemagne. The use of ancient intaglios and cameos on the reliquary indicates the special significance of Ancient Rome to the Medieval imperial ideology - both Charlemagne and Charles IV saw their rule as part of that tradition. Recent historical research holds that it is very probable that Charles IV was crowned with the same crown which is worn by the reliquary - since the Imperial Crown was then in the possession of Charles' rival Louis IV. It is probable that the hoop with\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11689504\",\n \"text\": \"The Charlemagne Pursuit The Charlemagne Pursuit is Steve Berry's seventh novel, and is the fourth adventure for former U.S. Justice Department Operative turned Antiquarian book dealer, Cotton Malone. It was released on December 9, 2008. The story follows Cotton Malone in his attempt to find details of his father's death. His father, Forrest Malone, was a US Navy Officer who disappeared while on a mission on an experimental submarine in 1971. Also investigating the submarine's fate are the German twins, Cristl Falk and Dorothea Lindauer, whose father was on the same submarine. The search is complicated by Admiral Langford Ramsey,\",\n \"title\": \"The Charlemagne Pursuit\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15094045\",\n \"text\": \"in gratitude for helping him fight the Saracens. Since then, Charlemagne has been a national symbol for the principality. The Grand Master of the order is the Prime Minister of the Principality of Andorra, currently Antoni Martí. Grand Chancellor is the Minister of Culture, currently Olga Gelabert. The order is divided into four classes: Order of Charlemagne The Order of Charlemagne () is the only order and civil decoration issued by the Principality of Andorra. The Order of Charlemagne was created 7 December 2007 by the Minister of Culture Juli Minoves Triquell with the purpose to \\\"reward the merits of\",\n \"title\": \"Order of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20487120\",\n \"text\": \"major success, selling over 2 million copies. In addition to reaching #1 on the French music charts, the song also enjoyed international success, becoming a hit in Japan. Its popularity endures as French schoolchild's song. Sacré Charlemagne \\\"Sacré Charlemagne\\\" is a song by France Gall. It was released in 1964 as a single, on an EP, and on an album, credited to \\\"France Gall et ses petits amis\\\". According to the charts U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" published in its \\\"Hits of the World\\\" section, the song reached no. 1 in France. The song is about medieval emperor Charlemagne, traditionally seen as the\",\n \"title\": \"Sacré Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11689505\",\n \"text\": \"who attempts to hide his involvement with a second submarine, one that was sent to find Forest Malone and his crew. Stephanie Nelle, Malone's ex-boss, and Edwin Davis, the (Deputy National Security Advisor), become involved while searching for Charlie Smith, a killer hired by Ramsey to eradicate any links to him. The Charlemagne Pursuit The Charlemagne Pursuit is Steve Berry's seventh novel, and is the fourth adventure for former U.S. Justice Department Operative turned Antiquarian book dealer, Cotton Malone. It was released on December 9, 2008. The story follows Cotton Malone in his attempt to find details of his father's\",\n \"title\": \"The Charlemagne Pursuit\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675722\",\n \"text\": \"side tend to have a flinty note and be characterized by more austerity than those from the Aloxe-Corton side that can be slightly more firm and full-bodied. Wine writer Tom Stevenson describes Corton-Charlemagne as \\\"the most sumptuous of all white Burgundies\\\" with rich buttery and fruit flavors and notes of cinnamon, vanilla and honey. Like most Grand cru vineyards in Burgundy ownership of the vines on Corton-Charlemagne is spread out among several growers with some doing estate bottling while other selling their portion of the crop to \\\"négociants\\\" who combine it with the produce of other parcels to make a\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6675706\",\n \"text\": \"Saulieu. According to later legend, the vineyards are dedicated to white grape varieties because the emperor's wife preferred white wines as they did not stain his beard. The AOC was created in 1937. The vines are located on the higher ground of a hilltop that stretches between the Burgundian villages of Ladoix-Serrigny and Pernand-Vergelesses. The slopes planted with the most valuable vineyards face south-east on the hilltop, with the land gradually sloping downwards towards the major French highway Route 74. The red wine appellation of Corton covers the lower part of the hill with the areas for Corton and Corton-Charlemagne\",\n \"title\": \"Corton-Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63479\",\n \"text\": \"Arechis II of Benevento refused to submit and proclaimed independence. Charlemagne was then master of Italy as king of the Lombards. He left Italy with a garrison in Pavia and a few Frankish counts in place the same year. Instability continued in Italy. In 776, Dukes Hrodgaud of Friuli and Hildeprand of Spoleto rebelled. Charlemagne rushed back from Saxony and defeated the Duke of Friuli in battle; the Duke was slain. The Duke of Spoleto signed a treaty. Their co-conspirator, Arechis, was not subdued, and Adelchis, their candidate in Byzantium, never left that city. Northern Italy was now faithfully his.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63563\",\n \"text\": \"religion. Considered the greatest scholar of his day, he became the king's confidant and adviser. He brought his interest in libraries to the king's court. He was also a tutor to the king and his sons, teaching them liberal arts, theology and astrology. Charlemagne Charlemagne () or Charles the Great (, ; 2 April 742 – 28 January 814), numbered Charles I, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Holy Roman Emperor from 800. He united much of western and central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. He was the first recognised emperor\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63508\",\n \"text\": \"won a major victory over them in 796. Pannonian Croat Duke Vojnomir of Pannonian Croatia aided Charlemagne, and the Franks made themselves overlords over the Croats of northern Dalmatia, Slavonia and Pannonia. The Frankish commander Eric of Friuli wanted to extend his dominion by conquering the Littoral Croat Duchy. During that time, Dalmatian Croatia was ruled by Duke Višeslav of Croatia. In the Battle of Trsat, the forces of Eric fled their positions and were routed by the forces of Višeslav. Eric was among those killed which was a great blow for the Carolingian Empire. Charlemagne also directed his attention\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63503\",\n \"text\": \"the rights he had held. Bavaria was subdivided into Frankish counties, as had been done with Saxony. In 788, the Avars, an Asian nomadic group that had settled down in what is today Hungary (Einhard called them Huns), invaded Friuli and Bavaria. Charlemagne was preoccupied with other matters until 790 when he marched down the Danube and ravaged Avar territory to the Győr. A Lombard army under Pippin then marched into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia. The campaigns ended when the Saxons revolted again in 792. For the next two years, Charlemagne was occupied, along with the Slavs, against\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63502\",\n \"text\": \"among the Slavic Serbs and Czechs. The remaining power confronting the Franks in the east were the Avars. However, Charlemagne acquired other Slavic areas, including Bohemia, Moravia, Austria and Croatia. In 789, Charlemagne turned to Bavaria. He claimed that Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria was an unfit ruler, due to his oath-breaking. The charges were exaggerated, but Tassilo was deposed anyway and put in the monastery of Jumièges. In 794, Tassilo was made to renounce any claim to Bavaria for himself and his family (the Agilolfings) at the synod of Frankfurt; he formally handed over to the king all of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63480\",\n \"text\": \"In 787, Charlemagne directed his attention towards the Duchy of Benevento, where Arechis II was reigning independently with the self-given title of Princeps. Charlemagne's siege of Salerno forced Arechis into submission. However, after Arecchis II's death in 787, his son Grimoald III proclaimed the Duchy of Benevento newly independent. Grimoald was attacked many times by Charles' or his sons' armies, without achieving a definitive victory. Charlemagne lost interest and never again returned to Southern Italy where Grimoald was able to keep the Duchy free from Frankish suzerainty. During the first peace of any substantial length (780–782), Charles began to appoint\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63534\",\n \"text\": \"the realm. Charlemagne instituted principles for accounting practice by means of the Capitulare de villis of 802, which laid down strict rules for the way in which incomes and expenses were to be recorded. Charlemagne applied this system to much of the European continent, and Offa's standard was voluntarily adopted by much of England. After Charlemagne's death, continental coinage degraded, and most of Europe resorted to using the continued high-quality English coin until about 1100. Early in Charlemagne's rule he tacitly allowed Jews to monopolise money lending. Then lending of money for interest was proscribed in 814 because it violated\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63532\",\n \"text\": \"extensively by the Frankish military because they provided a quick, long-distance method of transporting troops, which was critical to building and maintaining the large empire. Charlemagne had an important role in determining Europe's immediate economic future. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne abolished the monetary system based on the gold . Instead, he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up Pippin's system for pragmatic reasons, notably a shortage of the metal. The gold shortage was a direct consequence of the conclusion of peace with Byzantium, which resulted in ceding Venice and Sicily to the East and losing their trade\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63501\",\n \"text\": \"of Charlemagne, Christian Saxons and Slavs quickly crushed it. The last insurrection occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them, but also failed. According to Einhard: By 774, Charlemagne had invaded the Kingdom of Lombardy, and he later annexed the Lombardian territories and assumed its crown, placing the Papal States under Frankish protection. The Duchy of Spoleto south of Rome was acquired in 774, while in the central western parts of Europe, the Duchy of Bavaria was absorbed and the Bavarian policy continued of establishing tributary marches, (borders protected in return for tribute or taxes)\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63497\",\n \"text\": \"Jutland peninsula, was Nordalbingia. In his first campaign, in 773, Charlemagne forced the Engrians to submit and cut down an Irminsul pillar near Paderborn. The campaign was cut short by his first expedition to Italy. He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. He then crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated a Saxon force, and its leader Hessi converted to Christianity. Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions. He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63559\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Charlemagne\\\", focusing generally on European affairs and, more usually and specifically, on the European Union and its politics. Actor and singer Christopher Lee's symphonic metal concept album \\\"\\\" and its heavy metal follow-up \\\"\\\" feature the events of Charlemagne's life. A 2010 episode of \\\"QI\\\" discussed the mathematics completed by Mark Humphrys that calculated that all modern Europeans are highly likely to share Charlemagne as a common ancestor (see most recent common ancestor). In April 2014, on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of Charlemagne's death, public art \\\"Mein Karl\\\" by Ottmar Hörl at Katschhof place was installed between city\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63555\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Roland\\\" fame—and his historical commander of the border with Brittany, Roland, and the 12 paladins. These are analogous to, and inspired the myth of, the Knights of the Round Table of King Arthur's court. Their tales constitute the first \\\"chansons de geste\\\". In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth based his stories of Arthur largely on stories of Charlemagne. During the Hundred Years War in the 14th century, there was considerable cultural conflict in England, where the Norman rulers were aware of their French roots and identified with Charlemagne, Anglo-Saxon natives felt more affinity for Arthur, whose own legends were\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63550\",\n \"text\": \"like the common people. Charlemagne had residences across his kingdom, including numerous private estates that were governed in accordance with the Capitulare de villis. A 9th-century document detailing the inventory of an estate at Asnapium listed amounts of livestock, plants and vegetables and kitchenware including cauldrons, drinking cups, brass kettles and firewood. The manor contained seventeen houses built inside the courtyard for nobles and family members and was separated from its supporting villas. Charlemagne had eighteen children with eight of his ten known wives or concubines. Nonetheless, he had only four legitimate grandsons, the four sons of his fourth son,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63543\",\n \"text\": \"however, can be over-emphasised; efforts at taming Merovingian and Germanic influence had been underway before Alcuin arrived at Aachen. The new minuscule was disseminated first from Aachen and later from the influential scriptorium at Tours, where Alcuin retired as an abbot. Charlemagne engaged in many reforms of Frankish governance while continuing many traditional practices, such as the division of the kingdom among sons. In 806, Charlemagne first made provision for the traditional division of the empire on his death. For Charles the Younger he designated Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy and Thuringia. To Pippin, he gave Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63535\",\n \"text\": \"Church law. Charlemagne introduced the \\\"Capitulary for the Jews\\\", a prohibition on Jews engaging in money-lending due to the religious convictions of the majority of his constituents, in essence banning it across the board, a reversal of his earlier recorded general policy. In addition to this broad change, Charlemagne also performed a significant number of microeconomic reforms, such as direct control of prices and levies on certain goods and commodities. His \\\"Capitulary for the Jews\\\", however, was not representative of his overall economic relationship or attitude towards the Frankish Jews, and certainly not his earlier relationship with them, which evolved\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63510\",\n \"text\": \"when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him \\\"Imperator Romanorum\\\" (\\\"Emperor of the Romans\\\") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope effectively nullified the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople:Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor, though intended to represent the continuation of the unbroken line of Emperors from Augustus to Constantine VI, had the effect of setting up two separate (and often opposing) Empires and two separate claims to imperial authority. For centuries to come, the Emperors of both West and East would make competing claims of sovereignty over the whole. Einhard says that Charlemagne was\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63447\",\n \"text\": \"as did the French and German monarchies. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially, labelling as heterodox his support of the filioque and the Pope's recognizing him as legitimate Roman Emperor rather than Irene of Athens of the Byzantine Empire. These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054. Charlemagne died in 814, having ruled as emperor for almost 14 years. He was laid to rest in his imperial capital city of Aachen. He married at least four times and had three legitimate sons, but only his son\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19826945\",\n \"text\": \"Talisman of Charlemagne The Talisman of Charlemagne is a 9th-century Carolingian reliquary encolpion that may once have belonged to Charlemagne and is purported to contain a fragment of the True Cross. It is the only surviving piece of goldwork which can be connected with Charlemagne himself with some degree of probability, but the connection has been seriously questioned. The talisman is now kept in Rheims in the Palace of Tau (inv.no. G 7). The 7.3 cm long medallion is one of the few surviving items of goldsmithery from the ninth century AD. It is not really a piece of religious\",\n \"title\": \"Talisman of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17901087\",\n \"text\": \"Sabre of Charlemagne The so-called Sabre of Charlemagne (German: \\\"Säbel Karls des Großen\\\") is an early sabre of Hungarian (Magyar) type (presumably made in the early 10th century) falsely reputed to have belonged to the ruler Charlemagne which has exceptionally been preserved (as opposed to recovered from the archaeological record) as part of the Aachen regalia of the Holy Roman Empire. Along with the rest of the imperial regalia from both Aachen and Nuremberg, it is now kept in the Hofburg Palace, Vienna. The Sabre of Charlemagne is not to be confused with a second weapon which is also ascribed\",\n \"title\": \"Sabre of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17773931\",\n \"text\": \"Prize of Aachen Bust of Charlemagne The Bust of Charlemagne (de: \\\"Karlsbüste\\\") is a reliquary from around 1350 which is supposed to contain Charlemagne's skullcap. The reliquary is part of the treasure kept in the Aachen Cathedral Treasury. Made in the Mosan region, long a center of high-quality metalwork, the bust is a masterpiece both of late Gothic metalwork as well figural sculpture. The Bust of Charlemagne, as a masterpiece of Mosan goldwork, initiated a height of silver-gilt naturalistic reliquary busts. Created 500 years after the death of Charlemagne, the bust is an idealized representation, the facial structure, hair style\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11849576\",\n \"text\": \"tracks \\\"Dusty Fingers\\\" and \\\"Back To Basics\\\" for the album \\\"Back To Basics Chapter One\\\" and then later on \\\"Lost Orbit\\\" and \\\"Frozen\\\" for the album \\\"Back To Basics Chapter Two\\\". She also worked with London Elektricity and S.P.Y on the track \\\"I Am Somebody\\\" for the Street Child World Cup. In 2015 she provided the backing vocals for Ricky Valance's single Welcome Home in aid to raise money for various RAF charities. After being diagnosed with kidney cancer the previous year, Charlemagne died of the disease on 28 October 2015, aged 51. Diane Charlemagne Diane Charlemagne (22 February 1964\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"63538\",\n \"text\": \"Lombard; Italians Peter of Pisa and Paulinus of Aquileia; and Franks Angilbert, Angilram, Einhard and Waldo of Reichenau. Charlemagne promoted the liberal arts at court, ordering that his children and grandchildren be well-educated, and even studying himself (in a time when even leaders who promoted education did not take time to learn themselves) under the tutelage of Peter of Pisa, from whom he learned grammar; Alcuin, with whom he studied rhetoric, dialectic (logic), and astronomy (he was particularly interested in the movements of the stars); and Einhard, who tutored him in arithmetic. His great scholarly failure, as Einhard relates, was\",\n \"title\": \"Charlemagne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11043096\",\n \"text\": \"d'Orient\\\"). The ship remained there until she was ordered to Toulon in August 1917. \\\"Charlemagne\\\" was placed in reserve on 17 September and disarmed on 1 November. She was condemned on 21 June 1920 and later sold for scrap in 1923. French battleship Charlemagne Charlemagne was a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the French Navy in the mid-1890s, name ship of her class. She spent most of her career assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron (\\\"escadre de la Méditerranée\\\"). Twice she participated in the occupation of the port of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, then owned by the Ottoman Empire, once\",\n \"title\": \"French battleship Charlemagne\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["fastrada","luitgard","hildegard of savoy","desiderata of the lombards","himiltrude"],"string":"[\n \"fastrada\",\n \"luitgard\",\n \"hildegard of savoy\",\n \"desiderata of the lombards\",\n \"himiltrude\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1682,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where did woodrow wilson go to school?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2585607","text":"activities. Nearly all full-time Woodrow Wilson School faculty members have dual appointments with other departments at the University. The School also has visiting professors, lecturers, and practitioners from the world of public and international affairs that teach. Faculty members at the School include Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, and former ambassadors. Nobel Laureates include Angus Deaton, Daniel Kahneman, Paul Krugman, and Arthur Lewis. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs is a professional public policy school at Princeton University. The school provides an array of comprehensive coursework in the fields","title":"Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2585607\",\n \"text\": \"activities. Nearly all full-time Woodrow Wilson School faculty members have dual appointments with other departments at the University. The School also has visiting professors, lecturers, and practitioners from the world of public and international affairs that teach. Faculty members at the School include Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, and former ambassadors. Nobel Laureates include Angus Deaton, Daniel Kahneman, Paul Krugman, and Arthur Lewis. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs is a professional public policy school at Princeton University. The school provides an array of comprehensive coursework in the fields\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"6448476","text":"Lyons of \"Texas Monthly\" stated in 1979 that \"In short, everything that has been happening demographically within the DISD and, by extension, within U.S. big-city high schools has been happening to Woodrow Wilson.\" In 1976 federal judge William M. Taylor wrote a school integration order for Dallas. This initial order stated that the enrollments should be balanced by closing Woodrow Wilson. The school remained open after residents of Lakewood protested, saying that it would close an already-integrated school. His order did not require education levels after grade 8 to use integration busing. Lyons wrote that therefore Woodrow Wilson was \"one","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"6448471","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public secondary school located in the Lakewood neighborhood of East Dallas, Texas (USA). Woodrow enrolls students in grades 9-12 and is a part of the Dallas Independent School District. In 2009, DISD authorized Woodrow to apply to become certified as the first Dallas school to be authorized as an IB World School offering the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, a/k/a the IB Degree. It earned its official designation as an IB World School on March 18, 2011. It was named in honor of former U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, who died","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"6202071","text":"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School Woodrow Wilson High School (colloquially known as Long Beach Wilson) is an American public high school located in Long Beach, California. This two-block campus is located approximately 1.5 miles from the Pacific Ocean, across from the Recreation Park, and approximately 3 miles from Orange County. Woodrow Wilson Classical High School was established in 1925 as the second school in the city, and ultimately opened for classes in 1926. The institution was named after Woodrow Wilson, who was an American politician and served as the 28th president of the United States. In 1926, a group of","title":"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School"},{"psg_id":"6448514","text":"largely originated from wealthier neighborhoods in the north of the Woodrow Wilson attendance zone. Students are required to wear school uniforms. The Texas Education Agency specifies that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify \"bona fide\" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections. As of 2015, J.L. Long Middle School (6-8) feeds into Woodrow Wilson. Source Dallas News Obituary. Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas) Woodrow Wilson High School is","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"16617388","text":"in 1986. Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a certified International Baccalaureate School since 2012. Woodrow Wilson Middle School Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a historic middle school located in the Castor Gardens neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1928. It is a three-story, 15-bay, brick and limestone building in the Classical Revival style. It features a projecting center entrance pavilion, four Doric order columns supporting an entablature, and balustraded parapet. The school was named after the 28th President President of the United","title":"Woodrow Wilson Middle School"},{"psg_id":"16617387","text":"Woodrow Wilson Middle School Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a historic middle school located in the Castor Gardens neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1928. It is a three-story, 15-bay, brick and limestone building in the Classical Revival style. It features a projecting center entrance pavilion, four Doric order columns supporting an entablature, and balustraded parapet. The school was named after the 28th President President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places","title":"Woodrow Wilson Middle School"},{"psg_id":"10854741","text":"called Washington Street School, and later F.T. Briggs School. In September 1955, Woodrow Wilson High School moved again to a new facility on Willett Drive, and the vacated building on High Street became Harry Hunt Junior High School. In September 1993, Woodrow Wilson was merged with Cradock High School and Manor High School. To appease alumni, the Woodrow Wilson name was kept, though the three schools were merged into the Manor building, which opened in 1972. The school, along with others in the area, has recently become noted for its high dropout rates. Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia) Woodrow","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"9057219","text":"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is a former high school, now used as residential apartments, located at 339 Hunting Hill Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1931, it was the city's first unified high school, a role it served until 1958. It then served as a junior high school before being adapted to its present residential use. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is located in what is now a predominantly residential area south of downtown Middletown, on the west side of","title":"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School"},{"psg_id":"9282657","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio) Woodrow Wilson High School was one of six traditional public high schools in Youngstown, Ohio and was a part of the Youngstown City School District system. It was closed in 2007, with the opening of the new East High School. The former school building was razed in the winter of 2008. Woodrow Wilson High School was located at the corner of Gibson and Indianola, on Youngstown's south side. Wilson opened in 1928 as a junior high school. In 1936, Wilson became a high school in response to overcrowding at nearby South High School. Sixty-nine","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio)"},{"psg_id":"6448475","text":"at The Meadows Museum. The school has been colloquially called \"Woodrow\" by students and community members from its beginning, fostered by first principal G.L. \"Pop\" Ashburn, who led the school until 1956. The mascot of the school is the Wildcat. A Parent Teacher Association chapter was formed for the school even before its 1928 opening. Until 1957 (when Bryan Adams High School opened), Woodrow was the only \"East Dallas\" high school. The original principal of Woodrow Wilson served for 30 years. Woodrow Wilson integrated in the 1970s as the percentage of black and Hispanic students increased year after year. Gene","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"7740841","text":"the co-editors agreed to end the prior review plan. Martin had cancelled publication of a newspaper article at her previous school in Colorado. Students also publish an annual literary magazine called \"L.A.V.A.\". In April 2013, Wilson High School was named as a Green Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education in recognition for \"being good stewards of the environment.\" Notable alumni of Woodrow Wilson High School include: Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school in Washington, D.C. It serves grades 9 through 12, as part of the District of Columbia Public Schools.","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"9282659","text":"white. The Alma Mater was \"Wilson High, We Love You Dearly\" and the fight song was sung to the tune of The Ohio State University's \"Across the Field\". The yearbook was named, the \"Orion\". Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio) Woodrow Wilson High School was one of six traditional public high schools in Youngstown, Ohio and was a part of the Youngstown City School District system. It was closed in 2007, with the opening of the new East High School. The former school building was razed in the winter of 2008. Woodrow Wilson High School was located at the corner","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio)"},{"psg_id":"18100242","text":"2012. Woodrow Wilson School is a building on the National Historic Register. The high school itself has been moved to the Agassiz Building one mile south. Woodrow Wilson High School shares Agassiz space with the Fargo Adult Learning Center, Early Childhood Special Education, Middle School Alternative Education Day Program (EDP), Project InVest (post high school life skill transition Special Education program) and EvenStart pre-school and the offices of several District programs and community partners. Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Fargo, North Dakota. It currently serves about 130","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)"},{"psg_id":"7740809","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school in Washington, D.C. It serves grades 9 through 12, as part of the District of Columbia Public Schools. The school is located in the Tenleytown neighborhood, at the intersection of Chesapeake Street and Nebraska Avenue NW. It primarily serves students in Washington's Ward 3, although nearly 30% of the student body live outside the school’s boundaries. The school building, built in 1935 and extensively renovated in 2010–2011, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The school was named for Woodrow Wilson, the","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"9312394","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon) President Woodrow Wilson High School\",\" (colloquially Wilson High School), is a public high school in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2006, the school was one of seven in Oregon ranked among America's 1,200 best high schools by \"Newsweek\". In 2008, Wilson was voted 37th out of all the public high schools in the state. Wilson High School was built in 1954, after a ballot measure was passed in 1945 providing $5,000,000 to improve Portland's school system. Population was growing explosively, so emphasis was put on economy and ease of building, instead of on architectural","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon)"},{"psg_id":"9312396","text":"students live within the school boundaries. In 2009, 10% of Wilson's students transferred into the school. In 2008, 87% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 343 students, 299 graduated, 29 dropped out, eight received a modified diploma, and seven were still in high school the following year. Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon) President Woodrow Wilson High School\",\" (colloquially Wilson High School), is a public high school in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2006, the school was one of seven in Oregon ranked among America's 1,200 best high schools by \"Newsweek\". In 2008, Wilson was voted","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon)"},{"psg_id":"18100240","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Fargo, North Dakota. It currently serves about 130 students in grades 10 through 12 and is a part of the Fargo Public Schools system. The school operates as an alternative learning model to the District's other three comprehensive high schools, Fargo North High School, Fargo South High School, and Davies High School. Woodrow Wilson High school is an alternative high school program. Learning goals and graduation requirements are the same as at other Fargo Public Schools high schools, though the format and","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)"},{"psg_id":"6202082","text":"of Olympians. Medals of Long Beach Wilson 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom Woodrow Wilson Classical High School Woodrow Wilson High School (colloquially known as Long Beach Wilson)","title":"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School"},{"psg_id":"7422887","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road. Athletic teams compete as the Woodrow Wilson Flying Eagles in the West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission as a member of the Mountain State Athletic Conference. Beckley High School, the first public high school in the city, opened in 1917 using the facilities of the","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"7422889","text":"outside of main Beckley, the former site was turned into Park Junior High School (now Park Middle School). During the first year of operation at the new site (1967–68), a record number of 2,432 students attended WWHS. Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road. Athletic teams compete as the Woodrow Wilson Flying","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"6448497","text":"\"State accountability reports show that white students at Woodrow are generally successful\" and that \"minority students at Woodrow struggle\" as they do at other DISD schools. In November 2011 the Texas Education Agency ranked Woodrow Wilson \"Academically Unacceptable\". At the time 68% of its students were categorized as at risk. Nearby Highland Park High School in University Park was 7.9% at risk. \"The Daily Campus\" compared and contrasted the two schools' situations that year. In 2014 Woodrow Wilson was one of three DISD comprehensive high schools which had a percentage of tested students with a 990 or higher on the","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"9358986","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Tacoma, Washington) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public secondary school in Tacoma, Washington. It is one of five traditional high schools in the Tacoma Public School System and is located at the intersection of Orchard Street and 11th Street. Wilson's current principal is Dan Besett; assistant principals are Shane Silva and Bernadette Ray. Dale Chihuly, a glass artist who graduated from Wilson, established HillTop Artists, a glass working program at Wilson. For a $20 fee, students can blow glass, make glass beads, and participate in kiln work. This program is run by glass artists","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Tacoma, Washington)"},{"psg_id":"9057221","text":"meet the growing demand for education in the city's more rural outlying areas. At first considered for use as a junior high school, and had what were then state-of-the-art facilities, including specialized classrooms, laboratory and vocational shop areas, and art and music rooms. It served as the city's high school until 1958, and then as a junior high school, before it was rehabilitated for residential use. Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is a former high school, now used as residential apartments, located at 339 Hunting Hill Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1931, it was","title":"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School"},{"psg_id":"10854739","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Portsmouth, Virginia. It is administered by Portsmouth City Public Schools. The school colors are royal blue, orange, and white, and the nickname is the Presidents. Wilson can be traced back to 1885, when a high school was organized at The Academy on Glasgow Street, which had housed only grammar and elementary students from 1850 through 1884. The first high school class graduated that same year. In 1886 the Glasgow Street building was no longer suitable, so the city erected a new building on","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"5997444","text":"times. Fall: Winter: Spring: Notable alumni include: Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles) Woodrow Wilson High School is a Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) high school in the Eastside region of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is located in the community of El Sereno, atop the Ascot Hills at 4500 Multnomah Street. The school serves the El Sereno and University Hills communities, and areas of City Terrace and Ramona Gardens. Wilson High, with an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students, is under the direct supervision of LAUSD Local District East, Board District 2. The school colors are navy blue,","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)"},{"psg_id":"5997425","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles) Woodrow Wilson High School is a Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) high school in the Eastside region of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is located in the community of El Sereno, atop the Ascot Hills at 4500 Multnomah Street. The school serves the El Sereno and University Hills communities, and areas of City Terrace and Ramona Gardens. Wilson High, with an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students, is under the direct supervision of LAUSD Local District East, Board District 2. The school colors are navy blue, Vegas gold and white. The school's mascot","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)"},{"psg_id":"19108946","text":"took office on January 1, 1956. The Little Rock Nine school desegregation case occurred near the end of Mann's term as mayor in 1957. Outraged by Governor Orval Faubus' order that National Guard troops block the entrance of the students at Little Rock Central High School, Mann sent a telegram to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to request federal troops. Eisenhower soon authorized the troops. After his term as mayor, Mann moved in 1960 to Houston, Texas, where he died in 2002 and is interred at Memorial Oaks Cemetery. Woodrow Wilson Mann Woodrow Wilson Mann (November 13, 1916 – August 6,","title":"Woodrow Wilson Mann"},{"psg_id":"6448500","text":"the test. The Woodrow Wilson Wildcats compete in the following sports: Woodrow has been called the \"High School Home of the Heisman\" because it was the first high school in the nation to be the alma mater of two Heisman Trophy winners: Davey O'Brien (1938) and Tim Brown (1987), and it remains the only public high school in the U.S. to have that distinction. As a relatively small inner-city Dallas public school that is coeducational and builds its athletic teams from the ethnically and economically diverse students within its tight attendance zone, Woodrow was proud to remain unparalleled among all","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"5997427","text":"school mascot. Other reasons cited were to honor the important pre-mechanization role 200,000+ mules played during World War I when Woodrow Wilson was president, and to acknowledge Woodrow Wilson's association with the Democratic Party whose symbol is the mule or donkey. In 1970, Woodrow Wilson Senior High School moved to its current location on Multnomah Avenue. The new 37-acre campus and buildings were constructed between 1968-1969 and designed by the renowned African American architect Paul Revere Williams. It was an engineering challenge to excavate over one million cubic yards of earth to re-grade the hilltop and to use 3,500 tons","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)"},{"psg_id":"15766852","text":"In 1953, the Wilson school was converted to an elementary school and renamed Lincoln Elementary School. Aspects of the building were altered to accommodate smaller students, such as lowered blackboards and bathroom fixtures. The original twenty classrooms were reduced to fourteen, creating larger interior spaces that included administrative offices. The library was made smaller, and a storeroom and kitchen were added. After the school was closed and vacated by the school district in 1987, the building was repurposed as the Lincoln School Condominiums. Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon) Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, located in Eugene, Oregon, United","title":"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon)"},{"psg_id":"7740813","text":"School of Education. In mid-2006, Woodrow Wilson High School was proposed to be a charter school, but the superintendent asked the school to hold off in exchange for being granted control over certain areas of autonomy especially facilities. Upon Tarason's departure to become a middle school principal in Hagerstown, Maryland, Mrs. Jacqueline Williams became interim principal in 2007. In 2008, DCPS chancellor Michelle Rhee selected Peter Cahall, a former teacher and administrator with the MCPS system, as the new principal. The school building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. Woodrow Wilson was one of eleven","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"6448513","text":"including those residing in East Dallas apartments and some commuting from South Dallas. In 1928 the students attending Woodrow were of upper middle class and wealthy class families. In 1971 75-80% of Woodrow Wilson's students were Anglo White. By 1979 the percentages were 51% Anglo White, 27% Mexican American, and 22% Black. In 1979 the school had 1,450 students. By 1979 multiple generations of Anglo White families in Lakewood had attended Woodrow Wilson. That year Gene Lyons of \"Texas Monthly\" wrote that \"Woodrow is seen as a community school\" in the Lakewood community. As of 1979 the parent-teacher association (PTA)","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"6448486","text":"a real estate analysis, \"Where to Buy for the Best Schools\" In September 2011, a \"Dallas Morning News\" analysis by education reporter Holly Hacker showed that Woodrow Wilson High School ranks high in college readiness. The survey took socio-economic levels and other statistics into account to show true performance among high schools with differing student populations. Woodrow was one of only twenty schools in the North Texas area to be found \"exceeding expectations\" by the analysis. It was one of only two Dallas comprehensive high schools to make the list. The three story main campus building, made of brick, uses","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"5849720","text":"places, the Wilson Center will host events where different scholars talk about local policy issues, before the award reception. Woodrow Wilson Awards Woodrow Wilson Awards are given out in multiple countries each year by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution to individuals in both the public sphere and business who have shown an outstanding commitment to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson's dream of integrating politics, scholarship, and policy for the common good. Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great","title":"Woodrow Wilson Awards"},{"psg_id":"17232214","text":"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota) The Woodrow Wilson School in Fargo, North Dakota is a historic building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was added to the Registry on October 24, 2012, as entry #12000881. It was deemed notable for its Collegiate Gothic design by local architects Haxby and Braseth. The school \"is also a good example of how design changed to meet Progressive-era education ideas.\" It is Fargo's 2nd oldest surviving school building, was the city's only high school until 1921, and it served the community as a school for 95 years. Originally","title":"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota)"},{"psg_id":"17232215","text":"the school served elementary grades and also provided adult education in the evenings; it later was used as an alternative high school, complementing three other high schools in the Fargo Public Schools district, until 2012. The alternative high school moved to the Agassiz Building at 1305 S. Ninth Avenue in March, 2012. Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota) The Woodrow Wilson School in Fargo, North Dakota is a historic building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was added to the Registry on October 24, 2012, as entry #12000881. It was deemed notable for its Collegiate","title":"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota)"},{"psg_id":"15766851","text":"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon) Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, located in Eugene, Oregon, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The school was constructed in 1924 on four acres at 650 West 12th Avenue near Jefferson Street for the Eugene Public School System. Architect Frederick Manson White of Portland designed the 57,120 square-foot building to accommodate 840 students. White also designed the other school built that year in Eugene, Roosevelt Junior High on Agate Street. After it opened in September 1925, Wilson became a central part of middle school education in western Eugene.","title":"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon)"},{"psg_id":"10447572","text":"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public high school in the City of Camden, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Camden City Public Schools. As of the 2015-16 school year, the school had an enrollment of 897 students and 45.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 19.7:1. There were 517 students (57.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school was the 314th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey)"},{"psg_id":"6448484","text":"after a rigorous three-year application process, including an extensive site visit by the IB Organization. In December 2009, Woodrow earned the Texas ACT College Readiness Award, the only Dallas comprehensive high school to receive that honor. The Woodrow Wilson High School Community Foundation was formed in 2009. The Community Foundation's purpose is to raise funds, grants, and scholarships to support the faculty, students, and programs at Woodrow and its feeder schools. It also exists to cultivate other area programs and projects. In 2011, \"The Washington Post\" ranked high schools based on the quantity of AP/IB exams taken per graduating senior,","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"6448478","text":"Woodrow Alums formalized their activities by creating the Woodrow Wilson High School Alumni Association, Inc. as an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) Texas nonprofit corporation, to maintain and improve communications for and among Woodrow Alums. In 1989 and 1999, the Alumni Association held Woodrow's 60th and 70th Anniversary Celebrations and, at each, inducted additional members into Woodrow's Hall of Fame. Since the 70th, Woodrow's Anniversary Celebrations have been held at 5 year intervals. In 2004, thousands attended Woodrow's 75th Anniversary Celebration, which included a parade (from Lakewood to the school, with Congressman Sam Johnson as Grand Marshal, chauffeured in a new Ford Mustang","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"10447577","text":"Group III championships with a 27-14 win over Egg Harbor Township High School. Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public high school in the City of Camden, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Camden City Public Schools. As of the 2015-16 school year, the school had an enrollment of 897 students and 45.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 19.7:1. There were 517 students (57.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey)"},{"psg_id":"6448477","text":"of the few \"naturally integrated\" schools in Dallas.\" In 1981, interiors for the movie \"Crisis at Central High\" starring Joanne Woodward, were filmed at the school. Many students, including the late Lance Bircher '83 (cited for his scene by imdb.com), were used in the filming. Of course, Woodrow students (actually the old alumni) were thrilled to receive a visit from Miss Woodward's husband, Paul Newman. In 1979, Woodrow Alums planned and held Woodrow's 50th Anniversary Celebration, established the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, and inducted the Hall of Fame's first class of members. Nine years later, in 1988,","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"6448512","text":"are classified as economically disadvantaged, about the average for Texas public high schools. As of 2008, 68% of the students are Hispanic, mainly of Mexican origins. Many of them had immigrated from central Mexico, including Guanajuato. 18% of the students were white, most of them being middle class and some being upper class. Some white students had politically progressive/liberal parents and some had have more moderate political stances and were part of families who had attended Woodrow Wilson for generations. Many white students go on to attend colleges and universities across the United States. 12% of Woodrow students were black,","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"18100241","text":"climate differ significantly. Class sizes are capped at 18 students, and every student is assigned a staff advisor. This practice allows the school to focus on the needs of each individual student. Students attend two classes per day. Classes are 2 1/2 hours in length and should take an average of 27 days to complete. Some classes are self-paced while others are teacher-directed. The basic structure and rules of this alternative school make students responsible for their own educational experiences. The Woodrow Wilson High School program moved from the 1917 Woodrow Wilson School building on North University Drive in March","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)"},{"psg_id":"6448481","text":"who send their kids to Woodrow as somehow racist, because their kids are mainly in the advanced placement classes and the kids of color are mainly not.\" Michael Landauer wrote an editorial in the \"Dallas Morning News\" stating that Dreher made an \"unfair\" accusation against the Woodrow Wilson parents and that it \"actively chooses to assign dark motives to people who are taking an active role in their neighborhood school.\" In response to the above articles, Dreher defended his column and posted rebuttals against his critics' arguments. In 2009, Woodrow celebrated its 80th Anniversary. In honor of alumnus Carroll Shelby's","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"7422888","text":"former Beckley Institute on Park Avenue. It operated there for one year, until a new high school was built on South Kanawha Street - Beckley Graded and High School. The Town District Board of Education made plans for a new building. Through the proceeds from a bond issue, a new structure was built and was occupied in December 1925. It was named for former President Woodrow Wilson, who had died the previous year. Woodrow Wilson High School's new building was built on land adjacent to the former Beckley Institute on Park Avenue. When the school moved to its current site,","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"6202072","text":"high school students chose the nickname Bruins as well as the colors Cardinal and Gold for Long Beach Wilson, due to close distance of two prestigious research universities, the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, respectively. Woodrow Wilson Classical High School earned the distinction of being \"classical\" (hence the term being in the official school name) when they offered graduates a diploma with higher distinction than the regular diploma across the Long Beach Unified School District. Those who earned the \"classical\" diploma fulfilled one year of performing or visual arts and two years of foreign","title":"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School"},{"psg_id":"15358181","text":"letter\" formula. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard's vocal contribution was significant in bringing a fresh yet hypnotic sexiness to the overall sound of the song while remaining true to the backup arrangements that Lamont Dozier had set down. Upon hearing the song's playback, an excited Ross rushed to Gordy's office and told him to come to the studio to listen to the song. Upon hearing playback, a satisfied Gordy nodded saying to the producers and the group that the song had potential to be a top ten hit. \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was released as a single on June","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"13279845","text":"\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"13279844","text":"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\". The Allmusic review of \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" by Lindsay Planer said","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"11939649","text":"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \"Where Did They Go\" and \"My Sweet Lord,\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \"Where Did They Go\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"14240867","text":"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\" Jessie Woodrow Wilson was born in Gainesville, Georgia, the second daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Axson Wilson. She was the middle sister of Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor Wilson McAdoo. Wilson was educated privately in Princeton, New Jersey","title":"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre"},{"psg_id":"7740811","text":"23, 1935, thus becoming the sixth DC Interhigh school. The school started with 640 sophomores and juniors. Many students transferred to Wilson from Central and Western. Western had been running double shifts (9 am – 5 pm) to accommodate the students from the Wilson neighborhoods. The first principal was Norman J. Nelson, who had previously been the assistant principal at Western. Woodrow Wilson High School graduated its first students in February 1937. Chester Moye was class president from the February graduation class. The new school held its first spring commencement exercises, on June 23, 1937, for 290 students. The class","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"7227621","text":"bridge on US Route 50 in Burlington in honor of Barr. Woodrow Wilson Barr Woodrow Wilson Barr (June 8, 1918 – August 7, 1942) was a United States Marine with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. He was killed in action at Tulagi, Solomon Islands, August 7, 1942 — and was posthumously awarded the Silver Star medal for his \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepedity in action\" during the action at Tulagi. Woodrow Barr was born on June 8, 1918 in Keyser, West Virginia. He graduated from Parsons High School; and following graduation worked for four years before enlisting in the U.S. Marine","title":"Woodrow Wilson Barr"},{"psg_id":"7227619","text":"Woodrow Wilson Barr Woodrow Wilson Barr (June 8, 1918 – August 7, 1942) was a United States Marine with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. He was killed in action at Tulagi, Solomon Islands, August 7, 1942 — and was posthumously awarded the Silver Star medal for his \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepedity in action\" during the action at Tulagi. Woodrow Barr was born on June 8, 1918 in Keyser, West Virginia. He graduated from Parsons High School; and following graduation worked for four years before enlisting in the U.S. Marine Corps on January 13, 1942. He completed his recruit training at","title":"Woodrow Wilson Barr"},{"psg_id":"463267","text":"and historians generally rank Wilson as one of the best U.S. presidents. Wilson was born to a Scots-Irish family in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856, at 18–24 North Coalter Street (now the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library). He was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilson's paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland (present-day Northern Ireland), in 1807. His mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow. Wilson's paternal grandparents had settled in Steubenville, Ohio.","title":"Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"14713234","text":"in the United States. Fellows must use their awards for master’s programs at one of 27 teacher preparation programs designated by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship is a program of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation that recruits, supports, and prepares individuals for teaching careers, typically in fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). President Barack Obama cited the Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship as a model of STEM teacher preparation in a January 2010 speech on his administration’s Educate to Innovate initiative. In 2007, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation began to focus","title":"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship"},{"psg_id":"11939648","text":"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \"Where Did They Go\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \"Billboard\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \"Is That All There Is?\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \"My Rock And Foundation\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \"Where Did They Go\" (backed by \"All I Want\") as a 45\" single","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"5849719","text":"Wilson Awards have gone to a diverse set of professionals, including scientists, politicians, entertainers, diplomats, athletes, business executives, doctors and philanthropists. Among business executives, their industries include health care, hotels, restaurants and energy. The following individuals are among the recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Center award for Public Service: The following individuals are recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Center award for Corporate Citizenship (incomplete list): Recipients are given the awards at ceremonial dinners in various cities and countries. At each dinner, the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship are presented. In some","title":"Woodrow Wilson Awards"},{"psg_id":"463412","text":"Ghent, Belgium. In 2010, Wilson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. One year after Wilson's death the U.S. Post Office issued the first postage stamp honoring the late president. Since then, four more stamps were issued in Wilson's honor, the last being issued in 1998. Woodrow Wilson was also an accomplished author and scholar, having written numerous books and essays. Books: Essays: Official Speeches and other works Media coverage Study sites Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the","title":"Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"14240870","text":"1916 – May 12, 2001), was born. In 1919 they were joined by Woodrow Wilson Sayre (February 22, 1919 – September 16, 2002). After World War I, the Sayres moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Francis accepted a position on the Harvard Law School faculty. There, she worked in the interests of the Democratic Party, the League of Nations, and the League of Women Voters. She was also involved with the YWCA, serving on its national board. At the time of Woodrow Wilson's death in 1924, the couple was living in Siam (now Thailand) where Francis was working as an advisor","title":"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre"},{"psg_id":"15358177","text":"Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \"Baby Love\", \"Come","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"15358184","text":"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"19880417","text":"Art on Newbury Street. John Woodrow Wilson John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015) was an American lithographer, sculptor, painter, muralist, and art teacher whose art was driven by the political climate of his time. Wilson was best known for his works portraying themes of social justice and equality. Wilson, commonly referred to by his professional name John Woodrow Wilson, was born the second of five children in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1922.) Both of Wilson's parents were immigrants from British Guiana, a British colony in South America that is known today as Guyana. They emigrated to America a few years before Wilson was","title":"John Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"19880398","text":"John Woodrow Wilson John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015) was an American lithographer, sculptor, painter, muralist, and art teacher whose art was driven by the political climate of his time. Wilson was best known for his works portraying themes of social justice and equality. Wilson, commonly referred to by his professional name John Woodrow Wilson, was born the second of five children in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1922.) Both of Wilson's parents were immigrants from British Guiana, a British colony in South America that is known today as Guyana. They emigrated to America a few years before Wilson was born. British Guiana had","title":"John Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"7740820","text":"poor neighborhoods near Wilson. The neighborhood surrounding Wilson has a median family income of over $80,000 as of 2012. The school's student body is ethnically mixed: 49% African American, 25% Caucasian, 17% Latin American, and 9% Asian American. Overall, 85 countries are represented. Nearly 40% of the students receive free and reduced lunch benefits. Woodrow Wilson High School is the top performer in the non-magnet High School system in the District of Columbia Public Schools system and one of the top performers in DCPS overall. Students are required to complete 24 credits for graduation, including courses in Art, English, Health","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"14713228","text":"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship is a program of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation that recruits, supports, and prepares individuals for teaching careers, typically in fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). President Barack Obama cited the Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship as a model of STEM teacher preparation in a January 2010 speech on his administration’s Educate to Innovate initiative. In 2007, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation began to focus on the closing of achievement gap, both at the K-12 level and also for institutions of higher education. According to studies by various researchers and","title":"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship"},{"psg_id":"5997428","text":"of structural steel for the main buildings. The new Wilson High was the first LAUSD school to implement multi-floored buildings equipped with elevators and escalators to accommodate students with disabilities. In 2012 Woodrow Wilson High School celebrated its 75th anniversary. In late 1967 East Los Angeles had a school system entrenched in racial disparities. It led to the local beginning of the Chicano Movement. The Mexican American community had the highest high school dropout rate and lowest college attendance among any ethnic group. Poor facilities and constant underestimation of student capabilities by teachers created an atmosphere that impeded learning for","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)"},{"psg_id":"9689703","text":"was buried in Pondicherry, India, in 1944. Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Woodrow Wilson (April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944) was the eldest child of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Her two siblings were Jessie and Eleanor. After her mother's death in 1914, Margaret served her father as the White House social hostess, the title later known as First Lady. Her father remarried in 1915. Margaret Woodrow Wilson (her middle name was her paternal grandmother's surname and father's middle name) was born in Gainesville, Georgia in 1886. Both her parents strongly identified with the South, and both","title":"Margaret Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"9689700","text":"Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Woodrow Wilson (April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944) was the eldest child of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Her two siblings were Jessie and Eleanor. After her mother's death in 1914, Margaret served her father as the White House social hostess, the title later known as First Lady. Her father remarried in 1915. Margaret Woodrow Wilson (her middle name was her paternal grandmother's surname and father's middle name) was born in Gainesville, Georgia in 1886. Both her parents strongly identified with the South, and both of their fathers had been Protestant ministers.","title":"Margaret Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"7887272","text":"same period, the Foundation also established fellowships in higher education to encourage preparation for specific national high-need fields such as women's health. From time to time Woodrow Wilson fellowships have also provided support for individuals at particular stages of their careers in higher education, such as the Millicent McIntosh Fellowships for Recently Tenured Faculty and the Woodrow Wilson Academic Postdoctoral Fellowships in the Humanities. During the years after the original Woodrow Wilson Fellowships, the Foundation also launched various programs to cultivate and support teachers at the middle- and high-school levels, as well as in college. The earliest of these was","title":"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation"},{"psg_id":"3473026","text":"Woodrow Wilson Bridge The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge (also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge) is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia, and Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The bridge is one of only a handful of drawbridges in the U.S. Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate system owned and operated by the federal government, but was turned over to the Virginia and Maryland departments of transportation upon project completion. The Wilson Bridge carries Interstate 95 (I-95) and","title":"Woodrow Wilson Bridge"},{"psg_id":"5849713","text":"Woodrow Wilson Awards Woodrow Wilson Awards are given out in multiple countries each year by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution to individuals in both the public sphere and business who have shown an outstanding commitment to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson's dream of integrating politics, scholarship, and policy for the common good. Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great leaders and thinkers throughout the world. Funding from the Awards supports additional research, scholars, and programs in Washington and","title":"Woodrow Wilson Awards"},{"psg_id":"11903014","text":"Where Did Your Heart Go? \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \"Wheel Me Out\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \"Was (Not Was)\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \"It's an Attack!\" as the B-side. A live recording of \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"5235333","text":"Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum is a complex located in Staunton, Virginia. It contains the President's birthplace, known as the \"Manse\", a Museum that explores the life and times of Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), a 6800 sf Research Library, a gift shop, and several other buildings that are not open to the public. As Woodrow Wilson's presidency predates the National Presidential Libraries act, it is not part of the Federal National Archives' Presidential library system. The Woodrow Wilson Birthplace is referred to as The Manse, which is the name of a Presbyterian minister's home. The","title":"Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library"},{"psg_id":"14240872","text":"undergone an emergency appendectomy. Two years later, the Boston branch of the Women's Democratic League was renamed the Jessie Woodrow Sayre Women's Democratic League. She is buried in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\" Jessie Woodrow Wilson was","title":"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre"},{"psg_id":"6202079","text":"the technology industry with their knowledge from the course sequence. There are no prerequisites for this pathway. Woodrow Wilson Classical High school is a participating institution of the Advanced Placement program, which offers students the opportunity to gain college credit albeit two-year and four-year colleges having different policies for granting A.P. credit, if any. The program is maintained by College Board, an organization that administers the AP exams. Long Beach Wilson offers students the chance to participate in Advanced Placement for 27 different disciplines. Although there may be requirements to take an A.P. class, it is possible to challenge any","title":"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School"},{"psg_id":"18295773","text":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"9013200","text":"and \"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal\" (1945), Bailey: Scot Bruce argues that: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The presidency of Woodrow Wilson began on March 4, 1913 at noon when Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1921. Wilson, a Democrat, took office as the 28th U.S. President after winning the 1912 presidential election, gaining a large majority in the Electoral College and a 42% plurality of the popular vote in a four–candidate field. Wilson was re-elected in 1916, defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a fairly narrow margin. He was the","title":"Presidency of Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"7887283","text":"continues its capacity-building work in high schools, building on expertise developed with the Woodrow Wilson Early Colleges. Seventeen schools currently exist in the formal Woodrow Wilson Early College network, with another half-dozen schools and districts partnering with Woodrow Wilson to implement the approach in various ways. The president of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation is Arthur Levine, former president of Teachers College, Columbia University. The 35-member Woodrow Wilson Board of Trustees is chaired by Walter W. Buckley, Jr., co-founder and president of Buckley Muething Capital Management. Incorporated as a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation is an operating","title":"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation"},{"psg_id":"3691121","text":"1994 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Ex-\"Woodrow Wilson\" entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, on 26 September 1997. Recycling of Ex-\"Woodrow Wilson\" was completed on 27 October 1998. \"Woodrow Wilson\"s sail is preserved as part of the Deterrent Park monument at Naval Base Kitsap in Bangor, Washington. USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624) USS \"Woodrow Wilson\" (SSBN-624), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). She later was converted into an","title":"USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624)"},{"psg_id":"12831887","text":"relentless publicity only half the financial target was raised by February 15. With its medal and endowment to allow for annual financial prizes, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation in its initial iteration resembled the Nobel Foundation and its Nobel Prizes, albeit on a smaller financial scale. Beginning in 1963 the Woodrow Wilson Foundation financed publication of Wilson's collected works and related documents, a 69-volume series entitled \"The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.\" The difficulty and expense of this nearly 30-year project drained the energy and finances of the organization, which was terminated in 1993 — one year before completion of the Wilson","title":"Woodrow Wilson Foundation"},{"psg_id":"6448472","text":"just three years before the school building was completed. The structure is a Dallas Landmark, as well as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, the highest honor the state can bestow on a historic structure. The National Trust for Historic Preservation wrote that the Woodrow Wilson school \"defines how a historic neighborhood school can remain a vital and integral part of the educational process and continue to serve surrounding historic neighborhoods.\" In 2015, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency. Designed by Dallas architect Mark Lemmon, the school opened in 1928, and was constructed in the Elizabethan","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)"},{"psg_id":"19886935","text":"Woodrow Wilson Pace The Woodrow Wilson Pace was a harness racing major event for two-year-old Standardbred pacers run from 1977 through 2012 at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. First run in 1977 for a purse of $280,000, by 1980 the purse was $2,011,000, making it the richest race of any breed in horse racing history. No No Yankee won the inaugural running of the Woodrow Wilson Pace and went on to earn American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Pacer honors. In 1984, the undefeated Nihilator won what would be the richest Woodrown Wilson Pace with a purse of $2,161,000.","title":"Woodrow Wilson Pace"},{"psg_id":"7740810","text":"28th president of the United States. The school's motto, \"Haec olim meminisse juvabit,\" is a Latin phrase from Virgil's \"Aeneid\"; after a storm, Aeneas tells his men that \"In days to come, it will please us to remember this.\" Woodrow Wilson High School was built on a patch of land acquired in 1930, known by the neighboring Tenleytowners as \"French's Woods\". In March 1934, the D.C. commissioners awarded the contract to build Wilson to the lowest bidder, McCloskey and Co of Philadelphia. It was built for a total cost of $1,250,000. Wilson opened its doors to students on Monday, September","title":"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)"},{"psg_id":"18295781","text":"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"3473043","text":"new bridge from both the Maryland and Virginia sides. The entire cost of the project was originally estimated at $2.5 billion. Woodrow Wilson Bridge The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge (also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge) is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia, and Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The bridge is one of only a handful of drawbridges in the U.S. Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate system owned and operated by the federal government, but was","title":"Woodrow Wilson Bridge"},{"psg_id":"7887268","text":"Scholarship.\" Foundation policies stipulated that candidates could not hold both the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and other, similar fellowships for doctoral study. Some candidates, after successfully completing the intensive interviews, declined the Woodrow Wilson Fellowships to accept Rhodes Scholarships, National Science Foundation fellowships, and other such awards. These candidates were allowed designation as honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellows. In addition to the full Woodrow Wilson Fellowships, various complementary awards were offered during the 1960s and early 1970s. These included Woodrow Wilson Dissertation Fellowships, offered to supplement the original award for Fellows who required dissertation support; Teaching and Administrative Internships, designed to engage","title":"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation"},{"psg_id":"7887266","text":"of the Association of Graduate Schools. In the same year, the first women were granted Woodrow Wilson Fellowships. In 1953 Robert F. Goheen, who had been one of the first four Woodrow Wilson Fellows in 1945, became national director of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Program, expanding the program to 200 fellowships nationally. Over the next several years, other funders, including the Rockefeller Foundation, also supported the program. In 1957, the Ford Foundation provided a five-year, $24.5 million grant to support up to 1,000 Woodrow Wilson Fellowships annually, and the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation was independently incorporated. Fellowships were","title":"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation"},{"psg_id":"463398","text":"in the home another 37 years, dying there at age 89 on December 28, 1961, which was Woodrow's birthday and the day she was to be the guest of honor at the opening of the Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River near Washington. Mrs. Wilson left the home and much of the contents to the National Trust for Historic Preservation to be made into a museum honoring her husband. The Woodrow Wilson House opened to the public in 1963, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.","title":"Woodrow Wilson"},{"psg_id":"19886936","text":"His winning time for the mile of 1:52 4/5 set a world record for 2-year-old Standardbred horses. Woodrow Wilson Pace The Woodrow Wilson Pace was a harness racing major event for two-year-old Standardbred pacers run from 1977 through 2012 at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. First run in 1977 for a purse of $280,000, by 1980 the purse was $2,011,000, making it the richest race of any breed in horse racing history. No No Yankee won the inaugural running of the Woodrow Wilson Pace and went on to earn American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Pacer honors. In 1984,","title":"Woodrow Wilson Pace"},{"psg_id":"14713233","text":"the University of Akron, and the University of Cincinnati. Partnering Ohio districts include Akron, Canton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus. Like the Indiana program, the Fellowships in Michigan and Ohio programs focus specifically on preparing teachers in the STEM fields for high-need secondary schools in their states. Georgia institutions Columbus State University, Kennesaw State University and Piedmont College are also hosting Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellows. Created by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1992, the WW-RBF Fellowship was transferred to the Woodrow Wilson Foundation in 2009. The program works to recruit, support, and retain individuals of color as K-12 public school teachers","title":"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship"},{"psg_id":"2118999","text":"Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer, 1978 Nobel laureate in physics, who with Arno Allan Penzias discovered in 1964 cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). While working on a new type of antenna at Bell Labs in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, they found a source of noise in the atmosphere that they could not explain. After removing all potential sources of noise, including pigeon droppings on the antenna, the noise was finally identified as CMB, which served as important corroboration of the Big Bang theory. Robert Woodrow Wilson was born on January 10,","title":"Robert Woodrow Wilson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448476\",\n \"text\": \"Lyons of \\\"Texas Monthly\\\" stated in 1979 that \\\"In short, everything that has been happening demographically within the DISD and, by extension, within U.S. big-city high schools has been happening to Woodrow Wilson.\\\" In 1976 federal judge William M. Taylor wrote a school integration order for Dallas. This initial order stated that the enrollments should be balanced by closing Woodrow Wilson. The school remained open after residents of Lakewood protested, saying that it would close an already-integrated school. His order did not require education levels after grade 8 to use integration busing. Lyons wrote that therefore Woodrow Wilson was \\\"one\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448471\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public secondary school located in the Lakewood neighborhood of East Dallas, Texas (USA). Woodrow enrolls students in grades 9-12 and is a part of the Dallas Independent School District. In 2009, DISD authorized Woodrow to apply to become certified as the first Dallas school to be authorized as an IB World School offering the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, a/k/a the IB Degree. It earned its official designation as an IB World School on March 18, 2011. It was named in honor of former U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, who died\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6202071\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School Woodrow Wilson High School (colloquially known as Long Beach Wilson) is an American public high school located in Long Beach, California. This two-block campus is located approximately 1.5 miles from the Pacific Ocean, across from the Recreation Park, and approximately 3 miles from Orange County. Woodrow Wilson Classical High School was established in 1925 as the second school in the city, and ultimately opened for classes in 1926. The institution was named after Woodrow Wilson, who was an American politician and served as the 28th president of the United States. In 1926, a group of\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448514\",\n \"text\": \"largely originated from wealthier neighborhoods in the north of the Woodrow Wilson attendance zone. Students are required to wear school uniforms. The Texas Education Agency specifies that the parents and/or guardians of students zoned to a school with uniforms may apply for a waiver to opt out of the uniform policy so their children do not have to wear the uniform; parents must specify \\\"bona fide\\\" reasons, such as religious reasons or philosophical objections. As of 2015, J.L. Long Middle School (6-8) feeds into Woodrow Wilson. Source Dallas News Obituary. Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas) Woodrow Wilson High School is\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16617388\",\n \"text\": \"in 1986. Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a certified International Baccalaureate School since 2012. Woodrow Wilson Middle School Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a historic middle school located in the Castor Gardens neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1928. It is a three-story, 15-bay, brick and limestone building in the Classical Revival style. It features a projecting center entrance pavilion, four Doric order columns supporting an entablature, and balustraded parapet. The school was named after the 28th President President of the United\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Middle School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16617387\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Middle School Woodrow Wilson Middle School is a historic middle school located in the Castor Gardens neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the School District of Philadelphia. The building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1928. It is a three-story, 15-bay, brick and limestone building in the Classical Revival style. It features a projecting center entrance pavilion, four Doric order columns supporting an entablature, and balustraded parapet. The school was named after the 28th President President of the United States Woodrow Wilson. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Middle School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10854741\",\n \"text\": \"called Washington Street School, and later F.T. Briggs School. In September 1955, Woodrow Wilson High School moved again to a new facility on Willett Drive, and the vacated building on High Street became Harry Hunt Junior High School. In September 1993, Woodrow Wilson was merged with Cradock High School and Manor High School. To appease alumni, the Woodrow Wilson name was kept, though the three schools were merged into the Manor building, which opened in 1972. The school, along with others in the area, has recently become noted for its high dropout rates. Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia) Woodrow\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9057219\",\n \"text\": \"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is a former high school, now used as residential apartments, located at 339 Hunting Hill Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1931, it was the city's first unified high school, a role it served until 1958. It then served as a junior high school before being adapted to its present residential use. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is located in what is now a predominantly residential area south of downtown Middletown, on the west side of\",\n \"title\": \"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9282657\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio) Woodrow Wilson High School was one of six traditional public high schools in Youngstown, Ohio and was a part of the Youngstown City School District system. It was closed in 2007, with the opening of the new East High School. The former school building was razed in the winter of 2008. Woodrow Wilson High School was located at the corner of Gibson and Indianola, on Youngstown's south side. Wilson opened in 1928 as a junior high school. In 1936, Wilson became a high school in response to overcrowding at nearby South High School. Sixty-nine\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448475\",\n \"text\": \"at The Meadows Museum. The school has been colloquially called \\\"Woodrow\\\" by students and community members from its beginning, fostered by first principal G.L. \\\"Pop\\\" Ashburn, who led the school until 1956. The mascot of the school is the Wildcat. A Parent Teacher Association chapter was formed for the school even before its 1928 opening. Until 1957 (when Bryan Adams High School opened), Woodrow was the only \\\"East Dallas\\\" high school. The original principal of Woodrow Wilson served for 30 years. Woodrow Wilson integrated in the 1970s as the percentage of black and Hispanic students increased year after year. Gene\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740841\",\n \"text\": \"the co-editors agreed to end the prior review plan. Martin had cancelled publication of a newspaper article at her previous school in Colorado. Students also publish an annual literary magazine called \\\"L.A.V.A.\\\". In April 2013, Wilson High School was named as a Green Ribbon School by the U.S. Department of Education in recognition for \\\"being good stewards of the environment.\\\" Notable alumni of Woodrow Wilson High School include: Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school in Washington, D.C. It serves grades 9 through 12, as part of the District of Columbia Public Schools.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9282659\",\n \"text\": \"white. The Alma Mater was \\\"Wilson High, We Love You Dearly\\\" and the fight song was sung to the tune of The Ohio State University's \\\"Across the Field\\\". The yearbook was named, the \\\"Orion\\\". Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio) Woodrow Wilson High School was one of six traditional public high schools in Youngstown, Ohio and was a part of the Youngstown City School District system. It was closed in 2007, with the opening of the new East High School. The former school building was razed in the winter of 2008. Woodrow Wilson High School was located at the corner\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Youngstown, Ohio)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18100242\",\n \"text\": \"2012. Woodrow Wilson School is a building on the National Historic Register. The high school itself has been moved to the Agassiz Building one mile south. Woodrow Wilson High School shares Agassiz space with the Fargo Adult Learning Center, Early Childhood Special Education, Middle School Alternative Education Day Program (EDP), Project InVest (post high school life skill transition Special Education program) and EvenStart pre-school and the offices of several District programs and community partners. Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Fargo, North Dakota. It currently serves about 130\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740809\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school in Washington, D.C. It serves grades 9 through 12, as part of the District of Columbia Public Schools. The school is located in the Tenleytown neighborhood, at the intersection of Chesapeake Street and Nebraska Avenue NW. It primarily serves students in Washington's Ward 3, although nearly 30% of the student body live outside the school’s boundaries. The school building, built in 1935 and extensively renovated in 2010–2011, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The school was named for Woodrow Wilson, the\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9312394\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon) President Woodrow Wilson High School\\\",\\\" (colloquially Wilson High School), is a public high school in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2006, the school was one of seven in Oregon ranked among America's 1,200 best high schools by \\\"Newsweek\\\". In 2008, Wilson was voted 37th out of all the public high schools in the state. Wilson High School was built in 1954, after a ballot measure was passed in 1945 providing $5,000,000 to improve Portland's school system. Population was growing explosively, so emphasis was put on economy and ease of building, instead of on architectural\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9312396\",\n \"text\": \"students live within the school boundaries. In 2009, 10% of Wilson's students transferred into the school. In 2008, 87% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 343 students, 299 graduated, 29 dropped out, eight received a modified diploma, and seven were still in high school the following year. Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon) President Woodrow Wilson High School\\\",\\\" (colloquially Wilson High School), is a public high school in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2006, the school was one of seven in Oregon ranked among America's 1,200 best high schools by \\\"Newsweek\\\". In 2008, Wilson was voted\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portland, Oregon)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18100240\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Fargo, North Dakota. It currently serves about 130 students in grades 10 through 12 and is a part of the Fargo Public Schools system. The school operates as an alternative learning model to the District's other three comprehensive high schools, Fargo North High School, Fargo South High School, and Davies High School. Woodrow Wilson High school is an alternative high school program. Learning goals and graduation requirements are the same as at other Fargo Public Schools high schools, though the format and\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6202082\",\n \"text\": \"of Olympians. Medals of Long Beach Wilson 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom Woodrow Wilson Classical High School Woodrow Wilson High School (colloquially known as Long Beach Wilson)\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7422887\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road. Athletic teams compete as the Woodrow Wilson Flying Eagles in the West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission as a member of the Mountain State Athletic Conference. Beckley High School, the first public high school in the city, opened in 1917 using the facilities of the\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7422889\",\n \"text\": \"outside of main Beckley, the former site was turned into Park Junior High School (now Park Middle School). During the first year of operation at the new site (1967–68), a record number of 2,432 students attended WWHS. Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a secondary school located in Beckley, West Virginia, (USA), teaching grades nine through twelve. It is one of four secondary schools in the Raleigh County School District. In 1967, it moved from its original location to its current location at 400 Stanaford Road. Athletic teams compete as the Woodrow Wilson Flying\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448497\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"State accountability reports show that white students at Woodrow are generally successful\\\" and that \\\"minority students at Woodrow struggle\\\" as they do at other DISD schools. In November 2011 the Texas Education Agency ranked Woodrow Wilson \\\"Academically Unacceptable\\\". At the time 68% of its students were categorized as at risk. Nearby Highland Park High School in University Park was 7.9% at risk. \\\"The Daily Campus\\\" compared and contrasted the two schools' situations that year. In 2014 Woodrow Wilson was one of three DISD comprehensive high schools which had a percentage of tested students with a 990 or higher on the\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9358986\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Tacoma, Washington) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public secondary school in Tacoma, Washington. It is one of five traditional high schools in the Tacoma Public School System and is located at the intersection of Orchard Street and 11th Street. Wilson's current principal is Dan Besett; assistant principals are Shane Silva and Bernadette Ray. Dale Chihuly, a glass artist who graduated from Wilson, established HillTop Artists, a glass working program at Wilson. For a $20 fee, students can blow glass, make glass beads, and participate in kiln work. This program is run by glass artists\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Tacoma, Washington)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9057221\",\n \"text\": \"meet the growing demand for education in the city's more rural outlying areas. At first considered for use as a junior high school, and had what were then state-of-the-art facilities, including specialized classrooms, laboratory and vocational shop areas, and art and music rooms. It served as the city's high school until 1958, and then as a junior high school, before it was rehabilitated for residential use. Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School The Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School is a former high school, now used as residential apartments, located at 339 Hunting Hill Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut. Built in 1931, it was\",\n \"title\": \"Middletown Woodrow Wilson High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10854739\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia) Woodrow Wilson High School is a public high school located in Portsmouth, Virginia. It is administered by Portsmouth City Public Schools. The school colors are royal blue, orange, and white, and the nickname is the Presidents. Wilson can be traced back to 1885, when a high school was organized at The Academy on Glasgow Street, which had housed only grammar and elementary students from 1850 through 1884. The first high school class graduated that same year. In 1886 the Glasgow Street building was no longer suitable, so the city erected a new building on\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Portsmouth, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5997444\",\n \"text\": \"times. Fall: Winter: Spring: Notable alumni include: Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles) Woodrow Wilson High School is a Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) high school in the Eastside region of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is located in the community of El Sereno, atop the Ascot Hills at 4500 Multnomah Street. The school serves the El Sereno and University Hills communities, and areas of City Terrace and Ramona Gardens. Wilson High, with an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students, is under the direct supervision of LAUSD Local District East, Board District 2. The school colors are navy blue,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5997425\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles) Woodrow Wilson High School is a Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) high school in the Eastside region of Los Angeles, California, United States. It is located in the community of El Sereno, atop the Ascot Hills at 4500 Multnomah Street. The school serves the El Sereno and University Hills communities, and areas of City Terrace and Ramona Gardens. Wilson High, with an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students, is under the direct supervision of LAUSD Local District East, Board District 2. The school colors are navy blue, Vegas gold and white. The school's mascot\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19108946\",\n \"text\": \"took office on January 1, 1956. The Little Rock Nine school desegregation case occurred near the end of Mann's term as mayor in 1957. Outraged by Governor Orval Faubus' order that National Guard troops block the entrance of the students at Little Rock Central High School, Mann sent a telegram to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to request federal troops. Eisenhower soon authorized the troops. After his term as mayor, Mann moved in 1960 to Houston, Texas, where he died in 2002 and is interred at Memorial Oaks Cemetery. Woodrow Wilson Mann Woodrow Wilson Mann (November 13, 1916 – August 6,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448500\",\n \"text\": \"the test. The Woodrow Wilson Wildcats compete in the following sports: Woodrow has been called the \\\"High School Home of the Heisman\\\" because it was the first high school in the nation to be the alma mater of two Heisman Trophy winners: Davey O'Brien (1938) and Tim Brown (1987), and it remains the only public high school in the U.S. to have that distinction. As a relatively small inner-city Dallas public school that is coeducational and builds its athletic teams from the ethnically and economically diverse students within its tight attendance zone, Woodrow was proud to remain unparalleled among all\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5997427\",\n \"text\": \"school mascot. Other reasons cited were to honor the important pre-mechanization role 200,000+ mules played during World War I when Woodrow Wilson was president, and to acknowledge Woodrow Wilson's association with the Democratic Party whose symbol is the mule or donkey. In 1970, Woodrow Wilson Senior High School moved to its current location on Multnomah Avenue. The new 37-acre campus and buildings were constructed between 1968-1969 and designed by the renowned African American architect Paul Revere Williams. It was an engineering challenge to excavate over one million cubic yards of earth to re-grade the hilltop and to use 3,500 tons\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15766852\",\n \"text\": \"In 1953, the Wilson school was converted to an elementary school and renamed Lincoln Elementary School. Aspects of the building were altered to accommodate smaller students, such as lowered blackboards and bathroom fixtures. The original twenty classrooms were reduced to fourteen, creating larger interior spaces that included administrative offices. The library was made smaller, and a storeroom and kitchen were added. After the school was closed and vacated by the school district in 1987, the building was repurposed as the Lincoln School Condominiums. Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon) Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, located in Eugene, Oregon, United\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740813\",\n \"text\": \"School of Education. In mid-2006, Woodrow Wilson High School was proposed to be a charter school, but the superintendent asked the school to hold off in exchange for being granted control over certain areas of autonomy especially facilities. Upon Tarason's departure to become a middle school principal in Hagerstown, Maryland, Mrs. Jacqueline Williams became interim principal in 2007. In 2008, DCPS chancellor Michelle Rhee selected Peter Cahall, a former teacher and administrator with the MCPS system, as the new principal. The school building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. Woodrow Wilson was one of eleven\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448513\",\n \"text\": \"including those residing in East Dallas apartments and some commuting from South Dallas. In 1928 the students attending Woodrow were of upper middle class and wealthy class families. In 1971 75-80% of Woodrow Wilson's students were Anglo White. By 1979 the percentages were 51% Anglo White, 27% Mexican American, and 22% Black. In 1979 the school had 1,450 students. By 1979 multiple generations of Anglo White families in Lakewood had attended Woodrow Wilson. That year Gene Lyons of \\\"Texas Monthly\\\" wrote that \\\"Woodrow is seen as a community school\\\" in the Lakewood community. As of 1979 the parent-teacher association (PTA)\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448486\",\n \"text\": \"a real estate analysis, \\\"Where to Buy for the Best Schools\\\" In September 2011, a \\\"Dallas Morning News\\\" analysis by education reporter Holly Hacker showed that Woodrow Wilson High School ranks high in college readiness. The survey took socio-economic levels and other statistics into account to show true performance among high schools with differing student populations. Woodrow was one of only twenty schools in the North Texas area to be found \\\"exceeding expectations\\\" by the analysis. It was one of only two Dallas comprehensive high schools to make the list. The three story main campus building, made of brick, uses\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5849720\",\n \"text\": \"places, the Wilson Center will host events where different scholars talk about local policy issues, before the award reception. Woodrow Wilson Awards Woodrow Wilson Awards are given out in multiple countries each year by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution to individuals in both the public sphere and business who have shown an outstanding commitment to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson's dream of integrating politics, scholarship, and policy for the common good. Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17232214\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota) The Woodrow Wilson School in Fargo, North Dakota is a historic building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was added to the Registry on October 24, 2012, as entry #12000881. It was deemed notable for its Collegiate Gothic design by local architects Haxby and Braseth. The school \\\"is also a good example of how design changed to meet Progressive-era education ideas.\\\" It is Fargo's 2nd oldest surviving school building, was the city's only high school until 1921, and it served the community as a school for 95 years. Originally\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17232215\",\n \"text\": \"the school served elementary grades and also provided adult education in the evenings; it later was used as an alternative high school, complementing three other high schools in the Fargo Public Schools district, until 2012. The alternative high school moved to the Agassiz Building at 1305 S. Ninth Avenue in March, 2012. Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota) The Woodrow Wilson School in Fargo, North Dakota is a historic building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was added to the Registry on October 24, 2012, as entry #12000881. It was deemed notable for its Collegiate\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson School (Fargo, North Dakota)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15766851\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon) Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, located in Eugene, Oregon, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The school was constructed in 1924 on four acres at 650 West 12th Avenue near Jefferson Street for the Eugene Public School System. Architect Frederick Manson White of Portland designed the 57,120 square-foot building to accommodate 840 students. White also designed the other school built that year in Eugene, Roosevelt Junior High on Agate Street. After it opened in September 1925, Wilson became a central part of middle school education in western Eugene.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Junior High School (Eugene, Oregon)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10447572\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public high school in the City of Camden, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Camden City Public Schools. As of the 2015-16 school year, the school had an enrollment of 897 students and 45.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 19.7:1. There were 517 students (57.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school was the 314th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448484\",\n \"text\": \"after a rigorous three-year application process, including an extensive site visit by the IB Organization. In December 2009, Woodrow earned the Texas ACT College Readiness Award, the only Dallas comprehensive high school to receive that honor. The Woodrow Wilson High School Community Foundation was formed in 2009. The Community Foundation's purpose is to raise funds, grants, and scholarships to support the faculty, students, and programs at Woodrow and its feeder schools. It also exists to cultivate other area programs and projects. In 2011, \\\"The Washington Post\\\" ranked high schools based on the quantity of AP/IB exams taken per graduating senior,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448478\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Alums formalized their activities by creating the Woodrow Wilson High School Alumni Association, Inc. as an IRS-approved 501(c)(3) Texas nonprofit corporation, to maintain and improve communications for and among Woodrow Alums. In 1989 and 1999, the Alumni Association held Woodrow's 60th and 70th Anniversary Celebrations and, at each, inducted additional members into Woodrow's Hall of Fame. Since the 70th, Woodrow's Anniversary Celebrations have been held at 5 year intervals. In 2004, thousands attended Woodrow's 75th Anniversary Celebration, which included a parade (from Lakewood to the school, with Congressman Sam Johnson as Grand Marshal, chauffeured in a new Ford Mustang\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10447577\",\n \"text\": \"Group III championships with a 27-14 win over Egg Harbor Township High School. Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey) Woodrow Wilson High School is a four-year public high school in the City of Camden, in Camden County, New Jersey, United States, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as part of the Camden City Public Schools. As of the 2015-16 school year, the school had an enrollment of 897 students and 45.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 19.7:1. There were 517 students (57.6% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (New Jersey)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448477\",\n \"text\": \"of the few \\\"naturally integrated\\\" schools in Dallas.\\\" In 1981, interiors for the movie \\\"Crisis at Central High\\\" starring Joanne Woodward, were filmed at the school. Many students, including the late Lance Bircher '83 (cited for his scene by imdb.com), were used in the filming. Of course, Woodrow students (actually the old alumni) were thrilled to receive a visit from Miss Woodward's husband, Paul Newman. In 1979, Woodrow Alums planned and held Woodrow's 50th Anniversary Celebration, established the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, and inducted the Hall of Fame's first class of members. Nine years later, in 1988,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448512\",\n \"text\": \"are classified as economically disadvantaged, about the average for Texas public high schools. As of 2008, 68% of the students are Hispanic, mainly of Mexican origins. Many of them had immigrated from central Mexico, including Guanajuato. 18% of the students were white, most of them being middle class and some being upper class. Some white students had politically progressive/liberal parents and some had have more moderate political stances and were part of families who had attended Woodrow Wilson for generations. Many white students go on to attend colleges and universities across the United States. 12% of Woodrow students were black,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18100241\",\n \"text\": \"climate differ significantly. Class sizes are capped at 18 students, and every student is assigned a staff advisor. This practice allows the school to focus on the needs of each individual student. Students attend two classes per day. Classes are 2 1/2 hours in length and should take an average of 27 days to complete. Some classes are self-paced while others are teacher-directed. The basic structure and rules of this alternative school make students responsible for their own educational experiences. The Woodrow Wilson High School program moved from the 1917 Woodrow Wilson School building on North University Drive in March\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Fargo, North Dakota)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448481\",\n \"text\": \"who send their kids to Woodrow as somehow racist, because their kids are mainly in the advanced placement classes and the kids of color are mainly not.\\\" Michael Landauer wrote an editorial in the \\\"Dallas Morning News\\\" stating that Dreher made an \\\"unfair\\\" accusation against the Woodrow Wilson parents and that it \\\"actively chooses to assign dark motives to people who are taking an active role in their neighborhood school.\\\" In response to the above articles, Dreher defended his column and posted rebuttals against his critics' arguments. In 2009, Woodrow celebrated its 80th Anniversary. In honor of alumnus Carroll Shelby's\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7422888\",\n \"text\": \"former Beckley Institute on Park Avenue. It operated there for one year, until a new high school was built on South Kanawha Street - Beckley Graded and High School. The Town District Board of Education made plans for a new building. Through the proceeds from a bond issue, a new structure was built and was occupied in December 1925. It was named for former President Woodrow Wilson, who had died the previous year. Woodrow Wilson High School's new building was built on land adjacent to the former Beckley Institute on Park Avenue. When the school moved to its current site,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Beckley, West Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6202072\",\n \"text\": \"high school students chose the nickname Bruins as well as the colors Cardinal and Gold for Long Beach Wilson, due to close distance of two prestigious research universities, the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Southern California, respectively. Woodrow Wilson Classical High School earned the distinction of being \\\"classical\\\" (hence the term being in the official school name) when they offered graduates a diploma with higher distinction than the regular diploma across the Long Beach Unified School District. Those who earned the \\\"classical\\\" diploma fulfilled one year of performing or visual arts and two years of foreign\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358181\",\n \"text\": \"letter\\\" formula. Mary Wilson and Florence Ballard's vocal contribution was significant in bringing a fresh yet hypnotic sexiness to the overall sound of the song while remaining true to the backup arrangements that Lamont Dozier had set down. Upon hearing the song's playback, an excited Ross rushed to Gordy's office and told him to come to the studio to listen to the song. Upon hearing playback, a satisfied Gordy nodded saying to the producers and the group that the song had potential to be a top ten hit. \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was released as a single on June\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279845\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\\\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279844\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \\\"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\\\". The Allmusic review of \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" by Lindsay Planer said\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939649\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" and \\\"My Sweet Lord,\\\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \\\"Where Did They Go\\\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \\\"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\\\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14240867\",\n \"text\": \"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \\\"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\\\" Jessie Woodrow Wilson was born in Gainesville, Georgia, the second daughter of Woodrow and Ellen Axson Wilson. She was the middle sister of Margaret Woodrow Wilson and Eleanor Wilson McAdoo. Wilson was educated privately in Princeton, New Jersey\",\n \"title\": \"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740811\",\n \"text\": \"23, 1935, thus becoming the sixth DC Interhigh school. The school started with 640 sophomores and juniors. Many students transferred to Wilson from Central and Western. Western had been running double shifts (9 am – 5 pm) to accommodate the students from the Wilson neighborhoods. The first principal was Norman J. Nelson, who had previously been the assistant principal at Western. Woodrow Wilson High School graduated its first students in February 1937. Chester Moye was class president from the February graduation class. The new school held its first spring commencement exercises, on June 23, 1937, for 290 students. The class\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7227621\",\n \"text\": \"bridge on US Route 50 in Burlington in honor of Barr. Woodrow Wilson Barr Woodrow Wilson Barr (June 8, 1918 – August 7, 1942) was a United States Marine with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. He was killed in action at Tulagi, Solomon Islands, August 7, 1942 — and was posthumously awarded the Silver Star medal for his \\\"conspicuous gallantry and intrepedity in action\\\" during the action at Tulagi. Woodrow Barr was born on June 8, 1918 in Keyser, West Virginia. He graduated from Parsons High School; and following graduation worked for four years before enlisting in the U.S. Marine\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Barr\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7227619\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Barr Woodrow Wilson Barr (June 8, 1918 – August 7, 1942) was a United States Marine with the 1st Marine Raider Battalion. He was killed in action at Tulagi, Solomon Islands, August 7, 1942 — and was posthumously awarded the Silver Star medal for his \\\"conspicuous gallantry and intrepedity in action\\\" during the action at Tulagi. Woodrow Barr was born on June 8, 1918 in Keyser, West Virginia. He graduated from Parsons High School; and following graduation worked for four years before enlisting in the U.S. Marine Corps on January 13, 1942. He completed his recruit training at\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Barr\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463267\",\n \"text\": \"and historians generally rank Wilson as one of the best U.S. presidents. Wilson was born to a Scots-Irish family in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856, at 18–24 North Coalter Street (now the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library). He was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilson's paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland (present-day Northern Ireland), in 1807. His mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow. Wilson's paternal grandparents had settled in Steubenville, Ohio.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14713234\",\n \"text\": \"in the United States. Fellows must use their awards for master’s programs at one of 27 teacher preparation programs designated by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation. Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship is a program of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation that recruits, supports, and prepares individuals for teaching careers, typically in fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). President Barack Obama cited the Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship as a model of STEM teacher preparation in a January 2010 speech on his administration’s Educate to Innovate initiative. In 2007, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation began to focus\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939648\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \\\"Is That All There Is?\\\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \\\"My Rock And Foundation\\\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" (backed by \\\"All I Want\\\") as a 45\\\" single\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5849719\",\n \"text\": \"Wilson Awards have gone to a diverse set of professionals, including scientists, politicians, entertainers, diplomats, athletes, business executives, doctors and philanthropists. Among business executives, their industries include health care, hotels, restaurants and energy. The following individuals are among the recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Center award for Public Service: The following individuals are recipients of the Woodrow Wilson Center award for Corporate Citizenship (incomplete list): Recipients are given the awards at ceremonial dinners in various cities and countries. At each dinner, the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service and the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship are presented. In some\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463412\",\n \"text\": \"Ghent, Belgium. In 2010, Wilson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. One year after Wilson's death the U.S. Post Office issued the first postage stamp honoring the late president. Since then, four more stamps were issued in Wilson's honor, the last being issued in 1998. Woodrow Wilson was also an accomplished author and scholar, having written numerous books and essays. Books: Essays: Official Speeches and other works Media coverage Study sites Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14240870\",\n \"text\": \"1916 – May 12, 2001), was born. In 1919 they were joined by Woodrow Wilson Sayre (February 22, 1919 – September 16, 2002). After World War I, the Sayres moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where Francis accepted a position on the Harvard Law School faculty. There, she worked in the interests of the Democratic Party, the League of Nations, and the League of Women Voters. She was also involved with the YWCA, serving on its national board. At the time of Woodrow Wilson's death in 1924, the couple was living in Siam (now Thailand) where Francis was working as an advisor\",\n \"title\": \"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358177\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358184\",\n \"text\": \"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19880417\",\n \"text\": \"Art on Newbury Street. John Woodrow Wilson John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015) was an American lithographer, sculptor, painter, muralist, and art teacher whose art was driven by the political climate of his time. Wilson was best known for his works portraying themes of social justice and equality. Wilson, commonly referred to by his professional name John Woodrow Wilson, was born the second of five children in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1922.) Both of Wilson's parents were immigrants from British Guiana, a British colony in South America that is known today as Guyana. They emigrated to America a few years before Wilson was\",\n \"title\": \"John Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19880398\",\n \"text\": \"John Woodrow Wilson John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015) was an American lithographer, sculptor, painter, muralist, and art teacher whose art was driven by the political climate of his time. Wilson was best known for his works portraying themes of social justice and equality. Wilson, commonly referred to by his professional name John Woodrow Wilson, was born the second of five children in Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1922.) Both of Wilson's parents were immigrants from British Guiana, a British colony in South America that is known today as Guyana. They emigrated to America a few years before Wilson was born. British Guiana had\",\n \"title\": \"John Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740820\",\n \"text\": \"poor neighborhoods near Wilson. The neighborhood surrounding Wilson has a median family income of over $80,000 as of 2012. The school's student body is ethnically mixed: 49% African American, 25% Caucasian, 17% Latin American, and 9% Asian American. Overall, 85 countries are represented. Nearly 40% of the students receive free and reduced lunch benefits. Woodrow Wilson High School is the top performer in the non-magnet High School system in the District of Columbia Public Schools system and one of the top performers in DCPS overall. Students are required to complete 24 credits for graduation, including courses in Art, English, Health\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14713228\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship The Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship is a program of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation that recruits, supports, and prepares individuals for teaching careers, typically in fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). President Barack Obama cited the Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship as a model of STEM teacher preparation in a January 2010 speech on his administration’s Educate to Innovate initiative. In 2007, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation began to focus on the closing of achievement gap, both at the K-12 level and also for institutions of higher education. According to studies by various researchers and\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5997428\",\n \"text\": \"of structural steel for the main buildings. The new Wilson High was the first LAUSD school to implement multi-floored buildings equipped with elevators and escalators to accommodate students with disabilities. In 2012 Woodrow Wilson High School celebrated its 75th anniversary. In late 1967 East Los Angeles had a school system entrenched in racial disparities. It led to the local beginning of the Chicano Movement. The Mexican American community had the highest high school dropout rate and lowest college attendance among any ethnic group. Poor facilities and constant underestimation of student capabilities by teachers created an atmosphere that impeded learning for\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9689703\",\n \"text\": \"was buried in Pondicherry, India, in 1944. Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Woodrow Wilson (April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944) was the eldest child of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Her two siblings were Jessie and Eleanor. After her mother's death in 1914, Margaret served her father as the White House social hostess, the title later known as First Lady. Her father remarried in 1915. Margaret Woodrow Wilson (her middle name was her paternal grandmother's surname and father's middle name) was born in Gainesville, Georgia in 1886. Both her parents strongly identified with the South, and both\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9689700\",\n \"text\": \"Margaret Woodrow Wilson Margaret Woodrow Wilson (April 16, 1886 – February 12, 1944) was the eldest child of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. Her two siblings were Jessie and Eleanor. After her mother's death in 1914, Margaret served her father as the White House social hostess, the title later known as First Lady. Her father remarried in 1915. Margaret Woodrow Wilson (her middle name was her paternal grandmother's surname and father's middle name) was born in Gainesville, Georgia in 1886. Both her parents strongly identified with the South, and both of their fathers had been Protestant ministers.\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7887272\",\n \"text\": \"same period, the Foundation also established fellowships in higher education to encourage preparation for specific national high-need fields such as women's health. From time to time Woodrow Wilson fellowships have also provided support for individuals at particular stages of their careers in higher education, such as the Millicent McIntosh Fellowships for Recently Tenured Faculty and the Woodrow Wilson Academic Postdoctoral Fellowships in the Humanities. During the years after the original Woodrow Wilson Fellowships, the Foundation also launched various programs to cultivate and support teachers at the middle- and high-school levels, as well as in college. The earliest of these was\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3473026\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Bridge The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge (also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge) is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia, and Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The bridge is one of only a handful of drawbridges in the U.S. Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate system owned and operated by the federal government, but was turned over to the Virginia and Maryland departments of transportation upon project completion. The Wilson Bridge carries Interstate 95 (I-95) and\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5849713\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Awards Woodrow Wilson Awards are given out in multiple countries each year by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution to individuals in both the public sphere and business who have shown an outstanding commitment to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson's dream of integrating politics, scholarship, and policy for the common good. Created in 1999 as a local Award for leadership in Washington, DC, the Awards were expanded in 2001 to recognize great leaders and thinkers throughout the world. Funding from the Awards supports additional research, scholars, and programs in Washington and\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903014\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \\\"It's an Attack!\\\" as the B-side. A live recording of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5235333\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library and Museum is a complex located in Staunton, Virginia. It contains the President's birthplace, known as the \\\"Manse\\\", a Museum that explores the life and times of Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924), a 6800 sf Research Library, a gift shop, and several other buildings that are not open to the public. As Woodrow Wilson's presidency predates the National Presidential Libraries act, it is not part of the Federal National Archives' Presidential library system. The Woodrow Wilson Birthplace is referred to as The Manse, which is the name of a Presbyterian minister's home. The\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14240872\",\n \"text\": \"undergone an emergency appendectomy. Two years later, the Boston branch of the Women's Democratic League was renamed the Jessie Woodrow Sayre Women's Democratic League. She is buried in Nisky Hill Cemetery in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre (August 28, 1887 – January 15, 1933) was a daughter of US President Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Louise Axson. She was a political activist, and \\\"She worked vigorously for women's suffrage, social issues, and to promote her father's call for a League of Nations, and emerged as a force in the Massachusetts Democratic Party.\\\" Jessie Woodrow Wilson was\",\n \"title\": \"Jessie Woodrow Wilson Sayre\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6202079\",\n \"text\": \"the technology industry with their knowledge from the course sequence. There are no prerequisites for this pathway. Woodrow Wilson Classical High school is a participating institution of the Advanced Placement program, which offers students the opportunity to gain college credit albeit two-year and four-year colleges having different policies for granting A.P. credit, if any. The program is maintained by College Board, an organization that administers the AP exams. Long Beach Wilson offers students the chance to participate in Advanced Placement for 27 different disciplines. Although there may be requirements to take an A.P. class, it is possible to challenge any\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Classical High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295773\",\n \"text\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9013200\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal\\\" (1945), Bailey: Scot Bruce argues that: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson The presidency of Woodrow Wilson began on March 4, 1913 at noon when Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1921. Wilson, a Democrat, took office as the 28th U.S. President after winning the 1912 presidential election, gaining a large majority in the Electoral College and a 42% plurality of the popular vote in a four–candidate field. Wilson was re-elected in 1916, defeated Republican Charles Evans Hughes by a fairly narrow margin. He was the\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7887283\",\n \"text\": \"continues its capacity-building work in high schools, building on expertise developed with the Woodrow Wilson Early Colleges. Seventeen schools currently exist in the formal Woodrow Wilson Early College network, with another half-dozen schools and districts partnering with Woodrow Wilson to implement the approach in various ways. The president of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation is Arthur Levine, former president of Teachers College, Columbia University. The 35-member Woodrow Wilson Board of Trustees is chaired by Walter W. Buckley, Jr., co-founder and president of Buckley Muething Capital Management. Incorporated as a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation is an operating\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3691121\",\n \"text\": \"1994 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Ex-\\\"Woodrow Wilson\\\" entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, on 26 September 1997. Recycling of Ex-\\\"Woodrow Wilson\\\" was completed on 27 October 1998. \\\"Woodrow Wilson\\\"s sail is preserved as part of the Deterrent Park monument at Naval Base Kitsap in Bangor, Washington. USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624) USS \\\"Woodrow Wilson\\\" (SSBN-624), a ballistic missile submarine, was the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), the 28th President of the United States (1913–1921). She later was converted into an\",\n \"title\": \"USS Woodrow Wilson (SSBN-624)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12831887\",\n \"text\": \"relentless publicity only half the financial target was raised by February 15. With its medal and endowment to allow for annual financial prizes, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation in its initial iteration resembled the Nobel Foundation and its Nobel Prizes, albeit on a smaller financial scale. Beginning in 1963 the Woodrow Wilson Foundation financed publication of Wilson's collected works and related documents, a 69-volume series entitled \\\"The Papers of Woodrow Wilson.\\\" The difficulty and expense of this nearly 30-year project drained the energy and finances of the organization, which was terminated in 1993 — one year before completion of the Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6448472\",\n \"text\": \"just three years before the school building was completed. The structure is a Dallas Landmark, as well as a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, the highest honor the state can bestow on a historic structure. The National Trust for Historic Preservation wrote that the Woodrow Wilson school \\\"defines how a historic neighborhood school can remain a vital and integral part of the educational process and continue to serve surrounding historic neighborhoods.\\\" In 2015, the school was rated \\\"Met Standard\\\" by the Texas Education Agency. Designed by Dallas architect Mark Lemmon, the school opened in 1928, and was constructed in the Elizabethan\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19886935\",\n \"text\": \"Woodrow Wilson Pace The Woodrow Wilson Pace was a harness racing major event for two-year-old Standardbred pacers run from 1977 through 2012 at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. First run in 1977 for a purse of $280,000, by 1980 the purse was $2,011,000, making it the richest race of any breed in horse racing history. No No Yankee won the inaugural running of the Woodrow Wilson Pace and went on to earn American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Pacer honors. In 1984, the undefeated Nihilator won what would be the richest Woodrown Wilson Pace with a purse of $2,161,000.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Pace\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7740810\",\n \"text\": \"28th president of the United States. The school's motto, \\\"Haec olim meminisse juvabit,\\\" is a Latin phrase from Virgil's \\\"Aeneid\\\"; after a storm, Aeneas tells his men that \\\"In days to come, it will please us to remember this.\\\" Woodrow Wilson High School was built on a patch of land acquired in 1930, known by the neighboring Tenleytowners as \\\"French's Woods\\\". In March 1934, the D.C. commissioners awarded the contract to build Wilson to the lowest bidder, McCloskey and Co of Philadelphia. It was built for a total cost of $1,250,000. Wilson opened its doors to students on Monday, September\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson High School (Washington, D.C.)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295781\",\n \"text\": \"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3473043\",\n \"text\": \"new bridge from both the Maryland and Virginia sides. The entire cost of the project was originally estimated at $2.5 billion. Woodrow Wilson Bridge The Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge (also known as the Woodrow Wilson Bridge or the Wilson Bridge) is a bascule bridge that spans the Potomac River between the independent city of Alexandria, Virginia, and Oxon Hill in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The bridge is one of only a handful of drawbridges in the U.S. Interstate Highway System. It contained the only portion of the Interstate system owned and operated by the federal government, but was\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7887268\",\n \"text\": \"Scholarship.\\\" Foundation policies stipulated that candidates could not hold both the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and other, similar fellowships for doctoral study. Some candidates, after successfully completing the intensive interviews, declined the Woodrow Wilson Fellowships to accept Rhodes Scholarships, National Science Foundation fellowships, and other such awards. These candidates were allowed designation as honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellows. In addition to the full Woodrow Wilson Fellowships, various complementary awards were offered during the 1960s and early 1970s. These included Woodrow Wilson Dissertation Fellowships, offered to supplement the original award for Fellows who required dissertation support; Teaching and Administrative Internships, designed to engage\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7887266\",\n \"text\": \"of the Association of Graduate Schools. In the same year, the first women were granted Woodrow Wilson Fellowships. In 1953 Robert F. Goheen, who had been one of the first four Woodrow Wilson Fellows in 1945, became national director of the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Program, expanding the program to 200 fellowships nationally. Over the next several years, other funders, including the Rockefeller Foundation, also supported the program. In 1957, the Ford Foundation provided a five-year, $24.5 million grant to support up to 1,000 Woodrow Wilson Fellowships annually, and the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation was independently incorporated. Fellowships were\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463398\",\n \"text\": \"in the home another 37 years, dying there at age 89 on December 28, 1961, which was Woodrow's birthday and the day she was to be the guest of honor at the opening of the Woodrow Wilson Bridge across the Potomac River near Washington. Mrs. Wilson left the home and much of the contents to the National Trust for Historic Preservation to be made into a museum honoring her husband. The Woodrow Wilson House opened to the public in 1963, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19886936\",\n \"text\": \"His winning time for the mile of 1:52 4/5 set a world record for 2-year-old Standardbred horses. Woodrow Wilson Pace The Woodrow Wilson Pace was a harness racing major event for two-year-old Standardbred pacers run from 1977 through 2012 at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. First run in 1977 for a purse of $280,000, by 1980 the purse was $2,011,000, making it the richest race of any breed in horse racing history. No No Yankee won the inaugural running of the Woodrow Wilson Pace and went on to earn American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Pacer honors. In 1984,\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Pace\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14713233\",\n \"text\": \"the University of Akron, and the University of Cincinnati. Partnering Ohio districts include Akron, Canton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus. Like the Indiana program, the Fellowships in Michigan and Ohio programs focus specifically on preparing teachers in the STEM fields for high-need secondary schools in their states. Georgia institutions Columbus State University, Kennesaw State University and Piedmont College are also hosting Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellows. Created by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1992, the WW-RBF Fellowship was transferred to the Woodrow Wilson Foundation in 2009. The program works to recruit, support, and retain individuals of color as K-12 public school teachers\",\n \"title\": \"Woodrow Wilson Teaching Fellowship\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2118999\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer, 1978 Nobel laureate in physics, who with Arno Allan Penzias discovered in 1964 cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). While working on a new type of antenna at Bell Labs in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, they found a source of noise in the atmosphere that they could not explain. After removing all potential sources of noise, including pigeon droppings on the antenna, the noise was finally identified as CMB, which served as important corroboration of the Big Bang theory. Robert Woodrow Wilson was born on January 10,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Woodrow Wilson\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["johns hopkins university","davidson college","princeton university","university of virginia school of law"],"string":"[\n \"johns hopkins university\",\n \"davidson college\",\n \"princeton university\",\n \"university of virginia school of law\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1683,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is lamar odom married too?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"3120011","text":"father, who became drug-free; however, he remains closer to his high school coach, Jerry DeGregorio, who he calls [his] \"white dad\". DeGregorio is the godfather to Destiny and Lamar Jr. In September 2009, Odom married Khloé Kardashian after a month of dating. He had met her at a party for Lakers teammate Artest. Their wedding was featured on the E! reality-based series \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\", in which she stars. Odom became a fixture on the show and a household name to millions who were not already familiar with him as a basketball player. In December 2010, E! announced","title":"Lamar Odom"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120011\",\n \"text\": \"father, who became drug-free; however, he remains closer to his high school coach, Jerry DeGregorio, who he calls [his] \\\"white dad\\\". DeGregorio is the godfather to Destiny and Lamar Jr. In September 2009, Odom married Khloé Kardashian after a month of dating. He had met her at a party for Lakers teammate Artest. Their wedding was featured on the E! reality-based series \\\"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\\\", in which she stars. Odom became a fixture on the show and a household name to millions who were not already familiar with him as a basketball player. In December 2010, E! announced\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"3120017","text":"Trends list for living people, which measures the highest spikes in traffic over a sustained period compared to the previous year. Lamar Odom Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. As a member of the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he won NBA championships in 2009 and 2010 and was named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2011. As a high school player, Odom received national player of the year honors from \"Parade\" in 1997. He played college basketball for the University of Rhode Island, earning all-conference","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119978","text":"Lamar Odom Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. As a member of the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he won NBA championships in 2009 and 2010 and was named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2011. As a high school player, Odom received national player of the year honors from \"Parade\" in 1997. He played college basketball for the University of Rhode Island, earning all-conference honors in his only season in the Atlantic 10 Conference. He was drafted in the first round of the 1999 NBA","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120012","text":"another spinoff from the series featuring Odom, Kardashian, and his two children from his previous relationship. The series, titled \"Khloé & Lamar\", debuted on April 10, 2011. Soon thereafter, Odom almost opted out of the show as the filming wore him down. The series was canceled in 2012 after two seasons. On August 30, 2013, Odom was arrested on charges of driving under the influence (DUI). After the arrest, he refused to submit to a chemical test. Almost a week earlier, gossip websites had alleged that Odom had been abusing drugs, which prompted worried tweets from former teammates and coaches.","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120010","text":"from coast to coast for a dunk. Though he was a reserve on the Lakers championship teams, he typically finished games in place of starter Andrew Bynum. Odom was cooperative with the media, and provided both thoughtful and open responses. Odom had three children, Destiny (b. 1998), Lamar Jr. (b. 2002) and Jayden (2005–2006), with Liza Morales before they separated. On June 29, 2006, 6½-month-old Jayden died from sudden infant death syndrome while sleeping in his crib in New York. At the time, Odom was already in town for the funeral of an aunt. Odom developed a relationship with his","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119991","text":"to be too much for the younger Heat, as they would go to win games 5 and 6 to wrap up the series. He had a solid season compared to his sub-par season with the Clippers the previous year. After the season, Odom was traded in a package with Caron Butler and Brian Grant to the Los Angeles Lakers for All-Star Shaquille O'Neal. In his first year with the Los Angeles Lakers, Odom incurred a left shoulder injury which forced him to miss the end of the 2004–05 season. Despite Odom averaging 15.2 points and a career high 10.2 rebounds,","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120013","text":"On December 9, Odom pleaded no contest to the DUI charges and accepted a sentence of three years' probation and three months of alcohol abuse treatment. On December 13, after months of speculated separation, Kardashian filed for divorce from Odom and for legal restoration of her last name. Divorce papers were signed by both parties in July 2015; however, the divorce did not receive final approval from a judge before being dismissed by request in October 2015. On October 13, 2015, Odom was hospitalized after being discovered unconscious at the Love Ranch, a legal brothel in Crystal, Nevada. Odom, who","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119985","text":"eligibility to play basketball. His career at Rhode Island had been in jeopardy after the first semester, when he vanished before finals. However, Rhode Island coach Jim Harrick persuaded three of his four instructors to allow him to make up his work. The coach also had Odom work with DeGregorio, who had become a Rams assistant and was the player's closest friend in college. Odom was also inspired by his maternal grandmother, a nurse who had raised five children and returned to school to earn her degree in 1980 at age 56. Odom played one season for the Rams in","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119984","text":"for soliciting prostitution following an undercover operation by the Las Vegas police. Later, an NCAA inquiry found Odom received payments amounting to $5,600 from booster David Chapman. Coach Bill Bayno was fired and UNLV was placed on probation for four years. Odom transferred to the University of Rhode Island but was forced to sit out the 1997–98 season. He was admitted as a non-matriculating student, and was not allowed to play intramural basketball. His room and board was paid for by his father, who was covered by the G.I. Bill. After two semesters and a summer session, Odom earned his","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120016","text":"made \"'the end of [his basketball] career come along a little faster'\". Odom has his own music and film production company, Rich Soil Entertainment. He appeared in a Taco Bell commercial with Charles Barkley during Super Bowl XLIV. Additionally, Odom made a cameo on the second season of the HBO television series \"Entourage\". Odom is noted for his fondness for candy. Wrigley made a replica of the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy out of candy in celebration of the Lakers' victory in the 2009 Finals, and Odom's name is featured on the base. In 2015, Odom was #1 on the Google","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120006","text":"him unfit to play out his contract. He appeared in just two games for Baskonia. On April 16, 2014, Odom signed with the New York Knicks for the remainder of the 2013–14 season, but did not appear in the team's season finale. The Knicks finished with a 37–45 win/loss record and missed the playoffs. On July 11, 2014, he was waived by the Knicks. Odom planned to enter the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) in early 2018 but judged himself not to be fit enough. In December 2018, he joined Philippine ballclub Mighty Sports who is set to play in the","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120002","text":"March 24, Odom did not play in a 104–87 loss to the San Antonio Spurs; this was the first time he could remember not playing due to a coach's decision. On April 9, 2012, it was announced that Odom had parted ways with the Mavericks. Instead of releasing him, the team listed Odom as inactive for the remainder of the season. The move allowed the Mavericks to trade him at the end of the season. In a statement to ESPN, Odom said, \"I'm sorry that things didn't work out better for both of us, but I wish the Mavs' organization,","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119999","text":"NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, becoming the first player in Lakers history to do so. Bryant called it Odom's most \"consistent season\". During the offseason, Odom considered taking a break from basketball after a close cousin was murdered and Odom was a passenger in a SUV involved in an accident that killed a teenage cyclist. The car accident had occurred the day after Odom attended his cousin's funeral. On December 11, 2011, Odom was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, the defending NBA champions, for a first-round draft pick and an $8.9 million trade exception after NBA Commissioner David","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119997","text":"NBA Finals. During the 2009 off-season, Odom was courted heavily by his former team, Miami. Despite pleas from Heat guard Dwyane Wade, and Heat Executive Pat Riley, Kobe Bryant remained optimistic Odom would return to Los Angeles to team up with newly acquired forward and Odom's fellow New Yorker, Ron Artest. After a month of tedious negotiations, on July 31, 2009 the Lakers announced that they had agreed to a four-year deal worth up to $33 million with Odom. The investment would pay off as Odom would play a crucial role for the Lakers on the way to another NBA","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119994","text":"well, averaging 15.3 points, 12 rebounds, and 4 assists per game. Odom finished the season with 14.2 ppg 10.6 rpg and 3.5 apg. Odom's numbers were down in the Finals, however, where he averaged 13.5 points, 9.0 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game, with the Lakers losing in the 2008 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics. In 2008–09, Odom arrived at training camp out of shape. Jackson shared his plan to move Odom to the bench as their sixth man, backing up the Lakers' frontcourt of Gasol, Bynum, and Trevor Ariza. A free agent after the season, Odom initially balked","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120001","text":"yet to find his niche in Dallas. His struggles [made] him a frequent target of [Mavericks coach Rick] Carlisle, who [harped] on Odom's need to understand the coverages, be more alert, communicate and get in better shape... Team sources say Odom...appeared stressed by what they believe [was] the mental burden of an overwhelming offseason.\" On March 2, 2012, Odom was assigned to the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League. He had missed the prior three games due to personal reasons. His stint with the Legends was canceled on March 3, 2012, and he returned to the Mavs' active roster. On","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119983","text":"Bryant at Adidas ABCD camps. Adidas executive Sonny Vaccaro commented at the time that Odom possessed a \"$2 million smile\". Odom contemplated entering the NBA directly out of high school, and consulted with Bryant, who had made the jump a year earlier. He decided he was not ready, and decided to attend the University of Nevada at Las Vegas. However, after a \"Sports Illustrated\" report questioned his unexpectedly high score of 22 out of 36 in the ACT, the school released him in July 1997 before he ever played a game for them. That same summer, he received a citation","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119979","text":"draft with the fourth overall pick by the Los Angeles Clippers. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team, but twice he violated the league's drug policy in his four seasons with the Clippers. He signed as a restricted free agent with the Miami Heat, where he played one season in 2003–04 before being traded to the Lakers. Odom spent seven seasons with the Lakers, who traded him to the Dallas Mavericks in 2011. After the move, his career declined. He was traded back to the Clippers in 2012 and played briefly in Spain in 2014. Odom played on the","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120007","text":"Dubai International Basketball Tournament in early 2019 with Odom considering his future stint with Mighty Sports as a preparation for his entry in the BIG3, a Unite States-based 3x3 basketball league. Odom played in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens for the US national team, averaging 9.3 ppg while helping the U.S. to a bronze medal. He was invited to play for the FIBA World Championships for 2006 but declined the invitation because of the tragic death of his son and in 2007 because of a shoulder injury. Odom would, however, be invited back for the national team's run at","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120003","text":"my teammates and Dallas fans nothing but continued success in the defense of their championship.\" Mavericks owner Mark Cuban admitted that a clash between the two during halftime in a game against the Memphis Grizzlies on April 7 was the last straw. Odom reportedly responded angrily when Cuban questioned his commitment, asking if he was \"in or out.\" Odom averaged only 6.6 points in 20.5 minutes along with career lows in shooting percentage (35.2), rebounds (4.2) and assists (1.7) . On June 29, 2012, Odom was traded back to the Los Angeles Clippers as part of a four-team deal. The","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120000","text":"Stern vetoed a proposed three-team trade that would have sent Odom and Houston Rockets teammates Kevin Martin, Luis Scola, and Goran Dragić to the New Orleans Hornets; Chris Paul to the Lakers; and Pau Gasol to the Houston Rockets. Odom felt \"disrespected\" after he learned of the Hornets trade publicly, and he requested a trade from the Lakers to another contending team. The Lakers were also concerned that Odom's contract was pricey since he was not needed to initiate the triangle offense with Mike Brown replacing Phil Jackson as Lakers coach. In January 2012, Sports Illustrated reported that \"Odom [had]","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119998","text":"Championship, with the Lakers winning over the Boston Celtics in the 2010 NBA Finals. Odom continued his strong play for the Lakers with another solid season in the 2010–11 season where he posted career highs in 3 point shooting percentage (.382) and overall field goal percentage (.530). He started 35 games in Bynum's absence during the season and averaged 16.3 points and 10.2 rebounds in those starts. In 47 games off the bench, Odom averaged 13.5 points, 7.5 rebounds in 28.4 minutes. Meeting the requirement to come in as a reserve more games than he started, Odom was awarded the","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119996","text":"Cleveland. With 15 points in the 3rd quarter, Odom helped the Lakers out of a 12-point deficit to turn it into a 10-point victory, breaking Cleveland's 23 game home win-streak. He finished the game with 28 points, 17 rebounds and 2 assists. Odom adjusted back to his sixth man role when Bynum returned for an April 9 home matchup versus the Denver Nuggets. Odom finished his season with 11.3 points, 8.2 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 1.0 steals and 1.7 blocks with 29.7 minutes per game. He won his first NBA championship when the Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119993","text":"3–1 series lead. Odom averaged 14.8 points and 9.2 rebounds during the season and increased his scoring (19.1) and rebounds (11) in seven playoff games. Battling injuries, Odom was limited to 56 games in 2006–07, but finished with an average of 15.9 points and 9.8 rebounds per game. In a rematch of the previous year's series, the Lakers were again defeated by the Phoenix Suns in the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. After young center Andrew Bynum went down with a knee injury during the 2007–08 season, and Pau Gasol was acquired by the Lakers midseason, Odom played","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119987","text":"had already signed with an agent and was no longer eligible to withdraw from the draft. Odom was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers with the fourth overall pick. In his first season with the Clippers, Odom averaged 16.6 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 4.2 assists per game, including 30 points and 12 rebounds in his NBA debut. He was named to the 2000 NBA All-Rookie First Team. In the 2000–01 season, Odom increased his scoring average to 17.2 points a game as he started in 74 games. The Clippers failed to make the playoffs again however, as the young team","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119982","text":"to the now-defunct St. Thomas Aquinas High School in New Britain, Connecticut, where he was coached by Jerry DeGregorio. As a senior, Odom was recognized nationally as the \"Parade\" Player of the Year in 1997. He also was named to the \"Parade\" All-American First Team for the second consecutive year, and earned \"USA Today\" All-USA 1st Team honors. During his youth, Odom was teamed with future NBA players Elton Brand and Ron Artest (later known as Metta World Peace)--each of whom would become teammates with Odom in the NBA--on the same AAU team, and played with future Lakers teammate Kobe","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120008","text":"the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Istanbul, Turkey where the U.S. would win gold for the first time since 1994. Odom, being one of the elder statesmen on a young U.S. squad, served as a mentor for many of the younger players and even played out of position at center for the tournament. He led the U.S. in rebounds and finished the FIBA championships with double-doubles in the semi-final and championship games while becoming the first player in history to win both an NBA championship and FIBA gold in the same year. Odom was renowned for the impact his positive","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120005","text":"and won their first-ever Pacific Division title. In July 2013, Odom became a free agent, but did not land an NBA contract despite some interest from the Clippers in his return. The Lakers also contemplated re-signing him, but both teams committed to other players instead. On February 18, 2014, Odom signed with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia of the Spanish League and the Euroleague on a two-month deal with an option to extend it for the remainder of the season. A month later, he returned to the United States due to a back injury after his personal doctors in New York ruled","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119995","text":"at the plan to be a reserve for the first time in his career. However, he came around, and was resolved to make his teammates happy and sacrifice his own individual numbers in the hopes of securing his first NBA championship. When Bynum was injured in a game against the Memphis Grizzlies in January, Odom returned to the starting lineup. In the month of February, Odom, playing 36 minutes per game, averaged 16.5 points, 13.4 rebounds (4.9 offensive and 9.5 defensive), 2.4 assists, 1.4 blocks, and .9 steals. The February run included a good performance at Quicken Loans Arena at","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119989","text":"matching another offer the Heat made to Elton Brand. The Heat had previously won only 25 games, but had drafted young talent such as Dwyane Wade and Caron Butler. Odom was brought in to play as the team's starting power forward, and along with the budding Wade and veteran Eddie Jones shared the scoring load with 17.1 points a game to go with a career high 9.7 rebounds. The Heat opened the season losing 7 straight games, but ended up playing better and competing for a seed in the playoffs. On March 6, Odom posted a triple double, scoring 30","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119988","text":"could not improve their positioning in the Western Conference. In March 2001, Odom was suspended for five games for violating the NBA's drug policy. In the following season, he was suspended in November for violating the drug policy again, his second offense in eight months. He admitted to using marijuana after the suspension. Odom only played 29 games during the season, and his production slipped. He would only play in 49 games during the 2002–03 season, and would be a restricted free agent the following summer. The Miami Heat offered a deal that the Clippers declined to match after already","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119981","text":"South Jamaica, Queens, New York City, to Joe Odom and Cathy Mercer. His father was a heroin addict, and Odom's mother died of colon cancer when he was twelve years old. At her deathbed, Odom's mom told him: \"Be nice to everybody\". Afterwards, he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Mildred Mercer. In his first three years of high school, Odom played for Christ The King Regional High School in Middle Village, Queens. He left the school at the start of his senior year due to poor grades, transferring first to Redemption Christian Academy in Troy, New York and then","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"6890037","text":"Odom, who was married to Sadie Harvey Odom, had two children, one being Philadelphia journalist Vernon Odom. He died on May 22, 1996. Today, he is best remembered by the Vern Odom Allotment, a suburban-style housing development located off Wooster Avenue (Vernon Odom Boulevard) in Akron. In the early 2000s (decade), an effort was made to commemorate Odom's memory by renaming Wooster Avenue (a main thoroughfare through one of Akron's predominantly African-American neighborhoods) Vernon Odom Boulevard. After this was passed, many local signs were renamed to read \"V Odom Boulevard,\" reaping much public conversation and amusement. (see below) From Bob","title":"Vernon Odom Sr."},{"psg_id":"10962575","text":"There, he operated the Dunn-Odom Insurance Agency for fourteen years. At the time of his death, Odom was the administrator for the DeSoto Parish Police Jury, the governing agency of the parish, akin to the county commission in other states. He was a member too for fifteen years of the DeSoto Regional Hospital Board. Odom's brother, Charles D. Odom (born 1951) of Minden, is a member of the Webster Parish Police Jury; Odom's nephew, \"Chad\" Odom (born 1975), is a candidate in 2014 for mayor of Minden. Odom died of a sudden illness. In addition to his younger brother, he","title":"Sammy Joe Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120014","text":"had used cocaine in the days prior to his medical emergency, suffered kidney failure and several strokes; he became comatose and was placed on life support in a hospital in Las Vegas before regaining consciousness. He was transferred from Las Vegas to a Los Angeles hospital by medical transport. In the aftermath of the incident, Kardashian withdrew her request for a divorce; she stated that she had not reconciled with Odom, but wished to assist him in making medical decisions during his recovery. Odom's recovery went well. On January 8, 2016, Odom's paternal aunt JaNean Mercer told \"Us Weekly\" that","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120009","text":"personality had on his teams. Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak called him \"the most popular player in our locker room\". Odom valued the concept of a team and played unselfishly, and was content deferring to teammates while playing a supporting role. Standing at , he was still adept at dribbling the ball and directing the offense, and could also rebound proficiently as a small forward. He was able to score as a post player, on mid-range jumpers, as well as from outside. He could start a fast break with an outlook pass, finish it with a layup, or simply drive","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3120004","text":"deal sent Odom to the Clippers, the rights to Tadija Dragićević and cash considerations to the Dallas Mavericks, Mo Williams and the draft rights to Shan Foster to the Utah Jazz, and the draft rights to Furkan Aldemir to the Houston Rockets. He played all 82 games of the season for the third time in his career, but only started two of them. Out of shape for half the season, he averaged career lows of 4.0 ppg and 1.7 apg in 19.7 mpg during the season. He also averaged 5.9 rebounds, but shot just 39.9 percent. The Clippers finished 56-26","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"18935227","text":"includes a drummer, percussionist, bassist, guitarist, and a pianist who is also Odom's musical director. In June 2017, it was announced that Odom had a book deal for \"Failing Up: How to Take Risks, Aim Higher, and Never Stop Learning\", which he was writing with the intention to inspire younger readers. The book, by an imprint of Macmillan in March 2018, \"outlines the setbacks and rejections that preceded his success.\" Odom modeled his writing on the style of a commencement speech, exploring what he had learned throughout his life and the importance of pursuing passions. Odom has been married to","title":"Leslie Odom Jr."},{"psg_id":"3119992","text":"the Lakers finished out of the playoffs for only the 5th time in franchise history. Following the 2004–05 season, they re-hired former coach Phil Jackson. In the first half of 2005–06, Odom displayed inconsistency while playing with the Lakers. However, as Los Angeles progressed towards the end of the season, his performance steadily improved. Along the way, he posted consecutive triple-doubles for the first time as a Laker against the Golden State Warriors and Portland Trail Blazers. The Lakers were eliminated in 7 games in the first round of the playoffs against the Phoenix Suns, after the Lakers lost a","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"3119986","text":"the Atlantic 10 Conference, where he averaged 17.6 points per game and led the Rams to the conference championship in 1999. He earned first-team all-conference honors and was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year. He was named the most valuable player of the Atlantic 10 Tournament after his three-pointer against Temple University at the buzzer gave the Rams their first A-10 Tournament title. Odom declared his eligibility for the 1999 NBA draft after his freshman year at the Rhode Island in 1999. He then tried to return to college, thinking he was not ready for the NBA; however,","title":"Lamar Odom"},{"psg_id":"18174264","text":"Odom averaged 9 points and 5 rebounds per game. July 2015, Virtus Bologna finalized an agreement with Rod Odom to play for 2015-2016 Season. In the 2017-18 season Odom played for Levallois Metropolitans and averaged 10 points and 3.8 rebounds per game. Odom signed with Nizhny Novgorod of the Russian league on July 17, 2018. Rod Odom Roderick Wesley Odom (born September 23, 1991) is an American professional basketball player from Central Islip, New York who currently plays for Nizhny Novgorod of the VTB United League. He attended Vanderbilt University. Odom is a 6'9, 215 pound combo forward. Odom attended","title":"Rod Odom"},{"psg_id":"9151904","text":"science from Springfield College and a master's degree in regional planning from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Odom moved to North Carolina in 1995 when her husband, Michael Hooker, became chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After his death, she married former state senator Fountain Odom. Carmen Hooker Odom Carmen Hooker Odom is the former secretary of the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Governor Mike Easley appointed her Secretary in January 2001. Odom, a former Massachusetts legislator and health care lobbyist, has spent her professional life working in health and human services. As","title":"Carmen Hooker Odom"},{"psg_id":"6890040","text":"exit off of another boulevard named for one of Odom's college classmates — Martin Luther King Jr. But perhaps in another six years we can fix those, too. Vernon Odom Sr. Vernon L. Odom, Sr. was an American civil rights leader. He was born in Biscoe, Arkansas, on June 9, 1921 to Dr. Elijah and Ada Odom. His father was born into slavery in 1859 and later became a physician. In 1949, he graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Thereafter he earned a master's degree in social work from Atlanta University. Odom was best recognized for his 43 years","title":"Vernon Odom Sr."},{"psg_id":"13283285","text":"G. Rowe, Sr. as the only ones to ever win that American Classic both as a jockey and as a trainer. Following the formation of the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, George Odom was part of the 1955 inaugural class of inductees. Married to Julie Murtha in 1902, in later years the Odoms made their home in Jamaica, New York. A few weeks after his eighty-second birthday, George Odom died on July 29, 1964 at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, New York. Their son, George P. \"Maje\" Odom, was also a trainer. George M. Odom George Martin Odom","title":"George M. Odom"},{"psg_id":"19187362","text":"(370.7 avg.). Memphis earned a share of the 2014 American Athletic Conference title, giving them a conference championship for the first time since 1971. Odom was named the head coach of the Missouri Tigers football team on December 3, 2015, after former head coach Gary Pinkel retired after 15 seasons due to health-related issues. At 38, Coach Odom is the second youngest head coach for the Missouri Tigers. Assistants under Odom who became NCAA head coaches: Barry Odom Barry Stephen Odom (born November 26, 1976) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach of the Missouri","title":"Barry Odom"},{"psg_id":"18174261","text":"Rod Odom Roderick Wesley Odom (born September 23, 1991) is an American professional basketball player from Central Islip, New York who currently plays for Nizhny Novgorod of the VTB United League. He attended Vanderbilt University. Odom is a 6'9, 215 pound combo forward. Odom attended Middlesex School, in Concord, Massachusetts. He played all 5 positions for the Middlesex School where he was one of the most heavily recruited players in the nation. Odom ultimately chose between Harvard, Princeton, Louisville, Arizona and Vanderbilt, and had offers from West Virginia, Michigan, UConn, Boston College, and Oklahoma State as well. Odom's younger sister,","title":"Rod Odom"},{"psg_id":"17200251","text":"set three national records. Although recruited by every major track program in the United States, Odom could not attend college because his academics were subpar. He went to Wallace State Community College in Hanceville, Alabama, where his career derailed. Deworski Odom Deworski Odom (born April 11, 1977) is a former American sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres. As a 17-year-old, he won a bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1994 World Junior Championships, surpassing Henry Thomas's World Youth Best over this distance. Odom was born in Cordele, Georgia, to Lessie Odom, then 16. When he was 4","title":"Deworski Odom"},{"psg_id":"17200250","text":"Deworski Odom Deworski Odom (born April 11, 1977) is a former American sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres. As a 17-year-old, he won a bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1994 World Junior Championships, surpassing Henry Thomas's World Youth Best over this distance. Odom was born in Cordele, Georgia, to Lessie Odom, then 16. When he was 4 years old, he moved with family to Philadelphia. He began running as a sixth-grader at Shoemaker Middle School. He later attended Overbrook High School. In the 1995 National Scholastic Indoor Track and Field Championships in Syracuse, New York, Odom","title":"Deworski Odom"},{"psg_id":"10737576","text":"He started forty-one of the forty-six Buccaneers games in which he played. Odom has served as a Hillsborough County Sheriff's Deputy in Tampa, Florida since 2008. Jason Odom Jason Brian Odom (born March 31, 1974) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons during the 1990s. Odom played college football for the University of Florida, and received unanimous All-American honors. Thereafter, he played professionally for the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Odom was born in Winter Haven, Florida in 1974. He attended Bartow High School in","title":"Jason Odom"},{"psg_id":"10737573","text":"Jason Odom Jason Brian Odom (born March 31, 1974) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons during the 1990s. Odom played college football for the University of Florida, and received unanimous All-American honors. Thereafter, he played professionally for the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Odom was born in Winter Haven, Florida in 1974. He attended Bartow High School in Bartow, Florida, and played high school football for the Bartow Yellow Jackets. Odom accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida,","title":"Jason Odom"},{"psg_id":"15092172","text":"Spencer Odom Spencer Odom (born August 19, 1913, Chicago; died December 24, 1962 (age 49) New York City) was a pianist-arranger who conducted the music for the Frank Buck recording Tiger (record album). Odom was the son of Carrie Combs and Walter D. Odom. He received public musical education at Chicago Piano College, with private lessons under T. T. Taylor and Mrs. Estelle Bonds. His theory, arranging, composition and orchestral training were received under Major N. Clark Smith, who formed an orchestra from his best students including Ray Nance, Oliver Coleman, Claud Adams and Jesse Simpkins. Odom was pianist and","title":"Spencer Odom"},{"psg_id":"11078924","text":"Commissioner Dave L. Pearce and director of technical services. Odom served in the United States Marines and was stationed as a company commander in Okinawa, Japan. He graduated from the Marine Corps Command and Staff College and was a lieutenant colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve. He served on various boards and commissions, such as the Louisiana Cattleman's Association, East Baton Rouge Parish and Louisiana Farm Bureau, the World Trade Center of New Orleans, and Louisiana Environmental Health Association. Odom was married to the former Mildred \"Millie\" Randolph (born c. 1944). They have a son, Robert \"Robb\" Odom, III (born","title":"Bob Odom"},{"psg_id":"18513708","text":"Ryan Odom Ryan Odom (born July 11, 1974) is an American men's college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team. He was previously the head coach of the Lenoir-Rhyne Bears. Odom served as the interim head coach of the Charlotte 49ers men's basketball team from January 6 until March 15, 2015. In this capacity, he replaced Alan Major when Major went on a medical leave of absence to deal with chronic health issues. On March 16, 2018, Odom made college basketball history when UMBC defeated Virginia 74–54 in the NCAA Division I","title":"Ryan Odom"},{"psg_id":"18513713","text":"South Carolina head coach Dave Odom. <nowiki>*</nowiki>\"Charlotte Head Coach Alan Major took an indefinite leave of absence due to medical reasons on January 6, 2015. Charlotte's record at the time was 6–7 (0–1 C-USA).\" Ryan Odom Ryan Odom (born July 11, 1974) is an American men's college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team. He was previously the head coach of the Lenoir-Rhyne Bears. Odom served as the interim head coach of the Charlotte 49ers men's basketball team from January 6 until March 15, 2015. In this capacity, he replaced Alan Major","title":"Ryan Odom"},{"psg_id":"14335079","text":"Darius Johnson-Odom Darius Earvin Johnson-Odom (born September 28, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League. In 2009, he transferred to Marquette University from Hutchinson Community College. As a senior, Johnson-Odom was named first-team All-Big East. Johnson-Odom is listed as a 6'2\" tall (1.88 m) and 100 kg (220 lb.) point guard-shooting guard. He was measured at 6'3\" tall with shoes on at the 2012 NBA Draft combine. Johnson-Odom spent three seasons at Marquette University before he was selected 55th overall in the 2012 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks, who immediately","title":"Darius Johnson-Odom"},{"psg_id":"7160269","text":"head coach Terry Holland, Odom participated in some of the university's most successful seasons, including five National Collegiate Athletic Association berths and a trip to the Final Four in 1984. During this time, Odom coached future No. 1 NBA draft pick Ralph Sampson, who graduated in 1983. Odom served as acting head coach when Holland missed several games due to illness in the 1988-1989 season. Odom left Virginia in 1989 to return to Winston-Salem as the head coach of Wake Forest University. Upon his arrival in Winston-Salem, Odom inherited a team that had suffered four straight losing seasons under head","title":"Dave Odom"},{"psg_id":"15092174","text":"floor. Doctors were called but failed to revive him. Spencer Odom Spencer Odom (born August 19, 1913, Chicago; died December 24, 1962 (age 49) New York City) was a pianist-arranger who conducted the music for the Frank Buck recording Tiger (record album). Odom was the son of Carrie Combs and Walter D. Odom. He received public musical education at Chicago Piano College, with private lessons under T. T. Taylor and Mrs. Estelle Bonds. His theory, arranging, composition and orchestral training were received under Major N. Clark Smith, who formed an orchestra from his best students including Ray Nance, Oliver Coleman,","title":"Spencer Odom"},{"psg_id":"7422976","text":"Fame in . , or Retrosheet Blue Moon Odom Johnny Lee \"Blue Moon\" Odom (born May 29, 1945) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1964 to 1976 for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and Chicago White Sox. Odom won three consecutive World Series championships with the Athletics in , and . Odom was nicknamed Blue Moon in grade-school by a classmate who thought Odom's round face resembled the moon. Odom led Ballard-Hudson High School in Macon, Georgia to two consecutive state championships while amassing a 42-2","title":"Blue Moon Odom"},{"psg_id":"7422958","text":"Blue Moon Odom Johnny Lee \"Blue Moon\" Odom (born May 29, 1945) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1964 to 1976 for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and Chicago White Sox. Odom won three consecutive World Series championships with the Athletics in , and . Odom was nicknamed Blue Moon in grade-school by a classmate who thought Odom's round face resembled the moon. Odom led Ballard-Hudson High School in Macon, Georgia to two consecutive state championships while amassing a 42-2 record and pitching eight no-hitters. He","title":"Blue Moon Odom"},{"psg_id":"11318713","text":"Mel Odom (artist) Mel Odom (born September 2, 1950) is an American artist who has created book covers for numerous novels, including a number of paperback editions of the novels of Patrick White, the Australian winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, and several books by fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay such as \"The Fionavar Tapestry\" trilogy, \"Tigana\", \"A Song for Arbonne\", and \"The Lions of Al-Rassan\". \"Dreamer,\" a collection of his work, with an introduction by Edmund White, was published by Penguin Books in 1984. Odom is also the designer of the Gene Marshall collectible fashion doll. Odom was","title":"Mel Odom (artist)"},{"psg_id":"13373329","text":"Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? is a 2010 American comedy-drama film produced by Lionsgate and Tyler Perry Studios and stars Janet Jackson, Tyler Perry, and Tasha Smith. It is the sequel to \"Why Did I Get Married?\" (2007), The film shares the interactions of four couples who undertake a week-long retreat to improve their relationships. The four couples prepare for their next marriage retreat in the Bahamas. Sheila and her new husband, Troy, are the first to arrive, followed (in order) by Patricia and Gavin, Terry and Dianne, and Angela and","title":"Why Did I Get Married Too?"},{"psg_id":"16178917","text":"as home plate umpire for the last game in Washington Senators history. With the Senators up by two runs in the ninth inning, Senators fans began to storm the field. With only one out needed to win the game, the crowd became uncontrollable and the game was forfeited to New York. Odom attended high school in Bennettsville, South Carolina, where he played three sports. Early in his career, Odom spent the offseason working for Young Pecan Company of Florence, South Carolina. Jim's younger brother Harvey was an umpire who worked in several minor league circuits. Jim Odom James Cecil Odom","title":"Jim Odom"},{"psg_id":"16178916","text":"Jim Odom James Cecil Odom (July 16, 1921 – January 18, 1989) was a professional baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1965 to 1974. Odom umpired 1,597 major league games in his 10-year career. He umpired in the 1971 World Series, two League Championship Series (1970 and 1973) and the 1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Jim umpired for 18 years before being promoted to the major leagues. His minor league service included time in the West Texas–New Mexico League, Tobacco State League, Big State League, Sally League, Texas League and International League. In 1971, Odom served","title":"Jim Odom"},{"psg_id":"11078929","text":"prosecutors sought to reinstate the case. The case never went to trial and was dismissed in 2009. The presiding judge called the case \"diseased from the very start.\" Odom even quarreled with Governor Kathleen Blanco, who stepped down in 2008, and state Treasurer John Neely Kennedy, a Democrat-turned-Republican who was unopposed in the 2007 primary. Like Odom, Dozier had also been engulfed in scandal. So was Dozier's predecessor, fellow Democrat Dave Pearce, who served from 1952 to 1956, and again from 1960 to 1976. Ironically, Odom had been a key aide to Pearce, and both were born in Claiborne Parish.","title":"Bob Odom"},{"psg_id":"17692925","text":"Jerry Odom Jerry \"2 Tickets 2 Paradise\" Odom is an American super middleweight professional boxer from Washington, D.C. Odom was raised in the Paradise Projects, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. After getting into trouble as a youth for fighting, he eventually found his way to the boxing gym, where he excelled as an amateur. Odom was a decorated amateur, winning the National Golden Gloves championship at 178 lbs. in 2012 after finishing as runner up the previous year. For his accomplishments, Odom was named 2012 Amateur Boxer of the Year by Stiff Jab. Odom turned professional in","title":"Jerry Odom"},{"psg_id":"7160266","text":"Dave Odom George David Odom (born October 9, 1942) is a retired American men's college basketball coach, who most recently coached at the University of South Carolina. He had previously held the same position at East Carolina University and Wake Forest University, and was an assistant coach at the University of Virginia. Odom began his career in sports at Goldsboro High School, in North Carolina, as the captain of his basketball and baseball teams. After graduating in 1961, he attended Guilford College where he played quarterback on the football team for three years, as well as playing basketball for all","title":"Dave Odom"},{"psg_id":"20838608","text":"Former Wayland coach Harley Redin said of Odom, \"She was such a great post player. Her fundamentals were just perfect. She was just exceptional at faking and getting good, accurate shots.\" Redin imposed some rules on his team, including that the players could not be married. (He thought it was unacceptable for women to travel without their husbands on road games). When Lometa's boyfriend in Dimmitt, Eloy Powell, proposed to her, she told him they had to wait. Just a few weeks later, Powell was killed by a train returning home from a visit to the campus. In 2013 Odom","title":"Lometa Odom"},{"psg_id":"18144208","text":"issue. In 2014, Odom published a book about his experiences, titled \"They Can Kill Me, But They Can't Eat Me.\" Freddie Odom Douglas Fred \"Freddie\" Odom, Jr. is an actor, author, teacher, and Independent American politician. In March 2012, as a City Councilmember, Odom came out as an autistic person. He was subsequently elected Mayor of Bluffton, Georgia. After successfully auditioning for a role alongside Victoria Henley in the play \"Sister Queens\", Odom became a regular cast member in \"Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play,\" Swamp Gravy. He was elected to the Bluffton City Council in November 2010. After appearing in an","title":"Freddie Odom"},{"psg_id":"18144207","text":"Freddie Odom Douglas Fred \"Freddie\" Odom, Jr. is an actor, author, teacher, and Independent American politician. In March 2012, as a City Councilmember, Odom came out as an autistic person. He was subsequently elected Mayor of Bluffton, Georgia. After successfully auditioning for a role alongside Victoria Henley in the play \"Sister Queens\", Odom became a regular cast member in \"Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play,\" Swamp Gravy. He was elected to the Bluffton City Council in November 2010. After appearing in an article on Swamp Gravy in the January/February 2012 issue of \"Southwest Georgia Living\", Odom self-identified as autistic in the following","title":"Freddie Odom"},{"psg_id":"11078937","text":"Odom received the \"Man of the Year\" award from \"Progressive Farmer\" magazine. When Odom announced his exit from the general election campaign, Ray Young, a farmer and agriculture consultant from Wisner in Franklin Parish in northeastern Louisiana, introduced him at an event by saying, \"Bob Odom is the best Agriculture and Forestry commissioner Louisiana has ever had.\" Odom's supporters held a retirement celebration in Baton Rouge in his honor on November 29, 2007. Interested persons were urged to contribute to the \"Bob Odom Retirement Fund\". Odom had a campaign debt at the time of approximately $125,000. Conservative radio talk show","title":"Bob Odom"},{"psg_id":"18438232","text":"in the North Carolina State Senate in 1975 and 1976. Odom died in Raleigh, North Carolina. Mary H. Odom Mary Horne Odom (January 29, 1921 – November 22, 2014) was an American educator and politician. Born in Greenville, North Carolina, Odom graduated from Greenville High School and then received her bachelor's degree from what is now East Carolina University. Odom also went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She then taught high school. Odom also worked for the United States Post Office and was a reporter for the Laurinburg Exchange. She lived in Wagram, North Carolina. Odom served","title":"Mary H. Odom"},{"psg_id":"15455445","text":"George Phillips Odom Jr. George Phillips Odom Jr. (1941 – 18 December 2010) was an American artist and amateur geometer, who is primarily known for his work on the golden ratio (formula_1). Odom garnered some recognition early in his career for his light machines made from fibre optics, that he exhibited at the \"Knoll International Gallery\" in Manhattan in the 1960s. Later his career faltered somewhat and he could not repeat his early success. Odom suffered from depressions which ultimately culminated in a suicide attempt and a subsequent hospitalization at the \"Hudson River Psychiatric Center\" in Poughkeepsie, where he became","title":"George Phillips Odom Jr."},{"psg_id":"10897741","text":"ordinance is impractical for large industrial sites such as the lot Western Express owns. Gary Odom Gary Odom is a former American politician and the former Democratic Minority Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected to represent the 55th district, which is part of Davidson County. Gary Odom was first elected as a state representative to serve in the 95th Tennessee General Assembly (1987–1988). In addition to serving as the Democratic Majority Leader, Rep. Odom serves as Chair of the House Ethics Committee and the House Rules Committee. He also serves on the House Finance, Ways and","title":"Gary Odom"},{"psg_id":"13283284","text":"who won the 1906 Hempstead Stakes for two-year-olds at Jamaica Racetrack. In 1907, Odom led all trainers in wins at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago. During his career, George Odom operated a public stable whose clients over the years included Robert L. Gerry, Sr., Marshall Field III, and Hollywood film mogul Louis B. Mayer who owned Odom's most famous runner, Busher, a future Hall of Fame filly who was voted 1945 American Horse of the Year honors. Odom also trained good runners such as Nimba and Tippity Witchet, and in 1938 won the Belmont Stakes with Pasteurized, joining James","title":"George M. Odom"},{"psg_id":"20838604","text":"Lometa Odom Lometa Ruth Odom (November 29, 1933 – January 27, 2017) was an American women's basketball player and coach. Odom played for Wayland Baptist from 1953 to 1956 during which the team began a streak of 131 consecutive victories (the longest streak in college and professional sports team history). Odom was a member of the U.S. women's national team which won the Gold Medal in basketball at the 1955 Pan American Games. In 2011 she was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame. Odom was born November 29, 1933 in Washington, Oklahoma; her parents were David Hiram Odom","title":"Lometa Odom"},{"psg_id":"11078925","text":"c. 1968), and wife Monique of Zachary. Odom, III, was a football linebacker for McNeese State University in Lake Charles. The Odoms' daughter, Ashley White (born c. 1970), formerly Ashley Thompson, resides with her husband Ned White in Monroe, Louisiana. There are four surviving grandchildren, Taylor Brooke Odom, Baylie Monet Odom, Brighton Lynn Thompson, and Nolan Randolph Thompson. Odom was a member of the First Baptist Church of Zachary. In his leisure, Odom enjoyed hunting, fishing, and woodworking. Odom first ran as a reformer for Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry in 1979 and easily unseated fellow Democrat Gil Dozier. This","title":"Bob Odom"},{"psg_id":"11078935","text":"farmer from Transylvania in East Carroll Parish in far northeastern Louisiana, trailed with 152,872 (13 percent) and 69,469 (6 percent), respectively. The Republican vote hence totaled 59 percent. A perennial candidate, Johnson had also run against Odom in 1987, 1991, 1995, and 2003. Odom attributed his weaker-than-usual showing to the failure of many African American voters, who had backed him in the past by large margins, to cast ballots in the primary. Less than a week later, Odom announced that he would not contest the general election. Therefore, Strain was declared the winner of the election and assumed office early","title":"Bob Odom"},{"psg_id":"10287011","text":"errors, for a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage. Heinie Odom Herman Boyd \"Heinie\" Odom (October 13, 1900 – August 31, 1970) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played a single game with the New York Yankees in 1925. He was born and died in Rusk, Texas. He was born Herman Boyd, and later changed his name. After attending the University of Texas, Odom played his only major league game with the Yankees on April 22, . He hit a single in his one and only at bat and finished with a perfect 1.000 batting average. In the","title":"Heinie Odom"},{"psg_id":"10287010","text":"Heinie Odom Herman Boyd \"Heinie\" Odom (October 13, 1900 – August 31, 1970) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played a single game with the New York Yankees in 1925. He was born and died in Rusk, Texas. He was born Herman Boyd, and later changed his name. After attending the University of Texas, Odom played his only major league game with the Yankees on April 22, . He hit a single in his one and only at bat and finished with a perfect 1.000 batting average. In the field, he had one putout and no","title":"Heinie Odom"},{"psg_id":"18438231","text":"Mary H. Odom Mary Horne Odom (January 29, 1921 – November 22, 2014) was an American educator and politician. Born in Greenville, North Carolina, Odom graduated from Greenville High School and then received her bachelor's degree from what is now East Carolina University. Odom also went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She then taught high school. Odom also worked for the United States Post Office and was a reporter for the Laurinburg Exchange. She lived in Wagram, North Carolina. Odom served in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1971 and 1972 as a Democrat and then","title":"Mary H. Odom"},{"psg_id":"19187358","text":"Barry Odom Barry Stephen Odom (born November 26, 1976) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach of the Missouri Tigers football team. Odom played college football at the University of Missouri as a linebacker from 1996 to 1999 as a linebacker from 1996-99. He recorded 72 tackles as a freshman. In the spring of 1997, he tore his ACL but recovered in time to start all 12 games of his sophomore season. He ended his playing career with 362 tackles, which still ranks as seventh-most in school history. Odom was chosen as a team captain","title":"Barry Odom"},{"psg_id":"10897737","text":"Gary Odom Gary Odom is a former American politician and the former Democratic Minority Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected to represent the 55th district, which is part of Davidson County. Gary Odom was first elected as a state representative to serve in the 95th Tennessee General Assembly (1987–1988). In addition to serving as the Democratic Majority Leader, Rep. Odom serves as Chair of the House Ethics Committee and the House Rules Committee. He also serves on the House Finance, Ways and Means Committee; the House Health and Human Resources Committee; the House Government Operations Committee;","title":"Gary Odom"},{"psg_id":"18935228","text":"actress Nicolette Kloe Robinson, since December 1, 2012. Their daughter, Lucille Ruby, was born on April 23, 2017. The couple met in 2008, when she was a student at UCLA and auditioned for \"Once on This Island\" in Los Angeles. When Robinson replaced a cast member who left unexpectedly, assistant director Odom became responsible for bringing her quickly up to speed, and a romantic relationship ensued. Robinson has since appeared in the off-Broadway musical \"Invisible Thread\" (2015) and the television series \"The Affair\". Leslie Odom Jr. Leslie Odom Jr. (, born August 6, 1981) is an American actor and singer.","title":"Leslie Odom Jr."},{"psg_id":"14335083","text":"2018, Johnson-Odom signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. This came after it was announced that an Italian anti-doping court suspended him for eight months after he tested positive to a THC test on May 6, 2018. On October 13, 2018, he was waived by the Timberwolves. Johnson-Odom was added to the Iowa Wolves opening night roster. Darius Johnson-Odom Darius Earvin Johnson-Odom (born September 28, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League. In 2009, he transferred to Marquette University from Hutchinson Community College. As a senior, Johnson-Odom was named first-team All-Big East. Johnson-Odom","title":"Darius Johnson-Odom"},{"psg_id":"18050227","text":"from September 1, 2018. Odom is also the Associate Director of International Institute for Nanotechnology at Northwestern University. Odom was an inaugural Associate Editor for Royal Society of Chemistry's flagship journal Chemical Science (2009-2013). Odom is a member of the editorial advisory board of ACS Nano, Chemical Physics Letters, Journal of Physical Chemistry, and Nano Letters. She is currently the Executive Editor of ACS Photonics. Odom was a founding Chair of the Noble Metal Nanoparticles Gordon Research Conference which began in 2010. Research in Odom group focus on controlling materials at 100 nm scale and investigating their size and shape-dependent","title":"Teri W. Odom"},{"psg_id":"19780652","text":"North Carolina, at the age of 66. He was survived by his children, Lisa Odom and David Odom; his grandson; and his sister, Doris Odom; and predeceased by his two brothers, James Odom and Furman Odom, Jr. His funeral was held at the Greater Providence Baptist Church in Charlotte. George T. Odom George T. Odom (August 21, 1950 – c. September 21, 2016) was an American character actor, known for roles in film and television. Odom received an Independent Spirit Awards nomination for Best Supporting Male for his portrayal of Ray Brown in the 1991 independent film, \"Straight Out of","title":"George T. Odom"},{"psg_id":"18050226","text":"Teri W. Odom Teri W. Odom is an American chemist and materials scientist. She is the Chair of the Chemistry Department, Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry, and a Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University. Odom graduated in 1996 from Stanford University with a B.S. in chemistry. She obtained her Ph.D. in chemical physics from Harvard University in 2001 under the guidance of Charles M. Lieber. Odom conducted post-doctoral research at Harvard with George M. Whitesides from 2001 to 2002. Odom was elected as the Chair of the Chemistry Department at Northwestern University, starting","title":"Teri W. Odom"},{"psg_id":"7571196","text":"in Cordova, Alabama at the time. On August 22, 2011 Odom was shot in the leg at his home in Irvington. Odom was arrested on December 15, 2011 for possession of marijuana after a traffic stop in Baldwin County, Alabama. He was released later in the day after posting $1,000.00 bail. Antwan Odom Antwan Deon Odom (born September 24, 1981) is a retired American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. He has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He went to","title":"Antwan Odom"},{"psg_id":"7571195","text":"ready for the 2010 season, as he said the tendon was feeling better and he could run and be ready to play and start at 100%. On July 29, 2011, Odom was released by the Bengals. In his spare time, Odom enjoys fishing and hunting. He is also a NASCAR racing and pro-wrestling enthusiast. Odom earned a degree in Human Environmental Studies upon completing his course work at the University of Alabama. On March 15, 2011, Odom's home in Mason, OH (a suburb of Cincinnati) was severely damaged by fire. Odom and his family were safe at his family's house","title":"Antwan Odom"},{"psg_id":"7571190","text":"Antwan Odom Antwan Deon Odom (born September 24, 1981) is a retired American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. He has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He went to high school at Alma Bryant High School, where he started at defensive end and occasionally played wide receiver. Odom played in 39 games for the University of Alabama during his five-year collegiate career. He recorded 98 tackles, 21 sacks, and 26 tackles for losses in his career. As a freshman, Odom","title":"Antwan Odom"},{"psg_id":"7160272","text":"Carolina, his team earned one NCAA tournament bid, and made three appearances in the NIT, winning the championship in 2005 and 2006. He was named SEC Coach of the Year in 2004. On January 2, 2008, Odom coached his 400th collegiate victory as a head coach. Later that month, on January 18, he announced that he would retire at the end of the 2007-2008 basketball season, his seventh at South Carolina. He coached his final game for USC on March 14, 2008, in the SEC tournament. Odom is the father of UMBC head coach Ryan Odom. Dave Odom George David","title":"Dave Odom"},{"psg_id":"5994583","text":"Vernon Odom Vernon Odom (born September 16, 1948) is a retired local Philadelphia TV journalist. Odom received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology and Political Science from Morehouse College and later continued his education at Columbia University. He started with WPVI-TV, in Philadelphia on May 17, 1976. He has covered a plethora of major stories during his tenure, ranging from Presidential debates to the MOVE disaster of 1985. He also hosted \"Visions\", a weekly look at urban life in Philadelphia. In November 2004, he was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame. Odom retired effective December 14, 2018","title":"Vernon Odom"},{"psg_id":"20387573","text":"Chris Odom Chris Odom (born September 16, 1994) is an American football linebacker for the Salt Lake Stallions of the Alliance of American Football (AAF). He played college football at Arkansas State. He has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons. Odom played high school football at Martin High School in Arlington, Texas. He recorded 32 tackles and 1 pass breakup his senior year, earning Class 5-3A All-District honors as a defensive end. He also participated in track and field at Martin. Odom played for the Arkansas State Red Wolves from 2013 to 2016 as a defensive lineman. He","title":"Chris Odom"},{"psg_id":"17692926","text":"October 2012 at George Mason University's Patriot Center, where he stopped Darryl Fields in the first round. He has since fought five times as a professional, with none of his opponents making it out of the first round. Odom has since signed with GH3 Promotions based in Newark, N.J. Jerry Odom Jerry \"2 Tickets 2 Paradise\" Odom is an American super middleweight professional boxer from Washington, D.C. Odom was raised in the Paradise Projects, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. After getting into trouble as a youth for fighting, he eventually found his way to the boxing gym,","title":"Jerry Odom"},{"psg_id":"20838611","text":"Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011. The Hall of Fame inducted the Flying Queens in 2013 for their role in basketball history and the 131-game winning streak, naming the team \"Trailblazers of the Game\" and recognizing Odom and the players from that era. Lometa Odom Lometa Ruth Odom (November 29, 1933 – January 27, 2017) was an American women's basketball player and coach. Odom played for Wayland Baptist from 1953 to 1956 during which the team began a streak of 131 consecutive victories (the longest streak in college and professional sports team history). Odom was a member of the U.S.","title":"Lometa Odom"},{"psg_id":"20387575","text":"fumbles and 1 blocked kick, earning First Team All-Sun Belt honors. Odom participated in the College Gridiron Showcase in January 2017. His five career blocked kicks were the second most in school history. He majored in Sport Management at Arkansas State. Odom was rated the 41st best defensive end in the 2017 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. After going undrafted, Odom signed with the Atlanta Falcons on May 1, 2017. He was waived by the Falcons on September 2, 2017. Odom was claimed off waivers by the Green Bay Packers on September 3, 2017. On September 1, 2018, Odom was waived","title":"Chris Odom"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120017\",\n \"text\": \"Trends list for living people, which measures the highest spikes in traffic over a sustained period compared to the previous year. Lamar Odom Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. As a member of the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he won NBA championships in 2009 and 2010 and was named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2011. As a high school player, Odom received national player of the year honors from \\\"Parade\\\" in 1997. He played college basketball for the University of Rhode Island, earning all-conference\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119978\",\n \"text\": \"Lamar Odom Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. As a member of the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA), he won NBA championships in 2009 and 2010 and was named the NBA Sixth Man of the Year in 2011. As a high school player, Odom received national player of the year honors from \\\"Parade\\\" in 1997. He played college basketball for the University of Rhode Island, earning all-conference honors in his only season in the Atlantic 10 Conference. He was drafted in the first round of the 1999 NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120012\",\n \"text\": \"another spinoff from the series featuring Odom, Kardashian, and his two children from his previous relationship. The series, titled \\\"Khloé & Lamar\\\", debuted on April 10, 2011. Soon thereafter, Odom almost opted out of the show as the filming wore him down. The series was canceled in 2012 after two seasons. On August 30, 2013, Odom was arrested on charges of driving under the influence (DUI). After the arrest, he refused to submit to a chemical test. Almost a week earlier, gossip websites had alleged that Odom had been abusing drugs, which prompted worried tweets from former teammates and coaches.\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120010\",\n \"text\": \"from coast to coast for a dunk. Though he was a reserve on the Lakers championship teams, he typically finished games in place of starter Andrew Bynum. Odom was cooperative with the media, and provided both thoughtful and open responses. Odom had three children, Destiny (b. 1998), Lamar Jr. (b. 2002) and Jayden (2005–2006), with Liza Morales before they separated. On June 29, 2006, 6½-month-old Jayden died from sudden infant death syndrome while sleeping in his crib in New York. At the time, Odom was already in town for the funeral of an aunt. Odom developed a relationship with his\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119991\",\n \"text\": \"to be too much for the younger Heat, as they would go to win games 5 and 6 to wrap up the series. He had a solid season compared to his sub-par season with the Clippers the previous year. After the season, Odom was traded in a package with Caron Butler and Brian Grant to the Los Angeles Lakers for All-Star Shaquille O'Neal. In his first year with the Los Angeles Lakers, Odom incurred a left shoulder injury which forced him to miss the end of the 2004–05 season. Despite Odom averaging 15.2 points and a career high 10.2 rebounds,\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120013\",\n \"text\": \"On December 9, Odom pleaded no contest to the DUI charges and accepted a sentence of three years' probation and three months of alcohol abuse treatment. On December 13, after months of speculated separation, Kardashian filed for divorce from Odom and for legal restoration of her last name. Divorce papers were signed by both parties in July 2015; however, the divorce did not receive final approval from a judge before being dismissed by request in October 2015. On October 13, 2015, Odom was hospitalized after being discovered unconscious at the Love Ranch, a legal brothel in Crystal, Nevada. Odom, who\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119985\",\n \"text\": \"eligibility to play basketball. His career at Rhode Island had been in jeopardy after the first semester, when he vanished before finals. However, Rhode Island coach Jim Harrick persuaded three of his four instructors to allow him to make up his work. The coach also had Odom work with DeGregorio, who had become a Rams assistant and was the player's closest friend in college. Odom was also inspired by his maternal grandmother, a nurse who had raised five children and returned to school to earn her degree in 1980 at age 56. Odom played one season for the Rams in\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119984\",\n \"text\": \"for soliciting prostitution following an undercover operation by the Las Vegas police. Later, an NCAA inquiry found Odom received payments amounting to $5,600 from booster David Chapman. Coach Bill Bayno was fired and UNLV was placed on probation for four years. Odom transferred to the University of Rhode Island but was forced to sit out the 1997–98 season. He was admitted as a non-matriculating student, and was not allowed to play intramural basketball. His room and board was paid for by his father, who was covered by the G.I. Bill. After two semesters and a summer session, Odom earned his\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120016\",\n \"text\": \"made \\\"'the end of [his basketball] career come along a little faster'\\\". Odom has his own music and film production company, Rich Soil Entertainment. He appeared in a Taco Bell commercial with Charles Barkley during Super Bowl XLIV. Additionally, Odom made a cameo on the second season of the HBO television series \\\"Entourage\\\". Odom is noted for his fondness for candy. Wrigley made a replica of the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy out of candy in celebration of the Lakers' victory in the 2009 Finals, and Odom's name is featured on the base. In 2015, Odom was #1 on the Google\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120006\",\n \"text\": \"him unfit to play out his contract. He appeared in just two games for Baskonia. On April 16, 2014, Odom signed with the New York Knicks for the remainder of the 2013–14 season, but did not appear in the team's season finale. The Knicks finished with a 37–45 win/loss record and missed the playoffs. On July 11, 2014, he was waived by the Knicks. Odom planned to enter the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) in early 2018 but judged himself not to be fit enough. In December 2018, he joined Philippine ballclub Mighty Sports who is set to play in the\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120002\",\n \"text\": \"March 24, Odom did not play in a 104–87 loss to the San Antonio Spurs; this was the first time he could remember not playing due to a coach's decision. On April 9, 2012, it was announced that Odom had parted ways with the Mavericks. Instead of releasing him, the team listed Odom as inactive for the remainder of the season. The move allowed the Mavericks to trade him at the end of the season. In a statement to ESPN, Odom said, \\\"I'm sorry that things didn't work out better for both of us, but I wish the Mavs' organization,\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119999\",\n \"text\": \"NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award, becoming the first player in Lakers history to do so. Bryant called it Odom's most \\\"consistent season\\\". During the offseason, Odom considered taking a break from basketball after a close cousin was murdered and Odom was a passenger in a SUV involved in an accident that killed a teenage cyclist. The car accident had occurred the day after Odom attended his cousin's funeral. On December 11, 2011, Odom was traded to the Dallas Mavericks, the defending NBA champions, for a first-round draft pick and an $8.9 million trade exception after NBA Commissioner David\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119997\",\n \"text\": \"NBA Finals. During the 2009 off-season, Odom was courted heavily by his former team, Miami. Despite pleas from Heat guard Dwyane Wade, and Heat Executive Pat Riley, Kobe Bryant remained optimistic Odom would return to Los Angeles to team up with newly acquired forward and Odom's fellow New Yorker, Ron Artest. After a month of tedious negotiations, on July 31, 2009 the Lakers announced that they had agreed to a four-year deal worth up to $33 million with Odom. The investment would pay off as Odom would play a crucial role for the Lakers on the way to another NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119994\",\n \"text\": \"well, averaging 15.3 points, 12 rebounds, and 4 assists per game. Odom finished the season with 14.2 ppg 10.6 rpg and 3.5 apg. Odom's numbers were down in the Finals, however, where he averaged 13.5 points, 9.0 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game, with the Lakers losing in the 2008 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics. In 2008–09, Odom arrived at training camp out of shape. Jackson shared his plan to move Odom to the bench as their sixth man, backing up the Lakers' frontcourt of Gasol, Bynum, and Trevor Ariza. A free agent after the season, Odom initially balked\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120001\",\n \"text\": \"yet to find his niche in Dallas. His struggles [made] him a frequent target of [Mavericks coach Rick] Carlisle, who [harped] on Odom's need to understand the coverages, be more alert, communicate and get in better shape... Team sources say Odom...appeared stressed by what they believe [was] the mental burden of an overwhelming offseason.\\\" On March 2, 2012, Odom was assigned to the Texas Legends of the NBA D-League. He had missed the prior three games due to personal reasons. His stint with the Legends was canceled on March 3, 2012, and he returned to the Mavs' active roster. On\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119983\",\n \"text\": \"Bryant at Adidas ABCD camps. Adidas executive Sonny Vaccaro commented at the time that Odom possessed a \\\"$2 million smile\\\". Odom contemplated entering the NBA directly out of high school, and consulted with Bryant, who had made the jump a year earlier. He decided he was not ready, and decided to attend the University of Nevada at Las Vegas. However, after a \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\" report questioned his unexpectedly high score of 22 out of 36 in the ACT, the school released him in July 1997 before he ever played a game for them. That same summer, he received a citation\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119979\",\n \"text\": \"draft with the fourth overall pick by the Los Angeles Clippers. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie Team, but twice he violated the league's drug policy in his four seasons with the Clippers. He signed as a restricted free agent with the Miami Heat, where he played one season in 2003–04 before being traded to the Lakers. Odom spent seven seasons with the Lakers, who traded him to the Dallas Mavericks in 2011. After the move, his career declined. He was traded back to the Clippers in 2012 and played briefly in Spain in 2014. Odom played on the\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120007\",\n \"text\": \"Dubai International Basketball Tournament in early 2019 with Odom considering his future stint with Mighty Sports as a preparation for his entry in the BIG3, a Unite States-based 3x3 basketball league. Odom played in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens for the US national team, averaging 9.3 ppg while helping the U.S. to a bronze medal. He was invited to play for the FIBA World Championships for 2006 but declined the invitation because of the tragic death of his son and in 2007 because of a shoulder injury. Odom would, however, be invited back for the national team's run at\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120003\",\n \"text\": \"my teammates and Dallas fans nothing but continued success in the defense of their championship.\\\" Mavericks owner Mark Cuban admitted that a clash between the two during halftime in a game against the Memphis Grizzlies on April 7 was the last straw. Odom reportedly responded angrily when Cuban questioned his commitment, asking if he was \\\"in or out.\\\" Odom averaged only 6.6 points in 20.5 minutes along with career lows in shooting percentage (35.2), rebounds (4.2) and assists (1.7) . On June 29, 2012, Odom was traded back to the Los Angeles Clippers as part of a four-team deal. The\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120000\",\n \"text\": \"Stern vetoed a proposed three-team trade that would have sent Odom and Houston Rockets teammates Kevin Martin, Luis Scola, and Goran Dragić to the New Orleans Hornets; Chris Paul to the Lakers; and Pau Gasol to the Houston Rockets. Odom felt \\\"disrespected\\\" after he learned of the Hornets trade publicly, and he requested a trade from the Lakers to another contending team. The Lakers were also concerned that Odom's contract was pricey since he was not needed to initiate the triangle offense with Mike Brown replacing Phil Jackson as Lakers coach. In January 2012, Sports Illustrated reported that \\\"Odom [had]\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119998\",\n \"text\": \"Championship, with the Lakers winning over the Boston Celtics in the 2010 NBA Finals. Odom continued his strong play for the Lakers with another solid season in the 2010–11 season where he posted career highs in 3 point shooting percentage (.382) and overall field goal percentage (.530). He started 35 games in Bynum's absence during the season and averaged 16.3 points and 10.2 rebounds in those starts. In 47 games off the bench, Odom averaged 13.5 points, 7.5 rebounds in 28.4 minutes. Meeting the requirement to come in as a reserve more games than he started, Odom was awarded the\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119996\",\n \"text\": \"Cleveland. With 15 points in the 3rd quarter, Odom helped the Lakers out of a 12-point deficit to turn it into a 10-point victory, breaking Cleveland's 23 game home win-streak. He finished the game with 28 points, 17 rebounds and 2 assists. Odom adjusted back to his sixth man role when Bynum returned for an April 9 home matchup versus the Denver Nuggets. Odom finished his season with 11.3 points, 8.2 rebounds, 2.6 assists, 1.0 steals and 1.7 blocks with 29.7 minutes per game. He won his first NBA championship when the Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119993\",\n \"text\": \"3–1 series lead. Odom averaged 14.8 points and 9.2 rebounds during the season and increased his scoring (19.1) and rebounds (11) in seven playoff games. Battling injuries, Odom was limited to 56 games in 2006–07, but finished with an average of 15.9 points and 9.8 rebounds per game. In a rematch of the previous year's series, the Lakers were again defeated by the Phoenix Suns in the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. After young center Andrew Bynum went down with a knee injury during the 2007–08 season, and Pau Gasol was acquired by the Lakers midseason, Odom played\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119987\",\n \"text\": \"had already signed with an agent and was no longer eligible to withdraw from the draft. Odom was selected by the Los Angeles Clippers with the fourth overall pick. In his first season with the Clippers, Odom averaged 16.6 points, 7.8 rebounds, and 4.2 assists per game, including 30 points and 12 rebounds in his NBA debut. He was named to the 2000 NBA All-Rookie First Team. In the 2000–01 season, Odom increased his scoring average to 17.2 points a game as he started in 74 games. The Clippers failed to make the playoffs again however, as the young team\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119982\",\n \"text\": \"to the now-defunct St. Thomas Aquinas High School in New Britain, Connecticut, where he was coached by Jerry DeGregorio. As a senior, Odom was recognized nationally as the \\\"Parade\\\" Player of the Year in 1997. He also was named to the \\\"Parade\\\" All-American First Team for the second consecutive year, and earned \\\"USA Today\\\" All-USA 1st Team honors. During his youth, Odom was teamed with future NBA players Elton Brand and Ron Artest (later known as Metta World Peace)--each of whom would become teammates with Odom in the NBA--on the same AAU team, and played with future Lakers teammate Kobe\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120008\",\n \"text\": \"the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Istanbul, Turkey where the U.S. would win gold for the first time since 1994. Odom, being one of the elder statesmen on a young U.S. squad, served as a mentor for many of the younger players and even played out of position at center for the tournament. He led the U.S. in rebounds and finished the FIBA championships with double-doubles in the semi-final and championship games while becoming the first player in history to win both an NBA championship and FIBA gold in the same year. Odom was renowned for the impact his positive\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120005\",\n \"text\": \"and won their first-ever Pacific Division title. In July 2013, Odom became a free agent, but did not land an NBA contract despite some interest from the Clippers in his return. The Lakers also contemplated re-signing him, but both teams committed to other players instead. On February 18, 2014, Odom signed with Laboral Kutxa Baskonia of the Spanish League and the Euroleague on a two-month deal with an option to extend it for the remainder of the season. A month later, he returned to the United States due to a back injury after his personal doctors in New York ruled\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119995\",\n \"text\": \"at the plan to be a reserve for the first time in his career. However, he came around, and was resolved to make his teammates happy and sacrifice his own individual numbers in the hopes of securing his first NBA championship. When Bynum was injured in a game against the Memphis Grizzlies in January, Odom returned to the starting lineup. In the month of February, Odom, playing 36 minutes per game, averaged 16.5 points, 13.4 rebounds (4.9 offensive and 9.5 defensive), 2.4 assists, 1.4 blocks, and .9 steals. The February run included a good performance at Quicken Loans Arena at\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119989\",\n \"text\": \"matching another offer the Heat made to Elton Brand. The Heat had previously won only 25 games, but had drafted young talent such as Dwyane Wade and Caron Butler. Odom was brought in to play as the team's starting power forward, and along with the budding Wade and veteran Eddie Jones shared the scoring load with 17.1 points a game to go with a career high 9.7 rebounds. The Heat opened the season losing 7 straight games, but ended up playing better and competing for a seed in the playoffs. On March 6, Odom posted a triple double, scoring 30\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119988\",\n \"text\": \"could not improve their positioning in the Western Conference. In March 2001, Odom was suspended for five games for violating the NBA's drug policy. In the following season, he was suspended in November for violating the drug policy again, his second offense in eight months. He admitted to using marijuana after the suspension. Odom only played 29 games during the season, and his production slipped. He would only play in 49 games during the 2002–03 season, and would be a restricted free agent the following summer. The Miami Heat offered a deal that the Clippers declined to match after already\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119981\",\n \"text\": \"South Jamaica, Queens, New York City, to Joe Odom and Cathy Mercer. His father was a heroin addict, and Odom's mother died of colon cancer when he was twelve years old. At her deathbed, Odom's mom told him: \\\"Be nice to everybody\\\". Afterwards, he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Mildred Mercer. In his first three years of high school, Odom played for Christ The King Regional High School in Middle Village, Queens. He left the school at the start of his senior year due to poor grades, transferring first to Redemption Christian Academy in Troy, New York and then\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6890037\",\n \"text\": \"Odom, who was married to Sadie Harvey Odom, had two children, one being Philadelphia journalist Vernon Odom. He died on May 22, 1996. Today, he is best remembered by the Vern Odom Allotment, a suburban-style housing development located off Wooster Avenue (Vernon Odom Boulevard) in Akron. In the early 2000s (decade), an effort was made to commemorate Odom's memory by renaming Wooster Avenue (a main thoroughfare through one of Akron's predominantly African-American neighborhoods) Vernon Odom Boulevard. After this was passed, many local signs were renamed to read \\\"V Odom Boulevard,\\\" reaping much public conversation and amusement. (see below) From Bob\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Odom Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10962575\",\n \"text\": \"There, he operated the Dunn-Odom Insurance Agency for fourteen years. At the time of his death, Odom was the administrator for the DeSoto Parish Police Jury, the governing agency of the parish, akin to the county commission in other states. He was a member too for fifteen years of the DeSoto Regional Hospital Board. Odom's brother, Charles D. Odom (born 1951) of Minden, is a member of the Webster Parish Police Jury; Odom's nephew, \\\"Chad\\\" Odom (born 1975), is a candidate in 2014 for mayor of Minden. Odom died of a sudden illness. In addition to his younger brother, he\",\n \"title\": \"Sammy Joe Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120014\",\n \"text\": \"had used cocaine in the days prior to his medical emergency, suffered kidney failure and several strokes; he became comatose and was placed on life support in a hospital in Las Vegas before regaining consciousness. He was transferred from Las Vegas to a Los Angeles hospital by medical transport. In the aftermath of the incident, Kardashian withdrew her request for a divorce; she stated that she had not reconciled with Odom, but wished to assist him in making medical decisions during his recovery. Odom's recovery went well. On January 8, 2016, Odom's paternal aunt JaNean Mercer told \\\"Us Weekly\\\" that\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120009\",\n \"text\": \"personality had on his teams. Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak called him \\\"the most popular player in our locker room\\\". Odom valued the concept of a team and played unselfishly, and was content deferring to teammates while playing a supporting role. Standing at , he was still adept at dribbling the ball and directing the offense, and could also rebound proficiently as a small forward. He was able to score as a post player, on mid-range jumpers, as well as from outside. He could start a fast break with an outlook pass, finish it with a layup, or simply drive\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120004\",\n \"text\": \"deal sent Odom to the Clippers, the rights to Tadija Dragićević and cash considerations to the Dallas Mavericks, Mo Williams and the draft rights to Shan Foster to the Utah Jazz, and the draft rights to Furkan Aldemir to the Houston Rockets. He played all 82 games of the season for the third time in his career, but only started two of them. Out of shape for half the season, he averaged career lows of 4.0 ppg and 1.7 apg in 19.7 mpg during the season. He also averaged 5.9 rebounds, but shot just 39.9 percent. The Clippers finished 56-26\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18935227\",\n \"text\": \"includes a drummer, percussionist, bassist, guitarist, and a pianist who is also Odom's musical director. In June 2017, it was announced that Odom had a book deal for \\\"Failing Up: How to Take Risks, Aim Higher, and Never Stop Learning\\\", which he was writing with the intention to inspire younger readers. The book, by an imprint of Macmillan in March 2018, \\\"outlines the setbacks and rejections that preceded his success.\\\" Odom modeled his writing on the style of a commencement speech, exploring what he had learned throughout his life and the importance of pursuing passions. Odom has been married to\",\n \"title\": \"Leslie Odom Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119992\",\n \"text\": \"the Lakers finished out of the playoffs for only the 5th time in franchise history. Following the 2004–05 season, they re-hired former coach Phil Jackson. In the first half of 2005–06, Odom displayed inconsistency while playing with the Lakers. However, as Los Angeles progressed towards the end of the season, his performance steadily improved. Along the way, he posted consecutive triple-doubles for the first time as a Laker against the Golden State Warriors and Portland Trail Blazers. The Lakers were eliminated in 7 games in the first round of the playoffs against the Phoenix Suns, after the Lakers lost a\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3119986\",\n \"text\": \"the Atlantic 10 Conference, where he averaged 17.6 points per game and led the Rams to the conference championship in 1999. He earned first-team all-conference honors and was named the Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year. He was named the most valuable player of the Atlantic 10 Tournament after his three-pointer against Temple University at the buzzer gave the Rams their first A-10 Tournament title. Odom declared his eligibility for the 1999 NBA draft after his freshman year at the Rhode Island in 1999. He then tried to return to college, thinking he was not ready for the NBA; however,\",\n \"title\": \"Lamar Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18174264\",\n \"text\": \"Odom averaged 9 points and 5 rebounds per game. July 2015, Virtus Bologna finalized an agreement with Rod Odom to play for 2015-2016 Season. In the 2017-18 season Odom played for Levallois Metropolitans and averaged 10 points and 3.8 rebounds per game. Odom signed with Nizhny Novgorod of the Russian league on July 17, 2018. Rod Odom Roderick Wesley Odom (born September 23, 1991) is an American professional basketball player from Central Islip, New York who currently plays for Nizhny Novgorod of the VTB United League. He attended Vanderbilt University. Odom is a 6'9, 215 pound combo forward. Odom attended\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9151904\",\n \"text\": \"science from Springfield College and a master's degree in regional planning from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Odom moved to North Carolina in 1995 when her husband, Michael Hooker, became chancellor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After his death, she married former state senator Fountain Odom. Carmen Hooker Odom Carmen Hooker Odom is the former secretary of the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Governor Mike Easley appointed her Secretary in January 2001. Odom, a former Massachusetts legislator and health care lobbyist, has spent her professional life working in health and human services. As\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Hooker Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6890040\",\n \"text\": \"exit off of another boulevard named for one of Odom's college classmates — Martin Luther King Jr. But perhaps in another six years we can fix those, too. Vernon Odom Sr. Vernon L. Odom, Sr. was an American civil rights leader. He was born in Biscoe, Arkansas, on June 9, 1921 to Dr. Elijah and Ada Odom. His father was born into slavery in 1859 and later became a physician. In 1949, he graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Thereafter he earned a master's degree in social work from Atlanta University. Odom was best recognized for his 43 years\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Odom Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13283285\",\n \"text\": \"G. Rowe, Sr. as the only ones to ever win that American Classic both as a jockey and as a trainer. Following the formation of the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame, George Odom was part of the 1955 inaugural class of inductees. Married to Julie Murtha in 1902, in later years the Odoms made their home in Jamaica, New York. A few weeks after his eighty-second birthday, George Odom died on July 29, 1964 at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, New York. Their son, George P. \\\"Maje\\\" Odom, was also a trainer. George M. Odom George Martin Odom\",\n \"title\": \"George M. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19187362\",\n \"text\": \"(370.7 avg.). Memphis earned a share of the 2014 American Athletic Conference title, giving them a conference championship for the first time since 1971. Odom was named the head coach of the Missouri Tigers football team on December 3, 2015, after former head coach Gary Pinkel retired after 15 seasons due to health-related issues. At 38, Coach Odom is the second youngest head coach for the Missouri Tigers. Assistants under Odom who became NCAA head coaches: Barry Odom Barry Stephen Odom (born November 26, 1976) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach of the Missouri\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18174261\",\n \"text\": \"Rod Odom Roderick Wesley Odom (born September 23, 1991) is an American professional basketball player from Central Islip, New York who currently plays for Nizhny Novgorod of the VTB United League. He attended Vanderbilt University. Odom is a 6'9, 215 pound combo forward. Odom attended Middlesex School, in Concord, Massachusetts. He played all 5 positions for the Middlesex School where he was one of the most heavily recruited players in the nation. Odom ultimately chose between Harvard, Princeton, Louisville, Arizona and Vanderbilt, and had offers from West Virginia, Michigan, UConn, Boston College, and Oklahoma State as well. Odom's younger sister,\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17200251\",\n \"text\": \"set three national records. Although recruited by every major track program in the United States, Odom could not attend college because his academics were subpar. He went to Wallace State Community College in Hanceville, Alabama, where his career derailed. Deworski Odom Deworski Odom (born April 11, 1977) is a former American sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres. As a 17-year-old, he won a bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1994 World Junior Championships, surpassing Henry Thomas's World Youth Best over this distance. Odom was born in Cordele, Georgia, to Lessie Odom, then 16. When he was 4\",\n \"title\": \"Deworski Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17200250\",\n \"text\": \"Deworski Odom Deworski Odom (born April 11, 1977) is a former American sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres. As a 17-year-old, he won a bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 1994 World Junior Championships, surpassing Henry Thomas's World Youth Best over this distance. Odom was born in Cordele, Georgia, to Lessie Odom, then 16. When he was 4 years old, he moved with family to Philadelphia. He began running as a sixth-grader at Shoemaker Middle School. He later attended Overbrook High School. In the 1995 National Scholastic Indoor Track and Field Championships in Syracuse, New York, Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Deworski Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10737576\",\n \"text\": \"He started forty-one of the forty-six Buccaneers games in which he played. Odom has served as a Hillsborough County Sheriff's Deputy in Tampa, Florida since 2008. Jason Odom Jason Brian Odom (born March 31, 1974) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons during the 1990s. Odom played college football for the University of Florida, and received unanimous All-American honors. Thereafter, he played professionally for the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Odom was born in Winter Haven, Florida in 1974. He attended Bartow High School in\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10737573\",\n \"text\": \"Jason Odom Jason Brian Odom (born March 31, 1974) is an American former college and professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons during the 1990s. Odom played college football for the University of Florida, and received unanimous All-American honors. Thereafter, he played professionally for the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Odom was born in Winter Haven, Florida in 1974. He attended Bartow High School in Bartow, Florida, and played high school football for the Bartow Yellow Jackets. Odom accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida,\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15092172\",\n \"text\": \"Spencer Odom Spencer Odom (born August 19, 1913, Chicago; died December 24, 1962 (age 49) New York City) was a pianist-arranger who conducted the music for the Frank Buck recording Tiger (record album). Odom was the son of Carrie Combs and Walter D. Odom. He received public musical education at Chicago Piano College, with private lessons under T. T. Taylor and Mrs. Estelle Bonds. His theory, arranging, composition and orchestral training were received under Major N. Clark Smith, who formed an orchestra from his best students including Ray Nance, Oliver Coleman, Claud Adams and Jesse Simpkins. Odom was pianist and\",\n \"title\": \"Spencer Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078924\",\n \"text\": \"Commissioner Dave L. Pearce and director of technical services. Odom served in the United States Marines and was stationed as a company commander in Okinawa, Japan. He graduated from the Marine Corps Command and Staff College and was a lieutenant colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve. He served on various boards and commissions, such as the Louisiana Cattleman's Association, East Baton Rouge Parish and Louisiana Farm Bureau, the World Trade Center of New Orleans, and Louisiana Environmental Health Association. Odom was married to the former Mildred \\\"Millie\\\" Randolph (born c. 1944). They have a son, Robert \\\"Robb\\\" Odom, III (born\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18513708\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Odom Ryan Odom (born July 11, 1974) is an American men's college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team. He was previously the head coach of the Lenoir-Rhyne Bears. Odom served as the interim head coach of the Charlotte 49ers men's basketball team from January 6 until March 15, 2015. In this capacity, he replaced Alan Major when Major went on a medical leave of absence to deal with chronic health issues. On March 16, 2018, Odom made college basketball history when UMBC defeated Virginia 74–54 in the NCAA Division I\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18513713\",\n \"text\": \"South Carolina head coach Dave Odom. <nowiki>*</nowiki>\\\"Charlotte Head Coach Alan Major took an indefinite leave of absence due to medical reasons on January 6, 2015. Charlotte's record at the time was 6–7 (0–1 C-USA).\\\" Ryan Odom Ryan Odom (born July 11, 1974) is an American men's college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the UMBC Retrievers men's basketball team. He was previously the head coach of the Lenoir-Rhyne Bears. Odom served as the interim head coach of the Charlotte 49ers men's basketball team from January 6 until March 15, 2015. In this capacity, he replaced Alan Major\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14335079\",\n \"text\": \"Darius Johnson-Odom Darius Earvin Johnson-Odom (born September 28, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League. In 2009, he transferred to Marquette University from Hutchinson Community College. As a senior, Johnson-Odom was named first-team All-Big East. Johnson-Odom is listed as a 6'2\\\" tall (1.88 m) and 100 kg (220 lb.) point guard-shooting guard. He was measured at 6'3\\\" tall with shoes on at the 2012 NBA Draft combine. Johnson-Odom spent three seasons at Marquette University before he was selected 55th overall in the 2012 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks, who immediately\",\n \"title\": \"Darius Johnson-Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7160269\",\n \"text\": \"head coach Terry Holland, Odom participated in some of the university's most successful seasons, including five National Collegiate Athletic Association berths and a trip to the Final Four in 1984. During this time, Odom coached future No. 1 NBA draft pick Ralph Sampson, who graduated in 1983. Odom served as acting head coach when Holland missed several games due to illness in the 1988-1989 season. Odom left Virginia in 1989 to return to Winston-Salem as the head coach of Wake Forest University. Upon his arrival in Winston-Salem, Odom inherited a team that had suffered four straight losing seasons under head\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15092174\",\n \"text\": \"floor. Doctors were called but failed to revive him. Spencer Odom Spencer Odom (born August 19, 1913, Chicago; died December 24, 1962 (age 49) New York City) was a pianist-arranger who conducted the music for the Frank Buck recording Tiger (record album). Odom was the son of Carrie Combs and Walter D. Odom. He received public musical education at Chicago Piano College, with private lessons under T. T. Taylor and Mrs. Estelle Bonds. His theory, arranging, composition and orchestral training were received under Major N. Clark Smith, who formed an orchestra from his best students including Ray Nance, Oliver Coleman,\",\n \"title\": \"Spencer Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7422976\",\n \"text\": \"Fame in . , or Retrosheet Blue Moon Odom Johnny Lee \\\"Blue Moon\\\" Odom (born May 29, 1945) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1964 to 1976 for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and Chicago White Sox. Odom won three consecutive World Series championships with the Athletics in , and . Odom was nicknamed Blue Moon in grade-school by a classmate who thought Odom's round face resembled the moon. Odom led Ballard-Hudson High School in Macon, Georgia to two consecutive state championships while amassing a 42-2\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Moon Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7422958\",\n \"text\": \"Blue Moon Odom Johnny Lee \\\"Blue Moon\\\" Odom (born May 29, 1945) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1964 to 1976 for the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics, Cleveland Indians, Atlanta Braves, and Chicago White Sox. Odom won three consecutive World Series championships with the Athletics in , and . Odom was nicknamed Blue Moon in grade-school by a classmate who thought Odom's round face resembled the moon. Odom led Ballard-Hudson High School in Macon, Georgia to two consecutive state championships while amassing a 42-2 record and pitching eight no-hitters. He\",\n \"title\": \"Blue Moon Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11318713\",\n \"text\": \"Mel Odom (artist) Mel Odom (born September 2, 1950) is an American artist who has created book covers for numerous novels, including a number of paperback editions of the novels of Patrick White, the Australian winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, and several books by fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay such as \\\"The Fionavar Tapestry\\\" trilogy, \\\"Tigana\\\", \\\"A Song for Arbonne\\\", and \\\"The Lions of Al-Rassan\\\". \\\"Dreamer,\\\" a collection of his work, with an introduction by Edmund White, was published by Penguin Books in 1984. Odom is also the designer of the Gene Marshall collectible fashion doll. Odom was\",\n \"title\": \"Mel Odom (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13373329\",\n \"text\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? is a 2010 American comedy-drama film produced by Lionsgate and Tyler Perry Studios and stars Janet Jackson, Tyler Perry, and Tasha Smith. It is the sequel to \\\"Why Did I Get Married?\\\" (2007), The film shares the interactions of four couples who undertake a week-long retreat to improve their relationships. The four couples prepare for their next marriage retreat in the Bahamas. Sheila and her new husband, Troy, are the first to arrive, followed (in order) by Patricia and Gavin, Terry and Dianne, and Angela and\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16178917\",\n \"text\": \"as home plate umpire for the last game in Washington Senators history. With the Senators up by two runs in the ninth inning, Senators fans began to storm the field. With only one out needed to win the game, the crowd became uncontrollable and the game was forfeited to New York. Odom attended high school in Bennettsville, South Carolina, where he played three sports. Early in his career, Odom spent the offseason working for Young Pecan Company of Florence, South Carolina. Jim's younger brother Harvey was an umpire who worked in several minor league circuits. Jim Odom James Cecil Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16178916\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Odom James Cecil Odom (July 16, 1921 – January 18, 1989) was a professional baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1965 to 1974. Odom umpired 1,597 major league games in his 10-year career. He umpired in the 1971 World Series, two League Championship Series (1970 and 1973) and the 1968 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Jim umpired for 18 years before being promoted to the major leagues. His minor league service included time in the West Texas–New Mexico League, Tobacco State League, Big State League, Sally League, Texas League and International League. In 1971, Odom served\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078929\",\n \"text\": \"prosecutors sought to reinstate the case. The case never went to trial and was dismissed in 2009. The presiding judge called the case \\\"diseased from the very start.\\\" Odom even quarreled with Governor Kathleen Blanco, who stepped down in 2008, and state Treasurer John Neely Kennedy, a Democrat-turned-Republican who was unopposed in the 2007 primary. Like Odom, Dozier had also been engulfed in scandal. So was Dozier's predecessor, fellow Democrat Dave Pearce, who served from 1952 to 1956, and again from 1960 to 1976. Ironically, Odom had been a key aide to Pearce, and both were born in Claiborne Parish.\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17692925\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Odom Jerry \\\"2 Tickets 2 Paradise\\\" Odom is an American super middleweight professional boxer from Washington, D.C. Odom was raised in the Paradise Projects, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. After getting into trouble as a youth for fighting, he eventually found his way to the boxing gym, where he excelled as an amateur. Odom was a decorated amateur, winning the National Golden Gloves championship at 178 lbs. in 2012 after finishing as runner up the previous year. For his accomplishments, Odom was named 2012 Amateur Boxer of the Year by Stiff Jab. Odom turned professional in\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7160266\",\n \"text\": \"Dave Odom George David Odom (born October 9, 1942) is a retired American men's college basketball coach, who most recently coached at the University of South Carolina. He had previously held the same position at East Carolina University and Wake Forest University, and was an assistant coach at the University of Virginia. Odom began his career in sports at Goldsboro High School, in North Carolina, as the captain of his basketball and baseball teams. After graduating in 1961, he attended Guilford College where he played quarterback on the football team for three years, as well as playing basketball for all\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20838608\",\n \"text\": \"Former Wayland coach Harley Redin said of Odom, \\\"She was such a great post player. Her fundamentals were just perfect. She was just exceptional at faking and getting good, accurate shots.\\\" Redin imposed some rules on his team, including that the players could not be married. (He thought it was unacceptable for women to travel without their husbands on road games). When Lometa's boyfriend in Dimmitt, Eloy Powell, proposed to her, she told him they had to wait. Just a few weeks later, Powell was killed by a train returning home from a visit to the campus. In 2013 Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Lometa Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18144208\",\n \"text\": \"issue. In 2014, Odom published a book about his experiences, titled \\\"They Can Kill Me, But They Can't Eat Me.\\\" Freddie Odom Douglas Fred \\\"Freddie\\\" Odom, Jr. is an actor, author, teacher, and Independent American politician. In March 2012, as a City Councilmember, Odom came out as an autistic person. He was subsequently elected Mayor of Bluffton, Georgia. After successfully auditioning for a role alongside Victoria Henley in the play \\\"Sister Queens\\\", Odom became a regular cast member in \\\"Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play,\\\" Swamp Gravy. He was elected to the Bluffton City Council in November 2010. After appearing in an\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18144207\",\n \"text\": \"Freddie Odom Douglas Fred \\\"Freddie\\\" Odom, Jr. is an actor, author, teacher, and Independent American politician. In March 2012, as a City Councilmember, Odom came out as an autistic person. He was subsequently elected Mayor of Bluffton, Georgia. After successfully auditioning for a role alongside Victoria Henley in the play \\\"Sister Queens\\\", Odom became a regular cast member in \\\"Georgia's Official Folk-Life Play,\\\" Swamp Gravy. He was elected to the Bluffton City Council in November 2010. After appearing in an article on Swamp Gravy in the January/February 2012 issue of \\\"Southwest Georgia Living\\\", Odom self-identified as autistic in the following\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078937\",\n \"text\": \"Odom received the \\\"Man of the Year\\\" award from \\\"Progressive Farmer\\\" magazine. When Odom announced his exit from the general election campaign, Ray Young, a farmer and agriculture consultant from Wisner in Franklin Parish in northeastern Louisiana, introduced him at an event by saying, \\\"Bob Odom is the best Agriculture and Forestry commissioner Louisiana has ever had.\\\" Odom's supporters held a retirement celebration in Baton Rouge in his honor on November 29, 2007. Interested persons were urged to contribute to the \\\"Bob Odom Retirement Fund\\\". Odom had a campaign debt at the time of approximately $125,000. Conservative radio talk show\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18438232\",\n \"text\": \"in the North Carolina State Senate in 1975 and 1976. Odom died in Raleigh, North Carolina. Mary H. Odom Mary Horne Odom (January 29, 1921 – November 22, 2014) was an American educator and politician. Born in Greenville, North Carolina, Odom graduated from Greenville High School and then received her bachelor's degree from what is now East Carolina University. Odom also went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She then taught high school. Odom also worked for the United States Post Office and was a reporter for the Laurinburg Exchange. She lived in Wagram, North Carolina. Odom served\",\n \"title\": \"Mary H. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15455445\",\n \"text\": \"George Phillips Odom Jr. George Phillips Odom Jr. (1941 – 18 December 2010) was an American artist and amateur geometer, who is primarily known for his work on the golden ratio (formula_1). Odom garnered some recognition early in his career for his light machines made from fibre optics, that he exhibited at the \\\"Knoll International Gallery\\\" in Manhattan in the 1960s. Later his career faltered somewhat and he could not repeat his early success. Odom suffered from depressions which ultimately culminated in a suicide attempt and a subsequent hospitalization at the \\\"Hudson River Psychiatric Center\\\" in Poughkeepsie, where he became\",\n \"title\": \"George Phillips Odom Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10897741\",\n \"text\": \"ordinance is impractical for large industrial sites such as the lot Western Express owns. Gary Odom Gary Odom is a former American politician and the former Democratic Minority Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected to represent the 55th district, which is part of Davidson County. Gary Odom was first elected as a state representative to serve in the 95th Tennessee General Assembly (1987–1988). In addition to serving as the Democratic Majority Leader, Rep. Odom serves as Chair of the House Ethics Committee and the House Rules Committee. He also serves on the House Finance, Ways and\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13283284\",\n \"text\": \"who won the 1906 Hempstead Stakes for two-year-olds at Jamaica Racetrack. In 1907, Odom led all trainers in wins at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago. During his career, George Odom operated a public stable whose clients over the years included Robert L. Gerry, Sr., Marshall Field III, and Hollywood film mogul Louis B. Mayer who owned Odom's most famous runner, Busher, a future Hall of Fame filly who was voted 1945 American Horse of the Year honors. Odom also trained good runners such as Nimba and Tippity Witchet, and in 1938 won the Belmont Stakes with Pasteurized, joining James\",\n \"title\": \"George M. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20838604\",\n \"text\": \"Lometa Odom Lometa Ruth Odom (November 29, 1933 – January 27, 2017) was an American women's basketball player and coach. Odom played for Wayland Baptist from 1953 to 1956 during which the team began a streak of 131 consecutive victories (the longest streak in college and professional sports team history). Odom was a member of the U.S. women's national team which won the Gold Medal in basketball at the 1955 Pan American Games. In 2011 she was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame. Odom was born November 29, 1933 in Washington, Oklahoma; her parents were David Hiram Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Lometa Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078925\",\n \"text\": \"c. 1968), and wife Monique of Zachary. Odom, III, was a football linebacker for McNeese State University in Lake Charles. The Odoms' daughter, Ashley White (born c. 1970), formerly Ashley Thompson, resides with her husband Ned White in Monroe, Louisiana. There are four surviving grandchildren, Taylor Brooke Odom, Baylie Monet Odom, Brighton Lynn Thompson, and Nolan Randolph Thompson. Odom was a member of the First Baptist Church of Zachary. In his leisure, Odom enjoyed hunting, fishing, and woodworking. Odom first ran as a reformer for Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry in 1979 and easily unseated fellow Democrat Gil Dozier. This\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078935\",\n \"text\": \"farmer from Transylvania in East Carroll Parish in far northeastern Louisiana, trailed with 152,872 (13 percent) and 69,469 (6 percent), respectively. The Republican vote hence totaled 59 percent. A perennial candidate, Johnson had also run against Odom in 1987, 1991, 1995, and 2003. Odom attributed his weaker-than-usual showing to the failure of many African American voters, who had backed him in the past by large margins, to cast ballots in the primary. Less than a week later, Odom announced that he would not contest the general election. Therefore, Strain was declared the winner of the election and assumed office early\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10287011\",\n \"text\": \"errors, for a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage. Heinie Odom Herman Boyd \\\"Heinie\\\" Odom (October 13, 1900 – August 31, 1970) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played a single game with the New York Yankees in 1925. He was born and died in Rusk, Texas. He was born Herman Boyd, and later changed his name. After attending the University of Texas, Odom played his only major league game with the Yankees on April 22, . He hit a single in his one and only at bat and finished with a perfect 1.000 batting average. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Heinie Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10287010\",\n \"text\": \"Heinie Odom Herman Boyd \\\"Heinie\\\" Odom (October 13, 1900 – August 31, 1970) was an American third baseman in Major League Baseball who played a single game with the New York Yankees in 1925. He was born and died in Rusk, Texas. He was born Herman Boyd, and later changed his name. After attending the University of Texas, Odom played his only major league game with the Yankees on April 22, . He hit a single in his one and only at bat and finished with a perfect 1.000 batting average. In the field, he had one putout and no\",\n \"title\": \"Heinie Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18438231\",\n \"text\": \"Mary H. Odom Mary Horne Odom (January 29, 1921 – November 22, 2014) was an American educator and politician. Born in Greenville, North Carolina, Odom graduated from Greenville High School and then received her bachelor's degree from what is now East Carolina University. Odom also went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She then taught high school. Odom also worked for the United States Post Office and was a reporter for the Laurinburg Exchange. She lived in Wagram, North Carolina. Odom served in the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1971 and 1972 as a Democrat and then\",\n \"title\": \"Mary H. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19187358\",\n \"text\": \"Barry Odom Barry Stephen Odom (born November 26, 1976) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach of the Missouri Tigers football team. Odom played college football at the University of Missouri as a linebacker from 1996 to 1999 as a linebacker from 1996-99. He recorded 72 tackles as a freshman. In the spring of 1997, he tore his ACL but recovered in time to start all 12 games of his sophomore season. He ended his playing career with 362 tackles, which still ranks as seventh-most in school history. Odom was chosen as a team captain\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10897737\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Odom Gary Odom is a former American politician and the former Democratic Minority Leader of the Tennessee House of Representatives. He was elected to represent the 55th district, which is part of Davidson County. Gary Odom was first elected as a state representative to serve in the 95th Tennessee General Assembly (1987–1988). In addition to serving as the Democratic Majority Leader, Rep. Odom serves as Chair of the House Ethics Committee and the House Rules Committee. He also serves on the House Finance, Ways and Means Committee; the House Health and Human Resources Committee; the House Government Operations Committee;\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18935228\",\n \"text\": \"actress Nicolette Kloe Robinson, since December 1, 2012. Their daughter, Lucille Ruby, was born on April 23, 2017. The couple met in 2008, when she was a student at UCLA and auditioned for \\\"Once on This Island\\\" in Los Angeles. When Robinson replaced a cast member who left unexpectedly, assistant director Odom became responsible for bringing her quickly up to speed, and a romantic relationship ensued. Robinson has since appeared in the off-Broadway musical \\\"Invisible Thread\\\" (2015) and the television series \\\"The Affair\\\". Leslie Odom Jr. Leslie Odom Jr. (, born August 6, 1981) is an American actor and singer.\",\n \"title\": \"Leslie Odom Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14335083\",\n \"text\": \"2018, Johnson-Odom signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. This came after it was announced that an Italian anti-doping court suspended him for eight months after he tested positive to a THC test on May 6, 2018. On October 13, 2018, he was waived by the Timberwolves. Johnson-Odom was added to the Iowa Wolves opening night roster. Darius Johnson-Odom Darius Earvin Johnson-Odom (born September 28, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for the Iowa Wolves of the NBA G League. In 2009, he transferred to Marquette University from Hutchinson Community College. As a senior, Johnson-Odom was named first-team All-Big East. Johnson-Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Darius Johnson-Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18050227\",\n \"text\": \"from September 1, 2018. Odom is also the Associate Director of International Institute for Nanotechnology at Northwestern University. Odom was an inaugural Associate Editor for Royal Society of Chemistry's flagship journal Chemical Science (2009-2013). Odom is a member of the editorial advisory board of ACS Nano, Chemical Physics Letters, Journal of Physical Chemistry, and Nano Letters. She is currently the Executive Editor of ACS Photonics. Odom was a founding Chair of the Noble Metal Nanoparticles Gordon Research Conference which began in 2010. Research in Odom group focus on controlling materials at 100 nm scale and investigating their size and shape-dependent\",\n \"title\": \"Teri W. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19780652\",\n \"text\": \"North Carolina, at the age of 66. He was survived by his children, Lisa Odom and David Odom; his grandson; and his sister, Doris Odom; and predeceased by his two brothers, James Odom and Furman Odom, Jr. His funeral was held at the Greater Providence Baptist Church in Charlotte. George T. Odom George T. Odom (August 21, 1950 – c. September 21, 2016) was an American character actor, known for roles in film and television. Odom received an Independent Spirit Awards nomination for Best Supporting Male for his portrayal of Ray Brown in the 1991 independent film, \\\"Straight Out of\",\n \"title\": \"George T. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18050226\",\n \"text\": \"Teri W. Odom Teri W. Odom is an American chemist and materials scientist. She is the Chair of the Chemistry Department, Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Chemistry, and a Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University. Odom graduated in 1996 from Stanford University with a B.S. in chemistry. She obtained her Ph.D. in chemical physics from Harvard University in 2001 under the guidance of Charles M. Lieber. Odom conducted post-doctoral research at Harvard with George M. Whitesides from 2001 to 2002. Odom was elected as the Chair of the Chemistry Department at Northwestern University, starting\",\n \"title\": \"Teri W. Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7571196\",\n \"text\": \"in Cordova, Alabama at the time. On August 22, 2011 Odom was shot in the leg at his home in Irvington. Odom was arrested on December 15, 2011 for possession of marijuana after a traffic stop in Baldwin County, Alabama. He was released later in the day after posting $1,000.00 bail. Antwan Odom Antwan Deon Odom (born September 24, 1981) is a retired American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. He has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He went to\",\n \"title\": \"Antwan Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7571195\",\n \"text\": \"ready for the 2010 season, as he said the tendon was feeling better and he could run and be ready to play and start at 100%. On July 29, 2011, Odom was released by the Bengals. In his spare time, Odom enjoys fishing and hunting. He is also a NASCAR racing and pro-wrestling enthusiast. Odom earned a degree in Human Environmental Studies upon completing his course work at the University of Alabama. On March 15, 2011, Odom's home in Mason, OH (a suburb of Cincinnati) was severely damaged by fire. Odom and his family were safe at his family's house\",\n \"title\": \"Antwan Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7571190\",\n \"text\": \"Antwan Odom Antwan Deon Odom (born September 24, 1981) is a retired American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama. He has also played for the Cincinnati Bengals. He went to high school at Alma Bryant High School, where he started at defensive end and occasionally played wide receiver. Odom played in 39 games for the University of Alabama during his five-year collegiate career. He recorded 98 tackles, 21 sacks, and 26 tackles for losses in his career. As a freshman, Odom\",\n \"title\": \"Antwan Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7160272\",\n \"text\": \"Carolina, his team earned one NCAA tournament bid, and made three appearances in the NIT, winning the championship in 2005 and 2006. He was named SEC Coach of the Year in 2004. On January 2, 2008, Odom coached his 400th collegiate victory as a head coach. Later that month, on January 18, he announced that he would retire at the end of the 2007-2008 basketball season, his seventh at South Carolina. He coached his final game for USC on March 14, 2008, in the SEC tournament. Odom is the father of UMBC head coach Ryan Odom. Dave Odom George David\",\n \"title\": \"Dave Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5994583\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Odom Vernon Odom (born September 16, 1948) is a retired local Philadelphia TV journalist. Odom received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology and Political Science from Morehouse College and later continued his education at Columbia University. He started with WPVI-TV, in Philadelphia on May 17, 1976. He has covered a plethora of major stories during his tenure, ranging from Presidential debates to the MOVE disaster of 1985. He also hosted \\\"Visions\\\", a weekly look at urban life in Philadelphia. In November 2004, he was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame. Odom retired effective December 14, 2018\",\n \"title\": \"Vernon Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20387573\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Odom Chris Odom (born September 16, 1994) is an American football linebacker for the Salt Lake Stallions of the Alliance of American Football (AAF). He played college football at Arkansas State. He has also been a member of the Atlanta Falcons. Odom played high school football at Martin High School in Arlington, Texas. He recorded 32 tackles and 1 pass breakup his senior year, earning Class 5-3A All-District honors as a defensive end. He also participated in track and field at Martin. Odom played for the Arkansas State Red Wolves from 2013 to 2016 as a defensive lineman. He\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17692926\",\n \"text\": \"October 2012 at George Mason University's Patriot Center, where he stopped Darryl Fields in the first round. He has since fought five times as a professional, with none of his opponents making it out of the first round. Odom has since signed with GH3 Promotions based in Newark, N.J. Jerry Odom Jerry \\\"2 Tickets 2 Paradise\\\" Odom is an American super middleweight professional boxer from Washington, D.C. Odom was raised in the Paradise Projects, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. After getting into trouble as a youth for fighting, he eventually found his way to the boxing gym,\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20838611\",\n \"text\": \"Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011. The Hall of Fame inducted the Flying Queens in 2013 for their role in basketball history and the 131-game winning streak, naming the team \\\"Trailblazers of the Game\\\" and recognizing Odom and the players from that era. Lometa Odom Lometa Ruth Odom (November 29, 1933 – January 27, 2017) was an American women's basketball player and coach. Odom played for Wayland Baptist from 1953 to 1956 during which the team began a streak of 131 consecutive victories (the longest streak in college and professional sports team history). Odom was a member of the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Lometa Odom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20387575\",\n \"text\": \"fumbles and 1 blocked kick, earning First Team All-Sun Belt honors. Odom participated in the College Gridiron Showcase in January 2017. His five career blocked kicks were the second most in school history. He majored in Sport Management at Arkansas State. Odom was rated the 41st best defensive end in the 2017 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com. After going undrafted, Odom signed with the Atlanta Falcons on May 1, 2017. He was waived by the Falcons on September 2, 2017. Odom was claimed off waivers by the Green Bay Packers on September 3, 2017. On September 1, 2018, Odom was waived\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Odom\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["khloé kardashian"],"string":"[\n \"khloé kardashian\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1684,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where can you buy amazon kindle?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15516967","text":"Kindle Direct Publishing Kindle Direct Publishing is Amazon.com's e-book publishing unit launched in November 2007, concurrently with the first Amazon Kindle device. Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), originally called Digital Text Platform, to be used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 for their works. These documents may be written in 34 languages. In 2016, Amazon also added a paperback option which uses print-on-demand technology with the goal of offering digital and print","title":"Kindle Direct Publishing"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516967\",\n \"text\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing Kindle Direct Publishing is Amazon.com's e-book publishing unit launched in November 2007, concurrently with the first Amazon Kindle device. Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), originally called Digital Text Platform, to be used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 for their works. These documents may be written in 34 languages. In 2016, Amazon also added a paperback option which uses print-on-demand technology with the goal of offering digital and print\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11191227","text":"her account and her purchased e-books. The event serves to remind Kindle users that even when a user clicks buy, the user only holds a license to view works that can be revoked by Amazon at any time for violating the terms of service. Richard Stallman criticized the Kindle, citing Kindle terms of service which can censor users, which require the user's identification, and that can have a negative effect on independent book distributors; he also cited reported restrictions on Kindle users, as well the ability for Amazon to delete e-books and update software without the users' permission. Amazon Kindle","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191152","text":"Amazon Kindle The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, developed by Amazon subsidiary Lab126, began as a single device in 2007 and now comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content, and as of March 2018, the store has over six million e-books available in","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191214","text":"On June 2016, Amazon released the Page Flip feature to its Kindle applications that debuted on its e-readers a few years previously. This feature allows the user to flip through nine thumbnails of page images at a time. Concurrently with the release of the first Kindle device, Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing, used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 per download. In a December 5, 2009 interview with \"The New York Times\", Amazon","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191208","text":"stored for non-Amazon e-books. There is a lack of e-reader data privacy — Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted. Content from Amazon's Kindle Store is encoded in Amazon's proprietary Kindle formats (.azw, .kf8 and .kfx). In addition to published content, Kindle users can also access the Internet using the experimental web browser, which uses NetFront. Users can use the Kindle Store to access reading material using","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191200","text":"system uses the Linux kernel with a Java app for reading e-books. Amazon offers an email-based service called \"Send-to-Kindle\" that allows the user to send HTML pages, Microsoft Word documents, GIF, PNG, and BMP graphics directly to the user's Kindle library at Amazon. Sending the file is free if downloaded using Wi-Fi or $0.15 per MB when using a Kindle's 3G service. When Amazon receives the file, it converts the file to Kindle format and stores it in the user's online library (called \"Your Content\" by Amazon). In addition to the document types mentioned above, this service can be used","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191213","text":"U.S. as a beta version. In August 2011, Amazon released an HTML5-based webapp for supported web browsers called \"Kindle Cloud Reader\". In 2013, Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a separate Kindle application for Linux systems; the Cloud Reader can be used on supported browsers in Linux. On April 17, 2014, Samsung announced it would discontinue its own e-book store effective July 1, 2014 and it partnered with Amazon to create the \"Kindle for Samsung\" app optimized for display on Samsung Galaxy devices. The app uses Amazon's e-book store and it includes a monthly limited selection of free e-books.","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191164","text":"renamed \"Kindle Keyboard\", on July 28, 2010. Amazon began accepting pre-orders for the Kindle Keyboard as soon as it was announced and began shipping the devices on August 27, 2010. On August 25, Amazon announced that the Kindle Keyboard was the fastest-selling Kindle ever. While Amazon does not officially add numbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation, reviewers, customers and press companies often referred to this Kindle as the \"K3\" or the \"Kindle 3\". The Kindle Keyboard has a 6-inch screen with a resolution of 600x800 (167 PPI). The Kindle Keyboard was available in two versions. One","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191212","text":"PC\" application in late 2009, available for Microsoft Windows systems. This application allows ebooks from Amazon's store or personal ebooks to be read on a personal computer, with no Kindle device required. Amazon released a \"Kindle for Mac\" app for Apple Macintosh & OS X systems in early 2010. In June 2010, Amazon released the \"Amazon Kindle for Android\". Soon after the Android release, versions for the Apple iOS (iPhone and iPad) and BlackBerry OS phones were available. In January 2011, Amazon released \"Kindle for Windows Phone\". In July 2011, Kindle for HP TouchPad (running webOS) was released in the","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191158","text":"2 from $359 to $299, then in October 2009, Amazon further reduced the price to $259. The Kindle 2 had a manufacturing materials cost estimated at $185.49, in 2009 by iSuppli. On October 22, 2009, Amazon stopped selling the original Kindle 2 and sold the Kindle 2 international version worldwide. On November 24, 2009, Amazon released a firmware update for the Kindle 2 that increased battery life by 85% and introduced native PDF file support for the device. On October 7, 2009, Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download e-books wirelessly in over","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191219","text":"end of November 2011; this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Fire tablet. IDC estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011. Pacific Crest estimated that the Kindle Fire models sold six million units during Q4 2012. Morgan Stanley estimates that Amazon sold $3.57 billion worth of Kindle e-readers and tablets in 2012, $4.5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2013 and $5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2014. Working Kindles in good condition can be sold, traded, donated or recycled in the aftermarket. Due to some Kindle","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191201","text":"to send unprotected MOBI files to a user's Kindle library. The Send-to-Kindle service's personal documents can be accessed by all Kindle hardware devices as well as iOS and Android devices using the Kindle app. The first Kindle could read unprotected Mobipocket files (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT), Topaz format books (TPZ) and Amazon's AZW format. The Kindle 2 added native PDF capability with the version 2.3 firmware upgrade. The Kindle 1 could not read PDF files, but Amazon provides experimental conversion to the native AZW format, with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly. The Kindle 2","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191157","text":"1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books. Unlike the first generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards. It was slimmer than the original Kindle. The Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-11 90 nm processor, 32 MB main memory, 2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery. To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King released \"Ur\", his then-new novella, available exclusively through the Kindle Store. On July 8, 2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191156","text":"audio files on Kindle. It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot. The device's Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free U.S.-wide 3G data access to browse and download e-books from Amazon's Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside the U.S. On February 10, 2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second generation Kindle. It became available for purchase on February 23, 2009. The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191171","text":"capabilities remaining. Amazon announced a new version of the regular Kindle on September 6, 2012. The Kindle 5 was released on September 6, 2012 ($70 ad-supported, $90 no ads). The Kindle has a black bezel, differing from the Kindle 4 which was available in silver-grey, and has better display contrast. Amazon also claims that it has 15% faster page loads. It has a 167 PPI display and was the lightest Kindle at 5.98 oz until 2016's Kindle Oasis. The Kindle Paperwhite (1st generation) was announced on September 6, 2012, and released on October 1. It has a 6 in, 212","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191161","text":"user to seamlessly rotate pages between landscape and portrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side and it includes built-in speakers. The device can only connect to Whispernet in the U.S. On January 19, 2010, the Kindle DX international version was released in over 100 countries. The Kindle DX international version is the same as the Kindle DX except for having support for international 3G data. On July 1, 2010, Amazon released the Kindle DX Graphite (DXG) globally. The DXG has an E Ink display with 50% better contrast ratio due to using E Ink Pearl technology","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191196","text":"the rear of the Protective Cover magnetically and the case's cover folds over the top, and the case weighs 4.6 ounces. The case can fold into a stand, propping the Kindle up for hands-free reading. With the release of the Paperwhite (4th gen) in 2018, Amazon released three versions of its cover: a water-safe fabric cover that can withstand brief exposure to water, a standard leather cover and a premium leather cover; these covers all weigh 4 ounces. In May 2016, Amazon released the official \"Kindle Audio Adapter\" for reading e-books aloud via a text-to-speech (TTS) system for the blind","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191154","text":"range includes devices with a keyboard (Kindle Keyboard), devices with touch-sensitive, lighted high-resolution screens (Kindle Paperwhite), a tablet computer with the Kindle app (Kindle Fire), and low-priced devices with a touch-sensitive screen (Kindle 7). However, the Kindle e-reader has always been a single-purpose device for reading – rather than being multipurpose hardware that might create distractions while reading. Amazon has also introduced Kindle apps for use on various devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry 10 and Windows Phone. Amazon also has a cloud reader to allow users to read e-books using modern web browsers. This article","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191211","text":"twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor, Barnes & Noble. Public libraries that offer books via OverDrive, Inc. also loan titles for the Kindle and Kindle reading apps in the USA. Books are checked out from the library's own site, which forwards to Amazon for the completion of the checkout process. Amazon then delivers the title to the Kindle for the duration of the loan, though some titles may require transfer via a USB connection to a computer. If the book is later checked out again or purchased, annotations and bookmarks are preserved. Amazon released the \"Kindle for","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191210","text":"other mobile devices. For U.S. customers traveling abroad, Amazon originally charged a $1.99 fee to download e-books over 3G while overseas, but later removed the fee. Fees remain for wireless 3G delivery of periodical subscriptions and personal documents, while Wi-Fi delivery has no extra charge. In addition to the Kindle Store, content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise and Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content providers such as Project Gutenberg, The Internet Archive and the World Public Library. In 2011, the Kindle Store had more than","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191179","text":"saying while the \"all-new\" Paperwhite does not offer many new features compared to the original model, but \"an improved frontlight and some software tweaks have made an already great reading experience even better.\" Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18, 2014. The Kindle 7 was released on October 2, 2014 ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating within books and to have a 1 GHz CPU. It is the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as India, Japan and China. Amazon claims","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191153","text":"the United States. In 2004, Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename \"Fiona\" for this e-reader. The \"Kindle\" name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma. Lab126 asked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested \"Kindle\", meaning to light a fire. They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement. Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger screen) introduced in 2009. The","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191191","text":"as its predecessor, a 167 ppi E Ink Pearl touch-screen display, and Amazon claims it has a four-week battery life and can be fully charged within four hours. Amazon released the Kindle Oasis (2nd generation), marketed as the \"All-New Kindle Oasis\" and colloquially referred to as the Oasis 2, on October 31, 2017. It is available in 8 GB Wi-Fi ($250 ad-supported, $270 no ads), 32 GB Wi-FI ($280 ad-supported, $300 no ads) and 32 GB Wi-Fi + 3G ($350 no ads) models with a 7-inch E Ink display with 300 ppi. It has an asymmetric design like the 1st","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191215","text":"CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon keeps 65% of the revenue from all e-book sales for the Kindle. The remaining 35% is split between the book author and publisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popular App Store offers 70% of royalties to the publisher, Amazon began a program that offers 70% royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certain conditions. Some of these conditions, such as the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, have caused some controversy. On January 21, 2010, Amazon announced the release of its Kindle Development Kit (KDK). KDK aims to allow developers to","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191207","text":"Due to the TXT format of the clippings file, all formatting (such as bold, italics, bigger fonts for headlines, etc.) is stripped off the original text. On July 18, 2011, Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from three different publishers for a fixed period of time. Kindle devices may report information about their users' reading data that includes the last page read, how long each e-book was opened, annotations, bookmarks, notes, highlights, or similar markings to Amazon. The Kindle stores this information on all Amazon e-books but it is unclear if this data is","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191163","text":"display international fonts, like Cyrillic, Chinese, or any other non-Latin font, and PDF support and the web browser are limited to matching the Kindle 2's features. Amazon withdrew the Kindle DX from sale in October 2012, but in September 2013 made it available again for a few months. Using 3G data is free when accessing the Kindle Store and Wikipedia. Downloading personal documents via 3G data costs about $1 per megabyte. Its battery life is about one week with 3G on and two weeks with 3G off. Text-to-Speech and MP3 playback are supported. Amazon announced the third generation Kindle, later","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191198","text":"The font type, size and margins can be customized. Kindles are charged by connecting to a computer's USB port or to an AC adapter. Users needing accessibility due to vision can use an audio adapter to listen any e-book read aloud on supported Kindles or those with trouble reading text may use the Amazon Ember Bold font for darker text and other fonts may have bold font versions. The Kindle also contains experimental features such a web browser that uses NetFront based on WebKit. The browser can freely access the Kindle Store and Wikipedia on 3G models while the browser","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191176","text":"Kindle Paperwhite. While not widespread, some users found the lighting to be inconsistent, causing the bottom edge to cast irregular shadows. Also, some users complained that the light can only be dimmed, not turned off completely. Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (2nd generation), marketed as the \"All-New Kindle Paperwhite\" and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 2, on September 3, 2013; the Wi-Fi version was released in on September 30 ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads), and the 3G/Wi-Fi version was released in the U.S. on November 5, 2013 ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads). The Paperwhite 2 features a higher contrast","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191155","text":"focuses on Amazon's E Ink e-readers; for the LCD tablets that formerly included the \"Kindle\" name refer to Kindle Fire, Fire HD, and Fire HDX. Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19, 2007, for US$399. It sold out in five and a half hours. The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008. The device features a 6-inch (diagonal) 4-level grayscale E Ink display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles. It also has a speaker and a headphone jack that allows the user to listen to","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191226","text":"violations of Amazon's publishing guidelines. For what Amazon describes as \"a brief period of time\", the books were unavailable for redownload by users who had already purchased them. This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon's attention; however, no remote deletion took place. In October 2012, Amazon suspended the account of a Norwegian woman who purchased her Kindle in the United Kingdom, and the company deleted every e-book on her Kindle. Amazon claimed that she had violated their terms of service but did not specify what she had done wrong. After the woman contacted the media, Amazon restored","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191170","text":"of 4 GB and battery life of two months under ideal reading conditions, and is larger than the Kindle 4. The Kindle Touch began to ship on November 15, 2011 (U.S. only). Amazon announced in March 2012 that the device would be available in the UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy on April 27, 2012. The Touch was the first Kindle to support X-Ray, which lists the commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas in a book. In January 2013, Amazon released the 5.2.0 firmware that updated the operating system to match the Paperwhite's interface with the Touch's MP3/audiobook","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191203","text":"files natively. KFX is Amazon's successor to the AZW3 (Kindle 8) format. An e-book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time, as long as the devices are registered to the same Amazon account. A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices, depending on an undisclosed number of licenses set by the publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the e-book from some device or unregister a device containing the e-book in order to add the e-book to another device. The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191169","text":"ideal reading conditions. Amazon introduced two versions of touchscreen Kindles: the Kindle Touch, available with Wi-Fi (initially $99 ad-supported, $139 no ads), and the Kindle Touch 3G, with Wi-Fi/3G connectivity (initially $149 ad-supported, $189 no ads). The latter is capable of connect via 3G to the Kindle Store, download books and periodicals, and access Wikipedia. Experimental web browsing (outside Wikipedia) on Kindle Touch 3G is only available over a Wi-Fi connection. (Kindle Keyboard does not have this restriction). The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50MB per month. Like the Kindle 3, the Kindle Touch has a capacity","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"17535870","text":"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle) X-Ray is a reference tool, introduced in September 2011, that is incorporated in the Amazon Kindle Touch and later models, Kindle Fire tablets, Kindle apps for mobile platforms, Fire Phones, and Fire TVs. General reference information is preloaded into a small file on the Kindle device or app, so that when the feature is used, there is no need to access the Internet to access such content as dictionary, encyclopedic, or metadata entries, or information about actors featured in a film. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book. As Amazon describes: \"X-Ray","title":"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle)"},{"psg_id":"11191195","text":"life but criticizing its lack of physical buttons and no USB-C support. With the release of the Kindle Paperwhite in 2012, Amazon released a natural leather cover and a plastic back that is form-fitted for the device that weighs 5.6 ounces. The cover closes book-like from the left edge. The cover has magnets that activate the sleep/wake function in the Kindle when the cover is either closed or opened. The subsequent Amazon covers include this function. With the release of the Voyage in 2014, Amazon released two covers with either a polyurethane or a leather cover. The Voyage attaches to","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"17535871","text":"lets you explore the 'bones of a book.' You can also view more detailed information from Wikipedia and from Shelfari, Amazon's community-powered encyclopedia for book lovers.\" After Shelfari closed in 2016, information from Goodreads was displayed in the X-Ray tool. X-Ray operates like a concordance, listing most commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas, which are sorted into the two main categories \"People\" and \"Terms\". For example, readers can use it to look up the first occurrence of characters, which is often helpful in many-charactered novels. X-Ray (Amazon Kindle) X-Ray is a reference tool, introduced in September 2011, that","title":"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle)"},{"psg_id":"11191166","text":"However, it remains significantly slower than traditional LCDs. An ad-supported version, the \"Kindle with Special Offers\", was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price $25 lower than the no-ad version, for $114. On July 13, 2011, Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship with AT&T, the price of the Kindle 3G with ads would be $139, $50 less than the Kindle 3G without ads. The Kindle Keyboard is 0.5 inches shorter and 0.5 inches narrower than the Kindle 2. It supports additional fonts and international Unicode characters and has a \"Voice Guide\" feature with spoken menu navigation from the","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191160","text":"states that the font appears to be fuzzier than that of the first Kindle. The review goes on to say that changes to the Kindle 2 have made it harder to read the smaller font sizes that most books use. Some writers discuss how the font size is at times worse than that of the first generation Kindle. Amazon announced the Kindle DX on May 6, 2009. This device has a larger screen than the standard Kindle and supports PDF files. It is marketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbook content. It has an accelerometer, which enables the","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191159","text":"100 countries. It became available October 19, 2009. The international Kindle 2 is physically the same as the U.S.-only Kindle 2, although it uses a different mobile network standard. The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network. The international version used standard GSM and 3G GSM, enabling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries. The international version of the Kindle 2 is believed to have a higher display contrast, although Amazon did not advertise this. A review by Gadget lab disputes that the contrast was higher and actually","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191182","text":"saying that \"this is the best E Ink e-reader I've used, and it's unquestionably the best that Amazon has ever made. The thing is, it's only marginally better than the fantastic Paperwhite in several ways, and significantly better in none\" and with those differences in mind, disliked how it costs $80 more than the Paperwhite. \"Engadget\" gave the Voyage a 94 out of a 100, stating that while it was \"easily the best e-reader that Amazon has ever crafted,\" it was also the priciest at $199. The Kindle Paperwhite (3rd generation), marketed as the \"All-New Kindle Paperwhite\" and colloquially referred","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191186","text":"launched at 16,280 yen (~$156) for the ad-supported Wi-Fi version or 12,280 yen (~$118) for Prime members. \"The Verge\" gave the Paperwhite 3 a 9.0 out of 10, saying that \"The Kindle Paperwhite is the best e-reader for most people by a wide margin\" and liked the high-resolution screen but disliked that there was no adaptive backlight; this is featured on the Kindle Voyage. \"Popzara\" called the 2015 Paperwhite \"the best dedicated E Ink e-reader for the money.\" Amazon announced the Kindle Oasis (1st generation) on April 13, 2016, and it was released on April 27 worldwide. The Kindle Oasis","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191225","text":"for both monetary and injunctive relief. The case was settled on September 25, 2009, with Amazon agreeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the understanding that the law firm representing them, Kamber Edelson, \"will donate its portion of that fee to a charitable organization\". In the settlement, Amazon also provided wider rights to Kindle owners over its e-books: On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered all affected users a choice of restoring of the deleted e-books or receiving an Amazon gift certificate or check for $US30. In December 2010, Amazon removed three e-books written by Selena Kitt for","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191199","text":"may be limited to 50MB of data per month to websites other than Amazon and Wikipedia, Other possible experimental features, depending on the model are a \"Text-to-Speech\" engine that can read the text from ebooks and an MP3 player that can be used to play music while reading. The Kindle's operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleep mode in which Wi-Fi is turned on. A user may install firmware updates manually by downloading the firmware for their device and copying the file to the device's root directory. The Kindle operating","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191218","text":"from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide reached 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindles. In the last three months of 2010, Amazon announced that in the United States its e-book sales had surpassed sales of paperback books for the first time. In January 2011, Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for the first time ever on its site, with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions. In December 2011, Amazon announced that customers had purchased \"well over\" one million Kindles per week since the","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"18665135","text":"with the Kindle 2's release in February 2009. The Lending Library was added in late 2011 for Amazon Prime members with Kindle e-readers. This perk allows access to the \"Kindle Owners' Lending Library\" where users can borrow one e-book, choosing from over 600,000 titles as of July 2014, per calendar month from the Kindle Store for free. The library was later expanded to include Fire tablets and in February 2018 had over 1.7 million titles available. In July 2014, Amazon added the Kindle Unlimited subscription service that initially offered unlimited access to over 638,000 titles and over 7,000 audiobooks for","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"11191216","text":"build \"active content\" for the Kindle, and a beta version was announced with a February 2010 release date. A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle's bundled browser, and the KDK gives sample code, documentation and a Kindle Simulator together with a new revenue sharing model for developers. The KDK is based on the Java programming language's Personal Basis Profile packaged Java APIs. In October 2014, Amazon announced that the Voyage and future e-readers would not support active content because most users prefer to use apps on their smartphones and tablets, but the Paperwhite","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191193","text":"audiobooks by pairing with A2DP supported external Bluetooth 4.2 speakers or headphones; the device can store up to 35 audiobooks with 8 GB or 160 audiobooks with the 32 GB model. The Oasis 2's internal battery lasts about six weeks of reading at 30 minutes a day. \"The Verge\" gave the Oasis 2 an 8/10, praising its design, display, and water resistance, but criticizing its high cost and the inability to read an e-book while its related audiobook is playing. Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (4th generation) on October 16, 2018 and released it on November 7, 2018. It is","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191202","text":"added the ability to play the Audible Enhanced (AAX) format. The Kindle 2 can also display HTML files. The fourth/fifth/seventh/eighth generation Kindles, Touch, Paperwhite (1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th generations), Voyage and Oasis (1st & 2nd generation) can display AZW, AZW3, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, and PRC files natively. HTML, DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, and BMP are usable through conversion. The Keyboard, Touch, Oasis 2, Kindle 8 and Paperwhite 4 can also play Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX) and MP3 files. The seventh generation Kindle, Kindle Paperwhite (2, 3 & 4), Voyage and Oasis (1 & 2) can display KFX","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191223","text":"for an incinerator chute used in \"1984\". Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in the novel, and described Amazon's action in Orwellian terms. Ars Technica argued that the deletion violated the Kindle's terms of service, which stated in part: Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener said that the company is \"changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances.\" On July 23, 2009, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos posted on Amazon's official Kindle forum an apology about the company's handling of the matter. Bezos said the action was \"stupid\", and","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191185","text":"February 2016, the Paperwhite 2, Paperwhite 3, Kindle 7, and Voyage received the 5.7.2 update that included a new home screen layout, an OpenDyslexic font choice, improved book recommendations and a new quick actions menu. On June 30, 2016, Amazon released a white version of the Paperwhite 3 worldwide; the only thing different about this version is the color of the shell. In October 2016, Amazon released the Paperwhite 3 \"Manga Model\" in Japan that has a 33 percent increase in page-turning speed and includes 32GB of storage, which is space for up to 700 manga books. The Manga model","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191209","text":"the Kindle itself or through a web browser to access content. The store features Kindle Unlimited for unlimited access to over one million e-books for a monthly fee. Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either standard Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G \"Whispernet\" network. Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fee or wireless subscription, although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaming internationally beyond the customer's home country. Through a service called \"Whispersync,\" customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191217","text":"first generation and earlier Kindles would continue to support active content. Specific Kindle device sales numbers are not released by Amazon; however, according to anonymous inside sources, over three million Kindles had been sold as of December 2009, while external estimates, as of Q4-2009, place the number at about 1.5 million. According to James McQuivey of Forrester Research, estimates are ranging around four million, as of mid-2010. In 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers shipped, and it gained 14 percentage points in share. According to an International Data Corporation (IDC) study","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191204","text":"to organize books into folders. The user could only select what type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author, title, or download date. Kindle software version 2.5 allowed for the organization of books into \"Collections\" which behave like non-structured tags/labels: a collection can not include other collections, and one book may be added to multiple collections. These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself, one book at a time. The set of all collections of a first Kindle device can be imported to a second Kindle device that is connected","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191190","text":"hand, but did not like that is so expensive, has no adaptive backlight like the Voyage and it is not waterproof. Amazon's upgrade of the standard Kindle was released on June 22, 2016 in both black and white colors ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). The Kindle 8 features a new rounded design that is shorter, narrower, thinner, and lighter than the previous Kindle 7, and features double the RAM (512MB) of its predecessor. The Kindle 8 is the first Kindle to use Bluetooth that can support VoiceView screen reader software for the visually impaired. It has the same screen display","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"18665140","text":"of certain e-books. Kindle Store The Kindle Store is an online e-book e-commerce store operated by Amazon as part of its retail website and can be accessed from any Amazon Kindle, Fire tablet or Kindle mobile app. At the launch of the Kindle in November 2007, the store had more than 88,000 digital titles available. This number increased to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 765,000 by August 2011. In July 2014, there were over 2.7 million titles available at the U.S. store and as of March 2018 there are over six million titles available in the U.S.","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"18665133","text":"Kindle Store The Kindle Store is an online e-book e-commerce store operated by Amazon as part of its retail website and can be accessed from any Amazon Kindle, Fire tablet or Kindle mobile app. At the launch of the Kindle in November 2007, the store had more than 88,000 digital titles available. This number increased to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 765,000 by August 2011. In July 2014, there were over 2.7 million titles available at the U.S. store and as of March 2018 there are over six million titles available in the U.S. Content from the","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"15516976","text":"years, the author can request the rights back. Amazon actively promotes Kindle Press e-books. In April 2018, Amazon stopped taking new submissions to Kindle Scout, indicating that the service would be shut down in the near future. At that time, 293 titles had been selected for publication during the program. Blogs published by popular media, such as Ars Technica and TechCrunch, have been available on Kindle since early 2008. In May 2009, the program was opened to all. In December 2015, the status for Kindle Publishing for Blogs was listed as beta. Amazon, not the content publisher, sets the monthly","title":"Kindle Direct Publishing"},{"psg_id":"11191178","text":"previous Kindles; there are no usage restrictions when using Wi-Fi. The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 2 is the same item as was used for the original Paperwhite. The cover's magnets will turn the screen on/off when it is opened/closed. Although released in September 2013 with 2GB of storage, the Kindle Paperwhite 2 (model DP75SDI) was released in most major international markets by the middle of 2014 in a version that includes 4 GB of storage. As of September 2014, the U.S. version also includes 4GB of storage. Engadget rated the Paperwhite 2 a 93 out of 100,","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191174","text":"physical buttons for page turning and does not perform auto-hyphenation. Except for the lock screen/power button at its bottom, it relies solely on the touchscreen interface. In November 2012, Amazon released the 5.3.0 update that allowed users to turn off recommended content on the home screen in Grid View (allowing two rows of user content) and included general bug fixes. In March 2014, the Paperwhite 5.4.4 update was released that added Goodreads integration, Kindle FreeTime to restrict usage for children, Cloud Collections for organization and Page Flip for scanning content without losing your place, which closely matched the Paperwhite 2's","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191188","text":"(brown) or merlot (red); the cover fits in the tapered edge. The Oasis has 28 hours of battery life if used with the battery cover with Wi-Fi off, however, without the cover, the Oasis battery lasts about seven hours. It has nearly 3 GB of user storage. The Oasis includes the Bookerly (serif) font and it is the first Kindle to include the Amazon Ember (sans-serif) font. \"The Guardian\"'s reviewer praised the Oasis's ease in holding, it weighing next to nothing without the cover attached, its long battery life, excellent display, even front lighting, and usable page-turn buttons, and the","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191172","text":"PPI E Ink Pearl display (758×1024 resolution) with four built-in LEDs to illuminate the screen. It was available in Wi-Fi ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($180 ad-supported, $200 no ads) models, with the ad-supported options only intended to be available in the United States. The light is one of the main features of the Paperwhite and it has a manually adjusted light level. The 3G access restrictions are the same as the Kindle Touch, and usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 MB per month and only on Amazon and Wikipedia's websites; additional data","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"15945620","text":"review published by Project Gutenberg, the Kindle Fire was called a \"huge step back in freedom from the Kindle 3\"; the reviewer noted that Amazon introduced a \"deliberate limitation\" into the Fire that didn't exist in the previous version: it is no longer possible to download free e-books from websites such as Project Gutenberg, Internet Archive and Google Books and have them stored permanently in the same places where books from Amazon are kept. Customers began receiving Kindle Fires on November 15, 2011, and in December 2012, customers had purchased over a million Kindle devices per week. International Data Corporation","title":"Kindle Fire"},{"psg_id":"11191220","text":"devices being limited to use as reading device and the hassle of reselling Kindles, some people choose to donate their Kindle to schools, developing countries, literacy organizations, or charities. \"The Kindle Classroom Project\" promotes reading by distributing donated Kindles to schools in need. Worldreader and 'Develop Africa' ships donated e-readers to schools in developing countries in Africa for educational use. 'Project Hart', a non-profit created in the legacy of Michael S. Hart, will take donations of e-readers that can be refurbished to give to people in need. Whether in good condition or not, Kindles should not be disposed of in","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"17397994","text":"Kindle Worlds Kindle Worlds was a publisher service of the online retailer Amazon, devoted to providing a commercial venue for fan fiction creations of specific licensed media properties. It was established on May 22, 2013 as part of Amazon Publishing. In August 2018, Amazon shut down the Kindle Worlds website. The purpose of this service was to publish fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for short fiction ranging from 5000 to 10,000 words. Stories hosted","title":"Kindle Worlds"},{"psg_id":"11191167","text":"built-in speakers or audio jack. Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB, with approximately 3 GB available for user content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading half an hour a day with the wireless turned off, which amounts to roughly 30 hours. The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch. Review Horizon describes the device as offering \"the best reading experience in its class\" while Engadget states, \"In the standalone category, the Kindle is probably the one to beat\". The fourth-generation Kindle and the Kindle Touch were announced on September 28, 2011. They retain","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"20298900","text":"content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. AZW files debuted with the first Amazon Kindle in 2007. Software such as the free and open source calibre, Amazon's \"KindleGen\", and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into supported Kindle file formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types. In late 2011, the Kindle Fire introduced \"Kindle Format 8\" (KF8), also known as AZW3 file format. AZW3 supports a subset of","title":"Kindle File Format"},{"psg_id":"15516972","text":"its Kindle Select payment structure to a per-page model. Every time an author's e-book is borrowed and pages are read, the author earns a share of a monthly fund, which was $1.2 million in April 2014 and $11 million in July 2015. During 2016, Amazon released four million e-books and 40% of those titles were self-published under KDP. In April 2017, Amazon released \"Kindle Create\", an application for converting Word and PDF files into Kindle-compatible files; before this release there were multiple Amazon apps to convert various types of files. In 2014, Amazon released the Kindle Scout platform that allows","title":"Kindle Direct Publishing"},{"psg_id":"15945618","text":"Google's SPDY protocol for faster webpage content transmission. The user's Amazon digital content is given free storage in Amazon Cloud's web-storage platform, 5 GB music storage in Amazon Cloud Drive, and a built-in email application allows webmail (Gmail, Yahoo!, Hotmail, AOL Mail, etc.) to be merged into one inbox. The subscription-based Amazon Prime, which includes unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows, is available with a free 30-day trial period. Content formats supported by the first-generation Kindle Fire were Kindle Format 8 (KF8), Kindle Mobi (.azw), TXT, PDF, unrestricted MOBI, PRC natively, Audible (Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX)), DOC, DOCX, JPEG,","title":"Kindle Fire"},{"psg_id":"19931052","text":"through the service. Prime Reading is unrelated to the Kindle Owners Lending Library, Kindle Unlimited, and Kindle First, all of which continue to be available. In April 2014, Amazon began a service for shipping non-perishable grocery store items into a single box for delivery for a flat fee. The service is available in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, India, Japan, Italy, Spain, and France. This is an Amazon Prime member exclusive service that helps prime subscribers purchase household goods and get them delivered super-fast. At a flat rate of $6, Amazon Prime members can enjoy shipping a","title":"Amazon Prime"},{"psg_id":"17397995","text":"on the service were required to abide by some restrictions, including a ban on pornographic or offensive content and copyright violations. The stories must be correctly formatted and were prohibited from using misleading titles. Kindle Worlds Kindle Worlds was a publisher service of the online retailer Amazon, devoted to providing a commercial venue for fan fiction creations of specific licensed media properties. It was established on May 22, 2013 as part of Amazon Publishing. In August 2018, Amazon shut down the Kindle Worlds website. The purpose of this service was to publish fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties","title":"Kindle Worlds"},{"psg_id":"11191173","text":"may be purchased. Battery life is advertised as up to eight weeks of reading with half an hour per day with wireless off and constant light usage; this usage equals 28 hours. The official leather cover for the Paperwhite uses the hall effect sensor in the device that detects when the cover is closed/opened to turn the screen off/on respectively. This device was the first Kindle to track one's reading speed to estimate when one will finish a chapter or book; this feature was later included with updates to the other Kindles and Kindle Fire tablets. The Kindle Paperwhite lacks","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191162","text":"and comes only in a graphite case color. It is speculated the case color change is to improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found the prior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light gray and not white. Like the Kindle DX, it does not have a Wi-Fi connection. The DXG is a mix of third-generation hardware and second-generation software. The CPU has the same speed as Kindle Keyboard's CPU, but the DXG has only half the system memory, 128MB. Due to these differences, the DXG runs the same firmware as Kindle 2. Therefore, DXG cannot","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"18665139","text":"increases, known as agency pricing, by major publishers that Amazon had recently allowed that brought the average e-book price from $6 to nearly $10. The Kindle Store offer e-books in Amazon's proprietary e-book formats: AZW, and, for fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8. In August 2015, \"Kindle Format 10\" (KFX) file format was added to the Store that has enhanced typography. E-books available in KFX are indicated on the e-book's description page. The Kindle Store's terms of use forbid transferring Amazon format e-books to another user or a different type of device. However, Amazon allows limited lending","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"11191168","text":"the 6-inch, 167-PPI e-ink display of the 2010 Kindle model, with the addition of an infrared touch-screen control on the Touch. They also include Amazon's experimental web-browsing capability with Wi-Fi. The fourth-generation Kindle was significantly less expensive (initially $79 ad supported, $109 no ads) and features a slight reduction in weight and size, with a reduced battery life and storage capacity, compared to the Kindle 3. It has a silver-grey bezel, 6-inch display, nine hard keys, a cursor pad, an on-screen rather than physical keyboard, a flash storage capacity of 2 GB, and an estimated one month battery life under","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191165","text":"of these, the Kindle Wi-Fi, was initially priced at $139 and connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi networks. The other version, called the Kindle 3G, was priced at $189 and includes both 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity. The built-in free 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phones use, allowing it to download and purchase content from any location with cell service. The Kindle Keyboard is available in two colors: classic white and graphite. Both versions use an E Ink \"Pearl\" display, which has a higher contrast than prior displays and a faster refresh rate than prior e-ink displays.","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"15516977","text":"subscription rate for each blog between $0.99 - $1.99. Amazon retains 70% of the revenue from blog sales and gives the remaining 30% to be shared between the publisher and author. The revenue sharing condition and the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, that was abused in the former Lendink service, have caused some controversy. Other criticisms involve the business model behind Amazon's implementation and distribution of e-books. Amazon introduced a software application allowing Kindle books to be read on an iPhone or iPod Touch, and soon followed with an application called \"Kindle for PCs\" that can be","title":"Kindle Direct Publishing"},{"psg_id":"18499586","text":"with Kindle Fire devices; however, in July 2013 Amazon opened up the application to all Android devices. A GameCircle plug-in became available for Apple and Android devices and the Kindle Fire, Fire HD, and Fire HDX in 2014. Players can choose from a variety of games that can be found on Amazon's GameCircle app store. Amazon released GameCircle in July 2012 as an alternative to Apple's Game Center, which failed at attracting the audience it was created for in 2010. In 2013, Amazon released a study that spanned over three months that showed the success of GameCircle by finding \"that","title":"Amazon Game Circle"},{"psg_id":"15485320","text":"Photos and limited Storage. While the Prime Photos benefits had prevailed from November 2014, The \"Prime Photos\" plan offers unlimited storage for photos and RAW files, and a 5 gigabytes of storage for videos and other files. Photos can be uploaded to Amazon Drive with iOS or Android apps, Kindle device, or the Cloud Drive website. Additionally, users of Kindle Fire tablets also get the plan's benefits along with the purchase of device. Their photos and videos will automatically backup from device to the Amazon Drive's cloud storage. According to Amazon, Prime Photos is only available for personal, non-commercial use","title":"Amazon Drive"},{"psg_id":"11191205","text":"to the cloud and is registered to the same user; as the result of this operation, the documents that are on the second device now become organized according to the first device's collections. There is no option to organize by series or series order, as the AZW format does not possess the necessary metadata fields. X-Ray is a reference tool that is incorporated in Kindle Touch and later devices, the Fire tablets, the Kindle app for mobile platforms and Fire TV. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book, by accessing pre-loaded files with relevant information,","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"15945617","text":"technologies consume much more power than monochrome electronic paper (E-ink) types; Fire offer a typical battery life of 8 hours of mixed usage, while monochrome Kindles offer 15 to 30 hours' use without WiFi—\"battery lasts weeks on a single charge\"—with a much lower-capacity battery. The first generation of Kindle Fire devices run a customized Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread OS. The second-generation Kindle Fire HD runs a customized Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich OS. Along with access to Amazon Appstore, the Fire includes a cloud-accelerated \"split browser\", Amazon Silk, using Amazon EC2 for off-device cloud computation; including webpage layout and rendering, and","title":"Kindle Fire"},{"psg_id":"11191197","text":"and visually impaired. This accessibility accessory, initially supported only for the Paperwhite 3 and Oasis, plugs in the USB port and connects to headphones or speakers. Once connected, the reader uses the Voiceview for Kindle feature to navigate the interface and listen to e-books via TTS. This feature only supports e-books, not audiobooks or music. Using the accessory reduces the Paperwhite 3's battery life to six hours. As an alternative to the official adapter, a generic USB to audio converter will also work with Voiceview. Kindle devices support dictionary and Wikipedia look-up functions when highlighting a word in an e-book.","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"15516970","text":"an author can offer the book free for five days or discount it for up to seven days through a countdown deal, while still earning 70% royalties. The author can opt out from KDP select ninety days after enrollment. If no action is taken, it will auto-renew the book for another ninety days. Outside of limited deals, e-books permanently priced below $2.99 only get 35% royalties. All KDP Select books are included in Kindle Unlimited, which is a monthly subscription that allows unlimited reading of e-books. Amazon has reported the Kindle version of \"Fifty Shades of Grey\" sold more than","title":"Kindle Direct Publishing"},{"psg_id":"11191180","text":"that a single charge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30 minutes a day without using Wi-Fi. The Kindle Voyage was released on November 4, 2014, in the U.S. It has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers as of 2014 with six LEDs with an adaptive light sensor that can automatically illuminate the screen depending on the environment. It is available in Wi-Fi ($200 ad-supported, $220 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($270 ad-supported, $290 no ads) models. Its design features a flush glass screen","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"11191221","text":"normal waste due to the device's electronic ink components and batteries. Instead, Kindles at the end of their useful life should be recycled. In the United States, Amazon runs their own program, 'Take Back', which allows owners to print out a prepaid shipping label, which can be used to return the device for disposal. On July 17, 2009, Amazon withdrew from sale two e-books by George Orwell, \"Animal Farm\" and \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", refunding the purchase price to those who had bought them, and remotely deleted these titles from purchasers' devices without warning after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"6900260","text":"and prices are matched to online equivalents. The store also sells Amazon electronics, including the Amazon Kindle e-book reader, the Kindle Fire tablet series, the Amazon Echo, and the Amazon Fire TV. Two locations of Amazon Books have a cafe. The first Amazon Books store, located at the University shopping center in Seattle, Washington, opened on November 2, 2015. The store has been described as the first permanent store from Amazon, who opened pop-up shops and pickup outlets on several university campuses in 2015. In February 2016, tech news website \"Re/code\" reported that longtime Amazon executive Steve Kessel was leading","title":"Amazon Books"},{"psg_id":"15485317","text":"Amazon Drive Amazon Drive, formerly known as Amazon Cloud Drive, is a cloud storage application managed by Amazon. The service offers secure cloud storage, file backup, file sharing, and Photo printing. Using an Amazon account, the files and folders can be transferred and managed from multiple devices including web browsers, desktop applications, mobiles, and tablets. Amazon Drive also lets their U.S. users order photo prints and photo books using the Amazon Prints service. Today, Amazon Drive offers free unlimited photo storage with an Amazon Prime subscription or a Kindle Fire device, and a paid limited storage service. Launched in major","title":"Amazon Drive"},{"psg_id":"18665136","text":"a $9.99 monthly fee. As of June 2015, there were over one million titles available in Kindle Unlimited, from publishers such as Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, Pottermore, Simon & Schuster and Timber Press. As of February 2017, the U.S. version of Kindle Unlimited includes over 1.5 million titles that includes over 290,000 foreign language titles. Amazon pays authors by using a per page rate and during 2016 nearly $200 million was paid to authors. In October 2016, another perk was added for Amazon Prime members called \"Prime Reading\", which gives the ability to read as much material as they","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"18665134","text":"store is purchased online and downloaded using either Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G Whispernet to bring the content to the user's device. One of the innovations Amazon brought to the store was one-click purchasing that allowed users to quickly purchase an e-book. The Kindle Store uses a recommendation engine that looks at purchase history, browsing history, and reading activity, and then suggests material it thinks the user will like. Whispersync is a service provided for e-books acquired from the Kindle Store that allows customers to synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle devices and Kindle apps. The service debuted","title":"Kindle Store"},{"psg_id":"16827259","text":"shepherded through an editing process by former \"Village Voice\" editor-in-chief and Columbia adjunct Blum, much like a traditional publishing house\" (\"successful Singles authors aren't undiscovered gems but professional writers who have published elsewhere before\") from Kindle Direct Publishing, which is a platform for unknown authors to quickly publish and sell their works as e-books through Amazon. Kindle single A Kindle single is a type of e-book which is published through Amazon's Kindle Store. It is specifically intended as a format for novella-length nonfiction literature or long-form journalism. The name \"single\" comes from musical singles which are shorter in length than","title":"Kindle single"},{"psg_id":"16044248","text":"and fight complacency: \"This is still Day 1.\" In March, 2014, Amazon Publishing opened a German-language department based in Munich under the direction of publisher Sarah Tomashek. According to Amazon, the \"European Amazon Publishing team will acquire German-language fiction for publication in Kindle and print editions available on Amazon websites.\" In November, 2017, Amazon Publishing announced a new imprint Amazon Original Stories for works of fiction and non-fiction that can be read in a single sitting ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 words. In February 2018, Amazon Publishing announced a new imprint TOPPLE Books focused on revolutionary feminist voices with Jill","title":"Amazon Publishing"},{"psg_id":"15951754","text":"to turn off Amazon server-side processing. On July 26, 2016 it was reported that Silk prevents access to Google over HTTPS, but that bug has since been fixed. Amazon says \"a thread of silk is an invisible yet incredibly strong connection between two different things\", and thus calls the browser \"Amazon Silk\" as it is the connection between Kindle Fire and Amazon's EC2 servers. Amazon Silk Amazon Silk is a web browser developed by Amazon. It was launched in November 2011 for Kindle Fire and Fire Phone, and a Fire TV version was launched in November 2017. The addition of","title":"Amazon Silk"},{"psg_id":"11191224","text":"that the executives at Amazon \"deserve the criticism received\". On July 30, 2009, Justin Gawronski, a Michigan high school senior, and Antoine Bruguier, a California engineer, filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Bruguier argued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\" he purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written. Gawronski's copy of the e-book was also deleted without his consent, and found Amazon used deceit in an email exchange. The complaint, which sought class-action status, asked","title":"Amazon Kindle"},{"psg_id":"15945621","text":"(IDC) estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011. The Amazon Kindle Fire helped the company beat their 2012 first quarter estimates and boosted the company's stock in extended trading. As of May 2013, about 7 million units had been sold according to estimates. Statistics for FY2014 or Q1&2 2015 are not yet available. There have been eight generations of Kindle Fire tablets, spread across three different models: Fire, Fire HD and Fire HDX. There have also been different-sized tablets within the Fire HD and Fire HDX models. Items in bold are","title":"Kindle Fire"},{"psg_id":"15945613","text":", and the Kindle Fire HDX was introduced. The Kindle Fire HDX had an improved graphics engine, double the memory, and triple the processor speed of the previous model. The 7-inch and 8.99-inch versions were introduced at and respectively. In September 2014, the Fire HDX 8.9 and the Fire HD were upgraded to the fourth generation of Fire tablets, removing the \"Kindle\" adjective in the naming scheme. There was also the Fire HD 6 that has a six-inch screen with a quad-core processor priced at . In September 2015, Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7, priced at for","title":"Kindle Fire"},{"psg_id":"15418576","text":"the state in question. Amazon severed its relationships with affiliates in Colorado due to efforts by the state government to collect sales tax on internet purchases. Amazon has threatened similar action against affiliates in Illinois over the same issue. In February 2011, Amazon announced that it would be closing its Dallas, Texas distribution center over the sales-tax dispute Amazon has created subsidiaries that are treated separately for tax matters, a legal technique called \"entity isolation\". The subsidiary that developed the Kindle is in California, but because it doesn't sell the Kindle directly to customers, Amazon's legal position was that it","title":"Amazon tax"},{"psg_id":"19475812","text":"in-app purchases. It has also been praised for helping all developers make money right off the bat in direct proportion to usage, compared to the in-app purchase model that only some kinds of apps could make significant money off of. Commentators have compared it to the Kindle Unlimited plan where Amazon allows readers to read books for free from a diverse collection of authors and then pays authors based on the fraction of their books read. A report by IHS Technology highlighted the following key challenges for Amazon Underground: Amazon Underground Amazon Underground is an Android app offered by Amazon","title":"Amazon Underground"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191227\",\n \"text\": \"her account and her purchased e-books. The event serves to remind Kindle users that even when a user clicks buy, the user only holds a license to view works that can be revoked by Amazon at any time for violating the terms of service. Richard Stallman criticized the Kindle, citing Kindle terms of service which can censor users, which require the user's identification, and that can have a negative effect on independent book distributors; he also cited reported restrictions on Kindle users, as well the ability for Amazon to delete e-books and update software without the users' permission. Amazon Kindle\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191152\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon Kindle The Amazon Kindle is a series of e-readers designed and marketed by Amazon. Amazon Kindle devices enable users to browse, buy, download, and read e-books, newspapers, magazines and other digital media via wireless networking to the Kindle Store. The hardware platform, developed by Amazon subsidiary Lab126, began as a single device in 2007 and now comprises a range of devices, including e-readers with E Ink electronic paper displays and Kindle applications on all major computing platforms. All Kindle devices integrate with Kindle Store content, and as of March 2018, the store has over six million e-books available in\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191214\",\n \"text\": \"On June 2016, Amazon released the Page Flip feature to its Kindle applications that debuted on its e-readers a few years previously. This feature allows the user to flip through nine thumbnails of page images at a time. Concurrently with the release of the first Kindle device, Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing, used by authors and publishers to independently publish their books directly to Kindle and Kindle Apps worldwide. Authors can upload documents in several formats for delivery via Whispernet and charge between $0.99 and $200.00 per download. In a December 5, 2009 interview with \\\"The New York Times\\\", Amazon\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191208\",\n \"text\": \"stored for non-Amazon e-books. There is a lack of e-reader data privacy — Amazon knows the user's identity, what the user is reading, whether the user has finished the book, what page the user is on, how long the user has spent on each page, and which passages the user may have highlighted. Content from Amazon's Kindle Store is encoded in Amazon's proprietary Kindle formats (.azw, .kf8 and .kfx). In addition to published content, Kindle users can also access the Internet using the experimental web browser, which uses NetFront. Users can use the Kindle Store to access reading material using\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191200\",\n \"text\": \"system uses the Linux kernel with a Java app for reading e-books. Amazon offers an email-based service called \\\"Send-to-Kindle\\\" that allows the user to send HTML pages, Microsoft Word documents, GIF, PNG, and BMP graphics directly to the user's Kindle library at Amazon. Sending the file is free if downloaded using Wi-Fi or $0.15 per MB when using a Kindle's 3G service. When Amazon receives the file, it converts the file to Kindle format and stores it in the user's online library (called \\\"Your Content\\\" by Amazon). In addition to the document types mentioned above, this service can be used\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191213\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. as a beta version. In August 2011, Amazon released an HTML5-based webapp for supported web browsers called \\\"Kindle Cloud Reader\\\". In 2013, Amazon has expressed no interest in releasing a separate Kindle application for Linux systems; the Cloud Reader can be used on supported browsers in Linux. On April 17, 2014, Samsung announced it would discontinue its own e-book store effective July 1, 2014 and it partnered with Amazon to create the \\\"Kindle for Samsung\\\" app optimized for display on Samsung Galaxy devices. The app uses Amazon's e-book store and it includes a monthly limited selection of free e-books.\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191164\",\n \"text\": \"renamed \\\"Kindle Keyboard\\\", on July 28, 2010. Amazon began accepting pre-orders for the Kindle Keyboard as soon as it was announced and began shipping the devices on August 27, 2010. On August 25, Amazon announced that the Kindle Keyboard was the fastest-selling Kindle ever. While Amazon does not officially add numbers to the end of each Kindle denoting its generation, reviewers, customers and press companies often referred to this Kindle as the \\\"K3\\\" or the \\\"Kindle 3\\\". The Kindle Keyboard has a 6-inch screen with a resolution of 600x800 (167 PPI). The Kindle Keyboard was available in two versions. One\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191212\",\n \"text\": \"PC\\\" application in late 2009, available for Microsoft Windows systems. This application allows ebooks from Amazon's store or personal ebooks to be read on a personal computer, with no Kindle device required. Amazon released a \\\"Kindle for Mac\\\" app for Apple Macintosh & OS X systems in early 2010. In June 2010, Amazon released the \\\"Amazon Kindle for Android\\\". Soon after the Android release, versions for the Apple iOS (iPhone and iPad) and BlackBerry OS phones were available. In January 2011, Amazon released \\\"Kindle for Windows Phone\\\". In July 2011, Kindle for HP TouchPad (running webOS) was released in the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191158\",\n \"text\": \"2 from $359 to $299, then in October 2009, Amazon further reduced the price to $259. The Kindle 2 had a manufacturing materials cost estimated at $185.49, in 2009 by iSuppli. On October 22, 2009, Amazon stopped selling the original Kindle 2 and sold the Kindle 2 international version worldwide. On November 24, 2009, Amazon released a firmware update for the Kindle 2 that increased battery life by 85% and introduced native PDF file support for the device. On October 7, 2009, Amazon announced an international version of the Kindle 2 with the ability to download e-books wirelessly in over\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191219\",\n \"text\": \"end of November 2011; this includes all available Kindle models and also the Kindle Fire tablet. IDC estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011. Pacific Crest estimated that the Kindle Fire models sold six million units during Q4 2012. Morgan Stanley estimates that Amazon sold $3.57 billion worth of Kindle e-readers and tablets in 2012, $4.5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2013 and $5 billion in Kindle device sales in 2014. Working Kindles in good condition can be sold, traded, donated or recycled in the aftermarket. Due to some Kindle\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191201\",\n \"text\": \"to send unprotected MOBI files to a user's Kindle library. The Send-to-Kindle service's personal documents can be accessed by all Kindle hardware devices as well as iOS and Android devices using the Kindle app. The first Kindle could read unprotected Mobipocket files (MOBI, PRC), plain text files (TXT), Topaz format books (TPZ) and Amazon's AZW format. The Kindle 2 added native PDF capability with the version 2.3 firmware upgrade. The Kindle 1 could not read PDF files, but Amazon provides experimental conversion to the native AZW format, with the caveat that not all PDFs may format correctly. The Kindle 2\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191157\",\n \"text\": \"1.4 GB is user-accessible. By Amazon's estimates, the Kindle 2 can hold about 1,500 non-illustrated books. Unlike the first generation Kindle, Kindle 2 does not have a slot for SD memory cards. It was slimmer than the original Kindle. The Kindle 2 features a Freescale 532 MHz, ARM-11 90 nm processor, 32 MB main memory, 2 GB flash memory and a 3.7 V 1,530 mAh lithium polymer battery. To promote the Kindle 2, in February 2009 author Stephen King released \\\"Ur\\\", his then-new novella, available exclusively through the Kindle Store. On July 8, 2009, Amazon reduced price of the Kindle\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191156\",\n \"text\": \"audio files on Kindle. It is the only Kindle with expandable storage, via an SD card slot. The device's Whispernet feature was co-designed with Qualcomm, and Kindle was the first device to include free U.S.-wide 3G data access to browse and download e-books from Amazon's Kindle Store. Amazon did not sell the first generation Kindle outside the U.S. On February 10, 2009, Amazon announced the Kindle 2, the second generation Kindle. It became available for purchase on February 23, 2009. The Kindle 2 features a text-to-speech option to read the text aloud, and 2 GB of internal memory of which\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191171\",\n \"text\": \"capabilities remaining. Amazon announced a new version of the regular Kindle on September 6, 2012. The Kindle 5 was released on September 6, 2012 ($70 ad-supported, $90 no ads). The Kindle has a black bezel, differing from the Kindle 4 which was available in silver-grey, and has better display contrast. Amazon also claims that it has 15% faster page loads. It has a 167 PPI display and was the lightest Kindle at 5.98 oz until 2016's Kindle Oasis. The Kindle Paperwhite (1st generation) was announced on September 6, 2012, and released on October 1. It has a 6 in, 212\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191161\",\n \"text\": \"user to seamlessly rotate pages between landscape and portrait orientations when the Kindle DX is turned on its side and it includes built-in speakers. The device can only connect to Whispernet in the U.S. On January 19, 2010, the Kindle DX international version was released in over 100 countries. The Kindle DX international version is the same as the Kindle DX except for having support for international 3G data. On July 1, 2010, Amazon released the Kindle DX Graphite (DXG) globally. The DXG has an E Ink display with 50% better contrast ratio due to using E Ink Pearl technology\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191196\",\n \"text\": \"the rear of the Protective Cover magnetically and the case's cover folds over the top, and the case weighs 4.6 ounces. The case can fold into a stand, propping the Kindle up for hands-free reading. With the release of the Paperwhite (4th gen) in 2018, Amazon released three versions of its cover: a water-safe fabric cover that can withstand brief exposure to water, a standard leather cover and a premium leather cover; these covers all weigh 4 ounces. In May 2016, Amazon released the official \\\"Kindle Audio Adapter\\\" for reading e-books aloud via a text-to-speech (TTS) system for the blind\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191154\",\n \"text\": \"range includes devices with a keyboard (Kindle Keyboard), devices with touch-sensitive, lighted high-resolution screens (Kindle Paperwhite), a tablet computer with the Kindle app (Kindle Fire), and low-priced devices with a touch-sensitive screen (Kindle 7). However, the Kindle e-reader has always been a single-purpose device for reading – rather than being multipurpose hardware that might create distractions while reading. Amazon has also introduced Kindle apps for use on various devices and platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry 10 and Windows Phone. Amazon also has a cloud reader to allow users to read e-books using modern web browsers. This article\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191211\",\n \"text\": \"twice as much paid content as its nearest competitor, Barnes & Noble. Public libraries that offer books via OverDrive, Inc. also loan titles for the Kindle and Kindle reading apps in the USA. Books are checked out from the library's own site, which forwards to Amazon for the completion of the checkout process. Amazon then delivers the title to the Kindle for the duration of the loan, though some titles may require transfer via a USB connection to a computer. If the book is later checked out again or purchased, annotations and bookmarks are preserved. Amazon released the \\\"Kindle for\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191210\",\n \"text\": \"other mobile devices. For U.S. customers traveling abroad, Amazon originally charged a $1.99 fee to download e-books over 3G while overseas, but later removed the fee. Fees remain for wireless 3G delivery of periodical subscriptions and personal documents, while Wi-Fi delivery has no extra charge. In addition to the Kindle Store, content for the Kindle can be purchased from various independent sources such as Fictionwise and Baen Ebooks. Public domain titles are also obtainable for the Kindle via content providers such as Project Gutenberg, The Internet Archive and the World Public Library. In 2011, the Kindle Store had more than\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191179\",\n \"text\": \"saying while the \\\"all-new\\\" Paperwhite does not offer many new features compared to the original model, but \\\"an improved frontlight and some software tweaks have made an already great reading experience even better.\\\" Amazon announced an upgraded basic Kindle and the Kindle Voyage on September 18, 2014. The Kindle 7 was released on October 2, 2014 ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). It is the first basic Kindle to use a touchscreen for navigating within books and to have a 1 GHz CPU. It is the first basic Kindle available in international markets such as India, Japan and China. Amazon claims\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191153\",\n \"text\": \"the United States. In 2004, Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename \\\"Fiona\\\" for this e-reader. The \\\"Kindle\\\" name was devised by branding consultants Michael Cronan and Karin Hibma. Lab126 asked them to name the product, so Cronan and Hibma suggested \\\"Kindle\\\", meaning to light a fire. They felt this was an apt metaphor for reading and intellectual excitement. Kindle hardware has evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger screen) introduced in 2009. The\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191191\",\n \"text\": \"as its predecessor, a 167 ppi E Ink Pearl touch-screen display, and Amazon claims it has a four-week battery life and can be fully charged within four hours. Amazon released the Kindle Oasis (2nd generation), marketed as the \\\"All-New Kindle Oasis\\\" and colloquially referred to as the Oasis 2, on October 31, 2017. It is available in 8 GB Wi-Fi ($250 ad-supported, $270 no ads), 32 GB Wi-FI ($280 ad-supported, $300 no ads) and 32 GB Wi-Fi + 3G ($350 no ads) models with a 7-inch E Ink display with 300 ppi. It has an asymmetric design like the 1st\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191215\",\n \"text\": \"CEO Jeff Bezos revealed that Amazon keeps 65% of the revenue from all e-book sales for the Kindle. The remaining 35% is split between the book author and publisher. After numerous commentators observed that Apple's popular App Store offers 70% of royalties to the publisher, Amazon began a program that offers 70% royalties to Kindle publishers who agree to certain conditions. Some of these conditions, such as the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, have caused some controversy. On January 21, 2010, Amazon announced the release of its Kindle Development Kit (KDK). KDK aims to allow developers to\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191207\",\n \"text\": \"Due to the TXT format of the clippings file, all formatting (such as bold, italics, bigger fonts for headlines, etc.) is stripped off the original text. On July 18, 2011, Amazon began a program that allows college students to rent Kindle textbooks from three different publishers for a fixed period of time. Kindle devices may report information about their users' reading data that includes the last page read, how long each e-book was opened, annotations, bookmarks, notes, highlights, or similar markings to Amazon. The Kindle stores this information on all Amazon e-books but it is unclear if this data is\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191163\",\n \"text\": \"display international fonts, like Cyrillic, Chinese, or any other non-Latin font, and PDF support and the web browser are limited to matching the Kindle 2's features. Amazon withdrew the Kindle DX from sale in October 2012, but in September 2013 made it available again for a few months. Using 3G data is free when accessing the Kindle Store and Wikipedia. Downloading personal documents via 3G data costs about $1 per megabyte. Its battery life is about one week with 3G on and two weeks with 3G off. Text-to-Speech and MP3 playback are supported. Amazon announced the third generation Kindle, later\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191198\",\n \"text\": \"The font type, size and margins can be customized. Kindles are charged by connecting to a computer's USB port or to an AC adapter. Users needing accessibility due to vision can use an audio adapter to listen any e-book read aloud on supported Kindles or those with trouble reading text may use the Amazon Ember Bold font for darker text and other fonts may have bold font versions. The Kindle also contains experimental features such a web browser that uses NetFront based on WebKit. The browser can freely access the Kindle Store and Wikipedia on 3G models while the browser\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191176\",\n \"text\": \"Kindle Paperwhite. While not widespread, some users found the lighting to be inconsistent, causing the bottom edge to cast irregular shadows. Also, some users complained that the light can only be dimmed, not turned off completely. Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (2nd generation), marketed as the \\\"All-New Kindle Paperwhite\\\" and colloquially referred to as the Paperwhite 2, on September 3, 2013; the Wi-Fi version was released in on September 30 ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads), and the 3G/Wi-Fi version was released in the U.S. on November 5, 2013 ($190 ad-supported, $210 no ads). The Paperwhite 2 features a higher contrast\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191155\",\n \"text\": \"focuses on Amazon's E Ink e-readers; for the LCD tablets that formerly included the \\\"Kindle\\\" name refer to Kindle Fire, Fire HD, and Fire HDX. Amazon released the Kindle, its first e-reader, on November 19, 2007, for US$399. It sold out in five and a half hours. The device remained out of stock for five months until late April 2008. The device features a 6-inch (diagonal) 4-level grayscale E Ink display, with 250 MB of internal storage, which can hold approximately 200 non-illustrated titles. It also has a speaker and a headphone jack that allows the user to listen to\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191226\",\n \"text\": \"violations of Amazon's publishing guidelines. For what Amazon describes as \\\"a brief period of time\\\", the books were unavailable for redownload by users who had already purchased them. This ability was restored after it was brought to Amazon's attention; however, no remote deletion took place. In October 2012, Amazon suspended the account of a Norwegian woman who purchased her Kindle in the United Kingdom, and the company deleted every e-book on her Kindle. Amazon claimed that she had violated their terms of service but did not specify what she had done wrong. After the woman contacted the media, Amazon restored\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191170\",\n \"text\": \"of 4 GB and battery life of two months under ideal reading conditions, and is larger than the Kindle 4. The Kindle Touch began to ship on November 15, 2011 (U.S. only). Amazon announced in March 2012 that the device would be available in the UK, Germany, France, Spain and Italy on April 27, 2012. The Touch was the first Kindle to support X-Ray, which lists the commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas in a book. In January 2013, Amazon released the 5.2.0 firmware that updated the operating system to match the Paperwhite's interface with the Touch's MP3/audiobook\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191203\",\n \"text\": \"files natively. KFX is Amazon's successor to the AZW3 (Kindle 8) format. An e-book may be downloaded from Amazon to several devices at the same time, as long as the devices are registered to the same Amazon account. A sharing limit typically ranges from one to six devices, depending on an undisclosed number of licenses set by the publisher. When a limit is reached, the user must remove the e-book from some device or unregister a device containing the e-book in order to add the e-book to another device. The original Kindle and Kindle 2 did not allow the user\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191169\",\n \"text\": \"ideal reading conditions. Amazon introduced two versions of touchscreen Kindles: the Kindle Touch, available with Wi-Fi (initially $99 ad-supported, $139 no ads), and the Kindle Touch 3G, with Wi-Fi/3G connectivity (initially $149 ad-supported, $189 no ads). The latter is capable of connect via 3G to the Kindle Store, download books and periodicals, and access Wikipedia. Experimental web browsing (outside Wikipedia) on Kindle Touch 3G is only available over a Wi-Fi connection. (Kindle Keyboard does not have this restriction). The usage of the 3G data is limited to 50MB per month. Like the Kindle 3, the Kindle Touch has a capacity\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17535870\",\n \"text\": \"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle) X-Ray is a reference tool, introduced in September 2011, that is incorporated in the Amazon Kindle Touch and later models, Kindle Fire tablets, Kindle apps for mobile platforms, Fire Phones, and Fire TVs. General reference information is preloaded into a small file on the Kindle device or app, so that when the feature is used, there is no need to access the Internet to access such content as dictionary, encyclopedic, or metadata entries, or information about actors featured in a film. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book. As Amazon describes: \\\"X-Ray\",\n \"title\": \"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191195\",\n \"text\": \"life but criticizing its lack of physical buttons and no USB-C support. With the release of the Kindle Paperwhite in 2012, Amazon released a natural leather cover and a plastic back that is form-fitted for the device that weighs 5.6 ounces. The cover closes book-like from the left edge. The cover has magnets that activate the sleep/wake function in the Kindle when the cover is either closed or opened. The subsequent Amazon covers include this function. With the release of the Voyage in 2014, Amazon released two covers with either a polyurethane or a leather cover. The Voyage attaches to\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17535871\",\n \"text\": \"lets you explore the 'bones of a book.' You can also view more detailed information from Wikipedia and from Shelfari, Amazon's community-powered encyclopedia for book lovers.\\\" After Shelfari closed in 2016, information from Goodreads was displayed in the X-Ray tool. X-Ray operates like a concordance, listing most commonly used character names, locations, themes, or ideas, which are sorted into the two main categories \\\"People\\\" and \\\"Terms\\\". For example, readers can use it to look up the first occurrence of characters, which is often helpful in many-charactered novels. X-Ray (Amazon Kindle) X-Ray is a reference tool, introduced in September 2011, that\",\n \"title\": \"X-Ray (Amazon Kindle)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191166\",\n \"text\": \"However, it remains significantly slower than traditional LCDs. An ad-supported version, the \\\"Kindle with Special Offers\\\", was introduced on May 3, 2011, with a price $25 lower than the no-ad version, for $114. On July 13, 2011, Amazon announced that due to a sponsorship with AT&T, the price of the Kindle 3G with ads would be $139, $50 less than the Kindle 3G without ads. The Kindle Keyboard is 0.5 inches shorter and 0.5 inches narrower than the Kindle 2. It supports additional fonts and international Unicode characters and has a \\\"Voice Guide\\\" feature with spoken menu navigation from the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191160\",\n \"text\": \"states that the font appears to be fuzzier than that of the first Kindle. The review goes on to say that changes to the Kindle 2 have made it harder to read the smaller font sizes that most books use. Some writers discuss how the font size is at times worse than that of the first generation Kindle. Amazon announced the Kindle DX on May 6, 2009. This device has a larger screen than the standard Kindle and supports PDF files. It is marketed as more suitable for displaying newspaper and textbook content. It has an accelerometer, which enables the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191159\",\n \"text\": \"100 countries. It became available October 19, 2009. The international Kindle 2 is physically the same as the U.S.-only Kindle 2, although it uses a different mobile network standard. The original Kindle 2 used CDMA2000 for use on the Sprint network. The international version used standard GSM and 3G GSM, enabling it to be used on AT&T's U.S. mobile network and internationally in 100 other countries. The international version of the Kindle 2 is believed to have a higher display contrast, although Amazon did not advertise this. A review by Gadget lab disputes that the contrast was higher and actually\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191182\",\n \"text\": \"saying that \\\"this is the best E Ink e-reader I've used, and it's unquestionably the best that Amazon has ever made. The thing is, it's only marginally better than the fantastic Paperwhite in several ways, and significantly better in none\\\" and with those differences in mind, disliked how it costs $80 more than the Paperwhite. \\\"Engadget\\\" gave the Voyage a 94 out of a 100, stating that while it was \\\"easily the best e-reader that Amazon has ever crafted,\\\" it was also the priciest at $199. The Kindle Paperwhite (3rd generation), marketed as the \\\"All-New Kindle Paperwhite\\\" and colloquially referred\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191186\",\n \"text\": \"launched at 16,280 yen (~$156) for the ad-supported Wi-Fi version or 12,280 yen (~$118) for Prime members. \\\"The Verge\\\" gave the Paperwhite 3 a 9.0 out of 10, saying that \\\"The Kindle Paperwhite is the best e-reader for most people by a wide margin\\\" and liked the high-resolution screen but disliked that there was no adaptive backlight; this is featured on the Kindle Voyage. \\\"Popzara\\\" called the 2015 Paperwhite \\\"the best dedicated E Ink e-reader for the money.\\\" Amazon announced the Kindle Oasis (1st generation) on April 13, 2016, and it was released on April 27 worldwide. The Kindle Oasis\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191225\",\n \"text\": \"for both monetary and injunctive relief. The case was settled on September 25, 2009, with Amazon agreeing to pay $150,000 divided between the two plaintiffs, on the understanding that the law firm representing them, Kamber Edelson, \\\"will donate its portion of that fee to a charitable organization\\\". In the settlement, Amazon also provided wider rights to Kindle owners over its e-books: On September 4, 2009, Amazon offered all affected users a choice of restoring of the deleted e-books or receiving an Amazon gift certificate or check for $US30. In December 2010, Amazon removed three e-books written by Selena Kitt for\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191199\",\n \"text\": \"may be limited to 50MB of data per month to websites other than Amazon and Wikipedia, Other possible experimental features, depending on the model are a \\\"Text-to-Speech\\\" engine that can read the text from ebooks and an MP3 player that can be used to play music while reading. The Kindle's operating system updates are designed to be received wirelessly and installed automatically during a period in sleep mode in which Wi-Fi is turned on. A user may install firmware updates manually by downloading the firmware for their device and copying the file to the device's root directory. The Kindle operating\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191218\",\n \"text\": \"from March 2011, sales for all e-book readers worldwide reached 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were Kindles. In the last three months of 2010, Amazon announced that in the United States its e-book sales had surpassed sales of paperback books for the first time. In January 2011, Amazon announced that digital books were outselling their traditional print counterparts for the first time ever on its site, with an average of 115 Kindle editions being sold for every 100 paperback editions. In December 2011, Amazon announced that customers had purchased \\\"well over\\\" one million Kindles per week since the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665135\",\n \"text\": \"with the Kindle 2's release in February 2009. The Lending Library was added in late 2011 for Amazon Prime members with Kindle e-readers. This perk allows access to the \\\"Kindle Owners' Lending Library\\\" where users can borrow one e-book, choosing from over 600,000 titles as of July 2014, per calendar month from the Kindle Store for free. The library was later expanded to include Fire tablets and in February 2018 had over 1.7 million titles available. In July 2014, Amazon added the Kindle Unlimited subscription service that initially offered unlimited access to over 638,000 titles and over 7,000 audiobooks for\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191216\",\n \"text\": \"build \\\"active content\\\" for the Kindle, and a beta version was announced with a February 2010 release date. A number of companies have already experimented with delivering active content through the Kindle's bundled browser, and the KDK gives sample code, documentation and a Kindle Simulator together with a new revenue sharing model for developers. The KDK is based on the Java programming language's Personal Basis Profile packaged Java APIs. In October 2014, Amazon announced that the Voyage and future e-readers would not support active content because most users prefer to use apps on their smartphones and tablets, but the Paperwhite\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191193\",\n \"text\": \"audiobooks by pairing with A2DP supported external Bluetooth 4.2 speakers or headphones; the device can store up to 35 audiobooks with 8 GB or 160 audiobooks with the 32 GB model. The Oasis 2's internal battery lasts about six weeks of reading at 30 minutes a day. \\\"The Verge\\\" gave the Oasis 2 an 8/10, praising its design, display, and water resistance, but criticizing its high cost and the inability to read an e-book while its related audiobook is playing. Amazon announced the Kindle Paperwhite (4th generation) on October 16, 2018 and released it on November 7, 2018. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191202\",\n \"text\": \"added the ability to play the Audible Enhanced (AAX) format. The Kindle 2 can also display HTML files. The fourth/fifth/seventh/eighth generation Kindles, Touch, Paperwhite (1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th generations), Voyage and Oasis (1st & 2nd generation) can display AZW, AZW3, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, and PRC files natively. HTML, DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, and BMP are usable through conversion. The Keyboard, Touch, Oasis 2, Kindle 8 and Paperwhite 4 can also play Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX) and MP3 files. The seventh generation Kindle, Kindle Paperwhite (2, 3 & 4), Voyage and Oasis (1 & 2) can display KFX\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191223\",\n \"text\": \"for an incinerator chute used in \\\"1984\\\". Customers and commentators noted the resemblance to the censorship in the novel, and described Amazon's action in Orwellian terms. Ars Technica argued that the deletion violated the Kindle's terms of service, which stated in part: Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener said that the company is \\\"changing our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances.\\\" On July 23, 2009, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos posted on Amazon's official Kindle forum an apology about the company's handling of the matter. Bezos said the action was \\\"stupid\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191185\",\n \"text\": \"February 2016, the Paperwhite 2, Paperwhite 3, Kindle 7, and Voyage received the 5.7.2 update that included a new home screen layout, an OpenDyslexic font choice, improved book recommendations and a new quick actions menu. On June 30, 2016, Amazon released a white version of the Paperwhite 3 worldwide; the only thing different about this version is the color of the shell. In October 2016, Amazon released the Paperwhite 3 \\\"Manga Model\\\" in Japan that has a 33 percent increase in page-turning speed and includes 32GB of storage, which is space for up to 700 manga books. The Manga model\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191209\",\n \"text\": \"the Kindle itself or through a web browser to access content. The store features Kindle Unlimited for unlimited access to over one million e-books for a monthly fee. Content for the Kindle can be purchased online and downloaded wirelessly in some countries, using either standard Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G \\\"Whispernet\\\" network. Whispernet is accessible without any monthly fee or wireless subscription, although fees can be incurred for the delivery of periodicals and other content when roaming internationally beyond the customer's home country. Through a service called \\\"Whispersync,\\\" customers can synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle hardware and\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191217\",\n \"text\": \"first generation and earlier Kindles would continue to support active content. Specific Kindle device sales numbers are not released by Amazon; however, according to anonymous inside sources, over three million Kindles had been sold as of December 2009, while external estimates, as of Q4-2009, place the number at about 1.5 million. According to James McQuivey of Forrester Research, estimates are ranging around four million, as of mid-2010. In 2010, Amazon remained the undisputed leader in the e-reader category, accounting for 59% of e-readers shipped, and it gained 14 percentage points in share. According to an International Data Corporation (IDC) study\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191204\",\n \"text\": \"to organize books into folders. The user could only select what type of content to display on the home screen and whether to organize by author, title, or download date. Kindle software version 2.5 allowed for the organization of books into \\\"Collections\\\" which behave like non-structured tags/labels: a collection can not include other collections, and one book may be added to multiple collections. These collections are normally set and organized on the Kindle itself, one book at a time. The set of all collections of a first Kindle device can be imported to a second Kindle device that is connected\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191190\",\n \"text\": \"hand, but did not like that is so expensive, has no adaptive backlight like the Voyage and it is not waterproof. Amazon's upgrade of the standard Kindle was released on June 22, 2016 in both black and white colors ($80 ad-supported, $100 no ads). The Kindle 8 features a new rounded design that is shorter, narrower, thinner, and lighter than the previous Kindle 7, and features double the RAM (512MB) of its predecessor. The Kindle 8 is the first Kindle to use Bluetooth that can support VoiceView screen reader software for the visually impaired. It has the same screen display\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665140\",\n \"text\": \"of certain e-books. Kindle Store The Kindle Store is an online e-book e-commerce store operated by Amazon as part of its retail website and can be accessed from any Amazon Kindle, Fire tablet or Kindle mobile app. At the launch of the Kindle in November 2007, the store had more than 88,000 digital titles available. This number increased to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 765,000 by August 2011. In July 2014, there were over 2.7 million titles available at the U.S. store and as of March 2018 there are over six million titles available in the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665133\",\n \"text\": \"Kindle Store The Kindle Store is an online e-book e-commerce store operated by Amazon as part of its retail website and can be accessed from any Amazon Kindle, Fire tablet or Kindle mobile app. At the launch of the Kindle in November 2007, the store had more than 88,000 digital titles available. This number increased to more than 275,000 by late 2008, and exceeded 765,000 by August 2011. In July 2014, there were over 2.7 million titles available at the U.S. store and as of March 2018 there are over six million titles available in the U.S. Content from the\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516976\",\n \"text\": \"years, the author can request the rights back. Amazon actively promotes Kindle Press e-books. In April 2018, Amazon stopped taking new submissions to Kindle Scout, indicating that the service would be shut down in the near future. At that time, 293 titles had been selected for publication during the program. Blogs published by popular media, such as Ars Technica and TechCrunch, have been available on Kindle since early 2008. In May 2009, the program was opened to all. In December 2015, the status for Kindle Publishing for Blogs was listed as beta. Amazon, not the content publisher, sets the monthly\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191178\",\n \"text\": \"previous Kindles; there are no usage restrictions when using Wi-Fi. The official Amazon leather cover for the Paperwhite 2 is the same item as was used for the original Paperwhite. The cover's magnets will turn the screen on/off when it is opened/closed. Although released in September 2013 with 2GB of storage, the Kindle Paperwhite 2 (model DP75SDI) was released in most major international markets by the middle of 2014 in a version that includes 4 GB of storage. As of September 2014, the U.S. version also includes 4GB of storage. Engadget rated the Paperwhite 2 a 93 out of 100,\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191174\",\n \"text\": \"physical buttons for page turning and does not perform auto-hyphenation. Except for the lock screen/power button at its bottom, it relies solely on the touchscreen interface. In November 2012, Amazon released the 5.3.0 update that allowed users to turn off recommended content on the home screen in Grid View (allowing two rows of user content) and included general bug fixes. In March 2014, the Paperwhite 5.4.4 update was released that added Goodreads integration, Kindle FreeTime to restrict usage for children, Cloud Collections for organization and Page Flip for scanning content without losing your place, which closely matched the Paperwhite 2's\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191188\",\n \"text\": \"(brown) or merlot (red); the cover fits in the tapered edge. The Oasis has 28 hours of battery life if used with the battery cover with Wi-Fi off, however, without the cover, the Oasis battery lasts about seven hours. It has nearly 3 GB of user storage. The Oasis includes the Bookerly (serif) font and it is the first Kindle to include the Amazon Ember (sans-serif) font. \\\"The Guardian\\\"'s reviewer praised the Oasis's ease in holding, it weighing next to nothing without the cover attached, its long battery life, excellent display, even front lighting, and usable page-turn buttons, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191172\",\n \"text\": \"PPI E Ink Pearl display (758×1024 resolution) with four built-in LEDs to illuminate the screen. It was available in Wi-Fi ($120 ad-supported, $140 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($180 ad-supported, $200 no ads) models, with the ad-supported options only intended to be available in the United States. The light is one of the main features of the Paperwhite and it has a manually adjusted light level. The 3G access restrictions are the same as the Kindle Touch, and usage of the 3G data is limited to 50 MB per month and only on Amazon and Wikipedia's websites; additional data\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15945620\",\n \"text\": \"review published by Project Gutenberg, the Kindle Fire was called a \\\"huge step back in freedom from the Kindle 3\\\"; the reviewer noted that Amazon introduced a \\\"deliberate limitation\\\" into the Fire that didn't exist in the previous version: it is no longer possible to download free e-books from websites such as Project Gutenberg, Internet Archive and Google Books and have them stored permanently in the same places where books from Amazon are kept. Customers began receiving Kindle Fires on November 15, 2011, and in December 2012, customers had purchased over a million Kindle devices per week. International Data Corporation\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191220\",\n \"text\": \"devices being limited to use as reading device and the hassle of reselling Kindles, some people choose to donate their Kindle to schools, developing countries, literacy organizations, or charities. \\\"The Kindle Classroom Project\\\" promotes reading by distributing donated Kindles to schools in need. Worldreader and 'Develop Africa' ships donated e-readers to schools in developing countries in Africa for educational use. 'Project Hart', a non-profit created in the legacy of Michael S. Hart, will take donations of e-readers that can be refurbished to give to people in need. Whether in good condition or not, Kindles should not be disposed of in\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17397994\",\n \"text\": \"Kindle Worlds Kindle Worlds was a publisher service of the online retailer Amazon, devoted to providing a commercial venue for fan fiction creations of specific licensed media properties. It was established on May 22, 2013 as part of Amazon Publishing. In August 2018, Amazon shut down the Kindle Worlds website. The purpose of this service was to publish fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for short fiction ranging from 5000 to 10,000 words. Stories hosted\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Worlds\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191167\",\n \"text\": \"built-in speakers or audio jack. Internal memory is expanded to 4 GB, with approximately 3 GB available for user content. Battery life is advertised at up to two months of reading half an hour a day with the wireless turned off, which amounts to roughly 30 hours. The Kindle Keyboard generally received good reviews after launch. Review Horizon describes the device as offering \\\"the best reading experience in its class\\\" while Engadget states, \\\"In the standalone category, the Kindle is probably the one to beat\\\". The fourth-generation Kindle and the Kindle Touch were announced on September 28, 2011. They retain\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20298900\",\n \"text\": \"content and support DRM restrictions, but unlike EPUB, they are proprietary formats. AZW files debuted with the first Amazon Kindle in 2007. Software such as the free and open source calibre, Amazon's \\\"KindleGen\\\", and the email based Send-to-Kindle service are available to convert e-books into supported Kindle file formats. Kindle devices can also display some generic document formats such as plain text (TXT) and Portable Document Format (PDF) files; however, reflowing is not supported for these file types. In late 2011, the Kindle Fire introduced \\\"Kindle Format 8\\\" (KF8), also known as AZW3 file format. AZW3 supports a subset of\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle File Format\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516972\",\n \"text\": \"its Kindle Select payment structure to a per-page model. Every time an author's e-book is borrowed and pages are read, the author earns a share of a monthly fund, which was $1.2 million in April 2014 and $11 million in July 2015. During 2016, Amazon released four million e-books and 40% of those titles were self-published under KDP. In April 2017, Amazon released \\\"Kindle Create\\\", an application for converting Word and PDF files into Kindle-compatible files; before this release there were multiple Amazon apps to convert various types of files. In 2014, Amazon released the Kindle Scout platform that allows\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15945618\",\n \"text\": \"Google's SPDY protocol for faster webpage content transmission. The user's Amazon digital content is given free storage in Amazon Cloud's web-storage platform, 5 GB music storage in Amazon Cloud Drive, and a built-in email application allows webmail (Gmail, Yahoo!, Hotmail, AOL Mail, etc.) to be merged into one inbox. The subscription-based Amazon Prime, which includes unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows, is available with a free 30-day trial period. Content formats supported by the first-generation Kindle Fire were Kindle Format 8 (KF8), Kindle Mobi (.azw), TXT, PDF, unrestricted MOBI, PRC natively, Audible (Audible Enhanced (AA, AAX)), DOC, DOCX, JPEG,\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19931052\",\n \"text\": \"through the service. Prime Reading is unrelated to the Kindle Owners Lending Library, Kindle Unlimited, and Kindle First, all of which continue to be available. In April 2014, Amazon began a service for shipping non-perishable grocery store items into a single box for delivery for a flat fee. The service is available in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, India, Japan, Italy, Spain, and France. This is an Amazon Prime member exclusive service that helps prime subscribers purchase household goods and get them delivered super-fast. At a flat rate of $6, Amazon Prime members can enjoy shipping a\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Prime\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17397995\",\n \"text\": \"on the service were required to abide by some restrictions, including a ban on pornographic or offensive content and copyright violations. The stories must be correctly formatted and were prohibited from using misleading titles. Kindle Worlds Kindle Worlds was a publisher service of the online retailer Amazon, devoted to providing a commercial venue for fan fiction creations of specific licensed media properties. It was established on May 22, 2013 as part of Amazon Publishing. In August 2018, Amazon shut down the Kindle Worlds website. The purpose of this service was to publish fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Worlds\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191173\",\n \"text\": \"may be purchased. Battery life is advertised as up to eight weeks of reading with half an hour per day with wireless off and constant light usage; this usage equals 28 hours. The official leather cover for the Paperwhite uses the hall effect sensor in the device that detects when the cover is closed/opened to turn the screen off/on respectively. This device was the first Kindle to track one's reading speed to estimate when one will finish a chapter or book; this feature was later included with updates to the other Kindles and Kindle Fire tablets. The Kindle Paperwhite lacks\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191162\",\n \"text\": \"and comes only in a graphite case color. It is speculated the case color change is to improve contrast ratio perception further, as some users found the prior white casing highlighted that the E Ink background is light gray and not white. Like the Kindle DX, it does not have a Wi-Fi connection. The DXG is a mix of third-generation hardware and second-generation software. The CPU has the same speed as Kindle Keyboard's CPU, but the DXG has only half the system memory, 128MB. Due to these differences, the DXG runs the same firmware as Kindle 2. Therefore, DXG cannot\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665139\",\n \"text\": \"increases, known as agency pricing, by major publishers that Amazon had recently allowed that brought the average e-book price from $6 to nearly $10. The Kindle Store offer e-books in Amazon's proprietary e-book formats: AZW, and, for fourth generation and later Kindles, AZW3, also called KF8. In August 2015, \\\"Kindle Format 10\\\" (KFX) file format was added to the Store that has enhanced typography. E-books available in KFX are indicated on the e-book's description page. The Kindle Store's terms of use forbid transferring Amazon format e-books to another user or a different type of device. However, Amazon allows limited lending\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191168\",\n \"text\": \"the 6-inch, 167-PPI e-ink display of the 2010 Kindle model, with the addition of an infrared touch-screen control on the Touch. They also include Amazon's experimental web-browsing capability with Wi-Fi. The fourth-generation Kindle was significantly less expensive (initially $79 ad supported, $109 no ads) and features a slight reduction in weight and size, with a reduced battery life and storage capacity, compared to the Kindle 3. It has a silver-grey bezel, 6-inch display, nine hard keys, a cursor pad, an on-screen rather than physical keyboard, a flash storage capacity of 2 GB, and an estimated one month battery life under\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191165\",\n \"text\": \"of these, the Kindle Wi-Fi, was initially priced at $139 and connects to the Internet via Wi-Fi networks. The other version, called the Kindle 3G, was priced at $189 and includes both 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity. The built-in free 3G connectivity uses the same wireless signals that cell phones use, allowing it to download and purchase content from any location with cell service. The Kindle Keyboard is available in two colors: classic white and graphite. Both versions use an E Ink \\\"Pearl\\\" display, which has a higher contrast than prior displays and a faster refresh rate than prior e-ink displays.\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516977\",\n \"text\": \"subscription rate for each blog between $0.99 - $1.99. Amazon retains 70% of the revenue from blog sales and gives the remaining 30% to be shared between the publisher and author. The revenue sharing condition and the inability to opt out of the lendability feature, that was abused in the former Lendink service, have caused some controversy. Other criticisms involve the business model behind Amazon's implementation and distribution of e-books. Amazon introduced a software application allowing Kindle books to be read on an iPhone or iPod Touch, and soon followed with an application called \\\"Kindle for PCs\\\" that can be\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18499586\",\n \"text\": \"with Kindle Fire devices; however, in July 2013 Amazon opened up the application to all Android devices. A GameCircle plug-in became available for Apple and Android devices and the Kindle Fire, Fire HD, and Fire HDX in 2014. Players can choose from a variety of games that can be found on Amazon's GameCircle app store. Amazon released GameCircle in July 2012 as an alternative to Apple's Game Center, which failed at attracting the audience it was created for in 2010. In 2013, Amazon released a study that spanned over three months that showed the success of GameCircle by finding \\\"that\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Game Circle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15485320\",\n \"text\": \"Photos and limited Storage. While the Prime Photos benefits had prevailed from November 2014, The \\\"Prime Photos\\\" plan offers unlimited storage for photos and RAW files, and a 5 gigabytes of storage for videos and other files. Photos can be uploaded to Amazon Drive with iOS or Android apps, Kindle device, or the Cloud Drive website. Additionally, users of Kindle Fire tablets also get the plan's benefits along with the purchase of device. Their photos and videos will automatically backup from device to the Amazon Drive's cloud storage. According to Amazon, Prime Photos is only available for personal, non-commercial use\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Drive\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191205\",\n \"text\": \"to the cloud and is registered to the same user; as the result of this operation, the documents that are on the second device now become organized according to the first device's collections. There is no option to organize by series or series order, as the AZW format does not possess the necessary metadata fields. X-Ray is a reference tool that is incorporated in Kindle Touch and later devices, the Fire tablets, the Kindle app for mobile platforms and Fire TV. X-Ray lets users explore in more depth the contents of a book, by accessing pre-loaded files with relevant information,\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15945617\",\n \"text\": \"technologies consume much more power than monochrome electronic paper (E-ink) types; Fire offer a typical battery life of 8 hours of mixed usage, while monochrome Kindles offer 15 to 30 hours' use without WiFi—\\\"battery lasts weeks on a single charge\\\"—with a much lower-capacity battery. The first generation of Kindle Fire devices run a customized Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread OS. The second-generation Kindle Fire HD runs a customized Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich OS. Along with access to Amazon Appstore, the Fire includes a cloud-accelerated \\\"split browser\\\", Amazon Silk, using Amazon EC2 for off-device cloud computation; including webpage layout and rendering, and\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191197\",\n \"text\": \"and visually impaired. This accessibility accessory, initially supported only for the Paperwhite 3 and Oasis, plugs in the USB port and connects to headphones or speakers. Once connected, the reader uses the Voiceview for Kindle feature to navigate the interface and listen to e-books via TTS. This feature only supports e-books, not audiobooks or music. Using the accessory reduces the Paperwhite 3's battery life to six hours. As an alternative to the official adapter, a generic USB to audio converter will also work with Voiceview. Kindle devices support dictionary and Wikipedia look-up functions when highlighting a word in an e-book.\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516970\",\n \"text\": \"an author can offer the book free for five days or discount it for up to seven days through a countdown deal, while still earning 70% royalties. The author can opt out from KDP select ninety days after enrollment. If no action is taken, it will auto-renew the book for another ninety days. Outside of limited deals, e-books permanently priced below $2.99 only get 35% royalties. All KDP Select books are included in Kindle Unlimited, which is a monthly subscription that allows unlimited reading of e-books. Amazon has reported the Kindle version of \\\"Fifty Shades of Grey\\\" sold more than\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Direct Publishing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191180\",\n \"text\": \"that a single charge lasts up to 30 days if used for 30 minutes a day without using Wi-Fi. The Kindle Voyage was released on November 4, 2014, in the U.S. It has a 6-inch, 300 ppi E Ink Carta HD display, which was the highest resolution and contrast available in e-readers as of 2014 with six LEDs with an adaptive light sensor that can automatically illuminate the screen depending on the environment. It is available in Wi-Fi ($200 ad-supported, $220 no ads) and Wi-Fi + 3G ($270 ad-supported, $290 no ads) models. Its design features a flush glass screen\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191221\",\n \"text\": \"normal waste due to the device's electronic ink components and batteries. Instead, Kindles at the end of their useful life should be recycled. In the United States, Amazon runs their own program, 'Take Back', which allows owners to print out a prepaid shipping label, which can be used to return the device for disposal. On July 17, 2009, Amazon withdrew from sale two e-books by George Orwell, \\\"Animal Farm\\\" and \\\"Nineteen Eighty-Four\\\", refunding the purchase price to those who had bought them, and remotely deleted these titles from purchasers' devices without warning after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6900260\",\n \"text\": \"and prices are matched to online equivalents. The store also sells Amazon electronics, including the Amazon Kindle e-book reader, the Kindle Fire tablet series, the Amazon Echo, and the Amazon Fire TV. Two locations of Amazon Books have a cafe. The first Amazon Books store, located at the University shopping center in Seattle, Washington, opened on November 2, 2015. The store has been described as the first permanent store from Amazon, who opened pop-up shops and pickup outlets on several university campuses in 2015. In February 2016, tech news website \\\"Re/code\\\" reported that longtime Amazon executive Steve Kessel was leading\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Books\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15485317\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon Drive Amazon Drive, formerly known as Amazon Cloud Drive, is a cloud storage application managed by Amazon. The service offers secure cloud storage, file backup, file sharing, and Photo printing. Using an Amazon account, the files and folders can be transferred and managed from multiple devices including web browsers, desktop applications, mobiles, and tablets. Amazon Drive also lets their U.S. users order photo prints and photo books using the Amazon Prints service. Today, Amazon Drive offers free unlimited photo storage with an Amazon Prime subscription or a Kindle Fire device, and a paid limited storage service. Launched in major\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Drive\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665136\",\n \"text\": \"a $9.99 monthly fee. As of June 2015, there were over one million titles available in Kindle Unlimited, from publishers such as Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Lonely Planet, Pottermore, Simon & Schuster and Timber Press. As of February 2017, the U.S. version of Kindle Unlimited includes over 1.5 million titles that includes over 290,000 foreign language titles. Amazon pays authors by using a per page rate and during 2016 nearly $200 million was paid to authors. In October 2016, another perk was added for Amazon Prime members called \\\"Prime Reading\\\", which gives the ability to read as much material as they\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18665134\",\n \"text\": \"store is purchased online and downloaded using either Wi-Fi or Amazon's 3G Whispernet to bring the content to the user's device. One of the innovations Amazon brought to the store was one-click purchasing that allowed users to quickly purchase an e-book. The Kindle Store uses a recommendation engine that looks at purchase history, browsing history, and reading activity, and then suggests material it thinks the user will like. Whispersync is a service provided for e-books acquired from the Kindle Store that allows customers to synchronize reading progress, bookmarks, and other information across Kindle devices and Kindle apps. The service debuted\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Store\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16827259\",\n \"text\": \"shepherded through an editing process by former \\\"Village Voice\\\" editor-in-chief and Columbia adjunct Blum, much like a traditional publishing house\\\" (\\\"successful Singles authors aren't undiscovered gems but professional writers who have published elsewhere before\\\") from Kindle Direct Publishing, which is a platform for unknown authors to quickly publish and sell their works as e-books through Amazon. Kindle single A Kindle single is a type of e-book which is published through Amazon's Kindle Store. It is specifically intended as a format for novella-length nonfiction literature or long-form journalism. The name \\\"single\\\" comes from musical singles which are shorter in length than\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle single\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16044248\",\n \"text\": \"and fight complacency: \\\"This is still Day 1.\\\" In March, 2014, Amazon Publishing opened a German-language department based in Munich under the direction of publisher Sarah Tomashek. According to Amazon, the \\\"European Amazon Publishing team will acquire German-language fiction for publication in Kindle and print editions available on Amazon websites.\\\" In November, 2017, Amazon Publishing announced a new imprint Amazon Original Stories for works of fiction and non-fiction that can be read in a single sitting ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 words. In February 2018, Amazon Publishing announced a new imprint TOPPLE Books focused on revolutionary feminist voices with Jill\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Publishing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15951754\",\n \"text\": \"to turn off Amazon server-side processing. On July 26, 2016 it was reported that Silk prevents access to Google over HTTPS, but that bug has since been fixed. Amazon says \\\"a thread of silk is an invisible yet incredibly strong connection between two different things\\\", and thus calls the browser \\\"Amazon Silk\\\" as it is the connection between Kindle Fire and Amazon's EC2 servers. Amazon Silk Amazon Silk is a web browser developed by Amazon. It was launched in November 2011 for Kindle Fire and Fire Phone, and a Fire TV version was launched in November 2017. The addition of\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Silk\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11191224\",\n \"text\": \"that the executives at Amazon \\\"deserve the criticism received\\\". On July 30, 2009, Justin Gawronski, a Michigan high school senior, and Antoine Bruguier, a California engineer, filed suit against Amazon in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Bruguier argued that Amazon had violated its terms of service by remotely deleting the copy of \\\"Nineteen Eighty-Four\\\" he purchased, in the process preventing him from accessing annotations he had written. Gawronski's copy of the e-book was also deleted without his consent, and found Amazon used deceit in an email exchange. The complaint, which sought class-action status, asked\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Kindle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15945621\",\n \"text\": \"(IDC) estimated that the Kindle Fire sold about 4.7 million units during the fourth quarter of 2011. The Amazon Kindle Fire helped the company beat their 2012 first quarter estimates and boosted the company's stock in extended trading. As of May 2013, about 7 million units had been sold according to estimates. Statistics for FY2014 or Q1&2 2015 are not yet available. There have been eight generations of Kindle Fire tablets, spread across three different models: Fire, Fire HD and Fire HDX. There have also been different-sized tablets within the Fire HD and Fire HDX models. Items in bold are\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15945613\",\n \"text\": \", and the Kindle Fire HDX was introduced. The Kindle Fire HDX had an improved graphics engine, double the memory, and triple the processor speed of the previous model. The 7-inch and 8.99-inch versions were introduced at and respectively. In September 2014, the Fire HDX 8.9 and the Fire HD were upgraded to the fourth generation of Fire tablets, removing the \\\"Kindle\\\" adjective in the naming scheme. There was also the Fire HD 6 that has a six-inch screen with a quad-core processor priced at . In September 2015, Amazon announced the release of the Fire 7, priced at for\",\n \"title\": \"Kindle Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15418576\",\n \"text\": \"the state in question. Amazon severed its relationships with affiliates in Colorado due to efforts by the state government to collect sales tax on internet purchases. Amazon has threatened similar action against affiliates in Illinois over the same issue. In February 2011, Amazon announced that it would be closing its Dallas, Texas distribution center over the sales-tax dispute Amazon has created subsidiaries that are treated separately for tax matters, a legal technique called \\\"entity isolation\\\". The subsidiary that developed the Kindle is in California, but because it doesn't sell the Kindle directly to customers, Amazon's legal position was that it\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon tax\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19475812\",\n \"text\": \"in-app purchases. It has also been praised for helping all developers make money right off the bat in direct proportion to usage, compared to the in-app purchase model that only some kinds of apps could make significant money off of. Commentators have compared it to the Kindle Unlimited plan where Amazon allows readers to read books for free from a diverse collection of authors and then pays authors based on the fraction of their books read. A report by IHS Technology highlighted the following key challenges for Amazon Underground: Amazon Underground Amazon Underground is an Android app offered by Amazon\",\n \"title\": \"Amazon Underground\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["amazon.com"],"string":"[\n \"amazon.com\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1685,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is angelina jolie's husband?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"8172030","text":"review, \"Variety\"s Justin Chang noted the film's \"impeccable craftsmanship and sober restraint\", but deemed it \"an extraordinary story told in dutiful, unexceptional terms.\" Financially, \"Unbroken\" far outperformed industry expectations in its opening weekend, eventually earning over $163 million worldwide. Jolie's next directorial effort was the marital drama \"By the Sea\" (2015), in which she starred opposite her husband, Brad Pitt, marking their first collaboration since 2005's \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\". Based on her screenplay, the film was a deeply personal project for Jolie, who drew inspiration from her own mother's life. Critics, however, dismissed it as a \"vanity project,\" as","title":"Angelina Jolie"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172030\",\n \"text\": \"review, \\\"Variety\\\"s Justin Chang noted the film's \\\"impeccable craftsmanship and sober restraint\\\", but deemed it \\\"an extraordinary story told in dutiful, unexceptional terms.\\\" Financially, \\\"Unbroken\\\" far outperformed industry expectations in its opening weekend, eventually earning over $163 million worldwide. Jolie's next directorial effort was the marital drama \\\"By the Sea\\\" (2015), in which she starred opposite her husband, Brad Pitt, marking their first collaboration since 2005's \\\"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\\\". Based on her screenplay, the film was a deeply personal project for Jolie, who drew inspiration from her own mother's life. Critics, however, dismissed it as a \\\"vanity project,\\\" as\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"8172078","text":"beauty\", with her full lips remaining the most imitated celebrity feature well into the 2010s. After a 2011 repeat survey by \"Allure\" found that Jolie most represented the American beauty ideal, compared to model Christie Brinkley in 1991, writer Elizabeth Angell credited society with having \"branched out beyond the Barbie-doll ideal and embraced something quite different\". In 2013, Jeffrey Kluger of \"Time\" agreed that Jolie has for many years symbolized the feminine ideal, and opined that her frank discussion of her double mastectomy redefined beauty. Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie ( ; born Angelina Jolie Voight, June 4, 1975) is an","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171989","text":"Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie ( ; born Angelina Jolie Voight, June 4, 1975) is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and has been cited as Hollywood's highest-paid actress. Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father, Jon Voight, in \"Lookin' to Get Out\" (1982). Her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production \"Cyborg 2\" (1993), followed by her first leading role in a major film, \"Hackers\" (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical cable films","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"17335140","text":"roles in two of 2010's top-grossing thrillers\"Salt\" and \"The Tourist\". In 2011, she directed the romantic drama \"In the Land of Blood and Honey\", which depicted a love story set during the Bosnian War, and appeared in the animation sequel \"Kung Fu Panda 2\". Jolie's biggest commercial success, as of 2014, came with the dark fantasy film \"Maleficent\" (2014), which grossed over $758 million worldwide, and featured her in the eponymous role. Later in the same year, she directed \"Unbroken\" (2014), a war drama based on a 2010 . Angelina Jolie filmography Angelina Jolie is an American actress and filmmaker.","title":"Angelina Jolie filmography"},{"psg_id":"17335136","text":"Angelina Jolie filmography Angelina Jolie is an American actress and filmmaker. As a child, she made her screen debut in the 1982 comedy film \"Lookin' to Get Out\", acting alongside her father Jon Voight. Eleven years later she appeared in her next feature, the low-budget film \"Cyborg 2\", a commercial failure. She then starred as a teenage hacker in the 1995 science fiction thriller \"Hackers\", which went on to be a cult film despite performing poorly at the box-office. Jolie's career prospects improved with a supporting role in the made-for-television film \"George Wallace\" (1997), for which she received the Golden","title":"Angelina Jolie filmography"},{"psg_id":"8172039","text":"King Norodom Sihamoni awarded her Cambodian citizenship on July 31, 2005. In November 2006, Jolie expanded the scope of the project—renamed the Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation (MJP)—to create Asia's first Millennium Village, in accordance with UN development goals. She was inspired by a meeting with the founder of Millennium Promise, noted economist Jeffrey Sachs, at the World Economic Forum in Davos, where she was an invited speaker in 2005 and 2006. Together they filmed a 2005 MTV special, \"The Diary of Angelina Jolie & Dr. Jeffrey Sachs in Africa\", which followed them on a trip to a Millennium Village in western","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"15633814","text":"the right ways.\" White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie wore a white satin dress with a plunging neckline designed by Marc Bouwer at the 76th Academy Awards on February 29, 2004. It has been described in subsequent years by fashion and celebrity publications as a memorable and stylish selection that was reminiscent of classical Hollywood style. It was the second time that Jolie wore a Marc Bouwer dress to the Oscars. In 2000 she accepted her Oscar for \"Girl, Interrupted\" in a frock designed by Bouwer. Critical reception to the dress focused on the material and color,","title":"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"15633812","text":"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie wore a white satin dress with a plunging neckline designed by Marc Bouwer at the 76th Academy Awards on February 29, 2004. It has been described in subsequent years by fashion and celebrity publications as a memorable and stylish selection that was reminiscent of classical Hollywood style. It was the second time that Jolie wore a Marc Bouwer dress to the Oscars. In 2000 she accepted her Oscar for \"Girl, Interrupted\" in a frock designed by Bouwer. Critical reception to the dress focused on the material and color, describing both as","title":"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172054","text":"would probably have married Jenny if I hadn't married my husband. I fell in love with her the first second I saw her.\" According to Shimizu, their relationship lasted several years and continued even while Jolie was romantically involved with other people. In 2003, when asked if she was bisexual, Jolie responded, \"Of course. If I fell in love with a woman tomorrow, would I feel that it's okay to want to kiss and touch her? If I fell in love with her? Absolutely! Yes!\" After a two-month courtship, Jolie married actor Billy Bob Thornton on May 5, 2000, in","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172013","text":"required her to learn an English accent and undergo extensive martial arts training to play the archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft. Although the film generated mostly negative reviews, Jolie was generally praised for her physical performance; \"Newsday\"s John Anderson commented, \"Jolie makes the title character a virtual icon of female competence and coolth.\" The film was an international hit, earning $274.7 million worldwide, and launched her global reputation as a female action star. Jolie next starred opposite Antonio Banderas as his mail-order bride in \"Original Sin\" (2001), the first of a string of films that were poorly received by critics and audiences","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172019","text":"$478.2 million worldwide, \"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\" was the seventh-highest grossing picture of the year and remained Jolie's highest-grossing live-action film for the next decade. Following a supporting role as the neglected wife of a CIA officer in Robert De Niro's \"The Good Shepherd\" (2006), Jolie starred as Mariane Pearl in the documentary-style drama \"A Mighty Heart\" (2007). Based on Pearl's memoir of the same name, the film chronicles the kidnapping and murder of her husband, \"The Wall Street Journal\" reporter Daniel Pearl, in Pakistan. Although the biracial Pearl had personally chosen Jolie for the role, the casting drew racial","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171993","text":"daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, and the niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor and geologist and volcanologist Barry Voight. Her godparents are actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of primarily French Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. Like her mother, Jolie has stated that she is part Iroquois, although her only known indigenous ancestors were 17th-century Hurons. After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172022","text":"Jolie next took the lead role in Clint Eastwood's drama \"Changeling\" (2008). Based in part on the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders, the film centers on Christine Collins, who is reunited with her kidnapped son in 1928 Los Angeles, only to realize the boy is an imposter. \"Chicago Tribune\" critic Michael Phillips noted, \"Jolie really shines in the calm before the storm, the scenes when one patronizing male authority figure after another belittles her at their peril.\" She received nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award for Best Actress. Jolie","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172010","text":"turquoise rings and gets real lonely when Russell spends entire nights away from home.\" Jolie then co-starred with Denzel Washington in \"The Bone Collector\" (1999), playing a police officer who reluctantly helps Washington's quadriplegic detective track down a serial killer. The film grossed $151.5 million worldwide, but was critically unsuccessful. Terry Lawson of the \"Detroit Free Press\" concluded, \"Jolie, while always delicious to look at, is simply and woefully miscast.\" Jolie next took the supporting role of a sociopathic mental patient in \"Girl, Interrupted\" (1999), an adaptation of Susanna Kaysen's memoir of the same name. While Winona Ryder played the","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172014","text":"alike. \"The New York Times\" critic Elvis Mitchell questioned Jolie's decision to follow her Oscar-winning performance with \"soft-core nonsense.\" The romantic comedy \"Life or Something Like It\" (2002), though equally unsuccessful, marked an unusual choice for Jolie. \"Salon\"s Allen Barra considered her ambitious newscaster character a rare attempt at playing a conventional women's role, noting that her performance \"doesn't get off the ground until a scene where she goes punk and leads a group of striking bus workers in singing 'Satisfaction'\". Despite her lack of box office success, Jolie remained in demand as an actress; in 2002, she established herself","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172004","text":"by critics; \"Chicago Sun-Times\" critic Roger Ebert noted that Jolie \"finds a certain warmth in a kind of role that is usually hard and aggressive; she seems too nice to be [a mobster's] girlfriend, and maybe she is.\" Her next work, as a frontierswoman in the CBS miniseries \"True Women\" (1997), was even less successful; writing for \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\", Robert Strauss dismissed her as \"horrid, a fourth-rate Scarlett O'Hara\" who relies on \"gnashed teeth and overly pouted lips.\" Jolie also starred in the music video for the Rolling Stones's \"Anybody Seen My Baby?\" as a stripper who leaves mid-performance","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172003","text":"just for the chance of being with her.\" In \"Foxfire\" (1996) she played a drifter who unites four teenage girls against a teacher who has sexually harassed them. Jack Mathews of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote of her performance, \"It took a lot of hogwash to develop this character, but Jolie, Jon Voight's knockout daughter, has the presence to overcome the stereotype. Though the story is narrated by Maddy, Legs is the subject and the catalyst.\" In 1997, Jolie starred with David Duchovny in the thriller \"Playing God\", set in the Los Angeles underworld. The film was not well received","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172046","text":"2015 and will treat and educate children suffering from HIV or tuberculosis. Both centers are run by the Global Health Committee. After Jolie joined the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) in June 2007, she hosted a symposium on international law and justice at CFR headquarters and funded several CFR special reports, including \"Intervention to Stop Genocide and Mass Atrocities.\" In January 2011, she established the Jolie Legal Fellowship, a network of lawyers and attorneys who are sponsored to advocate the development of human rights in their countries. Its member attorneys, called Jolie Legal Fellows, have facilitated child protection efforts in","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172058","text":"one of Hollywood's most glamorous couples. Their family grew to include six children, three of whom were adopted, before they announced their engagement in April 2012. Jolie and Pitt married on August 23, 2014, at their estate Château Miraval in Correns, France. She subsequently took the name \"Jolie Pitt\". After two years of marriage, the couple separated in September 2016. In her divorce filing, Jolie requested physical custody of their children. On June 6, 2018, a new temporary custody agreement was established between Jolie and Pitt after the court's order against Jolie. On March 10, 2002, Jolie adopted her first","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172002","text":"more sourly than [her co-stars] and is that rare female hacker who sits intently at her keyboard in a see-through top.\" \"Hackers\" failed to make a profit at the box office, but developed a cult following after its video release. After starring in the modern-day \"Romeo and Juliet\" adaptation \"Love Is All There Is\" (1996), Jolie appeared in the road movie \"Mojave Moon\" (1996), of which \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said, \"Jolie, an actress whom the camera truly adores, reveals a comic flair and the kind of blatant sexuality that makes it entirely credible that Danny Aiello's character would drop everything","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172011","text":"main character in what was hoped to be a comeback for her, the film instead marked Jolie's final breakthrough in Hollywood. She won her third Golden Globe Award, her second Screen Actors Guild Award, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. For \"Variety\", Emanuel Levy noted, \"Jolie is excellent as the flamboyant, irresponsible girl who turns out to be far more instrumental than the doctors in Susanna's rehabilitation.\" In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, \"Gone in 60 Seconds\", which became her highest-grossing film to that point, earning $237.2 million internationally. She had a minor role as","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172009","text":"critic Peter Stack wrote, \"Jolie, working through an overwritten part, is a sensation as the desperate club crawler learning truths about what she's willing to gamble.\" She won the Breakthrough Performance Award from the National Board of Review. In 1999, Jolie starred in the comedy-drama \"Pushing Tin\", alongside John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, and Cate Blanchett. The film met with mixed reception from critics, and Jolie's character—Thornton's seductive wife—was particularly criticized; writing for \"The Washington Post\", Desson Howe dismissed her as \"a completely ludicrous writer's creation of a free-spirited woman who weeps over hibiscus plants that die, wears lots of","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172006","text":"breakthrough came when she portrayed supermodel Gia Carangi in HBO's \"Gia\" (1998). The film chronicles the destruction of Carangi's life and career as a result of her addiction to heroin, and her decline and death from AIDS in the mid-1980s. Vanessa Vance of Reel.com retrospectively noted, \"Jolie gained wide recognition for her role as the titular Gia, and it's easy to see why. Jolie is fierce in her portrayal—filling the part with nerve, charm, and desperation—and her role in this film is quite possibly the most beautiful train wreck ever filmed.\" For the second consecutive year, Jolie won a Golden","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172063","text":"proceeds donated to UNICEF. On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted a son, three-year-old Pax Thien, from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He was born as Pham Quang Sang on November 29, 2003, in HCMC, where he was abandoned by his biological mother soon after birth. After visiting the orphanage with Pitt in November 2006, Jolie applied for adoption as a single parent, because Vietnam's adoption regulations do not allow unmarried couples to co-adopt. After their return to the U.S., she petitioned the court to change her son's surname from Jolie to Jolie-Pitt, which was approved on May","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172032","text":"directing the film, she co-wrote the screenplay with her longtime friend Loung Ung, whose memoirs about the regime's child labor camps served as its source material. Intended primarily for a Cambodian audience, the film was produced directly for Netflix, which allowed for the use of an exclusively Khmer cast and script. Jolie is next contracted to reprise the role of Maleficent in Disney's sequel, \"Maleficent II\". In 2018, Jolie was reported to be starring in and producing the upcoming film adaptation of a 2014 \"James Scott\" novel “The Kept”. Jolie first witnessed the effects of a humanitarian crisis while filming","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172065","text":"age 37, Jolie underwent a preventive double mastectomy after learning she had an 87% risk of developing breast cancer due to a defective BRCA1 gene. Her maternal family history warranted genetic testing for BRCA mutations: her mother, actress Marcheline Bertrand, had breast cancer and died from ovarian cancer, while her grandmother died from ovarian cancer. Her aunt, who had the same BRCA1 defect, died from breast cancer three months after Jolie's operation. Following the mastectomy, which lowered her chances of developing breast cancer to under 5 percent, Jolie had reconstructive surgery involving implants and allografts. Two years later, in March","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172038","text":"over a dozen field missions around the world to meet with refugees and undertake advocacy on their behalf. In an effort to connect her Cambodian-born adopted son with his heritage, Jolie purchased a house in his country of birth in 2003. The traditional home sat on 39 hectares in the northwestern province Battambang, adjacent to Samlout national park in the Cardamom mountains, which had become infiltrated with poachers who threatened endangered species. She purchased the park's 60,000 hectares and turned the area into a wildlife reserve named for her son, the Maddox Jolie Project. In recognition of her conservation efforts,","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172015","text":"among Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, earning $10–$15 million per film for the next five years. Jolie reprised her role as Lara Croft in \"\" (2003), which was not as lucrative as the original, earning $156.5 million at the international box office. She also starred in the music video for Korn's \"Did My Time\", which was used to promote the sequel. Her next film was \"Beyond Borders\" (2003), in which she portrayed a socialite who joins an aid worker played by Clive Owen. Though unsuccessful with audiences, the film stands as the first of several passion projects Jolie has made to bring","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172059","text":"child, seven-month-old Maddox Chivan, from an orphanage in Battambang, Cambodia. He was born as Rath Vibol on August 5, 2001, in a local village. After twice visiting Cambodia, while filming \"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" (2001) and on a UNHCR field mission, Jolie returned in November 2001 with her husband, Billy Bob Thornton, where they met Maddox and subsequently applied to adopt him. The adoption process was halted the following month when the U.S. government banned adoptions from Cambodia amid allegations of child trafficking. Although Jolie's adoption facilitator was later convicted of visa fraud and money laundering, her adoption of Maddox","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172007","text":"Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award. She also won her first Screen Actors Guild Award. In accordance with Lee Strasberg's method acting, Jolie preferred to stay in character in between scenes during many of her early films, and as a result had gained a reputation for being difficult to deal with. While shooting \"Gia\", she told her husband, Jonny Lee Miller, that she would not be able to phone him: \"I'd tell him: 'I'm alone; I'm dying; I'm gay; I'm not going to see you for weeks.'\" After \"Gia\" wrapped, she briefly gave up acting, because she","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172048","text":"promoting international co-operation. Jolie spoke on the subject at the G8 foreign ministers meeting, where the attending nations adopted a historic declaration, and before the UN security council, which responded by adopting its broadest resolution on the issue to date. In June 2014, she co-chaired the four-day Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, the largest-ever meeting on the subject, which resulted in a protocol endorsed by 151 nations. Through her work on the PSVI, Jolie met foreign policy experts Chloe Dalton and Arminka Helic, who served as special advisers to Hague. Their collaboration resulted in the 2015 founding","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172072","text":"to Jennifer Aniston, at which point her public persona became an unlikely combination of alleged homewrecker, mother, sex symbol, and humanitarian. A decade later, Jolie was found to be the most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2015 and 2016. Jolie's general influence and wealth are extensively documented. In a 2006 global industry survey by ACNielsen in 42 international markets, Jolie, together with Pitt, was found to be the favorite celebrity endorser for brands and products worldwide. Jolie was the face of St. John and Shiseido from 2006 to 2008, and a decade later","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172060","text":"was deemed lawful. Once the process was finalized, she took custody of him in Namibia, where she was filming \"Beyond Borders\" (2003). Jolie and Thornton announced the adoption together, but she adopted Maddox alone, and raised him as a single parent following their separation three months later. Jolie adopted a daughter, six-month-old Zahara Marley, from an orphanage in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 6, 2005. Zahara was born as Yemsrach on January 8, 2005, in Awasa. Jolie initially believed Zahara to be an AIDS orphan, based on official testimony from her grandmother, but her birth mother later came forward in","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172053","text":"but eventually reconnected and married soon after in March 1996. She attended her wedding in black rubber pants and a white T-shirt, upon which she had written the groom's name in her blood. Though the relationship ended for good the following year, Jolie remained on good terms with Miller, whom she called \"a solid man and a solid friend\". Their divorce, initiated by Jolie in February 1999, was finalized shortly before she remarried the next year. Prior to her marriage to Miller, Jolie began a relationship with model-actress Jenny Shimizu on the set of \"Foxfire\" (1996). She later said, \"I","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172051","text":"Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG) for her services to the UK's foreign policy and campaigning to end sexual violence in war zones. Queen Elizabeth II presented Jolie with the insignia of her honorary damehood during a private ceremony the following October. Jolie had a serious boyfriend for two years from the age of 14. Her mother allowed them to live together in her home, of which Jolie later said, \"I was either going to be reckless on the streets with my boyfriend or he was going to be with me in my","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172049","text":"of Jolie Pitt Dalton Helic, a partnership dedicated to women's rights and international justice, among other causes. In May 2016, Jolie was appointed a visiting professor at the London School of Economics to contribute to a postgraduate degree program at the university's Centre on Women, Peace and Security, which she had launched with Hague the previous year. Jolie has received wide recognition for her humanitarian work. In August 2002, she received the inaugural Humanitarian Award from the Church World Service's Immigration and Refugee Program, and in October 2003, she was the first recipient of the Citizen of the World Award","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172040","text":"Kenya. By mid-2007, some 6,000 villagers and 72 employees—some of them former poachers employed as rangers—lived and worked at MJP, in ten villages previously isolated from one another. The compound includes schools, roads, and a soy milk factory, all funded by Jolie. Her home functions as the MJP field headquarters. After filming \"Beyond Borders\" (2003) in Namibia, Jolie became patron of the Harnas Wildlife Foundation, a wildlife orphanage and medical center in the Kalahari desert. She first visited the Harnas farm during production of the film, which features vultures rescued by the foundation. In December 2010, Jolie and her partner,","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172024","text":"as a male character with Tom Cruise attached to star, agent Salt underwent a gender change after a Columbia Pictures executive suggested Jolie for the role. With revenues of $293.5 million, \"Salt\" became an international success. The film received generally positive reviews, with Jolie's performance in particular earning praise; \"Empire\" critic William Thomas remarked, \"When it comes to selling incredible, crazy, death-defying antics, Jolie has few peers in the action business.\" Jolie starred opposite Johnny Depp in the thriller \"The Tourist\" (2010). The film was a critical failure, though Roger Ebert defended Jolie's performance, stating that she \"does her darndest\"","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172008","text":"felt that she had \"nothing else to give.\" She separated from Miller and moved to New York, where she took night classes at New York University to study directing and screenwriting. Encouraged by her Golden Globe Award win for \"George Wallace\" and the positive critical reception of \"Gia\", Jolie resumed her career. Following the previously filmed gangster film \"Hell's Kitchen\" (1998), Jolie returned to the screen in \"Playing by Heart\" (1998), part of an ensemble cast that included Sean Connery, Gillian Anderson, and Ryan Phillippe. The film received predominantly positive reviews, and Jolie was praised in particular; \"San Francisco Chronicle\"","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171998","text":"Center's psychiatric ward. Two years later, after adopting her first child, Jolie found stability in her life, later stating, \"I knew once I committed to Maddox, I would never be self-destructive again.\" Jolie has had a lifelong dysfunctional relationship with her father, which began when Voight left the family when his daughter was less than a year old. She has said that from then on their time together was sporadic and usually carried out in front of the press. They reconciled when they appeared together in \"\" (2001), but their relationship again deteriorated. Jolie petitioned the court to legally remove","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172044","text":"Education—founded by the partnership's co-chair, noted economist Gene Sperling—to establish education policies, which resulted in recommendations made to UN agencies, G8 development agencies, and the World Bank. Since April 2013, all proceeds from Jolie's high-end jewelry collection, Style of Jolie, have benefited the partnership's work. Jolie additionally launched the Malala Fund, a grant system established by Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai, at the 2013 Women in the World Summit; she personally contributed over $200,000 to the cause. Jolie has funded a school and boarding facility for girls at Kakuma refugee camp in northwestern Kenya, which opened in 2005, and two","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171991","text":"(2014). In the 2010s, Jolie expanded her career into directing, screenwriting, and producing, with \"In the Land of Blood and Honey\" (2011), \"Unbroken\" (2014), \"By the Sea\" (2015), and \"First They Killed My Father\" (2017). In addition to her film career, Jolie is noted for her humanitarian efforts, for which she has received a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and an honorary damehood of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG), among other honors. She promotes various causes, including conservation, education, and women's rights, and is most noted for her advocacy on behalf of refugees as a Special Envoy","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172073","text":"became a spokesmodel for Guerlain. Her 2011 endorsement deal with Louis Vuitton, reportedly worth $10 million, was a record for a single advertising campaign. Jolie was among the \"Time\" 100, a list of the most influential people in the world as published by \"Time\", in 2006 and 2008. She was named the world's most powerful celebrity in \"Forbes\"s Celebrity 100 issue in 2009, and, though ranked lower overall, was listed as the most powerful actress from 2006 to 2008 and 2011 to 2013. \"Forbes\" additionally cited her as Hollywood's highest-paid actress in 2009, 2011, and 2013, with estimated annual earnings","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172012","text":"the mechanic ex-girlfriend of a car thief played by Nicolas Cage; \"The Washington Post\" writer Stephen Hunter criticized that \"all she does in this movie is stand around, cooling down, modeling those fleshy, pulsating muscle-tubes that nest so provocatively around her teeth.\" Jolie later explained that the film had been a welcome relief after her emotionally demanding role in \"Girl, Interrupted\". Although highly regarded for her acting abilities, Jolie had rarely found films that appealed to a wide audience, but \"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" (2001) made her an international superstar. An adaptation of the popular \"Tomb Raider\" videogames, the film","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172027","text":"even if it is these very strengths that will make people not want to watch what's onscreen.\" The film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and Jolie was named an honorary citizen of Sarajevo for raising awareness of the war. After a three-and-a-half-year absence from the screen, Jolie starred in \"Maleficent\" (2014), a live-action re-imagining of Disney's 1959 animation \"Sleeping Beauty\". Critical reception was mixed, but Jolie's performance in the titular role was singled out for praise; \"The Hollywood Reporter\" critic Sherri Linden found her to be the \"heart and soul\" of the film,","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"18861902","text":"crimes committed by Rodriguez. \"A true crime murder mystery that will leave you gasping for breath\" -Steve Jackson, New York Times. The articles listed are based on females who committed murders for financial gain, the noted years are the span of the killing(s). Angelina Rodriguez Angelina Rodriguez (born 1968) is an American woman from Montebello, California who was sentenced to death for the September 2000 murder of her fourth husband, Jose Francisco \"Frank\" Rodriguez. She was also accused of killing her infant daughter in 1993 by suffocating her with a pacifier. Angelina is currently incarcerated at the Central California Women's","title":"Angelina Rodriguez"},{"psg_id":"8172068","text":"and doubled in the UK, parts of Canada, and India, as well as significantly increased in other European countries and the U.S. Researchers in Canada and the UK found that despite the large increase, the percentage of mutation carriers remained the same, meaning Jolie's message had reached those most at risk. In her first op-ed, Jolie had advocated wider accessibility of BRCA gene testing and acknowledged the high costs, which were greatly reduced after the U.S. Supreme Court, in a June 2013 ruling, invalidated BRCA gene patents held by Myriad Genetics. As the daughter of actor Jon Voight, Jolie appeared","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172066","text":"2015, after annual test results indicated possible signs of early ovarian cancer, she underwent a preventive oophorectomy, as she had a 50% risk of developing ovarian cancer due to the same genetic anomaly. Despite hormone replacement therapy, the surgery brought on premature menopause. After completing each operation, Jolie discussed her mastectomy and oophorectomy in op-eds published by \"The New York Times\", with the aim of helping other women make informed health choices. She detailed her diagnosis, surgeries, and personal experiences, and described her decision to undergo preventive surgery as a proactive measure for the sake of her six children. Jolie","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172064","text":"31. Pitt subsequently adopted Pax on February 21, 2008. At the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008, Jolie confirmed that she was expecting twins. For the two weeks she spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, France, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade. She gave birth to a son, Knox Léon, and a daughter, Vivienne Marcheline, on July 12, 2008. The first pictures of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to \"People\" and \"Hello!\" for a reported $14 million—the most expensive celebrity photographs ever taken. All proceeds were donated to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation. On February 16, 2013, at","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172055","text":"Las Vegas. They had met on the set of \"Pushing Tin\" (1999), but did not pursue a relationship at that time as Thornton was engaged to actress Laura Dern, while Jolie was reportedly dating actor Timothy Hutton, her co-star in \"Playing God\" (1997). As a result of their frequent public declarations of passion and gestures of love—most famously wearing one another's blood in vials around their necks—their marriage became a favorite topic of the entertainment media. Jolie and Thornton announced the adoption of a child from Cambodia in March 2002, but abruptly separated three months later. Their divorce was finalized","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172050","text":"by the United Nations Correspondents Association. She was awarded the Global Humanitarian Award by the UNA-USA in October 2005, and she received the Freedom Award from the International Rescue Committee in November 2007. In October 2011, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres presented Jolie with a gold pin reserved for the most long-serving staff, in recognition of her decade as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador. In November 2013, Jolie received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, an honorary Academy Award, from the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In June 2014, she was appointed an","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172042","text":"humanitarian interests in the U.S. capital from 2003 onwards, explaining, \"As much as I would love to never have to visit Washington, that's the way to move the ball.\" Since October 2008, she has co-chaired Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), a network of leading U.S. law firms that provide free legal aid to unaccompanied minors in immigration proceedings across the U.S. Founded in a collaboration between Jolie and the Microsoft Corporation, by 2013, KIND had become the principal provider of pro bono lawyers for immigrant children. Jolie had previously, from 2005 to 2007, funded the launch of a similar","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172033","text":"\"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\" (2001) in war-torn Cambodia, an experience she later credited with having brought her a greater understanding of the world. Upon her return home, Jolie contacted the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for information on international trouble spots. To learn more about the conditions in these areas, she began visiting refugee camps around the world. In February 2001, she went on her first field visit, an 18-day mission to Sierra Leone and Tanzania; she later expressed her shock at what she had witnessed. In the following months, Jolie returned to Cambodia for two weeks and","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172016","text":"attention to humanitarian causes. \"Beyond Borders\" was a critical failure; Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" acknowledged Jolie's ability to \"bring electricity and believability to roles,\" but wrote that \"the limbo of a hybrid character, a badly written cardboard person in a fly-infested, blood-and-guts world, completely defeats her.\" The year 2004 saw the release of four films featuring Jolie. She first starred in the thriller \"Taking Lives\" as an FBI profiler summoned to help Montreal law enforcement hunt down a serial killer. The film received mixed reviews; \"The Hollywood Reporter\" critic Kirk Honeycutt concluded, \"Jolie plays a role that","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172005","text":"to wander New York City. Jolie's career prospects began to improve after she won a Golden Globe Award for her performance in TNT's \"George Wallace\" (1997), about the life of the segregationist Alabama Governor and presidential candidate George Wallace, played by Gary Sinise. Jolie portrayed Wallace's second wife, Cornelia, a performance Lee Winfrey of \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" considered a highlight of the film. \"George Wallace\" was very well received by critics and won, among other awards, the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film. Jolie also received a nomination for an Emmy Award for her performance. Jolie's first","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171999","text":"her surname \"Voight\" in favor of her middle name, which she had long used as a stage name; the name change was granted on September 12, 2002. Voight then went public with their estrangement during an appearance on \"Access Hollywood\", in which he claimed Jolie had \"serious mental problems.\" At that point, her mother and brother also broke off contact with Voight. They did not speak for six and a half years, but began rebuilding their relationship in the wake of Bertrand's death from ovarian cancer on January 27, 2007, before going public with their reconciliation three years later. Jolie","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171994","text":"abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's \"Lookin' to Get Out\" (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172020","text":"criticism and accusations of blackface. The resulting performance was widely praised; Ray Bennett of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" described it as \"well-measured and moving,\" played \"with respect and a firm grasp on a difficult accent.\" She received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Jolie also played a shape-shifting seductress, Grendel's mother, in the epic \"Beowulf\" (2007), created through motion capture. The film was critically and commercially well received, taking in revenues of $196.4 million worldwide. By 2008, Jolie was considered the highest-paid actress in Hollywood, earning $15–$20 million per film. While other actresses had been","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172001","text":"relationship during this time was less strained, with Jolie realizing that they were both \"drama queens.\" Jolie began her professional film career in 1993, when she played her first leading role in the straight-to-video science-fiction sequel \"Cyborg 2\", as a near-human robot designed for corporate espionage and assassination. She was so disappointed with the film that she did not audition again for a year. Following a supporting role in the independent film \"Without Evidence\" (1995), she starred in her first Hollywood picture, \"Hackers\" (1995). \"The New York Times\" critic Janet Maslin wrote, \"Kate stands out. That's because she scowls even","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171996","text":"clothing, going out moshing, and experimenting with knife play with her live-in boyfriend. She dropped out of her acting classes and aspired to become a funeral director, taking at-home courses to study embalming. At age 16, after the relationship had ended, Jolie graduated from high school and rented her own apartment, before returning to theater studies, though in 2004 she referred to this period with the observation, \"I am still at heart—and always will be—just a punk kid with tattoos.\" As a teenager, Jolie found it difficult to emotionally connect with other people, and as a result she self-harmed, later","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172057","text":"an affair, saying, \"To be intimate with a married man, when my own father cheated on my mother, is not something I could forgive. I could not look at myself in the morning if I did that. I wouldn't be attracted to a man who would cheat on his wife.\" Jolie and Pitt did not publicly comment on the nature of their relationship until January 2006, when she confirmed that she was pregnant with his child. During their twelve-year relationship, \"Brangelina\"—a portmanteau coined by the entertainment media—were the subject of worldwide media coverage. After the initial scandal subsided, they became","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172029","text":"Olympic track star who survived a plane crash over sea and spent two years in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. She also served as producer under her Jolie Pas banner. \"Unbroken\" is based on Laura Hillenbrand's , the film was scripted by the Coen brothers and starred Jack O'Connell. After a positive early reception, \"Unbroken\" was considered a likely Best Picture and Best Director contender, but it ultimately received mixed reviews and little award recognition, though it was named one of the best films of the year by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute. In a typical","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172023","text":"also voiced the DreamWorks animation \"Kung Fu Panda\" (2008), the first work in a major family franchise, later reprising her voice role in the sequels \"Kung Fu Panda 2\" (2011) and \"Kung Fu Panda 3\" (2016). After her mother's death in 2007, Jolie began appearing in fewer films, later explaining that her motivation to be an actress had stemmed from her mother's acting ambitions. Her first film in two years was the thriller \"Salt\" (2010), in which she starred as a CIA agent who goes on the run after she is accused of being a KGB sleeper agent. Originally written","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172047","text":"Haiti in the wake of the 2010 earthquake and promoted the development of an inclusive democratic process in Libya following the 2011 revolution. Jolie has fronted a campaign against sexual violence in military conflict zones by the UK government, which made the issue a priority of its 2013 G8 presidency. In May 2012, she launched the Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative (PSVI) with Foreign Secretary William Hague, who was inspired to campaign on the issue by her Bosnian war drama \"In the Land of Blood and Honey\" (2011). PSVI was established to complement wider UK government work by raising awareness and","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172021","text":"forced to take salary cuts in recent years, Jolie's perceived box office appeal allowed her to command as much as $20 million plus a percentage. She starred alongside James McAvoy and Morgan Freeman in the action film \"Wanted\" (2008), which proved an international success, earning $341.4 million worldwide. The film received predominantly favorable reviews; writing for \"The New York Times\", Manohla Dargis noted that Jolie was \"perfectly cast as a super-scary, seemingly amoral assassin,\" adding that \"she cuts the kind of disciplinarian figure who can bring boys of all ages to their knees or at least into their theater seats.\"","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171995","text":"to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions. Jolie first attended Beverly Hills High School, where she felt isolated among the children of some of the area's affluent families because her mother survived on a more modest income. She was teased by other students, who targeted her for being extremely thin and for wearing glasses and braces. Her early attempts at modeling, at her mother's insistence, proved unsuccessful. She then transferred to Moreno High School, an alternative school, where she became a \"punk outsider,\" wearing all-black","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"17335138","text":"Actress. A role opposite Nicolas Cage in the heist film \"Gone in 60 Seconds\" (2000) proved to be her highest-grossing to that point. Jolie achieved worldwide recognition as the eponymous archaeologist in \"\" (2001), an action film based on the \"Tomb Raider\" video game series. Despite negative reviews, the film had the biggest opening weekend for a film featuring an action heroine. This was followed by roles in two box-office failures—the 2001 erotic thriller \"Original Sin\" and the 2002 romantic comedy \"Life or Something Like It\". Jolie reprised the role of Lara Croft in the sequel \"\" (2003). In 2004,","title":"Angelina Jolie filmography"},{"psg_id":"18861896","text":"Angelina Rodriguez Angelina Rodriguez (born 1968) is an American woman from Montebello, California who was sentenced to death for the September 2000 murder of her fourth husband, Jose Francisco \"Frank\" Rodriguez. She was also accused of killing her infant daughter in 1993 by suffocating her with a pacifier. Angelina is currently incarcerated at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla, California, where she is on death row awaiting execution. Angelina Rodriguez met her husband Frank, a special education teacher, while they were employed at a camp in San Luis Obispo, California. The couple married in April 2000. It was Angelina's","title":"Angelina Rodriguez"},{"psg_id":"8172074","text":"of $27 million, $30 million, and $33 million respectively. Jolie's public image is strongly tied to her perceived beauty and sex appeal. Many media outlets, including \"Vogue\", \"People\", and \"Vanity Fair\", have cited her as the world's most beautiful woman, while others such as \"Esquire\", \"FHM\", and \"Empire\" have named her the sexiest woman alive; both titles have often been based on public polls in which Jolie places far ahead of other celebrity women. Her most recognizable physical features are her many tattoos, eyes, and in particular her full lips, which \"The New York Times\" considered as defining a feature","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172045","text":"primary schools for girls in the returnee settlements Tangi and Qalai Gudar in eastern Afghanistan, which opened in March 2010 and November 2012 respectively. In addition to the facilities at the Millennium Village she established in Cambodia, Jolie had built at least ten other schools in the country by 2005. In February 2006, she opened the Maddox Chivan Children's Center, a medical and educational facility for children affected by HIV, in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. In Sebeta, Ethiopia, the birthplace of her eldest daughter, she funds a sister facility, the Zahara Children's Center, which is expected to open in","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172031","text":"part of an overall poor reception. Writing for \"The Washington Post\", Stephanie Merry noted its dearth of genuine emotion, stating, \"\"By the Sea\" is dazzlingly gorgeous, as are its stars. But peeling back layer upon layer of exquisite ennui reveals nothing but emptiness, sprinkled with stilted sentiments.\" Despite starring two of Hollywood's leading actors, the film received only a limited release. As Jolie preferred to dedicate herself to her humanitarian work, her cinematic output remained infrequent. \"First They Killed My Father\" (2017), a drama set during Cambodia's Khmer Rouge era, again enabled her to combine both interests. In addition to","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172077","text":"the planet\" sometimes harmed her dramatic credibility with audiences. Beyond her career, Jolie's appearance has been credited with influencing popular culture at large. In 2002, AfterEllen founder Sarah Warn observed that many women of all sexual orientations had publicly expressed their attraction to Jolie, which she considered a new development in American culture, adding that \"there are many beautiful women in Hollywood, and few generate the same kind of overwhelming interest across genders and sexual orientations that she does\". Jolie's physical attributes became highly sought-after among western women seeking cosmetic surgery; by 2007, she was considered \"the gold standard of","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172070","text":"contributing factor of her controversial image were tabloid rumors of incest that started when Jolie, upon winning her Oscar, kissed her brother on the lips and said, \"I'm so in love with my brother right now.\" She dismissed the rumors, saying, \"It was disappointing that something so beautiful and pure could be turned into a circus,\" and explained that, as children of divorce, she and James relied on one another for emotional support. Jolie's reputation began to change positively after she, at age 26, became a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, later commenting, \"In my","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172062","text":"and Zahara soon after. In an attempt to avoid the unprecedented media frenzy surrounding their relationship, Jolie and Pitt traveled to Namibia for the birth of their first biological child. On May 27, 2006, she gave birth to a daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, in Swakopmund. They sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images with the aim of benefiting charity, rather than allowing paparazzi to make these valuable photographs. \"People\" and \"Hello!\" purchased the North American and British rights to the images for $4.1 and $3.5 million respectively, a record in celebrity photojournalism at that time, with all","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172052","text":"bedroom with my mom in the next room. She made the choice, and because of it, I continued to go to school every morning and explored my first relationship in a safe way.\" She has compared the relationship to a marriage in its emotional intensity, and said that the breakup compelled her to dedicate herself to her acting career at the age of 16. During filming of \"Hackers\" (1995), Jolie had a romance with British actor Jonny Lee Miller, her first lover since the relationship in her early teens. They were not in touch for many months after production ended,","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172043","text":"initiative, the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants' National Center for Refugee and Immigrant Children. Jolie has also advocated for children's education. Since its founding at the Clinton Global Initiative's annual meeting in September 2007, she has co-chaired the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict, which provides policy and funding to education programs for children in conflict-affected regions. In its first year, the partnership supported education projects for Iraqi refugee children, youth affected by the Darfur conflict, and girls in rural Afghanistan, among other affected groups. The partnership has worked closely with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center for Universal","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172037","text":"promoted to the rank of Special Envoy to High Commissioner António Guterres, the first to take on such a position within the organization. In her expanded role, she was given authority to represent Guterres and UNHCR at the diplomatic level, with a focus on major refugee crises. In the months following her promotion, she made her first visit as Special Envoy—her third over all—to Ecuador, where she met with Colombian refugees, and she accompanied Guterres on a week-long tour of Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq, to assess the situation of refugees from neighboring Syria. Since then, Jolie has gone on","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172036","text":"Second Gulf War, where she met privately with U.S. troops and other multi-national forces, and the Afghan capital Kabul during the war in Afghanistan, where three aid workers were murdered in the midst of her first visit. To aid her travels, she began taking flying lessons in 2004 with the aim of ferrying aid workers and food supplies around the world; she now holds a private pilot license with instrument rating and owns a Cirrus SR22 and Cessna 208 Caravan single-engine aircraft. On April 17, 2012, after more than a decade of service as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, Jolie was","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172035","text":"she hoped to accomplish, she stated, \"Awareness of the plight of these people. I think they should be commended for what they have survived, not looked down upon.\" To that end, her 2001–02 field visits were chronicled in her book \"Notes from My Travels\", which was published in October 2003 in conjunction with the release of her humanitarian drama \"Beyond Borders\". Jolie aimed to visit what she termed \"forgotten emergencies,\" crises that media attention had shifted away from. She became noted for travelling to war zones, such as Sudan's Darfur region during the Darfur conflict, the Syrian-Iraqi border during the","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172034","text":"met with Afghan refugees in Pakistan, where she donated $1 million in response to an international UNHCR emergency appeal, the largest donation UNHCR had ever received from a private individual. She covered all costs related to her missions and shared the same rudimentary working and living conditions as UNHCR field staff on all of her visits. Jolie was named a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador at UNHCR headquarters in Geneva on August 27, 2001. Over the next decade, she went on more than 40 field missions, meeting with refugees and internally displaced persons in over 30 countries. In 2002, when asked what","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172026","text":"and Honey\" (2011), a love story between a Serb soldier and a Bosniak prisoner, set during the 1992–95 Bosnian War. She conceived the film to rekindle attention for the survivors, after twice visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina in her role as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador. To ensure authenticity, she cast only actors from the former Yugoslavia—including stars Goran Kostić and Zana Marjanović—and incorporated their wartime experiences into her screenplay. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews; Todd McCarthy of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote, \"Jolie deserves significant credit for creating such a powerfully oppressive atmosphere and staging the ghastly events so credibly,","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172025","text":"and \"plays her femme fatale with flat-out, drop-dead sexuality.\" Despite the poor critical reception and a slow start at the North American box office, the film went on to gross a respectable $278.3 million worldwide, cementing Jolie's appeal to international audiences. She received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance, which gave rise to speculation that it had been given merely to ensure her high-profile presence at the awards ceremony. After directing the documentary \"A Place in Time\" (2007), which was distributed through the National Education Association, Jolie made her feature directorial debut with \"In the Land of Blood","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172017","text":"definitely feels like something she has already done, but she does add an unmistakable dash of excitement and glamour.\" Jolie made a brief appearance as a fighter pilot in \"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow\", a science fiction adventure shot entirely with actors in front of a bluescreen, and voiced her first family film, the DreamWorks animation \"Shark Tale\". Her supporting role as Queen Olympias in Oliver Stone's \"Alexander\", about the life of Alexander the Great, was met with mixed reception, particularly concerning her Slavic accent. Commercially, the film failed in North America, which Stone attributed to disapproval of","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8171997","text":"commenting, \"For some reason, the ritual of having cut myself and feeling the pain, maybe feeling alive, feeling some kind of release, it was somehow therapeutic to me.\" She also struggled with insomnia and an eating disorder, and began experimenting with drugs; by age 20, she had used \"just about every drug possible,\" particularly heroin. Jolie suffered episodes of depression and twice planned to commit suicide—at age 19 and again at 22, when she attempted to hire a hitman to kill her. When she was 24, she experienced a nervous breakdown and was admitted for 72 hours to UCLA Medical","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172028","text":"adding that she \"doesn't chew the estimable scenery in \"Maleficent\"—she infuses it, wielding a magnetic and effortless power.\" In its opening weekend, \"Maleficent\" earned nearly $70 million at the North American box office and over $100 million in other markets, marking Jolie's appeal to audiences of all demographics in both action and fantasy films, genres usually dominated by male actors. The film went on to gross $757.8 million worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year and Jolie's highest-grossing film ever. Jolie next completed her second directorial venture, \"Unbroken\" (2014), about World War II hero Louis Zamperini (1917–2014), a former","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"8172067","text":"further wrote, \"On a personal note, I do not feel any less of a woman. I feel empowered that I made a strong choice that in no way diminishes my femininity.\" Jolie's announcement of her mastectomy attracted widespread publicity and discussion on BRCA mutations and genetic testing. Her decision was met with praise from various public figures, while health campaigners welcomed her raising awareness of the options available to at-risk women. Dubbed \"The Angelina Effect\" by a \"Time\" cover story, Jolie's influence led to a \"global and long-lasting\" increase in BRCA gene testing: the number of referrals tripled in Australia","title":"Angelina Jolie"},{"psg_id":"4134783","text":"Jolie Holland Jolie Holland is an American singer and performer who combines elements of folk, traditional, country, rock, jazz, and blues. Growing up in Houston, Texas, Jolie left in 1994, moving to Austin, New Orleans, and San Francisco before ending up in Vancouver, Canada, where she was one of the founding members of The Be Good Tanyas. Holland left the band before the release of their debut album, \"Blue Horse\", on which she appears prominently. She returned to San Francisco, where she recorded her first album, 2002's \"Catalpa\". Originally self-released, the album was later picked up and re-released by ANTI-.","title":"Jolie Holland"},{"psg_id":"17335137","text":"Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television Film. She made her breakthrough the following year in HBO's television film \"Gia\" (1998). For her performance in the title role of fashion model Gia Carangi, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Film. Jolie's first role in 1999 was in \"Pushing Tin\", a critical and commercial failure; however, her next film, \"The Bone Collector\", emerged as a commercial success. In the 1999 drama \"Girl, Interrupted\", Jolie played a sociopathic mental patient, a role which won her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting","title":"Angelina Jolie filmography"},{"psg_id":"10381712","text":"Angelina Maccarone Angelina Maccarone is a German film director and writer. Angelina Maccarone was born in Pulheim, Germany, 1965. A child of immigration, she is the daughter of an Italian father - who was also a guest worker - and a German mother who together moved to Germany in the 1960's. Maccarone originally sought a career in music before turning to film. She played the electric guitar and became a lyricist when she was 14 years old. In 1985, she attended the University of Hamburg and majored in German and American Studies. Maccarone currently lives in Berlin with her partner,","title":"Angelina Maccarone"},{"psg_id":"7988006","text":"Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina or Marija Angelina Nemanjić (, ; 1350/1351 - 28 December 1394) was the self-proclaimed \"basilissa\" (Empress, queen) of Epirus from 1384-85, succeeding the rule of her murdered husband Thomas Preljubović. Maria was the daughter of self-proclaimed Emperor Simeon Uroš, the half-brother of Emperor Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (Nemanjić dynasty), and Thomais Orsini. Her maternal grandfather was John Orsini of Epirus. In 1366, Maria married Thomas Preljubović, who was appointed governor of Epirus in Ioannina by her father. Popular with her subjects, she was apparently mistreated by her husband and connived","title":"Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina"},{"psg_id":"14548716","text":"day is July 30, while she is also venerated on December 10, together with her husband, St. Stephen, and her son, St. John. She wrote a hagiography known as \"Hagiography of Mother Angelina\" (/\"Žitije majke Angeline\"). Angelina of Serbia Angelina Branković (; ca. 1440–1520), née Arianiti, was the despotess consort of Serbian Despot Stefan Branković (r. 1458—1459), and a daughter of Albanian nobleman Gjergj Arianiti. For her pious life she was proclaimed a saint and venerated as such by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Venerable Mother Angelina (/\"Predobra mati Angelina\"). Angelina was the sixth daughter of Albanian nobleman Gjergj Arianiti","title":"Angelina of Serbia"},{"psg_id":"15021148","text":"were married and had four children together: Lumumba, Maima, Yona, and Josephine. Josephine Kasalamwa Wapakabulo, PhD is the Executive Director of Uganda National Oil Company. Angelina and her late husband were contemporaries at Dar es Salaam University, with President Yoweri Museveni in the 1960s. During Wapakhabulo's memorial service at their home in Mafudu village, Sironko District, President Museveni said they were relieved when Wapakhabulo told them he was going to marry Angelina. Wapakhabulo had earlier shown interest in marrying an American, a proposal his peers considered a betrayal given their student Pan-African revolutionary pretensions at the time. Angelina Wapakhabulo Angelina","title":"Angelina Wapakhabulo"},{"psg_id":"16229437","text":"away from Carmine, first going to a hotel near Niagara Falls. Hearing of this, Angelo assumed that Kevin wanted to win over Angelina, and sent over his friend Dino to \"break his legs\". They fled to Angelo's fishing cabin on an island where a homeless man is living. It is later revealed to be Gloria's estranged husband Jeffrey who had been kidnapped and sent away by Angelo, but lost memory of it. Jeffrey stole their motor boat, leaving them stranded there. Angelina then finally revealed to Kevin that she was never pregnant and faked the ordeal so that he would","title":"Angelina Veneziano"},{"psg_id":"17889022","text":"Angelina Nikonova Angelina Nikonova (born February 27, 1976) is a Russian filmmaker, script writer and film producer. Angelina Nikonova was born in Rostov-on-Don. She dreamed about film directing since her childhood. However, the situation with national film production in Russia is complicated, especially for a woman. As Angelina notices: ‘Women as film directors are rarely trusted’. Moreover, Russian viewer is reluctant to national product. People rather go to watch Hollywood production, than a film made in Russia. However, Angelina did not give up on her dream. She applied to All-Russian State University of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov (aka","title":"Angelina Nikonova"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172078\",\n \"text\": \"beauty\\\", with her full lips remaining the most imitated celebrity feature well into the 2010s. After a 2011 repeat survey by \\\"Allure\\\" found that Jolie most represented the American beauty ideal, compared to model Christie Brinkley in 1991, writer Elizabeth Angell credited society with having \\\"branched out beyond the Barbie-doll ideal and embraced something quite different\\\". In 2013, Jeffrey Kluger of \\\"Time\\\" agreed that Jolie has for many years symbolized the feminine ideal, and opined that her frank discussion of her double mastectomy redefined beauty. Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie ( ; born Angelina Jolie Voight, June 4, 1975) is an\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171989\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie ( ; born Angelina Jolie Voight, June 4, 1975) is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and has been cited as Hollywood's highest-paid actress. Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father, Jon Voight, in \\\"Lookin' to Get Out\\\" (1982). Her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production \\\"Cyborg 2\\\" (1993), followed by her first leading role in a major film, \\\"Hackers\\\" (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical cable films\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17335140\",\n \"text\": \"roles in two of 2010's top-grossing thrillers\\\"Salt\\\" and \\\"The Tourist\\\". In 2011, she directed the romantic drama \\\"In the Land of Blood and Honey\\\", which depicted a love story set during the Bosnian War, and appeared in the animation sequel \\\"Kung Fu Panda 2\\\". Jolie's biggest commercial success, as of 2014, came with the dark fantasy film \\\"Maleficent\\\" (2014), which grossed over $758 million worldwide, and featured her in the eponymous role. Later in the same year, she directed \\\"Unbroken\\\" (2014), a war drama based on a 2010 . Angelina Jolie filmography Angelina Jolie is an American actress and filmmaker.\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17335136\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Jolie filmography Angelina Jolie is an American actress and filmmaker. As a child, she made her screen debut in the 1982 comedy film \\\"Lookin' to Get Out\\\", acting alongside her father Jon Voight. Eleven years later she appeared in her next feature, the low-budget film \\\"Cyborg 2\\\", a commercial failure. She then starred as a teenage hacker in the 1995 science fiction thriller \\\"Hackers\\\", which went on to be a cult film despite performing poorly at the box-office. Jolie's career prospects improved with a supporting role in the made-for-television film \\\"George Wallace\\\" (1997), for which she received the Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172039\",\n \"text\": \"King Norodom Sihamoni awarded her Cambodian citizenship on July 31, 2005. In November 2006, Jolie expanded the scope of the project—renamed the Maddox Jolie-Pitt Foundation (MJP)—to create Asia's first Millennium Village, in accordance with UN development goals. She was inspired by a meeting with the founder of Millennium Promise, noted economist Jeffrey Sachs, at the World Economic Forum in Davos, where she was an invited speaker in 2005 and 2006. Together they filmed a 2005 MTV special, \\\"The Diary of Angelina Jolie & Dr. Jeffrey Sachs in Africa\\\", which followed them on a trip to a Millennium Village in western\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15633814\",\n \"text\": \"the right ways.\\\" White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie wore a white satin dress with a plunging neckline designed by Marc Bouwer at the 76th Academy Awards on February 29, 2004. It has been described in subsequent years by fashion and celebrity publications as a memorable and stylish selection that was reminiscent of classical Hollywood style. It was the second time that Jolie wore a Marc Bouwer dress to the Oscars. In 2000 she accepted her Oscar for \\\"Girl, Interrupted\\\" in a frock designed by Bouwer. Critical reception to the dress focused on the material and color,\",\n \"title\": \"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15633812\",\n \"text\": \"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie Angelina Jolie wore a white satin dress with a plunging neckline designed by Marc Bouwer at the 76th Academy Awards on February 29, 2004. It has been described in subsequent years by fashion and celebrity publications as a memorable and stylish selection that was reminiscent of classical Hollywood style. It was the second time that Jolie wore a Marc Bouwer dress to the Oscars. In 2000 she accepted her Oscar for \\\"Girl, Interrupted\\\" in a frock designed by Bouwer. Critical reception to the dress focused on the material and color, describing both as\",\n \"title\": \"White Marc Bouwer dress of Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172054\",\n \"text\": \"would probably have married Jenny if I hadn't married my husband. I fell in love with her the first second I saw her.\\\" According to Shimizu, their relationship lasted several years and continued even while Jolie was romantically involved with other people. In 2003, when asked if she was bisexual, Jolie responded, \\\"Of course. If I fell in love with a woman tomorrow, would I feel that it's okay to want to kiss and touch her? If I fell in love with her? Absolutely! Yes!\\\" After a two-month courtship, Jolie married actor Billy Bob Thornton on May 5, 2000, in\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172013\",\n \"text\": \"required her to learn an English accent and undergo extensive martial arts training to play the archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft. Although the film generated mostly negative reviews, Jolie was generally praised for her physical performance; \\\"Newsday\\\"s John Anderson commented, \\\"Jolie makes the title character a virtual icon of female competence and coolth.\\\" The film was an international hit, earning $274.7 million worldwide, and launched her global reputation as a female action star. Jolie next starred opposite Antonio Banderas as his mail-order bride in \\\"Original Sin\\\" (2001), the first of a string of films that were poorly received by critics and audiences\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172019\",\n \"text\": \"$478.2 million worldwide, \\\"Mr. & Mrs. Smith\\\" was the seventh-highest grossing picture of the year and remained Jolie's highest-grossing live-action film for the next decade. Following a supporting role as the neglected wife of a CIA officer in Robert De Niro's \\\"The Good Shepherd\\\" (2006), Jolie starred as Mariane Pearl in the documentary-style drama \\\"A Mighty Heart\\\" (2007). Based on Pearl's memoir of the same name, the film chronicles the kidnapping and murder of her husband, \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" reporter Daniel Pearl, in Pakistan. Although the biracial Pearl had personally chosen Jolie for the role, the casting drew racial\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171993\",\n \"text\": \"daughter of actors Jon Voight and Marcheline Bertrand. She is the sister of actor James Haven, and the niece of singer-songwriter Chip Taylor and geologist and volcanologist Barry Voight. Her godparents are actors Jacqueline Bisset and Maximilian Schell. On her father's side, Jolie is of German and Slovak descent, and on her mother's side, she is of primarily French Canadian, Dutch, and German ancestry. Like her mother, Jolie has stated that she is part Iroquois, although her only known indigenous ancestors were 17th-century Hurons. After her parents' separation in 1976, Jolie and her brother lived with their mother, who had\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172022\",\n \"text\": \"Jolie next took the lead role in Clint Eastwood's drama \\\"Changeling\\\" (2008). Based in part on the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders, the film centers on Christine Collins, who is reunited with her kidnapped son in 1928 Los Angeles, only to realize the boy is an imposter. \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" critic Michael Phillips noted, \\\"Jolie really shines in the calm before the storm, the scenes when one patronizing male authority figure after another belittles her at their peril.\\\" She received nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award for Best Actress. Jolie\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172010\",\n \"text\": \"turquoise rings and gets real lonely when Russell spends entire nights away from home.\\\" Jolie then co-starred with Denzel Washington in \\\"The Bone Collector\\\" (1999), playing a police officer who reluctantly helps Washington's quadriplegic detective track down a serial killer. The film grossed $151.5 million worldwide, but was critically unsuccessful. Terry Lawson of the \\\"Detroit Free Press\\\" concluded, \\\"Jolie, while always delicious to look at, is simply and woefully miscast.\\\" Jolie next took the supporting role of a sociopathic mental patient in \\\"Girl, Interrupted\\\" (1999), an adaptation of Susanna Kaysen's memoir of the same name. While Winona Ryder played the\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172014\",\n \"text\": \"alike. \\\"The New York Times\\\" critic Elvis Mitchell questioned Jolie's decision to follow her Oscar-winning performance with \\\"soft-core nonsense.\\\" The romantic comedy \\\"Life or Something Like It\\\" (2002), though equally unsuccessful, marked an unusual choice for Jolie. \\\"Salon\\\"s Allen Barra considered her ambitious newscaster character a rare attempt at playing a conventional women's role, noting that her performance \\\"doesn't get off the ground until a scene where she goes punk and leads a group of striking bus workers in singing 'Satisfaction'\\\". Despite her lack of box office success, Jolie remained in demand as an actress; in 2002, she established herself\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172004\",\n \"text\": \"by critics; \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" critic Roger Ebert noted that Jolie \\\"finds a certain warmth in a kind of role that is usually hard and aggressive; she seems too nice to be [a mobster's] girlfriend, and maybe she is.\\\" Her next work, as a frontierswoman in the CBS miniseries \\\"True Women\\\" (1997), was even less successful; writing for \\\"The Philadelphia Inquirer\\\", Robert Strauss dismissed her as \\\"horrid, a fourth-rate Scarlett O'Hara\\\" who relies on \\\"gnashed teeth and overly pouted lips.\\\" Jolie also starred in the music video for the Rolling Stones's \\\"Anybody Seen My Baby?\\\" as a stripper who leaves mid-performance\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172003\",\n \"text\": \"just for the chance of being with her.\\\" In \\\"Foxfire\\\" (1996) she played a drifter who unites four teenage girls against a teacher who has sexually harassed them. Jack Mathews of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" wrote of her performance, \\\"It took a lot of hogwash to develop this character, but Jolie, Jon Voight's knockout daughter, has the presence to overcome the stereotype. Though the story is narrated by Maddy, Legs is the subject and the catalyst.\\\" In 1997, Jolie starred with David Duchovny in the thriller \\\"Playing God\\\", set in the Los Angeles underworld. The film was not well received\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172046\",\n \"text\": \"2015 and will treat and educate children suffering from HIV or tuberculosis. Both centers are run by the Global Health Committee. After Jolie joined the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) in June 2007, she hosted a symposium on international law and justice at CFR headquarters and funded several CFR special reports, including \\\"Intervention to Stop Genocide and Mass Atrocities.\\\" In January 2011, she established the Jolie Legal Fellowship, a network of lawyers and attorneys who are sponsored to advocate the development of human rights in their countries. Its member attorneys, called Jolie Legal Fellows, have facilitated child protection efforts in\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172058\",\n \"text\": \"one of Hollywood's most glamorous couples. Their family grew to include six children, three of whom were adopted, before they announced their engagement in April 2012. Jolie and Pitt married on August 23, 2014, at their estate Château Miraval in Correns, France. She subsequently took the name \\\"Jolie Pitt\\\". After two years of marriage, the couple separated in September 2016. In her divorce filing, Jolie requested physical custody of their children. On June 6, 2018, a new temporary custody agreement was established between Jolie and Pitt after the court's order against Jolie. On March 10, 2002, Jolie adopted her first\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172002\",\n \"text\": \"more sourly than [her co-stars] and is that rare female hacker who sits intently at her keyboard in a see-through top.\\\" \\\"Hackers\\\" failed to make a profit at the box office, but developed a cult following after its video release. After starring in the modern-day \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" adaptation \\\"Love Is All There Is\\\" (1996), Jolie appeared in the road movie \\\"Mojave Moon\\\" (1996), of which \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" said, \\\"Jolie, an actress whom the camera truly adores, reveals a comic flair and the kind of blatant sexuality that makes it entirely credible that Danny Aiello's character would drop everything\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172011\",\n \"text\": \"main character in what was hoped to be a comeback for her, the film instead marked Jolie's final breakthrough in Hollywood. She won her third Golden Globe Award, her second Screen Actors Guild Award, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. For \\\"Variety\\\", Emanuel Levy noted, \\\"Jolie is excellent as the flamboyant, irresponsible girl who turns out to be far more instrumental than the doctors in Susanna's rehabilitation.\\\" In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, \\\"Gone in 60 Seconds\\\", which became her highest-grossing film to that point, earning $237.2 million internationally. She had a minor role as\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172009\",\n \"text\": \"critic Peter Stack wrote, \\\"Jolie, working through an overwritten part, is a sensation as the desperate club crawler learning truths about what she's willing to gamble.\\\" She won the Breakthrough Performance Award from the National Board of Review. In 1999, Jolie starred in the comedy-drama \\\"Pushing Tin\\\", alongside John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, and Cate Blanchett. The film met with mixed reception from critics, and Jolie's character—Thornton's seductive wife—was particularly criticized; writing for \\\"The Washington Post\\\", Desson Howe dismissed her as \\\"a completely ludicrous writer's creation of a free-spirited woman who weeps over hibiscus plants that die, wears lots of\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172006\",\n \"text\": \"breakthrough came when she portrayed supermodel Gia Carangi in HBO's \\\"Gia\\\" (1998). The film chronicles the destruction of Carangi's life and career as a result of her addiction to heroin, and her decline and death from AIDS in the mid-1980s. Vanessa Vance of Reel.com retrospectively noted, \\\"Jolie gained wide recognition for her role as the titular Gia, and it's easy to see why. Jolie is fierce in her portrayal—filling the part with nerve, charm, and desperation—and her role in this film is quite possibly the most beautiful train wreck ever filmed.\\\" For the second consecutive year, Jolie won a Golden\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172063\",\n \"text\": \"proceeds donated to UNICEF. On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted a son, three-year-old Pax Thien, from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He was born as Pham Quang Sang on November 29, 2003, in HCMC, where he was abandoned by his biological mother soon after birth. After visiting the orphanage with Pitt in November 2006, Jolie applied for adoption as a single parent, because Vietnam's adoption regulations do not allow unmarried couples to co-adopt. After their return to the U.S., she petitioned the court to change her son's surname from Jolie to Jolie-Pitt, which was approved on May\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172032\",\n \"text\": \"directing the film, she co-wrote the screenplay with her longtime friend Loung Ung, whose memoirs about the regime's child labor camps served as its source material. Intended primarily for a Cambodian audience, the film was produced directly for Netflix, which allowed for the use of an exclusively Khmer cast and script. Jolie is next contracted to reprise the role of Maleficent in Disney's sequel, \\\"Maleficent II\\\". In 2018, Jolie was reported to be starring in and producing the upcoming film adaptation of a 2014 \\\"James Scott\\\" novel “The Kept”. Jolie first witnessed the effects of a humanitarian crisis while filming\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172065\",\n \"text\": \"age 37, Jolie underwent a preventive double mastectomy after learning she had an 87% risk of developing breast cancer due to a defective BRCA1 gene. Her maternal family history warranted genetic testing for BRCA mutations: her mother, actress Marcheline Bertrand, had breast cancer and died from ovarian cancer, while her grandmother died from ovarian cancer. Her aunt, who had the same BRCA1 defect, died from breast cancer three months after Jolie's operation. Following the mastectomy, which lowered her chances of developing breast cancer to under 5 percent, Jolie had reconstructive surgery involving implants and allografts. Two years later, in March\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172038\",\n \"text\": \"over a dozen field missions around the world to meet with refugees and undertake advocacy on their behalf. In an effort to connect her Cambodian-born adopted son with his heritage, Jolie purchased a house in his country of birth in 2003. The traditional home sat on 39 hectares in the northwestern province Battambang, adjacent to Samlout national park in the Cardamom mountains, which had become infiltrated with poachers who threatened endangered species. She purchased the park's 60,000 hectares and turned the area into a wildlife reserve named for her son, the Maddox Jolie Project. In recognition of her conservation efforts,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172015\",\n \"text\": \"among Hollywood's highest-paid actresses, earning $10–$15 million per film for the next five years. Jolie reprised her role as Lara Croft in \\\"\\\" (2003), which was not as lucrative as the original, earning $156.5 million at the international box office. She also starred in the music video for Korn's \\\"Did My Time\\\", which was used to promote the sequel. Her next film was \\\"Beyond Borders\\\" (2003), in which she portrayed a socialite who joins an aid worker played by Clive Owen. Though unsuccessful with audiences, the film stands as the first of several passion projects Jolie has made to bring\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172059\",\n \"text\": \"child, seven-month-old Maddox Chivan, from an orphanage in Battambang, Cambodia. He was born as Rath Vibol on August 5, 2001, in a local village. After twice visiting Cambodia, while filming \\\"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\\\" (2001) and on a UNHCR field mission, Jolie returned in November 2001 with her husband, Billy Bob Thornton, where they met Maddox and subsequently applied to adopt him. The adoption process was halted the following month when the U.S. government banned adoptions from Cambodia amid allegations of child trafficking. Although Jolie's adoption facilitator was later convicted of visa fraud and money laundering, her adoption of Maddox\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172007\",\n \"text\": \"Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award. She also won her first Screen Actors Guild Award. In accordance with Lee Strasberg's method acting, Jolie preferred to stay in character in between scenes during many of her early films, and as a result had gained a reputation for being difficult to deal with. While shooting \\\"Gia\\\", she told her husband, Jonny Lee Miller, that she would not be able to phone him: \\\"I'd tell him: 'I'm alone; I'm dying; I'm gay; I'm not going to see you for weeks.'\\\" After \\\"Gia\\\" wrapped, she briefly gave up acting, because she\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172048\",\n \"text\": \"promoting international co-operation. Jolie spoke on the subject at the G8 foreign ministers meeting, where the attending nations adopted a historic declaration, and before the UN security council, which responded by adopting its broadest resolution on the issue to date. In June 2014, she co-chaired the four-day Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, the largest-ever meeting on the subject, which resulted in a protocol endorsed by 151 nations. Through her work on the PSVI, Jolie met foreign policy experts Chloe Dalton and Arminka Helic, who served as special advisers to Hague. Their collaboration resulted in the 2015 founding\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172072\",\n \"text\": \"to Jennifer Aniston, at which point her public persona became an unlikely combination of alleged homewrecker, mother, sex symbol, and humanitarian. A decade later, Jolie was found to be the most admired woman in the world in global surveys conducted by YouGov in 2015 and 2016. Jolie's general influence and wealth are extensively documented. In a 2006 global industry survey by ACNielsen in 42 international markets, Jolie, together with Pitt, was found to be the favorite celebrity endorser for brands and products worldwide. Jolie was the face of St. John and Shiseido from 2006 to 2008, and a decade later\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172060\",\n \"text\": \"was deemed lawful. Once the process was finalized, she took custody of him in Namibia, where she was filming \\\"Beyond Borders\\\" (2003). Jolie and Thornton announced the adoption together, but she adopted Maddox alone, and raised him as a single parent following their separation three months later. Jolie adopted a daughter, six-month-old Zahara Marley, from an orphanage in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on July 6, 2005. Zahara was born as Yemsrach on January 8, 2005, in Awasa. Jolie initially believed Zahara to be an AIDS orphan, based on official testimony from her grandmother, but her birth mother later came forward in\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172053\",\n \"text\": \"but eventually reconnected and married soon after in March 1996. She attended her wedding in black rubber pants and a white T-shirt, upon which she had written the groom's name in her blood. Though the relationship ended for good the following year, Jolie remained on good terms with Miller, whom she called \\\"a solid man and a solid friend\\\". Their divorce, initiated by Jolie in February 1999, was finalized shortly before she remarried the next year. Prior to her marriage to Miller, Jolie began a relationship with model-actress Jenny Shimizu on the set of \\\"Foxfire\\\" (1996). She later said, \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172051\",\n \"text\": \"Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG) for her services to the UK's foreign policy and campaigning to end sexual violence in war zones. Queen Elizabeth II presented Jolie with the insignia of her honorary damehood during a private ceremony the following October. Jolie had a serious boyfriend for two years from the age of 14. Her mother allowed them to live together in her home, of which Jolie later said, \\\"I was either going to be reckless on the streets with my boyfriend or he was going to be with me in my\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172049\",\n \"text\": \"of Jolie Pitt Dalton Helic, a partnership dedicated to women's rights and international justice, among other causes. In May 2016, Jolie was appointed a visiting professor at the London School of Economics to contribute to a postgraduate degree program at the university's Centre on Women, Peace and Security, which she had launched with Hague the previous year. Jolie has received wide recognition for her humanitarian work. In August 2002, she received the inaugural Humanitarian Award from the Church World Service's Immigration and Refugee Program, and in October 2003, she was the first recipient of the Citizen of the World Award\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172040\",\n \"text\": \"Kenya. By mid-2007, some 6,000 villagers and 72 employees—some of them former poachers employed as rangers—lived and worked at MJP, in ten villages previously isolated from one another. The compound includes schools, roads, and a soy milk factory, all funded by Jolie. Her home functions as the MJP field headquarters. After filming \\\"Beyond Borders\\\" (2003) in Namibia, Jolie became patron of the Harnas Wildlife Foundation, a wildlife orphanage and medical center in the Kalahari desert. She first visited the Harnas farm during production of the film, which features vultures rescued by the foundation. In December 2010, Jolie and her partner,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172024\",\n \"text\": \"as a male character with Tom Cruise attached to star, agent Salt underwent a gender change after a Columbia Pictures executive suggested Jolie for the role. With revenues of $293.5 million, \\\"Salt\\\" became an international success. The film received generally positive reviews, with Jolie's performance in particular earning praise; \\\"Empire\\\" critic William Thomas remarked, \\\"When it comes to selling incredible, crazy, death-defying antics, Jolie has few peers in the action business.\\\" Jolie starred opposite Johnny Depp in the thriller \\\"The Tourist\\\" (2010). The film was a critical failure, though Roger Ebert defended Jolie's performance, stating that she \\\"does her darndest\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172008\",\n \"text\": \"felt that she had \\\"nothing else to give.\\\" She separated from Miller and moved to New York, where she took night classes at New York University to study directing and screenwriting. Encouraged by her Golden Globe Award win for \\\"George Wallace\\\" and the positive critical reception of \\\"Gia\\\", Jolie resumed her career. Following the previously filmed gangster film \\\"Hell's Kitchen\\\" (1998), Jolie returned to the screen in \\\"Playing by Heart\\\" (1998), part of an ensemble cast that included Sean Connery, Gillian Anderson, and Ryan Phillippe. The film received predominantly positive reviews, and Jolie was praised in particular; \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171998\",\n \"text\": \"Center's psychiatric ward. Two years later, after adopting her first child, Jolie found stability in her life, later stating, \\\"I knew once I committed to Maddox, I would never be self-destructive again.\\\" Jolie has had a lifelong dysfunctional relationship with her father, which began when Voight left the family when his daughter was less than a year old. She has said that from then on their time together was sporadic and usually carried out in front of the press. They reconciled when they appeared together in \\\"\\\" (2001), but their relationship again deteriorated. Jolie petitioned the court to legally remove\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172044\",\n \"text\": \"Education—founded by the partnership's co-chair, noted economist Gene Sperling—to establish education policies, which resulted in recommendations made to UN agencies, G8 development agencies, and the World Bank. Since April 2013, all proceeds from Jolie's high-end jewelry collection, Style of Jolie, have benefited the partnership's work. Jolie additionally launched the Malala Fund, a grant system established by Pakistani education activist Malala Yousafzai, at the 2013 Women in the World Summit; she personally contributed over $200,000 to the cause. Jolie has funded a school and boarding facility for girls at Kakuma refugee camp in northwestern Kenya, which opened in 2005, and two\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171991\",\n \"text\": \"(2014). In the 2010s, Jolie expanded her career into directing, screenwriting, and producing, with \\\"In the Land of Blood and Honey\\\" (2011), \\\"Unbroken\\\" (2014), \\\"By the Sea\\\" (2015), and \\\"First They Killed My Father\\\" (2017). In addition to her film career, Jolie is noted for her humanitarian efforts, for which she has received a Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and an honorary damehood of the Order of St Michael and St George (DCMG), among other honors. She promotes various causes, including conservation, education, and women's rights, and is most noted for her advocacy on behalf of refugees as a Special Envoy\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172073\",\n \"text\": \"became a spokesmodel for Guerlain. Her 2011 endorsement deal with Louis Vuitton, reportedly worth $10 million, was a record for a single advertising campaign. Jolie was among the \\\"Time\\\" 100, a list of the most influential people in the world as published by \\\"Time\\\", in 2006 and 2008. She was named the world's most powerful celebrity in \\\"Forbes\\\"s Celebrity 100 issue in 2009, and, though ranked lower overall, was listed as the most powerful actress from 2006 to 2008 and 2011 to 2013. \\\"Forbes\\\" additionally cited her as Hollywood's highest-paid actress in 2009, 2011, and 2013, with estimated annual earnings\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172012\",\n \"text\": \"the mechanic ex-girlfriend of a car thief played by Nicolas Cage; \\\"The Washington Post\\\" writer Stephen Hunter criticized that \\\"all she does in this movie is stand around, cooling down, modeling those fleshy, pulsating muscle-tubes that nest so provocatively around her teeth.\\\" Jolie later explained that the film had been a welcome relief after her emotionally demanding role in \\\"Girl, Interrupted\\\". Although highly regarded for her acting abilities, Jolie had rarely found films that appealed to a wide audience, but \\\"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\\\" (2001) made her an international superstar. An adaptation of the popular \\\"Tomb Raider\\\" videogames, the film\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172027\",\n \"text\": \"even if it is these very strengths that will make people not want to watch what's onscreen.\\\" The film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and Jolie was named an honorary citizen of Sarajevo for raising awareness of the war. After a three-and-a-half-year absence from the screen, Jolie starred in \\\"Maleficent\\\" (2014), a live-action re-imagining of Disney's 1959 animation \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". Critical reception was mixed, but Jolie's performance in the titular role was singled out for praise; \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" critic Sherri Linden found her to be the \\\"heart and soul\\\" of the film,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18861902\",\n \"text\": \"crimes committed by Rodriguez. \\\"A true crime murder mystery that will leave you gasping for breath\\\" -Steve Jackson, New York Times. The articles listed are based on females who committed murders for financial gain, the noted years are the span of the killing(s). Angelina Rodriguez Angelina Rodriguez (born 1968) is an American woman from Montebello, California who was sentenced to death for the September 2000 murder of her fourth husband, Jose Francisco \\\"Frank\\\" Rodriguez. She was also accused of killing her infant daughter in 1993 by suffocating her with a pacifier. Angelina is currently incarcerated at the Central California Women's\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Rodriguez\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172068\",\n \"text\": \"and doubled in the UK, parts of Canada, and India, as well as significantly increased in other European countries and the U.S. Researchers in Canada and the UK found that despite the large increase, the percentage of mutation carriers remained the same, meaning Jolie's message had reached those most at risk. In her first op-ed, Jolie had advocated wider accessibility of BRCA gene testing and acknowledged the high costs, which were greatly reduced after the U.S. Supreme Court, in a June 2013 ruling, invalidated BRCA gene patents held by Myriad Genetics. As the daughter of actor Jon Voight, Jolie appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172066\",\n \"text\": \"2015, after annual test results indicated possible signs of early ovarian cancer, she underwent a preventive oophorectomy, as she had a 50% risk of developing ovarian cancer due to the same genetic anomaly. Despite hormone replacement therapy, the surgery brought on premature menopause. After completing each operation, Jolie discussed her mastectomy and oophorectomy in op-eds published by \\\"The New York Times\\\", with the aim of helping other women make informed health choices. She detailed her diagnosis, surgeries, and personal experiences, and described her decision to undergo preventive surgery as a proactive measure for the sake of her six children. Jolie\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172064\",\n \"text\": \"31. Pitt subsequently adopted Pax on February 21, 2008. At the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008, Jolie confirmed that she was expecting twins. For the two weeks she spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, France, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade. She gave birth to a son, Knox Léon, and a daughter, Vivienne Marcheline, on July 12, 2008. The first pictures of Knox and Vivienne were jointly sold to \\\"People\\\" and \\\"Hello!\\\" for a reported $14 million—the most expensive celebrity photographs ever taken. All proceeds were donated to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation. On February 16, 2013, at\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172055\",\n \"text\": \"Las Vegas. They had met on the set of \\\"Pushing Tin\\\" (1999), but did not pursue a relationship at that time as Thornton was engaged to actress Laura Dern, while Jolie was reportedly dating actor Timothy Hutton, her co-star in \\\"Playing God\\\" (1997). As a result of their frequent public declarations of passion and gestures of love—most famously wearing one another's blood in vials around their necks—their marriage became a favorite topic of the entertainment media. Jolie and Thornton announced the adoption of a child from Cambodia in March 2002, but abruptly separated three months later. Their divorce was finalized\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172050\",\n \"text\": \"by the United Nations Correspondents Association. She was awarded the Global Humanitarian Award by the UNA-USA in October 2005, and she received the Freedom Award from the International Rescue Committee in November 2007. In October 2011, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres presented Jolie with a gold pin reserved for the most long-serving staff, in recognition of her decade as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador. In November 2013, Jolie received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, an honorary Academy Award, from the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In June 2014, she was appointed an\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172042\",\n \"text\": \"humanitarian interests in the U.S. capital from 2003 onwards, explaining, \\\"As much as I would love to never have to visit Washington, that's the way to move the ball.\\\" Since October 2008, she has co-chaired Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), a network of leading U.S. law firms that provide free legal aid to unaccompanied minors in immigration proceedings across the U.S. Founded in a collaboration between Jolie and the Microsoft Corporation, by 2013, KIND had become the principal provider of pro bono lawyers for immigrant children. Jolie had previously, from 2005 to 2007, funded the launch of a similar\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172033\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lara Croft: Tomb Raider\\\" (2001) in war-torn Cambodia, an experience she later credited with having brought her a greater understanding of the world. Upon her return home, Jolie contacted the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for information on international trouble spots. To learn more about the conditions in these areas, she began visiting refugee camps around the world. In February 2001, she went on her first field visit, an 18-day mission to Sierra Leone and Tanzania; she later expressed her shock at what she had witnessed. In the following months, Jolie returned to Cambodia for two weeks and\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172016\",\n \"text\": \"attention to humanitarian causes. \\\"Beyond Borders\\\" was a critical failure; Kenneth Turan of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" acknowledged Jolie's ability to \\\"bring electricity and believability to roles,\\\" but wrote that \\\"the limbo of a hybrid character, a badly written cardboard person in a fly-infested, blood-and-guts world, completely defeats her.\\\" The year 2004 saw the release of four films featuring Jolie. She first starred in the thriller \\\"Taking Lives\\\" as an FBI profiler summoned to help Montreal law enforcement hunt down a serial killer. The film received mixed reviews; \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" critic Kirk Honeycutt concluded, \\\"Jolie plays a role that\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172005\",\n \"text\": \"to wander New York City. Jolie's career prospects began to improve after she won a Golden Globe Award for her performance in TNT's \\\"George Wallace\\\" (1997), about the life of the segregationist Alabama Governor and presidential candidate George Wallace, played by Gary Sinise. Jolie portrayed Wallace's second wife, Cornelia, a performance Lee Winfrey of \\\"The Philadelphia Inquirer\\\" considered a highlight of the film. \\\"George Wallace\\\" was very well received by critics and won, among other awards, the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film. Jolie also received a nomination for an Emmy Award for her performance. Jolie's first\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171999\",\n \"text\": \"her surname \\\"Voight\\\" in favor of her middle name, which she had long used as a stage name; the name change was granted on September 12, 2002. Voight then went public with their estrangement during an appearance on \\\"Access Hollywood\\\", in which he claimed Jolie had \\\"serious mental problems.\\\" At that point, her mother and brother also broke off contact with Voight. They did not speak for six and a half years, but began rebuilding their relationship in the wake of Bertrand's death from ovarian cancer on January 27, 2007, before going public with their reconciliation three years later. Jolie\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171994\",\n \"text\": \"abandoned her acting ambitions to focus on raising her children. Her mother raised her Catholic, but did not require her to go to church. As a child, she often watched films with her mother and it was this, rather than her father's successful career, that inspired her interest in acting, though at age five she had a bit part in Voight's \\\"Lookin' to Get Out\\\" (1982). When Jolie was six years old, Bertrand and her live-in partner, filmmaker Bill Day, moved the family to Palisades, New York; they returned to Los Angeles five years later. Jolie then decided she wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172020\",\n \"text\": \"criticism and accusations of blackface. The resulting performance was widely praised; Ray Bennett of \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" described it as \\\"well-measured and moving,\\\" played \\\"with respect and a firm grasp on a difficult accent.\\\" She received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Jolie also played a shape-shifting seductress, Grendel's mother, in the epic \\\"Beowulf\\\" (2007), created through motion capture. The film was critically and commercially well received, taking in revenues of $196.4 million worldwide. By 2008, Jolie was considered the highest-paid actress in Hollywood, earning $15–$20 million per film. While other actresses had been\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172001\",\n \"text\": \"relationship during this time was less strained, with Jolie realizing that they were both \\\"drama queens.\\\" Jolie began her professional film career in 1993, when she played her first leading role in the straight-to-video science-fiction sequel \\\"Cyborg 2\\\", as a near-human robot designed for corporate espionage and assassination. She was so disappointed with the film that she did not audition again for a year. Following a supporting role in the independent film \\\"Without Evidence\\\" (1995), she starred in her first Hollywood picture, \\\"Hackers\\\" (1995). \\\"The New York Times\\\" critic Janet Maslin wrote, \\\"Kate stands out. That's because she scowls even\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171996\",\n \"text\": \"clothing, going out moshing, and experimenting with knife play with her live-in boyfriend. She dropped out of her acting classes and aspired to become a funeral director, taking at-home courses to study embalming. At age 16, after the relationship had ended, Jolie graduated from high school and rented her own apartment, before returning to theater studies, though in 2004 she referred to this period with the observation, \\\"I am still at heart—and always will be—just a punk kid with tattoos.\\\" As a teenager, Jolie found it difficult to emotionally connect with other people, and as a result she self-harmed, later\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172057\",\n \"text\": \"an affair, saying, \\\"To be intimate with a married man, when my own father cheated on my mother, is not something I could forgive. I could not look at myself in the morning if I did that. I wouldn't be attracted to a man who would cheat on his wife.\\\" Jolie and Pitt did not publicly comment on the nature of their relationship until January 2006, when she confirmed that she was pregnant with his child. During their twelve-year relationship, \\\"Brangelina\\\"—a portmanteau coined by the entertainment media—were the subject of worldwide media coverage. After the initial scandal subsided, they became\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172029\",\n \"text\": \"Olympic track star who survived a plane crash over sea and spent two years in a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. She also served as producer under her Jolie Pas banner. \\\"Unbroken\\\" is based on Laura Hillenbrand's , the film was scripted by the Coen brothers and starred Jack O'Connell. After a positive early reception, \\\"Unbroken\\\" was considered a likely Best Picture and Best Director contender, but it ultimately received mixed reviews and little award recognition, though it was named one of the best films of the year by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute. In a typical\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172023\",\n \"text\": \"also voiced the DreamWorks animation \\\"Kung Fu Panda\\\" (2008), the first work in a major family franchise, later reprising her voice role in the sequels \\\"Kung Fu Panda 2\\\" (2011) and \\\"Kung Fu Panda 3\\\" (2016). After her mother's death in 2007, Jolie began appearing in fewer films, later explaining that her motivation to be an actress had stemmed from her mother's acting ambitions. Her first film in two years was the thriller \\\"Salt\\\" (2010), in which she starred as a CIA agent who goes on the run after she is accused of being a KGB sleeper agent. Originally written\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172047\",\n \"text\": \"Haiti in the wake of the 2010 earthquake and promoted the development of an inclusive democratic process in Libya following the 2011 revolution. Jolie has fronted a campaign against sexual violence in military conflict zones by the UK government, which made the issue a priority of its 2013 G8 presidency. In May 2012, she launched the Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative (PSVI) with Foreign Secretary William Hague, who was inspired to campaign on the issue by her Bosnian war drama \\\"In the Land of Blood and Honey\\\" (2011). PSVI was established to complement wider UK government work by raising awareness and\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172021\",\n \"text\": \"forced to take salary cuts in recent years, Jolie's perceived box office appeal allowed her to command as much as $20 million plus a percentage. She starred alongside James McAvoy and Morgan Freeman in the action film \\\"Wanted\\\" (2008), which proved an international success, earning $341.4 million worldwide. The film received predominantly favorable reviews; writing for \\\"The New York Times\\\", Manohla Dargis noted that Jolie was \\\"perfectly cast as a super-scary, seemingly amoral assassin,\\\" adding that \\\"she cuts the kind of disciplinarian figure who can bring boys of all ages to their knees or at least into their theater seats.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171995\",\n \"text\": \"to act and enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, where she trained for two years and appeared in several stage productions. Jolie first attended Beverly Hills High School, where she felt isolated among the children of some of the area's affluent families because her mother survived on a more modest income. She was teased by other students, who targeted her for being extremely thin and for wearing glasses and braces. Her early attempts at modeling, at her mother's insistence, proved unsuccessful. She then transferred to Moreno High School, an alternative school, where she became a \\\"punk outsider,\\\" wearing all-black\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17335138\",\n \"text\": \"Actress. A role opposite Nicolas Cage in the heist film \\\"Gone in 60 Seconds\\\" (2000) proved to be her highest-grossing to that point. Jolie achieved worldwide recognition as the eponymous archaeologist in \\\"\\\" (2001), an action film based on the \\\"Tomb Raider\\\" video game series. Despite negative reviews, the film had the biggest opening weekend for a film featuring an action heroine. This was followed by roles in two box-office failures—the 2001 erotic thriller \\\"Original Sin\\\" and the 2002 romantic comedy \\\"Life or Something Like It\\\". Jolie reprised the role of Lara Croft in the sequel \\\"\\\" (2003). In 2004,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18861896\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Rodriguez Angelina Rodriguez (born 1968) is an American woman from Montebello, California who was sentenced to death for the September 2000 murder of her fourth husband, Jose Francisco \\\"Frank\\\" Rodriguez. She was also accused of killing her infant daughter in 1993 by suffocating her with a pacifier. Angelina is currently incarcerated at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla, California, where she is on death row awaiting execution. Angelina Rodriguez met her husband Frank, a special education teacher, while they were employed at a camp in San Luis Obispo, California. The couple married in April 2000. It was Angelina's\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Rodriguez\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172074\",\n \"text\": \"of $27 million, $30 million, and $33 million respectively. Jolie's public image is strongly tied to her perceived beauty and sex appeal. Many media outlets, including \\\"Vogue\\\", \\\"People\\\", and \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", have cited her as the world's most beautiful woman, while others such as \\\"Esquire\\\", \\\"FHM\\\", and \\\"Empire\\\" have named her the sexiest woman alive; both titles have often been based on public polls in which Jolie places far ahead of other celebrity women. Her most recognizable physical features are her many tattoos, eyes, and in particular her full lips, which \\\"The New York Times\\\" considered as defining a feature\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172045\",\n \"text\": \"primary schools for girls in the returnee settlements Tangi and Qalai Gudar in eastern Afghanistan, which opened in March 2010 and November 2012 respectively. In addition to the facilities at the Millennium Village she established in Cambodia, Jolie had built at least ten other schools in the country by 2005. In February 2006, she opened the Maddox Chivan Children's Center, a medical and educational facility for children affected by HIV, in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh. In Sebeta, Ethiopia, the birthplace of her eldest daughter, she funds a sister facility, the Zahara Children's Center, which is expected to open in\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172031\",\n \"text\": \"part of an overall poor reception. Writing for \\\"The Washington Post\\\", Stephanie Merry noted its dearth of genuine emotion, stating, \\\"\\\"By the Sea\\\" is dazzlingly gorgeous, as are its stars. But peeling back layer upon layer of exquisite ennui reveals nothing but emptiness, sprinkled with stilted sentiments.\\\" Despite starring two of Hollywood's leading actors, the film received only a limited release. As Jolie preferred to dedicate herself to her humanitarian work, her cinematic output remained infrequent. \\\"First They Killed My Father\\\" (2017), a drama set during Cambodia's Khmer Rouge era, again enabled her to combine both interests. In addition to\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172077\",\n \"text\": \"the planet\\\" sometimes harmed her dramatic credibility with audiences. Beyond her career, Jolie's appearance has been credited with influencing popular culture at large. In 2002, AfterEllen founder Sarah Warn observed that many women of all sexual orientations had publicly expressed their attraction to Jolie, which she considered a new development in American culture, adding that \\\"there are many beautiful women in Hollywood, and few generate the same kind of overwhelming interest across genders and sexual orientations that she does\\\". Jolie's physical attributes became highly sought-after among western women seeking cosmetic surgery; by 2007, she was considered \\\"the gold standard of\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172070\",\n \"text\": \"contributing factor of her controversial image were tabloid rumors of incest that started when Jolie, upon winning her Oscar, kissed her brother on the lips and said, \\\"I'm so in love with my brother right now.\\\" She dismissed the rumors, saying, \\\"It was disappointing that something so beautiful and pure could be turned into a circus,\\\" and explained that, as children of divorce, she and James relied on one another for emotional support. Jolie's reputation began to change positively after she, at age 26, became a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, later commenting, \\\"In my\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172062\",\n \"text\": \"and Zahara soon after. In an attempt to avoid the unprecedented media frenzy surrounding their relationship, Jolie and Pitt traveled to Namibia for the birth of their first biological child. On May 27, 2006, she gave birth to a daughter, Shiloh Nouvel, in Swakopmund. They sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images with the aim of benefiting charity, rather than allowing paparazzi to make these valuable photographs. \\\"People\\\" and \\\"Hello!\\\" purchased the North American and British rights to the images for $4.1 and $3.5 million respectively, a record in celebrity photojournalism at that time, with all\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172052\",\n \"text\": \"bedroom with my mom in the next room. She made the choice, and because of it, I continued to go to school every morning and explored my first relationship in a safe way.\\\" She has compared the relationship to a marriage in its emotional intensity, and said that the breakup compelled her to dedicate herself to her acting career at the age of 16. During filming of \\\"Hackers\\\" (1995), Jolie had a romance with British actor Jonny Lee Miller, her first lover since the relationship in her early teens. They were not in touch for many months after production ended,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172043\",\n \"text\": \"initiative, the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants' National Center for Refugee and Immigrant Children. Jolie has also advocated for children's education. Since its founding at the Clinton Global Initiative's annual meeting in September 2007, she has co-chaired the Education Partnership for Children of Conflict, which provides policy and funding to education programs for children in conflict-affected regions. In its first year, the partnership supported education projects for Iraqi refugee children, youth affected by the Darfur conflict, and girls in rural Afghanistan, among other affected groups. The partnership has worked closely with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center for Universal\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172037\",\n \"text\": \"promoted to the rank of Special Envoy to High Commissioner António Guterres, the first to take on such a position within the organization. In her expanded role, she was given authority to represent Guterres and UNHCR at the diplomatic level, with a focus on major refugee crises. In the months following her promotion, she made her first visit as Special Envoy—her third over all—to Ecuador, where she met with Colombian refugees, and she accompanied Guterres on a week-long tour of Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq, to assess the situation of refugees from neighboring Syria. Since then, Jolie has gone on\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172036\",\n \"text\": \"Second Gulf War, where she met privately with U.S. troops and other multi-national forces, and the Afghan capital Kabul during the war in Afghanistan, where three aid workers were murdered in the midst of her first visit. To aid her travels, she began taking flying lessons in 2004 with the aim of ferrying aid workers and food supplies around the world; she now holds a private pilot license with instrument rating and owns a Cirrus SR22 and Cessna 208 Caravan single-engine aircraft. On April 17, 2012, after more than a decade of service as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, Jolie was\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172035\",\n \"text\": \"she hoped to accomplish, she stated, \\\"Awareness of the plight of these people. I think they should be commended for what they have survived, not looked down upon.\\\" To that end, her 2001–02 field visits were chronicled in her book \\\"Notes from My Travels\\\", which was published in October 2003 in conjunction with the release of her humanitarian drama \\\"Beyond Borders\\\". Jolie aimed to visit what she termed \\\"forgotten emergencies,\\\" crises that media attention had shifted away from. She became noted for travelling to war zones, such as Sudan's Darfur region during the Darfur conflict, the Syrian-Iraqi border during the\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172034\",\n \"text\": \"met with Afghan refugees in Pakistan, where she donated $1 million in response to an international UNHCR emergency appeal, the largest donation UNHCR had ever received from a private individual. She covered all costs related to her missions and shared the same rudimentary working and living conditions as UNHCR field staff on all of her visits. Jolie was named a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador at UNHCR headquarters in Geneva on August 27, 2001. Over the next decade, she went on more than 40 field missions, meeting with refugees and internally displaced persons in over 30 countries. In 2002, when asked what\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172026\",\n \"text\": \"and Honey\\\" (2011), a love story between a Serb soldier and a Bosniak prisoner, set during the 1992–95 Bosnian War. She conceived the film to rekindle attention for the survivors, after twice visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina in her role as a UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador. To ensure authenticity, she cast only actors from the former Yugoslavia—including stars Goran Kostić and Zana Marjanović—and incorporated their wartime experiences into her screenplay. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews; Todd McCarthy of \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" wrote, \\\"Jolie deserves significant credit for creating such a powerfully oppressive atmosphere and staging the ghastly events so credibly,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172025\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"plays her femme fatale with flat-out, drop-dead sexuality.\\\" Despite the poor critical reception and a slow start at the North American box office, the film went on to gross a respectable $278.3 million worldwide, cementing Jolie's appeal to international audiences. She received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance, which gave rise to speculation that it had been given merely to ensure her high-profile presence at the awards ceremony. After directing the documentary \\\"A Place in Time\\\" (2007), which was distributed through the National Education Association, Jolie made her feature directorial debut with \\\"In the Land of Blood\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172017\",\n \"text\": \"definitely feels like something she has already done, but she does add an unmistakable dash of excitement and glamour.\\\" Jolie made a brief appearance as a fighter pilot in \\\"Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow\\\", a science fiction adventure shot entirely with actors in front of a bluescreen, and voiced her first family film, the DreamWorks animation \\\"Shark Tale\\\". Her supporting role as Queen Olympias in Oliver Stone's \\\"Alexander\\\", about the life of Alexander the Great, was met with mixed reception, particularly concerning her Slavic accent. Commercially, the film failed in North America, which Stone attributed to disapproval of\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8171997\",\n \"text\": \"commenting, \\\"For some reason, the ritual of having cut myself and feeling the pain, maybe feeling alive, feeling some kind of release, it was somehow therapeutic to me.\\\" She also struggled with insomnia and an eating disorder, and began experimenting with drugs; by age 20, she had used \\\"just about every drug possible,\\\" particularly heroin. Jolie suffered episodes of depression and twice planned to commit suicide—at age 19 and again at 22, when she attempted to hire a hitman to kill her. When she was 24, she experienced a nervous breakdown and was admitted for 72 hours to UCLA Medical\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172028\",\n \"text\": \"adding that she \\\"doesn't chew the estimable scenery in \\\"Maleficent\\\"—she infuses it, wielding a magnetic and effortless power.\\\" In its opening weekend, \\\"Maleficent\\\" earned nearly $70 million at the North American box office and over $100 million in other markets, marking Jolie's appeal to audiences of all demographics in both action and fantasy films, genres usually dominated by male actors. The film went on to gross $757.8 million worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of the year and Jolie's highest-grossing film ever. Jolie next completed her second directorial venture, \\\"Unbroken\\\" (2014), about World War II hero Louis Zamperini (1917–2014), a former\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8172067\",\n \"text\": \"further wrote, \\\"On a personal note, I do not feel any less of a woman. I feel empowered that I made a strong choice that in no way diminishes my femininity.\\\" Jolie's announcement of her mastectomy attracted widespread publicity and discussion on BRCA mutations and genetic testing. Her decision was met with praise from various public figures, while health campaigners welcomed her raising awareness of the options available to at-risk women. Dubbed \\\"The Angelina Effect\\\" by a \\\"Time\\\" cover story, Jolie's influence led to a \\\"global and long-lasting\\\" increase in BRCA gene testing: the number of referrals tripled in Australia\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4134783\",\n \"text\": \"Jolie Holland Jolie Holland is an American singer and performer who combines elements of folk, traditional, country, rock, jazz, and blues. Growing up in Houston, Texas, Jolie left in 1994, moving to Austin, New Orleans, and San Francisco before ending up in Vancouver, Canada, where she was one of the founding members of The Be Good Tanyas. Holland left the band before the release of their debut album, \\\"Blue Horse\\\", on which she appears prominently. She returned to San Francisco, where she recorded her first album, 2002's \\\"Catalpa\\\". Originally self-released, the album was later picked up and re-released by ANTI-.\",\n \"title\": \"Jolie Holland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17335137\",\n \"text\": \"Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Television Film. She made her breakthrough the following year in HBO's television film \\\"Gia\\\" (1998). For her performance in the title role of fashion model Gia Carangi, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Film. Jolie's first role in 1999 was in \\\"Pushing Tin\\\", a critical and commercial failure; however, her next film, \\\"The Bone Collector\\\", emerged as a commercial success. In the 1999 drama \\\"Girl, Interrupted\\\", Jolie played a sociopathic mental patient, a role which won her a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for Best Supporting\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Jolie filmography\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10381712\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Maccarone Angelina Maccarone is a German film director and writer. Angelina Maccarone was born in Pulheim, Germany, 1965. A child of immigration, she is the daughter of an Italian father - who was also a guest worker - and a German mother who together moved to Germany in the 1960's. Maccarone originally sought a career in music before turning to film. She played the electric guitar and became a lyricist when she was 14 years old. In 1985, she attended the University of Hamburg and majored in German and American Studies. Maccarone currently lives in Berlin with her partner,\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Maccarone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7988006\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina or Marija Angelina Nemanjić (, ; 1350/1351 - 28 December 1394) was the self-proclaimed \\\"basilissa\\\" (Empress, queen) of Epirus from 1384-85, succeeding the rule of her murdered husband Thomas Preljubović. Maria was the daughter of self-proclaimed Emperor Simeon Uroš, the half-brother of Emperor Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (Nemanjić dynasty), and Thomais Orsini. Her maternal grandfather was John Orsini of Epirus. In 1366, Maria married Thomas Preljubović, who was appointed governor of Epirus in Ioannina by her father. Popular with her subjects, she was apparently mistreated by her husband and connived\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14548716\",\n \"text\": \"day is July 30, while she is also venerated on December 10, together with her husband, St. Stephen, and her son, St. John. She wrote a hagiography known as \\\"Hagiography of Mother Angelina\\\" (/\\\"Žitije majke Angeline\\\"). Angelina of Serbia Angelina Branković (; ca. 1440–1520), née Arianiti, was the despotess consort of Serbian Despot Stefan Branković (r. 1458—1459), and a daughter of Albanian nobleman Gjergj Arianiti. For her pious life she was proclaimed a saint and venerated as such by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Venerable Mother Angelina (/\\\"Predobra mati Angelina\\\"). Angelina was the sixth daughter of Albanian nobleman Gjergj Arianiti\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina of Serbia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15021148\",\n \"text\": \"were married and had four children together: Lumumba, Maima, Yona, and Josephine. Josephine Kasalamwa Wapakabulo, PhD is the Executive Director of Uganda National Oil Company. Angelina and her late husband were contemporaries at Dar es Salaam University, with President Yoweri Museveni in the 1960s. During Wapakhabulo's memorial service at their home in Mafudu village, Sironko District, President Museveni said they were relieved when Wapakhabulo told them he was going to marry Angelina. Wapakhabulo had earlier shown interest in marrying an American, a proposal his peers considered a betrayal given their student Pan-African revolutionary pretensions at the time. Angelina Wapakhabulo Angelina\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Wapakhabulo\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16229437\",\n \"text\": \"away from Carmine, first going to a hotel near Niagara Falls. Hearing of this, Angelo assumed that Kevin wanted to win over Angelina, and sent over his friend Dino to \\\"break his legs\\\". They fled to Angelo's fishing cabin on an island where a homeless man is living. It is later revealed to be Gloria's estranged husband Jeffrey who had been kidnapped and sent away by Angelo, but lost memory of it. Jeffrey stole their motor boat, leaving them stranded there. Angelina then finally revealed to Kevin that she was never pregnant and faked the ordeal so that he would\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Veneziano\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17889022\",\n \"text\": \"Angelina Nikonova Angelina Nikonova (born February 27, 1976) is a Russian filmmaker, script writer and film producer. Angelina Nikonova was born in Rostov-on-Don. She dreamed about film directing since her childhood. However, the situation with national film production in Russia is complicated, especially for a woman. As Angelina notices: ‘Women as film directors are rarely trusted’. Moreover, Russian viewer is reluctant to national product. People rather go to watch Hollywood production, than a film made in Russia. However, Angelina did not give up on her dream. She applied to All-Russian State University of Cinematography named after S. A. Gerasimov (aka\",\n \"title\": \"Angelina Nikonova\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["brad pitt"],"string":"[\n \"brad pitt\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1686,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what kind of money do they use in aruba?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"9715890","text":"Central Bank of Aruba The Central Bank of Aruba () is the central bank in Aruba responsible for implementation of monetary policy of the Aruban florin. The Centrale Bank van Aruba (the Bank) started its operations on January 1, 1986, when Aruba obtained its status as an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Prior to this period, Aruba formed part of the Netherlands Antilles under jurisdiction of the Bank of the Netherlands Antilles. The bank is a legal entity in itself (\"sui generis\") with an autonomous position within Aruba's public sector. With the inception of the bank, the","title":"Central Bank of Aruba"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9715890\",\n \"text\": \"Central Bank of Aruba The Central Bank of Aruba () is the central bank in Aruba responsible for implementation of monetary policy of the Aruban florin. The Centrale Bank van Aruba (the Bank) started its operations on January 1, 1986, when Aruba obtained its status as an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Prior to this period, Aruba formed part of the Netherlands Antilles under jurisdiction of the Bank of the Netherlands Antilles. The bank is a legal entity in itself (\\\"sui generis\\\") with an autonomous position within Aruba's public sector. With the inception of the bank, the\",\n \"title\": \"Central Bank of Aruba\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"19429189","text":"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am) \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\" is a song written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn that was also recorded by Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in August 1967 via Decca Records. \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\" was recorded at the Bradley's Barn on January 18, 1967. Located in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, the session was produced by renowned country music producer Owen Bradley. Three additional tracks were recorded during this session. \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You","title":"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)"},{"psg_id":"13381291","text":"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell, written by Al Carmichael and Gary Griffin. It was released in May 1992 as the second single from the album, \"Love Without Mercy\". The song was Parnell's fifth single release, and his first to reach Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It is also one of three singles in his career to reach number two on the country music charts. \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I","title":"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"},{"psg_id":"13793560","text":"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am) \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\" is a 1964 single written by Ray Whitley and recorded by The Tams. The single was their most successful release on both the United States R&B and pop charts. \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\" went to number one on the \"Cash Box\" R&B chart and peaked at number nine on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. this track was one of the many hit records recorded at Rick Hall's FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Musicians on this track included","title":"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)"},{"psg_id":"7657272","text":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"7657281","text":"2002 DVD \"Pull Over\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \"The Facts of Life\", \"Working\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \"Read No Evil\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\"","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"13381292","text":"Am\" debuted at number 75 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 16, 1992. What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell, written by Al Carmichael and Gary Griffin. It was released in May 1992 as the second single from the album, \"Love Without Mercy\". The song was Parnell's fifth single release, and his first to reach Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It is also one of three","title":"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am"},{"psg_id":"13793561","text":"Norbert Putman on bass, Jerry Carrigan on drums, David Briggs on piano, and Terry Thompson and Earl \"Peanut\" Montgomery on guitar. The song was covered by Bill Deal and the Rhondels in 1969, and peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot 100. Del Shannon covered this song on his posthumously-released album \"Rock On!\". What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am) \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\" is a 1964 single written by Ray Whitley and recorded by The Tams. The single was their most successful release on both the United States R&B and pop charts.","title":"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)"},{"psg_id":"19429190","text":"Think I Am)\" reached number five on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles survey in 1967. The song became her eleventh top ten single under the Decca recording label. Secondly, the song became Lynn's first single to chart in Canada. It peaked at number six on the Canadian \"RPM Country Tracks\" chart. It was included on her studio album, \"Fist City\" (1968). What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am) \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\" is a song written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn that was also recorded by Loretta Lynn. It was","title":"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)"},{"psg_id":"9740","text":"century due to the close economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia, and several Venezuelan TV networks are received, and the fact that Aruba has a presence of Venezuelan and Colombian residents. The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento dates from 1803. Around 12.6% of the population today speaks Spanish. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted wide use of the language. Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: \"Diario\", \"Bon Dia\", \"Solo di Pueblo\"","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"16038490","text":"covered the song on his 2002 album for DreamWorks Records. It was the B-side to the album's first single, \"Honey Do\". What Kind of Love \"What Kind of Love\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in June 1992 as the second single from the album \"Life Is Messy\". The song reached number 11 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and peaked at number 2 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks in Canada. Crowell and co-writer Will Jennings wrote the lyrics to a recording of a melody that","title":"What Kind of Love"},{"psg_id":"14312633","text":"Irausquin plein # 9\" in 1958. The building was designed by the Manager of the Department of Public Services, A.A. van Ammers. Post Aruba is responsible for the Aruba stamp issuing programme and Aruba has had its own stamps since obtaining internal autonomy in 1986. Commemorative and definitive stamps are issued as well as a range of revenue stamps for use on official documents. A range of services are offered including letter post, parcels, express, airmail and post office boxes. A Western Union money transmission service is available in all Aruban post offices. Postage stamps and postal history of Aruba","title":"Post Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14901486","text":"and that \"this was the biggest case they ever had.\" In October 1997, the Aruba Police Force arrested four men, including Eric and Alex Mansur of the powerful Mansur family, for extradition to the United States. They were among 85 individuals indicted in the U.S. District Court of Puerto Rico on federal charges of involvement in a Caribbean money laundering ring following an FBI sting called Operation Golden Trash. Aruba Police Force The Aruba Police Force (Dutch: \"Korps Politie Aruba\" or \"KPA\", Papiamento: \"Cuerpo Policial Aruba\") is the law enforcement agency of the island of Aruba. The force operates under","title":"Aruba Police Force"},{"psg_id":"11059793","text":"the Ministers Plenipotentiary usually do not resign in the event of a Dutch cabinet crisis. The following table lists the Ministers Plenipotentiary of Aruba that have been in office since Aruba gained its \"status aparte\" in 1986: Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba () represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The current Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba is Guillfred Besaril. The Minister Plenipotentiary and his cabinet are seated in the Arubahuis (Aruba House) in The Hague. A significant difference between the Netherlands ministers and the Ministers Plenipotentiary","title":"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"19286485","text":"found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library. The song urges Americans (specifically immigrants) to use this war to prove their loyalty to the United States; whether that may be by fighting or by simply standing behind the US's actions. For those who show no support, this question is posed: \"What are you doing over here?\" It upholds the \"us-against-them\" mentality; the \"them\" in this case is Germany. The chorus is as follows: What Kind of an American are You? What Kind of an American are you?, also known as What Kind of American are you?, is a World War I","title":"What Kind of an American are You?"},{"psg_id":"8660555","text":"What Kind of Fool Am I? \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\" is a popular song written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley and published in 1962. It was introduced by Anthony Newley in the musical \"Stop The World - I Want To Get Off\". It comes at the end of Act Two to close the show. Bricusse and Newley received the 1961 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, and the 1963 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, becoming the first Britons to do so. This song was recorded whilst Newley was on the road with","title":"What Kind of Fool Am I?"},{"psg_id":"14712589","text":"advocated use of notional prices computed by solving simultaneous equations. Austrian school critics of socialism, particularly Ludwig von Mises, based his critique of socialism on the calculation problem. Proponents of in-kind calculation argue that the use of a common medium like money distorts information about the utility of an object. Socialists in favor of calculation in kind argued that, in a system of in-kind calculation, waste associated with the monetary system would be eliminated, and in particular objects would no longer be desired for functionally useless purposes like resale and speculation - they would only be desired for their use-value.","title":"Calculation in kind"},{"psg_id":"15675637","text":"rain under one umbrella. FINAL NOMINATION for spot titled “Are you man enough?” where a young woman questions what it really is to be a man. What Kind of Man Are You? What Kind of Man Are You? is a mass-media campaign in India asking men to use condoms to protect their wives from HIV/AIDS. The campaign was launched in 2005 by an organization named Breakthrough. This campaign heightened awareness for the over 2 million married women with HIV/AIDS in India who were infected by their husbands. The campaign encouraged an open, national dialogue about a woman's right to negotiate","title":"What Kind of Man Are You?"},{"psg_id":"7126106","text":"& the Bunnymen left London Records in early 2000. McCulloch said, \"What they said is, 'We'll keep you on if you don't take as much money as in the contract,' and we had no intention of staying anyway, so it was kind of 'were we pushed or did we fall?'\" There was also a change in the band's management with Toogood departing to start his own record label. With the session musicians who recorded \"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?\" moving on, McCulloch and Sergeant recruited a new band, with whom they would go on to record","title":"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?"},{"psg_id":"6695713","text":"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \"Read My Mind.\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"6695712","text":"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\" at number four. The track \"Everything That You Want\" was later","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"15675635","text":"What Kind of Man Are You? What Kind of Man Are You? is a mass-media campaign in India asking men to use condoms to protect their wives from HIV/AIDS. The campaign was launched in 2005 by an organization named Breakthrough. This campaign heightened awareness for the over 2 million married women with HIV/AIDS in India who were infected by their husbands. The campaign encouraged an open, national dialogue about a woman's right to negotiate safe sex within her marriage. The campaign was featured on 160 mainstream media outlets, and was created pro bono by McCann Erickson. This campaign won multiple","title":"What Kind of Man Are You?"},{"psg_id":"1693606","text":"3 (2004) Televisions: 60,000 (2004) Internet country code: AW Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Setar NV International Carriers: IP Globalcom N.V. (2008) Internet hosts: 17,611 (2008) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 97 Internet users: 24,000 (2007) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 183 As of May 2007, the whole island of Aruba has WIFI 3G internet connection. Telecommunications in Aruba This article is about communications systems in Aruba. Telephones - main lines in use: 38,700 (2006) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 166 Telephones - mobile cellular: 105,700 (2006) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 178 Telephone system:<br> general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications","title":"Telecommunications in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"7818134","text":"S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: \"What do you do if there's a fire?\", and the friends answer, \"Let it burn!\" The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language. What to Do in Case of Fire? What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in","title":"What to Do in Case of Fire?"},{"psg_id":"18940656","text":"to designate the Aruban patent at the end of the international phase. Since 1987, the Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention, which harmonised patent law in several European states applies. Aruba also uses the IPC system; the Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification applies. Regarding deposit of microorganisms, the Budapest Treaty applies. In addition the patent law treaty and the European Patent Convention, have been approved for Aruba, but a declaration regarding application with respect to Aruba has not been with the depositaries, and these treaties thus do not have effect.","title":"Patent law in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"20334753","text":"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with","title":"I Do What I Do"},{"psg_id":"7152015","text":"use of items that cannot be sold in their thrift stores, for example by bundling them and selling them as bulk material or scrap. These stores refuse donations that cost money to dispose of safely if unwanted, such as e-waste. Gifts in kind Gifts in kind, also referred to as \"in-kind donations\", is a kind of charitable giving in which, instead of giving money to buy needed goods and services, the goods and services themselves are given. Gifts in kind are distinguished from gifts of cash or stock. Some types of gifts in kind are appropriate, others are not. Examples","title":"Gifts in kind"},{"psg_id":"14121335","text":"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\" The music video for the single \"What Faith Can Do\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \"What Faith Can Do\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from","title":"What Faith Can Do"},{"psg_id":"12253733","text":"quoted describing Barry Gibb's contribution to this song: \"He did the demo first. Barbra sang to the demo, then he came back and replaced a couple of things after he had heard what she was doing.\" Released as the third single from Streisand's 1980 album \"Guilty\", \"What Kind of Fool\" was the third consecutive top ten single from the album in the United States. \"Woman in Love\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and the album's title track (also a duet between the two singers) reached number three, both in late 1980. \"What Kind of Fool\" spent","title":"What Kind of Fool"},{"psg_id":"13768299","text":"thoughts and feelings to the images.\" They recommend it for classroom use to open discussion on \"topics including bullying, poverty, drug abuse, domestic violence, and the struggles of many inner-city children,\" and offer grade 7-12 study guide. In a retrospective of Hubert Davis' short works, \"Aruba\", \"Truth\" and \"Hardwood\" screened at the Toronto's NFB Mediatheque in November 2011. Aruba (film) Aruba is a 2006 Canadian coming-of-age dramatic short film and the fiction debut of director Hubert Davis. It was his first major work after his Academy Award-nominated film \"Hardwood\". Davis was inspired to create the film after having worked with","title":"Aruba (film)"},{"psg_id":"849467","text":"Flag of Aruba Aruba's national flag () was adopted on March 18, 1976. The design consists of a field of light blue (called \"Larkspur\"), two narrow parallel horizontal yellow (\"Bunting Yellow\") stripes in the bottom half, and a four-pointed white-fimbriated red (\"Union Flag red\") star in the canton. The design elements have multiple symbolic meanings: March 18 is a public holiday in Aruba, known as Flag Day and it is celebrated through carnivals and fairs. There is also a standard for use by the Governor of Aruba in his capacity as representative of the Monarch of the Netherlands. It consists","title":"Flag of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"19334529","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"19334526","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"3888810","text":"nobe\" (\"aña nobo\") – \"new year\" – sung after each phrase. The celebratory travel usually leads to the houses of the singers' friends and family, where the host collects money in his hat to give to the group. Certain districts may have their own dande groups performing on the second day of the year. Influenced by American tourists and the Latin Americans working in Aruba, Halloween is now observed and to a lesser extent the celebration of Dia de Los Muertos among the Latin Americans. The first beliefs and superstitions in Aruba date from Pre-Columbian times, when Indians roamed on","title":"Culture of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14712590","text":"Calculation in kind Calculation in kind or calculation in nature is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. Calculation in kind would value each commodity based only on its use value, for purposes of economic accounting. By contrast, in money-based economies, a commodity's value includes an exchange value. Calculation in kind would quantify the utility of an object \"directly\" without recourse to a general unit of calculation. This","title":"Calculation in kind"},{"psg_id":"14712587","text":"Calculation in kind Calculation in kind or calculation in nature is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. Calculation in kind would value each commodity based only on its use value, for purposes of economic accounting. By contrast, in money-based economies, a commodity's value includes an exchange value. Calculation in kind would quantify the utility of an object \"directly\" without recourse to a general unit of calculation. This","title":"Calculation in kind"},{"psg_id":"14180262","text":"Cup. The country is also a member of the Caribbean Football Union but they have yet to qualify for the Caribbean Cup. Football in Aruba Association football is the national sport of Aruba. Aruban football has been influenced and helped a lot by the national Royal Dutch Football Association over the years. The Aruba national team is normally placed near the bottom of the FIFA World Rankings System. The Arubaanse Voetbal Bond, which governs football on the island, was formed in 1932 although it did not affiliate to FIFA until 1988. The AVB is a member of the CONCACAF governing","title":"Football in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"7657279","text":"for people who do commercials\") and football coach George Allen (\"You have to put a priority on everything you do each day\"). As the foreword to the book points out, \"Mr. Terkel found, work was a search, sometimes successful, sometimes not, 'for daily meaning as well as daily bread'... The oral histories in \"Working\" are wistful dispatches from a distant era...when management practices and computers were just beginning to transform the American workplace. In the last thirty years, productivity has soared but job satisfaction has plummeted. It is hard to read \"Working\" without wondering what has gone wrong.\" A bestseller","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"12253734","text":"three weeks at number ten on the Hot 100 in March and April 1981. It also spent four weeks atop the \"Billboard\" adult contemporary chart. Popular American TV serial \"Glee\" covered this song in 2011 by fictional character Blaine Anderson (as played by Darren Criss). This was featured on their soundtrack album \"\". No Glee episode had featured this version, as it is only appeared in the album. What Kind of Fool \"What Kind of Fool\" is the title of a vocal duet from 1981 (see 1981 in music) by singers Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb. The song was written","title":"What Kind of Fool"},{"psg_id":"16038488","text":"What Kind of Love \"What Kind of Love\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in June 1992 as the second single from the album \"Life Is Messy\". The song reached number 11 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and peaked at number 2 on the \"RPM\" Country Tracks in Canada. Crowell and co-writer Will Jennings wrote the lyrics to a recording of a melody that Roy Orbison had made before his death. The song features backing vocals from Don Henley and Linda Ronstadt. Deborah Evans Price,","title":"What Kind of Love"},{"psg_id":"12253732","text":"What Kind of Fool \"What Kind of Fool\" is the title of a vocal duet from 1981 (see 1981 in music) by singers Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb. The song was written by Gibb and Albhy Galuten. The songs on the \"Guilty\" album were a collaboration between Streisand and all the members of the Bee Gees, including Barry's brothers, Robin and Maurice Gibb. But Barry Gibb played the largest role of the brothers on the album, co-writing and co-producing all of the tracks, appearing on the album cover embracing Streisand, and singing two duets with her. Co-producer Karl Richardson was","title":"What Kind of Fool"},{"psg_id":"4372044","text":"Elections in Aruba Elections in Aruba gives information on election and election results in Aruba. Aruba elects on national level a legislature. The Estates (\"Staten\") have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by Open list Party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed between parties that have gained at least one full quota (1/21, or approximately 4.76% of the vote) using the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (a variant of the D'Hondt method). Before obtaining the status as land ( in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba participated in elections for its Island Council and for the Aruba constituency of the parliament of the","title":"Elections in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"6631443","text":"were written in Papiamento. Dutch has been one of the official languages of the island for years as the island is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, Dutch is the sole language for all administrative and legal matters. Aruba has recognized English as an international language, and has required that children learn English as early as the 4th grade. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire; when Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials noted the already widespread use of the language.. Since May 2003, Papiamento has also","title":"Languages of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693605","text":"Telecommunications in Aruba This article is about communications systems in Aruba. Telephones - main lines in use: 38,700 (2006) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 166 Telephones - mobile cellular: 105,700 (2006) <br>\"country comparison to the world:\" 178 Telephone system:<br> general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications system<br> \"domestic\": increasing competition through privatization; 3 wireless service providers are now licensed<br> \"international\": 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten (Netherlands Antilles); extensive inter-island microwave radio relay links. Satellite connection with the rest of the world are also available. Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 16, shortwave 0 (2004) Radios: 50,000 (1997) Television broadcast stations:","title":"Telecommunications in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"16994040","text":"Venezuelan government in the first half of 2018, the fleet renewal will be announced near the end of the year. Aruba Airlines management has revealed they are looking to fly to Sint Maarten. As of May 2018, Aruba Airlines flies to the following destinations: As of May 2018, the Aruba Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft: Aruba Airlines Aruba Airlines is the flag carrier and the sole airline of Aruba. The airline, founded in 2006, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers to 13 destinations. Aruba Airlines's corporate headquarters is in Oranjestad, Aruba, while its secondary hub is","title":"Aruba Airlines"},{"psg_id":"16994034","text":"Aruba Airlines Aruba Airlines is the flag carrier and the sole airline of Aruba. The airline, founded in 2006, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers to 13 destinations. Aruba Airlines's corporate headquarters is in Oranjestad, Aruba, while its secondary hub is at Miami, Florida. Aruba operates its primary maintenance base at Miami. They received AOC from United States in 2015. Aruba Airlines was established by Mr. Onno J. de Swart in 2006. The airline began charter operations with a seven-seat Piper PA-31 Navajo in 2010. The main headquarters is in the city of Oranjestad in Aruba, which is","title":"Aruba Airlines"},{"psg_id":"17648246","text":"History of the Jews in Aruba The history of the Jews in Aruba can be traced back to the 16th century, when the first Jewish immigrants began to arrive. The first Jews in Aruba were Sephardi Jewish immigrants from Netherlands and Portugal. The first Jew to settle in Aruba was a Portuguese-Jewish worker for the Dutch West Indies Company named Moses Solomon Levie Maduro, who arrived in Aruba with his family in 1754. After 1924, a number of Jewish immigrants came to Aruba from Eastern Europe, Surinam, and The Netherlands. In 1942, a Jewish center was opened and the Jewish","title":"History of the Jews in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14847660","text":"He alleges corruption among the Aruba Police Force, recalling that upon arrival on the island, they asked him how much money he had. Holloway accused suspect Joran van der Sloot of repeatedly lying and believes that he is \"guilty of something.\" Dave Holloway stated that he started taking notes in a journal by the second week of the search in Aruba for his daughter because of inconsistencies in the witness accounts of her disappearance. He felt that authorities were trying to close the investigation because of concern that it would tarnish the island's image as a tourist destination. He said","title":"Aruba: The Tragic Untold Story of Natalee Holloway and Corruption in Paradise"},{"psg_id":"4372045","text":"Netherlands Antilles. Aruba has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful. Elections in Aruba Elections in Aruba gives information on election and election results in Aruba. Aruba elects on national level a legislature. The Estates (\"Staten\") have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by Open list Party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed between parties that have gained at least one full quota (1/21, or approximately 4.76% of the vote) using the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (a variant of the D'Hondt method). Before obtaining the status as land ( in the Kingdom","title":"Elections in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9750","text":"the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities. Most tourists are from the United States (predominantly from the north-east US), Canada, the Netherlands and South America, mainly Venezuela and Colombia. As part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, citizens of the Netherlands can travel with relative ease to Aruba and other islands of the Dutch Antilles. No visas are needed for Dutch citizens, only a passport, and although the currency used in Aruba is different (the Netherlands uses the Euro), money can be easily exchanged at a local bank for Aruban Florins. For the facilitation of","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"18940652","text":"Patent law in Aruba Patent law in Aruba is mainly governed by the \"Patents Regulation\" (, formally: \"landsverordening houdende regels met betrekking tot octrooien\"), the law governing the Aruban patent. The Dutch government indicated in 2007, that the patent regulation was, to a large extent (and with the exception of provisions regarding European patents) identical to the Rijksoctrooiwet. The patent term in Aruba is 20 years, and also a short-term patent is available with a duration of 6 years. Inventions have to fulfill 3 requirements to be patentable: they have to be new, inventive and industrially applicable. and an International","title":"Patent law in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"15840610","text":"D1 covers many ‘public’ services (which do not fall under Class A): Class D2 addresses the use of premises for entertainment and leisure purposes: Certain uses do not fall within any use class and are considered 'sui generis' (Lit. Unique / of its own kind). Such uses include: theatres, houses in multiple occupation, hostels providing no significant element of care, scrap yards. Petrol filling stations and shops selling and/or displaying motor vehicles. Retail warehouse clubs, nightclubs, launderettes, taxi businesses, amusement centres and casinos. Planning use classes in England Planning use classes are the legal framework which determines what a particular","title":"Planning use classes in England"},{"psg_id":"3888804","text":"Culture of Aruba The culture of Aruba, one of the many islands that make up the Caribbean, is an amalgamate of the various cultures that have occupied and lived on the island, including indigenous peoples of South America, descendants of African slaves, and Spanish and Dutch colonialists. Aruba was inhabited long before it was claimed by the Spanish in 1499, as evidenced by petrographs on walls and the ceilings of caves and excavated ancient artifacts of the Arawaks. They indicate that the Caiquetios, peoples of the Arawak tribe that migrated north from the Orinoco Basin in South America, were in","title":"Culture of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693616","text":"after the Dutch obtained control of Aruba, they found the gold the Spanish had been seeking. With the discovery of gold on Aruba in 1800, mining became the island's foremost industry. Aruba's economy boomed. However, by 1916 the gold supply had mostly been tapped out, making it impossible for companies to turn a profit. As the gold mining industry waned, so did the economy. First planted on Aruba in 1850, aloes throve in its desert conditions. With a healthy demand for aloe products, it became an important part of Aruba's economy. In fact, for many years, the country was aloe's","title":"Economy of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693601","text":"independence within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986, the ANTMIL on Aruba was redesignated Arubaanse militie or ARUMIL. For the Kingdom of the Netherlands, World War II started with the invasion of the Netherlands by Germany on May 10, 1940. Because of the Lago oil refinery at San Nicolas, Aruba was deemed strategically important to the allied war effort and that same night 180 French marines arrived on Aruba to assist the local military. On July 6 they were replaced by 120 British soldiers who in turn were replaced by the 4th Battalion Queens Own Cameron Highlanders in September.","title":"Military of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9728","text":"the Kingdom of the Netherlands. By 1954, the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established, providing a framework for relations between Aruba and the rest of the Kingdom. In 1972, at a conference in Suriname, Betico Croes (MEP), a politician from Aruba, proposed a \"sui-generis\" Dutch Commonwealth of four states: Aruba, the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, each to have its own nationality. C. Yarzagaray, a parliamentary member representing the AVP political party, proposed a referendum so that the people of Aruba could choose whether they wanted total independence or \"Status Aparte\" as a full autonomous state","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9743","text":"the Netherlands passport. As Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have small populations, the three countries had to limit immigration. To protect their population, they have the right to control the admission and expulsion of people from the Netherlands. Aruba is designated as a member of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) and is thus officially not a part of the European Union, though Aruba can and does receive support from the European Development Fund. The Aruban legal system is based on the Dutch model. In Aruba, legal jurisdiction lies with the \"Gerecht in Eerste Aanleg\" (Court of First Instance) on","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693600","text":"garrisoncommander Borren. They were all taken to Venezuela where Urbina had hoped to overthrow the Government. His attempt failed and Urbina was taken prisoner. All hostages were returned to Curaçao. Three Dutch soldiers were killed in action during this attack. After Urbina's attack, the Dutch government decided to station one naval ship (\"stationsschip\") in the Antilles permanently. It also decided to raise a volunteer defence corps on both Curaçao and Aruba (vrijwilligerskorps Curaçao (VKC) and Vrijwilligerskorps Aruba (VKA)). After World War II, the VKA and VKC were redesignated Antiliaanse Militie (ANTMIL) which still exists on Curaçao. When Aruba obtained its","title":"Military of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14430604","text":"Festivals in Aruba Festivals in Aruba take place all year round on the island. Many of these colorful and entertaining cultural events that are recognized internationally and draw tourists from around the globe. The Aruba Summer Music Festival has become one of the best yearly Latin Music Festivals in the region. It is celebrated end of June every year and has drawn thousands of visitors yearly to the island of Aruba to enjoy this 2 day event. The Bon Bini Festival takes place in Fort Zoutman, Oranjestad every Tuesday from 6:30 PM to 8:30 PM all year round with Antillean","title":"Festivals in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14430607","text":"performing their original music along with traditional Dande songs for the new year. Carnival Carnival is a month long celebration filled with music competition, pageants, street parades and wonderful parades. This celebration started in1954 in Aruba Festivals in Aruba Festivals in Aruba take place all year round on the island. Many of these colorful and entertaining cultural events that are recognized internationally and draw tourists from around the globe. The Aruba Summer Music Festival has become one of the best yearly Latin Music Festivals in the region. It is celebrated end of June every year and has drawn thousands of","title":"Festivals in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14180261","text":"with 15 titles and SV Estrella with twelve. Until 1985 Aruban clubs also entered the Netherlands Antilles Championship with two winning, SV Racing Club Aruba in 1965 and SV Estrella in 1970. There are currently 62 registered clubs in Aruba with a total of 10,700 players and 126 officials involved in the game. Although the Aruba national football team made its debut as early as 1924 Aruban players officially represented the Netherlands Antilles national football team until a split was finalised in 1986. Although attempts have been Aruba have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup or the CONCACAF Gold","title":"Football in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"8964612","text":"are recruited with job advertisements for \"payment processing agents\", \"money transfer agents\", \"local processors\", and other similar titles; the real benefit to the criminals is not the work carried out by the mule, but that the criminals are distanced from the risky, visible transfer. Some money mules are recruited by an attractive member of the opposite sex. After deducting a relatively small payment for themselves, candidates are asked to accept funds and to forward them to a third party, which they can do from home. Legitimate companies use escrow services for this kind of work. Criminals trading in stolen or","title":"Money mule"},{"psg_id":"1693609","text":"an American tourist will have little problem adjusting to the driving pattern. There were, historically, two industrial narrow-gauge railways; but they no longer exist. In 2012 a tramway line was inaugurated in Downtown Oranjestad. Transport in Aruba Taxis, buses, and personal automobiles are the most common ways to travel in Aruba. The majority of the roads are paved, but toward the interior of the island the roads are less commonly paved. Coastal areas most often feature paved roads. With a total of 800 km of road, 287 km are unpaved. Arubus is the government-owned bus company with some 29 buses","title":"Transport in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"3888812","text":"unsuspecting rooster. Cards, including tarot decks are also popular, and no ceremony is complete without the customer being dispensed a potion or bath salts, the use of which will yield the desired result. Consultation fees are steep, but good fortune does not come cheap. Many Arubans, however, refer to these activities as like believing that roosters lay eggs (\"Webo di Gai\"). Culture of Aruba The culture of Aruba, one of the many islands that make up the Caribbean, is an amalgamate of the various cultures that have occupied and lived on the island, including indigenous peoples of South America, descendants","title":"Culture of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"20608312","text":"Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \"Because I Love You\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \"Because I Love You\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"10550772","text":"What Has Government Done to Our Money? What Has Government Done to Our Money? is a 1963 book by Murray N. Rothbard that details the history of money, from early barter systems, to the gold standard, to present day systems of paper money. Rothbard explains how money was originally developed, and why gold was chosen as the preferred commodity to use as money. The essay, \"What Has Government Done to Our Money?\" was written by Rothbard as an objective historical account with a provocative title. In contrast, \"The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar\" was an essay with an","title":"What Has Government Done to Our Money?"},{"psg_id":"17648247","text":"community became officially organized four years later. The Beth Israel Synagogue was consecrated on November 4, 1962, in Oranjestad. Beth Israel also shares their house of worship with the Jewish Community of Aruba (Israelitische Gemeente). As of 2013, the Jewish population is around 85. The current Prime Minister Mike Eman is Jewish. Eman has interacted with Chabad visiting Rabbis as well as with Chabad's permanent rabbi on the island. His brother Henny Eman was the first Prime Minister of Aruba. History of the Jews in Aruba The history of the Jews in Aruba can be traced back to the 16th","title":"History of the Jews in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"7587389","text":"lines: What Kind of Day Has It Been \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\" is the 22nd episode of \"The West Wing\", the season finale of the show's first season. It originally aired on NBC May 17, 2000. Events circle around the attempted rescue of a US fighter pilot in Iraq, and the president taking part in a town hall meeting in Rosslyn, Virginia. The episode was written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by Thomas Schlamme. \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\" is also the name of the first-season finales of both the series \"Sports Night\" and \"Studio","title":"What Kind of Day Has It Been"},{"psg_id":"7587380","text":"What Kind of Day Has It Been \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\" is the 22nd episode of \"The West Wing\", the season finale of the show's first season. It originally aired on NBC May 17, 2000. Events circle around the attempted rescue of a US fighter pilot in Iraq, and the president taking part in a town hall meeting in Rosslyn, Virginia. The episode was written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by Thomas Schlamme. \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\" is also the name of the first-season finales of both the series \"Sports Night\" and \"Studio 60","title":"What Kind of Day Has It Been"},{"psg_id":"19286484","text":"What Kind of an American are You? What Kind of an American are you?, also known as What Kind of American are you?, is a World War I era song released in 1917. Albert Von Tilzer composed the music. Lew Brown and Charles R. McCarron wrote the lyrics. The song was published by Broadway Music Co. of New York, New York. On the cover is a gray drawing of Uncle Sam pointing. A map of the United States is featured on the lower half of the cover. The song was written for voice and piano. The sheet music can be","title":"What Kind of an American are You?"},{"psg_id":"9910863","text":"LGBT rights in Aruba Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Aruba may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Aruba, but same-sex couples with Dutch nationality must travel to the Netherlands or its special municipalities to get married and the legal protection of marriage is not unconditional. Since October 2016, registered partnerships have been available to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Aruba. As part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba is obliged to recognize same-sex marriages registered in the Netherlands","title":"LGBT rights in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"3471470","text":"producer of the original version, and it included an updated B-side entitled \"One Year On (Feed the World)\", beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months. Vocalists Additional spoken messages on B-side Musicians Notes A second version of \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989, overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s, Stock Aitken Waterman. Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman","title":"Do They Know It's Christmas?"},{"psg_id":"10627871","text":"the Netherlands Antilles was also governor for Aruba. Governor of Aruba The Governor of Aruba is the representative on Aruba of the Dutch head of state (King Willem-Alexander). The governor's duties are twofold: he represents and guards the general interests of the Kingdom and is head of the Aruban Government. He is accountable to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the head of the Government, the Governor is immune. The Governor exercises the executive power under the responsibility of the Ministers, who are responsible to the Estates of Aruba. The Governor does not have political responsibilities and","title":"Governor of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"11059792","text":"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba () represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The current Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba is Guillfred Besaril. The Minister Plenipotentiary and his cabinet are seated in the Arubahuis (Aruba House) in The Hague. A significant difference between the Netherlands ministers and the Ministers Plenipotentiary is that the former ministers are accountable for their politics and policies to the Dutch parliament. The Ministers Plenipotentiary, however, are accountable to their national governments, which is the Estates of Aruba in case of Aruba. Therefore,","title":"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"20147514","text":"for the money they can make off of his hard work. \"What They Want\" peaked at number 83 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It is Russ' first song to appear on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single eventually was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million digital copies in the United States. Russ debuted the music video to \"What They Want\" through his Vevo account on May 3, 2016. As of August 2017, the song has over 100 million views on YouTube. What They Want (Russ song) \"What They Want\" is","title":"What They Want (Russ song)"},{"psg_id":"19648695","text":"a delegate to represent Aruba at Miss Earth. In 2011, Mellisa Lacle was appointed to compete at the pageant, she was Miss Aruba 2005 who competed at Miss Universe 2006 in Nevada, USA. Señorita Aruba Señorita Aruba is the national Beauty pageant in Aruba. The two brands; Miss Teen Aruba and Srta. Aruba are registered and are under management of Miss Aruba Foundation A TV Personality and Producer, Isaï Labadie introduced the Miss Aruba Foundation which held the Srta. Aruba and Miss Teen Aruba. The foundation in unrelated to Star Promotion Foundation (Miss Aruba Universe, Miss Aruba World, Miss Aruba","title":"Señorita Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14817654","text":"Illegal drug trade in Aruba The illegal drug trade in Aruba involves trans-shipment of cocaine and other drugs through Aruba to the United States. Corruption in Aruba is so widespread that \"Claire Sterling, widely acclaimed for her works on drugs and crime, said of it: 'the world's first independent mafia state emerged in 1993.'\" The Italian daily \"Corriere della Sera\" described Aruba as \"the first state to be bought by the bosses Cosa Nostra.\" Between 1988 and 1992 the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan was said to have acquired 60% of Aruba through investments in hotels, casinos and the election-campaign of a","title":"Illegal drug trade in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14817655","text":"Prime Minister. As a result of the public outcry, Aruba's independence from the Netherlands, planned for 1996, was cancelled. While drug trafficking through Aruba used to be a major issue, it is much less so today. Aruba was removed from the US State Department’s list of major drug producing and transit countries in 1999. The reason for this decline is unclear. Case Study Illegal drug trade in Aruba The illegal drug trade in Aruba involves trans-shipment of cocaine and other drugs through Aruba to the United States. Corruption in Aruba is so widespread that \"Claire Sterling, widely acclaimed for her","title":"Illegal drug trade in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"19648693","text":"Señorita Aruba Señorita Aruba is the national Beauty pageant in Aruba. The two brands; Miss Teen Aruba and Srta. Aruba are registered and are under management of Miss Aruba Foundation A TV Personality and Producer, Isaï Labadie introduced the Miss Aruba Foundation which held the Srta. Aruba and Miss Teen Aruba. The foundation in unrelated to Star Promotion Foundation (Miss Aruba Universe, Miss Aruba World, Miss Aruba Grand.) The main purpose of Miss Aruba Foundation is to prepare all the candidates, regardless of social standards, on the same level. the foundation is the only pageant on the island that tries","title":"Señorita Aruba"},{"psg_id":"15322903","text":"on March 29, 2011 through Tooth & Nail Records, and it is also Emery's first album co-released by Tooth & Nail's heavy metal/hardcore punk subdivision Solid State Records. Vocalist Toby Morell has said that he was \"proud\" of the signing to Solid State, and also described it as \"just kind of a good feeling to be wanted by another part of your company and be able to join all the awesome bands.\" All songs composed by Emery, except \"Fix Me\" composed by Devin Shelton. Deluxe edition Emery Production We Do What We Want We Do What We Want is the","title":"We Do What We Want"},{"psg_id":"14430606","text":"film community to Aruba. In 2011, over 45 films were featured from 18 countries and screened in 40 venues around the island. The Caribbean Sea Jazz Festival in Aruba is an outdoor festival featuring local and international jazz musicians. The festival presents local and international bands and artists over a two-day event in October. While jazz music is the focus, other artistic elements including dance, poetry, and art are also included in the program. The Dande Festival is one of the biggest musical events in Aruba, and takes place the last week of December. The festival features over 50 singers","title":"Festivals in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14180260","text":"Football in Aruba Association football is the national sport of Aruba. Aruban football has been influenced and helped a lot by the national Royal Dutch Football Association over the years. The Aruba national team is normally placed near the bottom of the FIFA World Rankings System. The Arubaanse Voetbal Bond, which governs football on the island, was formed in 1932 although it did not affiliate to FIFA until 1988. The AVB is a member of the CONCACAF governing body. The national league competition, the Aruban Division di Honor, was established in 1960 with the most successful teams being SV Dakota","title":"Football in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"8660560","text":"album \"War Elephant\". Clay Aiken recorded the song on his 2010 album \"Tried and True\". Allan Sherman parodied the song as \"One Hippopotami\" on his 1963 album \"My Son, the Nut\". This song was the inspiration for a Gary Larson cartoon. What Kind of Fool Am I? \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\" is a popular song written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley and published in 1962. It was introduced by Anthony Newley in the musical \"Stop The World - I Want To Get Off\". It comes at the end of Act Two to close the show. Bricusse and","title":"What Kind of Fool Am I?"},{"psg_id":"14380280","text":"perceived as exclusively applying to judges. Capital punishment in Aruba Capital punishment in Aruba has been prohibited by Article I.4 of the Constitution of Aruba since January 1, 1986, the day Aruba became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its own right. The inclusion of a capital punishment prohibition in the constitution was following the example provided by the 1983 constitution of the Netherlands, but rather than putting it in the judiciary section like the example, it was put in the basic rights, following the related Article I.3 about the inviolability of the body, to ensure","title":"Capital punishment in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"14380279","text":"Capital punishment in Aruba Capital punishment in Aruba has been prohibited by Article I.4 of the Constitution of Aruba since January 1, 1986, the day Aruba became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its own right. The inclusion of a capital punishment prohibition in the constitution was following the example provided by the 1983 constitution of the Netherlands, but rather than putting it in the judiciary section like the example, it was put in the basic rights, following the related Article I.3 about the inviolability of the body, to ensure that the prohibition would not be","title":"Capital punishment in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"18940655","text":"patent applications for the Dutch patent inapplicable. Aruba can not be a party to patent treaties itself, but the Kingdom is party to several treaties, also with respect to Aruba. This is the case for the Paris convention, which allows for claiming priority of up to 1 year from an earlier patent application in a Paris convention country. The Patent Cooperation Treaty also applies on Aruba, and the Bureau of Intellectual property acts as a receiving office for international (PCT) applications. However, as the Kingdom of the Netherlands has \"closed its national route\", it is -also in Aruba- not possible","title":"Patent law in Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9726","text":"interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after independence of Netherlands from Spain; architectural similarities can be seen between the 19th-century parts of Oranjestad and the nearby Venezuelan city of Coro in Falcón State. Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of colonial administration; its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the late 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9739","text":"Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento-speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs per island and even per group of people. Some are more oriented towards Portuguese and use the equivalent spelling (e.g. \"y\" instead of \"j\"), where others are more oriented towards Dutch. The book \"The Buccaneers of America\", first published in 1678, states through eyewitness account that the natives on Aruba spoke Spanish already. Spanish became an important language in the 18th","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"7152011","text":"the chief criticisms of gifts in kind, particularly in the context of disaster relief but also in other contexts, is that the things that people are likely to gift may be poorly matched to the immediate needs of recipients, but rather be influenced by what donors happen to want to dispose of. Some of the possibilities are: In addition to the argument that gifts in kind often do not meet the needs of recipients, it has also been argued that gifts in kind fail to empower the recipients because the recipients don't have as much flexibility on how to spend","title":"Gifts in kind"},{"psg_id":"9723","text":"the native Caquetíos compared to Europeans. Gold was not discovered on Aruba for another 300 years. Vespucci returned to Spain with stocks of cotton and brazilwood from the island and described houses built into the ocean. Vespucci and Ojeda's tales spurred interest in Aruba, and Spaniards soon colonized the island. Because it had low rainfall, Aruba was not considered profitable for the plantation system and the economics of the slave trade. Aruba was colonized by Spain for over a century. \"Simas\", the \"Cacique\", or chief, in Aruba, welcomed the first Catholic priests in Aruba, who gave him a wooden cross","title":"Aruba"},{"psg_id":"12046704","text":"Caves of Aruba Of the several caves of Aruba, three Aruban caves are well known, seen in deep crevices on the windward face of the island. All three of the caves are located in the Arikok National Park. The most prominent are Guadirikiri Cave, the Fontein Cave and the Huliba Cave. Nocturnal bats nestle in all these caves. The importance which the Government of Aruba attaches to these three caves is borne by the fact that postage stamps with images of them were issued by Post Aruba in April 2009 in specific denominations. The stamp of 175 cents value depicts","title":"Caves of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"4358302","text":"handles defense, citizenship and foreign affairs. Aruba and the other two member states are not fully independent—Aruba's relation within the 'Kingdom of the Netherlands', based on the self-determination referendum held in 1977, the Agreement proclaimed in 1983, the Regulation for the Governor of Aruba and its Constitution in force since August 1985, is more like a commonwealth relationship. Constitution of Aruba Aruba's State Constitution was unanimously approved by all political parties represented in Aruba's Parliament on a January 1, 1986, and was proclaimed in the \"Afkondigingsblad van Aruba\", No.26, 1985, on January 1, 1986. The Constitution is based on democratic","title":"Constitution of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"3888805","text":"fact the very first inhabitants of the island. Although the Spanish were in control of Aruba for many years, the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands soon gave the Dutch the upper hand. Finally in 1636 the Spanish handed over the island to the Dutch. Years later, the English took over Aruba for a brief period, but it quickly returned to Dutch rule in 1816 and remained that way until 1985, when Aruba became a separate entity within the kingdom of the Netherlands. The people and culture of Aruba have many different backgrounds, ranging from the Indians, to","title":"Culture of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693604","text":"works closely with the Dutch Marines company stationed at Aruba. An increase of instability in South America, specifically Venezuela, made the Netherlands heighten the security level and increase monitoring of the Dutch island in cooperation with the United States. Military of Aruba Defense on Aruba is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Military forces that protect Aruba include the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Netherlands Marine Corps and the Netherlands Coastguard. There is also a small indigenous \"Arubaanse Militie\" (ARUMIL) of about platoon strength. All forces are stationed at Marines Barracks Savaneta. Up to 1929, there were","title":"Military of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"6631442","text":"Languages of Aruba There are many languages spoken on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The official languages are Dutch and Papiamento, although schools require students to learn English, Spanish, French, and to a lesser extent, Portuguese which is also spoken on the island. According to the Government of Aruba the mother tongue and primary vernacular of almost all Arubans is a local language known as Papiamento, an Afro-Portuguese Creole language spoken since the 16th century. The language, however, was not widespread in Aruba till the 18th and 19th centuries when most materials on the island and even Roman Catholic schoolbooks","title":"Languages of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"1693627","text":"Arikok itself is . The Hooiberg is . While the Hooiberg is not the highest point on the island, it does look so, because of the flat surroundings it lies in. The Hooiberg can be seen from nearly every point of the island and is so known it has its on place on the Coat of arms of Aruba. Aruba has three deepwater harbors located at Oranjestad, Aruba-Oranjestad, Barcadera, and San Nicolaas. The southern coastal area is known for its white-sand beaches and the calm waters surrounding Aruba are clear, making it a popular tourist destination. While its northern coast","title":"Geography of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"3888806","text":"the Spanish, and more recently, the Dutch. Today, Aruba is home to people from at least 40 different nationalities. Nowadays, the nearly 100,000 inhabitants of Aruba reflect its greatly changing history. Through local foods, architecture, celebrations, and languages can immediately be seen the different influences the past settlers had on the island. Yet the Dutch continue to be the most influential people in Aruban society, since the Dutch language is the official tongue of the Aruban people and Aruba continues to have close ties to the Netherlands. Aruba has its own distinct culture, which often includes celebrations. Color and music","title":"Culture of Aruba"},{"psg_id":"9930755","text":"vocalists on \"If Love Was a River\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \"Strong Enough\". Giving the album all four stars, \"People\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\" \"What I Do\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"15388806","text":"in need at home and abroad, while reducing environmental damage by diverting surplus product from landfill. By opening up access to high quality products for charities with limited budgets, In Kind Direct enables charities to improve the service they offer, do more for their beneficiaries and help people they may not otherwise reach. 91% of the 946 charities responding to In Kind Direct’s 2017 Impact Survey said that In Kind Direct had allowed them to access goods they would not otherwise be able to afford. 70% of respondents said that In Kind Direct helped their charity to “keep going”. 46%","title":"In Kind Direct"},{"psg_id":"10627869","text":"Governor of Aruba The Governor of Aruba is the representative on Aruba of the Dutch head of state (King Willem-Alexander). The governor's duties are twofold: he represents and guards the general interests of the Kingdom and is head of the Aruban Government. He is accountable to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the head of the Government, the Governor is immune. The Governor exercises the executive power under the responsibility of the Ministers, who are responsible to the Estates of Aruba. The Governor does not have political responsibilities and is not part of the cabinet. During the","title":"Governor of Aruba"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19429189\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am) \\\"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\\\" is a song written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn that was also recorded by Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in August 1967 via Decca Records. \\\"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\\\" was recorded at the Bradley's Barn on January 18, 1967. Located in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, the session was produced by renowned country music producer Owen Bradley. Three additional tracks were recorded during this session. \\\"What Kind of a Girl (Do You\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13381291\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am \\\"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\\\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell, written by Al Carmichael and Gary Griffin. It was released in May 1992 as the second single from the album, \\\"Love Without Mercy\\\". The song was Parnell's fifth single release, and his first to reach Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It is also one of three singles in his career to reach number two on the country music charts. \\\"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13793560\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am) \\\"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\\\" is a 1964 single written by Ray Whitley and recorded by The Tams. The single was their most successful release on both the United States R&B and pop charts. \\\"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\\\" went to number one on the \\\"Cash Box\\\" R&B chart and peaked at number nine on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. this track was one of the many hit records recorded at Rick Hall's FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Musicians on this track included\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657272\",\n \"text\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657281\",\n \"text\": \"2002 DVD \\\"Pull Over\\\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Working\\\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \\\"Read No Evil\\\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13381292\",\n \"text\": \"Am\\\" debuted at number 75 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 16, 1992. What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am \\\"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\\\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell, written by Al Carmichael and Gary Griffin. It was released in May 1992 as the second single from the album, \\\"Love Without Mercy\\\". The song was Parnell's fifth single release, and his first to reach Top 40 on the Hot Country Songs charts. It is also one of three\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool Do You Think I Am\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13793561\",\n \"text\": \"Norbert Putman on bass, Jerry Carrigan on drums, David Briggs on piano, and Terry Thompson and Earl \\\"Peanut\\\" Montgomery on guitar. The song was covered by Bill Deal and the Rhondels in 1969, and peaked at #23 on the Billboard Hot 100. Del Shannon covered this song on his posthumously-released album \\\"Rock On!\\\". What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am) \\\"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\\\" is a 1964 single written by Ray Whitley and recorded by The Tams. The single was their most successful release on both the United States R&B and pop charts.\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool (Do You Think I Am)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19429190\",\n \"text\": \"Think I Am)\\\" reached number five on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles survey in 1967. The song became her eleventh top ten single under the Decca recording label. Secondly, the song became Lynn's first single to chart in Canada. It peaked at number six on the Canadian \\\"RPM Country Tracks\\\" chart. It was included on her studio album, \\\"Fist City\\\" (1968). What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am) \\\"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\\\" is a song written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn that was also recorded by Loretta Lynn. It was\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9740\",\n \"text\": \"century due to the close economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia, and several Venezuelan TV networks are received, and the fact that Aruba has a presence of Venezuelan and Colombian residents. The oldest government official statement written in Papiamento dates from 1803. Around 12.6% of the population today speaks Spanish. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. When Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials already noted wide use of the language. Aruba has four newspapers published in Papiamento: \\\"Diario\\\", \\\"Bon Dia\\\", \\\"Solo di Pueblo\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16038490\",\n \"text\": \"covered the song on his 2002 album for DreamWorks Records. It was the B-side to the album's first single, \\\"Honey Do\\\". What Kind of Love \\\"What Kind of Love\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in June 1992 as the second single from the album \\\"Life Is Messy\\\". The song reached number 11 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and peaked at number 2 on the \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks in Canada. Crowell and co-writer Will Jennings wrote the lyrics to a recording of a melody that\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14312633\",\n \"text\": \"Irausquin plein # 9\\\" in 1958. The building was designed by the Manager of the Department of Public Services, A.A. van Ammers. Post Aruba is responsible for the Aruba stamp issuing programme and Aruba has had its own stamps since obtaining internal autonomy in 1986. Commemorative and definitive stamps are issued as well as a range of revenue stamps for use on official documents. A range of services are offered including letter post, parcels, express, airmail and post office boxes. A Western Union money transmission service is available in all Aruban post offices. Postage stamps and postal history of Aruba\",\n \"title\": \"Post Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14901486\",\n \"text\": \"and that \\\"this was the biggest case they ever had.\\\" In October 1997, the Aruba Police Force arrested four men, including Eric and Alex Mansur of the powerful Mansur family, for extradition to the United States. They were among 85 individuals indicted in the U.S. District Court of Puerto Rico on federal charges of involvement in a Caribbean money laundering ring following an FBI sting called Operation Golden Trash. Aruba Police Force The Aruba Police Force (Dutch: \\\"Korps Politie Aruba\\\" or \\\"KPA\\\", Papiamento: \\\"Cuerpo Policial Aruba\\\") is the law enforcement agency of the island of Aruba. The force operates under\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba Police Force\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11059793\",\n \"text\": \"the Ministers Plenipotentiary usually do not resign in the event of a Dutch cabinet crisis. The following table lists the Ministers Plenipotentiary of Aruba that have been in office since Aruba gained its \\\"status aparte\\\" in 1986: Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba () represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The current Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba is Guillfred Besaril. The Minister Plenipotentiary and his cabinet are seated in the Arubahuis (Aruba House) in The Hague. A significant difference between the Netherlands ministers and the Ministers Plenipotentiary\",\n \"title\": \"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19286485\",\n \"text\": \"found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library. The song urges Americans (specifically immigrants) to use this war to prove their loyalty to the United States; whether that may be by fighting or by simply standing behind the US's actions. For those who show no support, this question is posed: \\\"What are you doing over here?\\\" It upholds the \\\"us-against-them\\\" mentality; the \\\"them\\\" in this case is Germany. The chorus is as follows: What Kind of an American are You? What Kind of an American are you?, also known as What Kind of American are you?, is a World War I\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of an American are You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8660555\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Fool Am I? \\\"What Kind of Fool Am I?\\\" is a popular song written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley and published in 1962. It was introduced by Anthony Newley in the musical \\\"Stop The World - I Want To Get Off\\\". It comes at the end of Act Two to close the show. Bricusse and Newley received the 1961 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, and the 1963 Grammy Award for Song of the Year, becoming the first Britons to do so. This song was recorded whilst Newley was on the road with\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14712589\",\n \"text\": \"advocated use of notional prices computed by solving simultaneous equations. Austrian school critics of socialism, particularly Ludwig von Mises, based his critique of socialism on the calculation problem. Proponents of in-kind calculation argue that the use of a common medium like money distorts information about the utility of an object. Socialists in favor of calculation in kind argued that, in a system of in-kind calculation, waste associated with the monetary system would be eliminated, and in particular objects would no longer be desired for functionally useless purposes like resale and speculation - they would only be desired for their use-value.\",\n \"title\": \"Calculation in kind\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15675637\",\n \"text\": \"rain under one umbrella. FINAL NOMINATION for spot titled “Are you man enough?” where a young woman questions what it really is to be a man. What Kind of Man Are You? What Kind of Man Are You? is a mass-media campaign in India asking men to use condoms to protect their wives from HIV/AIDS. The campaign was launched in 2005 by an organization named Breakthrough. This campaign heightened awareness for the over 2 million married women with HIV/AIDS in India who were infected by their husbands. The campaign encouraged an open, national dialogue about a woman's right to negotiate\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Man Are You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7126106\",\n \"text\": \"& the Bunnymen left London Records in early 2000. McCulloch said, \\\"What they said is, 'We'll keep you on if you don't take as much money as in the contract,' and we had no intention of staying anyway, so it was kind of 'were we pushed or did we fall?'\\\" There was also a change in the band's management with Toogood departing to start his own record label. With the session musicians who recorded \\\"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?\\\" moving on, McCulloch and Sergeant recruited a new band, with whom they would go on to record\",\n \"title\": \"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695713\",\n \"text\": \"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \\\"Read My Mind.\\\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695712\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\\\" at number four. The track \\\"Everything That You Want\\\" was later\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15675635\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Man Are You? What Kind of Man Are You? is a mass-media campaign in India asking men to use condoms to protect their wives from HIV/AIDS. The campaign was launched in 2005 by an organization named Breakthrough. This campaign heightened awareness for the over 2 million married women with HIV/AIDS in India who were infected by their husbands. The campaign encouraged an open, national dialogue about a woman's right to negotiate safe sex within her marriage. The campaign was featured on 160 mainstream media outlets, and was created pro bono by McCann Erickson. This campaign won multiple\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Man Are You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693606\",\n \"text\": \"3 (2004) Televisions: 60,000 (2004) Internet country code: AW Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Setar NV International Carriers: IP Globalcom N.V. (2008) Internet hosts: 17,611 (2008) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 97 Internet users: 24,000 (2007) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 183 As of May 2007, the whole island of Aruba has WIFI 3G internet connection. Telecommunications in Aruba This article is about communications systems in Aruba. Telephones - main lines in use: 38,700 (2006) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 166 Telephones - mobile cellular: 105,700 (2006) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 178 Telephone system:<br> general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7818134\",\n \"text\": \"S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: \\\"What do you do if there's a fire?\\\", and the friends answer, \\\"Let it burn!\\\" The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language. What to Do in Case of Fire? What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in\",\n \"title\": \"What to Do in Case of Fire?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18940656\",\n \"text\": \"to designate the Aruban patent at the end of the international phase. Since 1987, the Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention, which harmonised patent law in several European states applies. Aruba also uses the IPC system; the Strasbourg Agreement Concerning the International Patent Classification applies. Regarding deposit of microorganisms, the Budapest Treaty applies. In addition the patent law treaty and the European Patent Convention, have been approved for Aruba, but a declaration regarding application with respect to Aruba has not been with the depositaries, and these treaties thus do not have effect.\",\n \"title\": \"Patent law in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20334753\",\n \"text\": \"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with\",\n \"title\": \"I Do What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7152015\",\n \"text\": \"use of items that cannot be sold in their thrift stores, for example by bundling them and selling them as bulk material or scrap. These stores refuse donations that cost money to dispose of safely if unwanted, such as e-waste. Gifts in kind Gifts in kind, also referred to as \\\"in-kind donations\\\", is a kind of charitable giving in which, instead of giving money to buy needed goods and services, the goods and services themselves are given. Gifts in kind are distinguished from gifts of cash or stock. Some types of gifts in kind are appropriate, others are not. Examples\",\n \"title\": \"Gifts in kind\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14121335\",\n \"text\": \"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\\\" The music video for the single \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from\",\n \"title\": \"What Faith Can Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12253733\",\n \"text\": \"quoted describing Barry Gibb's contribution to this song: \\\"He did the demo first. Barbra sang to the demo, then he came back and replaced a couple of things after he had heard what she was doing.\\\" Released as the third single from Streisand's 1980 album \\\"Guilty\\\", \\\"What Kind of Fool\\\" was the third consecutive top ten single from the album in the United States. \\\"Woman in Love\\\" reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, and the album's title track (also a duet between the two singers) reached number three, both in late 1980. \\\"What Kind of Fool\\\" spent\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13768299\",\n \"text\": \"thoughts and feelings to the images.\\\" They recommend it for classroom use to open discussion on \\\"topics including bullying, poverty, drug abuse, domestic violence, and the struggles of many inner-city children,\\\" and offer grade 7-12 study guide. In a retrospective of Hubert Davis' short works, \\\"Aruba\\\", \\\"Truth\\\" and \\\"Hardwood\\\" screened at the Toronto's NFB Mediatheque in November 2011. Aruba (film) Aruba is a 2006 Canadian coming-of-age dramatic short film and the fiction debut of director Hubert Davis. It was his first major work after his Academy Award-nominated film \\\"Hardwood\\\". Davis was inspired to create the film after having worked with\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"849467\",\n \"text\": \"Flag of Aruba Aruba's national flag () was adopted on March 18, 1976. The design consists of a field of light blue (called \\\"Larkspur\\\"), two narrow parallel horizontal yellow (\\\"Bunting Yellow\\\") stripes in the bottom half, and a four-pointed white-fimbriated red (\\\"Union Flag red\\\") star in the canton. The design elements have multiple symbolic meanings: March 18 is a public holiday in Aruba, known as Flag Day and it is celebrated through carnivals and fairs. There is also a standard for use by the Governor of Aruba in his capacity as representative of the Monarch of the Netherlands. It consists\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334529\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334526\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888810\",\n \"text\": \"nobe\\\" (\\\"aña nobo\\\") – \\\"new year\\\" – sung after each phrase. The celebratory travel usually leads to the houses of the singers' friends and family, where the host collects money in his hat to give to the group. Certain districts may have their own dande groups performing on the second day of the year. Influenced by American tourists and the Latin Americans working in Aruba, Halloween is now observed and to a lesser extent the celebration of Dia de Los Muertos among the Latin Americans. The first beliefs and superstitions in Aruba date from Pre-Columbian times, when Indians roamed on\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14712590\",\n \"text\": \"Calculation in kind Calculation in kind or calculation in nature is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. Calculation in kind would value each commodity based only on its use value, for purposes of economic accounting. By contrast, in money-based economies, a commodity's value includes an exchange value. Calculation in kind would quantify the utility of an object \\\"directly\\\" without recourse to a general unit of calculation. This\",\n \"title\": \"Calculation in kind\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14712587\",\n \"text\": \"Calculation in kind Calculation in kind or calculation in nature is a way of valuating resources and a system of accounting that uses disaggregated physical magnitudes as opposed to a common unit of calculation. As the basis for a socialist economy it was proposed to replace money and financial calculation. Calculation in kind would value each commodity based only on its use value, for purposes of economic accounting. By contrast, in money-based economies, a commodity's value includes an exchange value. Calculation in kind would quantify the utility of an object \\\"directly\\\" without recourse to a general unit of calculation. This\",\n \"title\": \"Calculation in kind\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14180262\",\n \"text\": \"Cup. The country is also a member of the Caribbean Football Union but they have yet to qualify for the Caribbean Cup. Football in Aruba Association football is the national sport of Aruba. Aruban football has been influenced and helped a lot by the national Royal Dutch Football Association over the years. The Aruba national team is normally placed near the bottom of the FIFA World Rankings System. The Arubaanse Voetbal Bond, which governs football on the island, was formed in 1932 although it did not affiliate to FIFA until 1988. The AVB is a member of the CONCACAF governing\",\n \"title\": \"Football in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657279\",\n \"text\": \"for people who do commercials\\\") and football coach George Allen (\\\"You have to put a priority on everything you do each day\\\"). As the foreword to the book points out, \\\"Mr. Terkel found, work was a search, sometimes successful, sometimes not, 'for daily meaning as well as daily bread'... The oral histories in \\\"Working\\\" are wistful dispatches from a distant era...when management practices and computers were just beginning to transform the American workplace. In the last thirty years, productivity has soared but job satisfaction has plummeted. It is hard to read \\\"Working\\\" without wondering what has gone wrong.\\\" A bestseller\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12253734\",\n \"text\": \"three weeks at number ten on the Hot 100 in March and April 1981. It also spent four weeks atop the \\\"Billboard\\\" adult contemporary chart. Popular American TV serial \\\"Glee\\\" covered this song in 2011 by fictional character Blaine Anderson (as played by Darren Criss). This was featured on their soundtrack album \\\"\\\". No Glee episode had featured this version, as it is only appeared in the album. What Kind of Fool \\\"What Kind of Fool\\\" is the title of a vocal duet from 1981 (see 1981 in music) by singers Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb. The song was written\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16038488\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Love \\\"What Kind of Love\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell. It was released in June 1992 as the second single from the album \\\"Life Is Messy\\\". The song reached number 11 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and peaked at number 2 on the \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks in Canada. Crowell and co-writer Will Jennings wrote the lyrics to a recording of a melody that Roy Orbison had made before his death. The song features backing vocals from Don Henley and Linda Ronstadt. Deborah Evans Price,\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12253732\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Fool \\\"What Kind of Fool\\\" is the title of a vocal duet from 1981 (see 1981 in music) by singers Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb. The song was written by Gibb and Albhy Galuten. The songs on the \\\"Guilty\\\" album were a collaboration between Streisand and all the members of the Bee Gees, including Barry's brothers, Robin and Maurice Gibb. But Barry Gibb played the largest role of the brothers on the album, co-writing and co-producing all of the tracks, appearing on the album cover embracing Streisand, and singing two duets with her. Co-producer Karl Richardson was\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4372044\",\n \"text\": \"Elections in Aruba Elections in Aruba gives information on election and election results in Aruba. Aruba elects on national level a legislature. The Estates (\\\"Staten\\\") have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by Open list Party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed between parties that have gained at least one full quota (1/21, or approximately 4.76% of the vote) using the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (a variant of the D'Hondt method). Before obtaining the status as land ( in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba participated in elections for its Island Council and for the Aruba constituency of the parliament of the\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6631443\",\n \"text\": \"were written in Papiamento. Dutch has been one of the official languages of the island for years as the island is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. However, Dutch is the sole language for all administrative and legal matters. Aruba has recognized English as an international language, and has required that children learn English as early as the 4th grade. Use of English dates to the early 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire; when Dutch rule resumed in 1815, officials noted the already widespread use of the language.. Since May 2003, Papiamento has also\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693605\",\n \"text\": \"Telecommunications in Aruba This article is about communications systems in Aruba. Telephones - main lines in use: 38,700 (2006) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 166 Telephones - mobile cellular: 105,700 (2006) <br>\\\"country comparison to the world:\\\" 178 Telephone system:<br> general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications system<br> \\\"domestic\\\": increasing competition through privatization; 3 wireless service providers are now licensed<br> \\\"international\\\": 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten (Netherlands Antilles); extensive inter-island microwave radio relay links. Satellite connection with the rest of the world are also available. Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 16, shortwave 0 (2004) Radios: 50,000 (1997) Television broadcast stations:\",\n \"title\": \"Telecommunications in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16994040\",\n \"text\": \"Venezuelan government in the first half of 2018, the fleet renewal will be announced near the end of the year. Aruba Airlines management has revealed they are looking to fly to Sint Maarten. As of May 2018, Aruba Airlines flies to the following destinations: As of May 2018, the Aruba Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft: Aruba Airlines Aruba Airlines is the flag carrier and the sole airline of Aruba. The airline, founded in 2006, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers to 13 destinations. Aruba Airlines's corporate headquarters is in Oranjestad, Aruba, while its secondary hub is\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16994034\",\n \"text\": \"Aruba Airlines Aruba Airlines is the flag carrier and the sole airline of Aruba. The airline, founded in 2006, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers to 13 destinations. Aruba Airlines's corporate headquarters is in Oranjestad, Aruba, while its secondary hub is at Miami, Florida. Aruba operates its primary maintenance base at Miami. They received AOC from United States in 2015. Aruba Airlines was established by Mr. Onno J. de Swart in 2006. The airline began charter operations with a seven-seat Piper PA-31 Navajo in 2010. The main headquarters is in the city of Oranjestad in Aruba, which is\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17648246\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Jews in Aruba The history of the Jews in Aruba can be traced back to the 16th century, when the first Jewish immigrants began to arrive. The first Jews in Aruba were Sephardi Jewish immigrants from Netherlands and Portugal. The first Jew to settle in Aruba was a Portuguese-Jewish worker for the Dutch West Indies Company named Moses Solomon Levie Maduro, who arrived in Aruba with his family in 1754. After 1924, a number of Jewish immigrants came to Aruba from Eastern Europe, Surinam, and The Netherlands. In 1942, a Jewish center was opened and the Jewish\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Jews in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14847660\",\n \"text\": \"He alleges corruption among the Aruba Police Force, recalling that upon arrival on the island, they asked him how much money he had. Holloway accused suspect Joran van der Sloot of repeatedly lying and believes that he is \\\"guilty of something.\\\" Dave Holloway stated that he started taking notes in a journal by the second week of the search in Aruba for his daughter because of inconsistencies in the witness accounts of her disappearance. He felt that authorities were trying to close the investigation because of concern that it would tarnish the island's image as a tourist destination. He said\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba: The Tragic Untold Story of Natalee Holloway and Corruption in Paradise\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4372045\",\n \"text\": \"Netherlands Antilles. Aruba has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful. Elections in Aruba Elections in Aruba gives information on election and election results in Aruba. Aruba elects on national level a legislature. The Estates (\\\"Staten\\\") have 21 members, elected for a four-year term by Open list Party-list proportional representation. Seats are distributed between parties that have gained at least one full quota (1/21, or approximately 4.76% of the vote) using the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (a variant of the D'Hondt method). Before obtaining the status as land ( in the Kingdom\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9750\",\n \"text\": \"the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities. Most tourists are from the United States (predominantly from the north-east US), Canada, the Netherlands and South America, mainly Venezuela and Colombia. As part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, citizens of the Netherlands can travel with relative ease to Aruba and other islands of the Dutch Antilles. No visas are needed for Dutch citizens, only a passport, and although the currency used in Aruba is different (the Netherlands uses the Euro), money can be easily exchanged at a local bank for Aruban Florins. For the facilitation of\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18940652\",\n \"text\": \"Patent law in Aruba Patent law in Aruba is mainly governed by the \\\"Patents Regulation\\\" (, formally: \\\"landsverordening houdende regels met betrekking tot octrooien\\\"), the law governing the Aruban patent. The Dutch government indicated in 2007, that the patent regulation was, to a large extent (and with the exception of provisions regarding European patents) identical to the Rijksoctrooiwet. The patent term in Aruba is 20 years, and also a short-term patent is available with a duration of 6 years. Inventions have to fulfill 3 requirements to be patentable: they have to be new, inventive and industrially applicable. and an International\",\n \"title\": \"Patent law in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15840610\",\n \"text\": \"D1 covers many ‘public’ services (which do not fall under Class A): Class D2 addresses the use of premises for entertainment and leisure purposes: Certain uses do not fall within any use class and are considered 'sui generis' (Lit. Unique / of its own kind). Such uses include: theatres, houses in multiple occupation, hostels providing no significant element of care, scrap yards. Petrol filling stations and shops selling and/or displaying motor vehicles. Retail warehouse clubs, nightclubs, launderettes, taxi businesses, amusement centres and casinos. Planning use classes in England Planning use classes are the legal framework which determines what a particular\",\n \"title\": \"Planning use classes in England\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888804\",\n \"text\": \"Culture of Aruba The culture of Aruba, one of the many islands that make up the Caribbean, is an amalgamate of the various cultures that have occupied and lived on the island, including indigenous peoples of South America, descendants of African slaves, and Spanish and Dutch colonialists. Aruba was inhabited long before it was claimed by the Spanish in 1499, as evidenced by petrographs on walls and the ceilings of caves and excavated ancient artifacts of the Arawaks. They indicate that the Caiquetios, peoples of the Arawak tribe that migrated north from the Orinoco Basin in South America, were in\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693616\",\n \"text\": \"after the Dutch obtained control of Aruba, they found the gold the Spanish had been seeking. With the discovery of gold on Aruba in 1800, mining became the island's foremost industry. Aruba's economy boomed. However, by 1916 the gold supply had mostly been tapped out, making it impossible for companies to turn a profit. As the gold mining industry waned, so did the economy. First planted on Aruba in 1850, aloes throve in its desert conditions. With a healthy demand for aloe products, it became an important part of Aruba's economy. In fact, for many years, the country was aloe's\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693601\",\n \"text\": \"independence within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1986, the ANTMIL on Aruba was redesignated Arubaanse militie or ARUMIL. For the Kingdom of the Netherlands, World War II started with the invasion of the Netherlands by Germany on May 10, 1940. Because of the Lago oil refinery at San Nicolas, Aruba was deemed strategically important to the allied war effort and that same night 180 French marines arrived on Aruba to assist the local military. On July 6 they were replaced by 120 British soldiers who in turn were replaced by the 4th Battalion Queens Own Cameron Highlanders in September.\",\n \"title\": \"Military of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9728\",\n \"text\": \"the Kingdom of the Netherlands. By 1954, the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established, providing a framework for relations between Aruba and the rest of the Kingdom. In 1972, at a conference in Suriname, Betico Croes (MEP), a politician from Aruba, proposed a \\\"sui-generis\\\" Dutch Commonwealth of four states: Aruba, the Netherlands, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, each to have its own nationality. C. Yarzagaray, a parliamentary member representing the AVP political party, proposed a referendum so that the people of Aruba could choose whether they wanted total independence or \\\"Status Aparte\\\" as a full autonomous state\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9743\",\n \"text\": \"the Netherlands passport. As Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have small populations, the three countries had to limit immigration. To protect their population, they have the right to control the admission and expulsion of people from the Netherlands. Aruba is designated as a member of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) and is thus officially not a part of the European Union, though Aruba can and does receive support from the European Development Fund. The Aruban legal system is based on the Dutch model. In Aruba, legal jurisdiction lies with the \\\"Gerecht in Eerste Aanleg\\\" (Court of First Instance) on\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693600\",\n \"text\": \"garrisoncommander Borren. They were all taken to Venezuela where Urbina had hoped to overthrow the Government. His attempt failed and Urbina was taken prisoner. All hostages were returned to Curaçao. Three Dutch soldiers were killed in action during this attack. After Urbina's attack, the Dutch government decided to station one naval ship (\\\"stationsschip\\\") in the Antilles permanently. It also decided to raise a volunteer defence corps on both Curaçao and Aruba (vrijwilligerskorps Curaçao (VKC) and Vrijwilligerskorps Aruba (VKA)). After World War II, the VKA and VKC were redesignated Antiliaanse Militie (ANTMIL) which still exists on Curaçao. When Aruba obtained its\",\n \"title\": \"Military of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14430604\",\n \"text\": \"Festivals in Aruba Festivals in Aruba take place all year round on the island. Many of these colorful and entertaining cultural events that are recognized internationally and draw tourists from around the globe. The Aruba Summer Music Festival has become one of the best yearly Latin Music Festivals in the region. It is celebrated end of June every year and has drawn thousands of visitors yearly to the island of Aruba to enjoy this 2 day event. The Bon Bini Festival takes place in Fort Zoutman, Oranjestad every Tuesday from 6:30 PM to 8:30 PM all year round with Antillean\",\n \"title\": \"Festivals in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14430607\",\n \"text\": \"performing their original music along with traditional Dande songs for the new year. Carnival Carnival is a month long celebration filled with music competition, pageants, street parades and wonderful parades. This celebration started in1954 in Aruba Festivals in Aruba Festivals in Aruba take place all year round on the island. Many of these colorful and entertaining cultural events that are recognized internationally and draw tourists from around the globe. The Aruba Summer Music Festival has become one of the best yearly Latin Music Festivals in the region. It is celebrated end of June every year and has drawn thousands of\",\n \"title\": \"Festivals in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14180261\",\n \"text\": \"with 15 titles and SV Estrella with twelve. Until 1985 Aruban clubs also entered the Netherlands Antilles Championship with two winning, SV Racing Club Aruba in 1965 and SV Estrella in 1970. There are currently 62 registered clubs in Aruba with a total of 10,700 players and 126 officials involved in the game. Although the Aruba national football team made its debut as early as 1924 Aruban players officially represented the Netherlands Antilles national football team until a split was finalised in 1986. Although attempts have been Aruba have never qualified for the FIFA World Cup or the CONCACAF Gold\",\n \"title\": \"Football in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8964612\",\n \"text\": \"are recruited with job advertisements for \\\"payment processing agents\\\", \\\"money transfer agents\\\", \\\"local processors\\\", and other similar titles; the real benefit to the criminals is not the work carried out by the mule, but that the criminals are distanced from the risky, visible transfer. Some money mules are recruited by an attractive member of the opposite sex. After deducting a relatively small payment for themselves, candidates are asked to accept funds and to forward them to a third party, which they can do from home. Legitimate companies use escrow services for this kind of work. Criminals trading in stolen or\",\n \"title\": \"Money mule\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693609\",\n \"text\": \"an American tourist will have little problem adjusting to the driving pattern. There were, historically, two industrial narrow-gauge railways; but they no longer exist. In 2012 a tramway line was inaugurated in Downtown Oranjestad. Transport in Aruba Taxis, buses, and personal automobiles are the most common ways to travel in Aruba. The majority of the roads are paved, but toward the interior of the island the roads are less commonly paved. Coastal areas most often feature paved roads. With a total of 800 km of road, 287 km are unpaved. Arubus is the government-owned bus company with some 29 buses\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888812\",\n \"text\": \"unsuspecting rooster. Cards, including tarot decks are also popular, and no ceremony is complete without the customer being dispensed a potion or bath salts, the use of which will yield the desired result. Consultation fees are steep, but good fortune does not come cheap. Many Arubans, however, refer to these activities as like believing that roosters lay eggs (\\\"Webo di Gai\\\"). Culture of Aruba The culture of Aruba, one of the many islands that make up the Caribbean, is an amalgamate of the various cultures that have occupied and lived on the island, including indigenous peoples of South America, descendants\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608312\",\n \"text\": \"Radio\\\" and \\\"Because I Love You\\\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \\\"Because I Love You\\\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \\\"Because I Love You\\\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10550772\",\n \"text\": \"What Has Government Done to Our Money? What Has Government Done to Our Money? is a 1963 book by Murray N. Rothbard that details the history of money, from early barter systems, to the gold standard, to present day systems of paper money. Rothbard explains how money was originally developed, and why gold was chosen as the preferred commodity to use as money. The essay, \\\"What Has Government Done to Our Money?\\\" was written by Rothbard as an objective historical account with a provocative title. In contrast, \\\"The Case for a 100 Percent Gold Dollar\\\" was an essay with an\",\n \"title\": \"What Has Government Done to Our Money?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17648247\",\n \"text\": \"community became officially organized four years later. The Beth Israel Synagogue was consecrated on November 4, 1962, in Oranjestad. Beth Israel also shares their house of worship with the Jewish Community of Aruba (Israelitische Gemeente). As of 2013, the Jewish population is around 85. The current Prime Minister Mike Eman is Jewish. Eman has interacted with Chabad visiting Rabbis as well as with Chabad's permanent rabbi on the island. His brother Henny Eman was the first Prime Minister of Aruba. History of the Jews in Aruba The history of the Jews in Aruba can be traced back to the 16th\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Jews in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7587389\",\n \"text\": \"lines: What Kind of Day Has It Been \\\"What Kind of Day Has It Been\\\" is the 22nd episode of \\\"The West Wing\\\", the season finale of the show's first season. It originally aired on NBC May 17, 2000. Events circle around the attempted rescue of a US fighter pilot in Iraq, and the president taking part in a town hall meeting in Rosslyn, Virginia. The episode was written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by Thomas Schlamme. \\\"What Kind of Day Has It Been\\\" is also the name of the first-season finales of both the series \\\"Sports Night\\\" and \\\"Studio\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7587380\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of Day Has It Been \\\"What Kind of Day Has It Been\\\" is the 22nd episode of \\\"The West Wing\\\", the season finale of the show's first season. It originally aired on NBC May 17, 2000. Events circle around the attempted rescue of a US fighter pilot in Iraq, and the president taking part in a town hall meeting in Rosslyn, Virginia. The episode was written by Aaron Sorkin and directed by Thomas Schlamme. \\\"What Kind of Day Has It Been\\\" is also the name of the first-season finales of both the series \\\"Sports Night\\\" and \\\"Studio 60\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Day Has It Been\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19286484\",\n \"text\": \"What Kind of an American are You? What Kind of an American are you?, also known as What Kind of American are you?, is a World War I era song released in 1917. Albert Von Tilzer composed the music. Lew Brown and Charles R. McCarron wrote the lyrics. The song was published by Broadway Music Co. of New York, New York. On the cover is a gray drawing of Uncle Sam pointing. A map of the United States is featured on the lower half of the cover. The song was written for voice and piano. The sheet music can be\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of an American are You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9910863\",\n \"text\": \"LGBT rights in Aruba Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Aruba may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Aruba, but same-sex couples with Dutch nationality must travel to the Netherlands or its special municipalities to get married and the legal protection of marriage is not unconditional. Since October 2016, registered partnerships have been available to both opposite-sex and same-sex couples. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in Aruba. As part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba is obliged to recognize same-sex marriages registered in the Netherlands\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT rights in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3471470\",\n \"text\": \"producer of the original version, and it included an updated B-side entitled \\\"One Year On (Feed the World)\\\", beginning and ending with a recording of a telephone message from Geldof and in between featuring Ure reciting a list of what had been bought with the money raised during the previous 12 months. Vocalists Additional spoken messages on B-side Musicians Notes A second version of \\\"Do They Know It's Christmas?\\\" was recorded under the name of Band Aid II in 1989, overseen by the most successful British production team of the late 1980s, Stock Aitken Waterman. Geldof had telephoned Pete Waterman\",\n \"title\": \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10627871\",\n \"text\": \"the Netherlands Antilles was also governor for Aruba. Governor of Aruba The Governor of Aruba is the representative on Aruba of the Dutch head of state (King Willem-Alexander). The governor's duties are twofold: he represents and guards the general interests of the Kingdom and is head of the Aruban Government. He is accountable to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the head of the Government, the Governor is immune. The Governor exercises the executive power under the responsibility of the Ministers, who are responsible to the Estates of Aruba. The Governor does not have political responsibilities and\",\n \"title\": \"Governor of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11059792\",\n \"text\": \"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba The Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba () represents the constituent country of Aruba in the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The current Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba is Guillfred Besaril. The Minister Plenipotentiary and his cabinet are seated in the Arubahuis (Aruba House) in The Hague. A significant difference between the Netherlands ministers and the Ministers Plenipotentiary is that the former ministers are accountable for their politics and policies to the Dutch parliament. The Ministers Plenipotentiary, however, are accountable to their national governments, which is the Estates of Aruba in case of Aruba. Therefore,\",\n \"title\": \"Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20147514\",\n \"text\": \"for the money they can make off of his hard work. \\\"What They Want\\\" peaked at number 83 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. It is Russ' first song to appear on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single eventually was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million digital copies in the United States. Russ debuted the music video to \\\"What They Want\\\" through his Vevo account on May 3, 2016. As of August 2017, the song has over 100 million views on YouTube. What They Want (Russ song) \\\"What They Want\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"What They Want (Russ song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19648695\",\n \"text\": \"a delegate to represent Aruba at Miss Earth. In 2011, Mellisa Lacle was appointed to compete at the pageant, she was Miss Aruba 2005 who competed at Miss Universe 2006 in Nevada, USA. Señorita Aruba Señorita Aruba is the national Beauty pageant in Aruba. The two brands; Miss Teen Aruba and Srta. Aruba are registered and are under management of Miss Aruba Foundation A TV Personality and Producer, Isaï Labadie introduced the Miss Aruba Foundation which held the Srta. Aruba and Miss Teen Aruba. The foundation in unrelated to Star Promotion Foundation (Miss Aruba Universe, Miss Aruba World, Miss Aruba\",\n \"title\": \"Señorita Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14817654\",\n \"text\": \"Illegal drug trade in Aruba The illegal drug trade in Aruba involves trans-shipment of cocaine and other drugs through Aruba to the United States. Corruption in Aruba is so widespread that \\\"Claire Sterling, widely acclaimed for her works on drugs and crime, said of it: 'the world's first independent mafia state emerged in 1993.'\\\" The Italian daily \\\"Corriere della Sera\\\" described Aruba as \\\"the first state to be bought by the bosses Cosa Nostra.\\\" Between 1988 and 1992 the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan was said to have acquired 60% of Aruba through investments in hotels, casinos and the election-campaign of a\",\n \"title\": \"Illegal drug trade in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14817655\",\n \"text\": \"Prime Minister. As a result of the public outcry, Aruba's independence from the Netherlands, planned for 1996, was cancelled. While drug trafficking through Aruba used to be a major issue, it is much less so today. Aruba was removed from the US State Department’s list of major drug producing and transit countries in 1999. The reason for this decline is unclear. Case Study Illegal drug trade in Aruba The illegal drug trade in Aruba involves trans-shipment of cocaine and other drugs through Aruba to the United States. Corruption in Aruba is so widespread that \\\"Claire Sterling, widely acclaimed for her\",\n \"title\": \"Illegal drug trade in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19648693\",\n \"text\": \"Señorita Aruba Señorita Aruba is the national Beauty pageant in Aruba. The two brands; Miss Teen Aruba and Srta. Aruba are registered and are under management of Miss Aruba Foundation A TV Personality and Producer, Isaï Labadie introduced the Miss Aruba Foundation which held the Srta. Aruba and Miss Teen Aruba. The foundation in unrelated to Star Promotion Foundation (Miss Aruba Universe, Miss Aruba World, Miss Aruba Grand.) The main purpose of Miss Aruba Foundation is to prepare all the candidates, regardless of social standards, on the same level. the foundation is the only pageant on the island that tries\",\n \"title\": \"Señorita Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15322903\",\n \"text\": \"on March 29, 2011 through Tooth & Nail Records, and it is also Emery's first album co-released by Tooth & Nail's heavy metal/hardcore punk subdivision Solid State Records. Vocalist Toby Morell has said that he was \\\"proud\\\" of the signing to Solid State, and also described it as \\\"just kind of a good feeling to be wanted by another part of your company and be able to join all the awesome bands.\\\" All songs composed by Emery, except \\\"Fix Me\\\" composed by Devin Shelton. Deluxe edition Emery Production We Do What We Want We Do What We Want is the\",\n \"title\": \"We Do What We Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14430606\",\n \"text\": \"film community to Aruba. In 2011, over 45 films were featured from 18 countries and screened in 40 venues around the island. The Caribbean Sea Jazz Festival in Aruba is an outdoor festival featuring local and international jazz musicians. The festival presents local and international bands and artists over a two-day event in October. While jazz music is the focus, other artistic elements including dance, poetry, and art are also included in the program. The Dande Festival is one of the biggest musical events in Aruba, and takes place the last week of December. The festival features over 50 singers\",\n \"title\": \"Festivals in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14180260\",\n \"text\": \"Football in Aruba Association football is the national sport of Aruba. Aruban football has been influenced and helped a lot by the national Royal Dutch Football Association over the years. The Aruba national team is normally placed near the bottom of the FIFA World Rankings System. The Arubaanse Voetbal Bond, which governs football on the island, was formed in 1932 although it did not affiliate to FIFA until 1988. The AVB is a member of the CONCACAF governing body. The national league competition, the Aruban Division di Honor, was established in 1960 with the most successful teams being SV Dakota\",\n \"title\": \"Football in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8660560\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"War Elephant\\\". Clay Aiken recorded the song on his 2010 album \\\"Tried and True\\\". Allan Sherman parodied the song as \\\"One Hippopotami\\\" on his 1963 album \\\"My Son, the Nut\\\". This song was the inspiration for a Gary Larson cartoon. What Kind of Fool Am I? \\\"What Kind of Fool Am I?\\\" is a popular song written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley and published in 1962. It was introduced by Anthony Newley in the musical \\\"Stop The World - I Want To Get Off\\\". It comes at the end of Act Two to close the show. Bricusse and\",\n \"title\": \"What Kind of Fool Am I?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14380280\",\n \"text\": \"perceived as exclusively applying to judges. Capital punishment in Aruba Capital punishment in Aruba has been prohibited by Article I.4 of the Constitution of Aruba since January 1, 1986, the day Aruba became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its own right. The inclusion of a capital punishment prohibition in the constitution was following the example provided by the 1983 constitution of the Netherlands, but rather than putting it in the judiciary section like the example, it was put in the basic rights, following the related Article I.3 about the inviolability of the body, to ensure\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14380279\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Aruba Capital punishment in Aruba has been prohibited by Article I.4 of the Constitution of Aruba since January 1, 1986, the day Aruba became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its own right. The inclusion of a capital punishment prohibition in the constitution was following the example provided by the 1983 constitution of the Netherlands, but rather than putting it in the judiciary section like the example, it was put in the basic rights, following the related Article I.3 about the inviolability of the body, to ensure that the prohibition would not be\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18940655\",\n \"text\": \"patent applications for the Dutch patent inapplicable. Aruba can not be a party to patent treaties itself, but the Kingdom is party to several treaties, also with respect to Aruba. This is the case for the Paris convention, which allows for claiming priority of up to 1 year from an earlier patent application in a Paris convention country. The Patent Cooperation Treaty also applies on Aruba, and the Bureau of Intellectual property acts as a receiving office for international (PCT) applications. However, as the Kingdom of the Netherlands has \\\"closed its national route\\\", it is -also in Aruba- not possible\",\n \"title\": \"Patent law in Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9726\",\n \"text\": \"interaction with cultures of the coastal areas more than a century after independence of Netherlands from Spain; architectural similarities can be seen between the 19th-century parts of Oranjestad and the nearby Venezuelan city of Coro in Falcón State. Historically, Dutch was not widely spoken on the island outside of colonial administration; its use increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish until the late 19th century, when the British took Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire. Teaching of Spanish was restored when Dutch rule resumed in 1815. Also, efforts were\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9739\",\n \"text\": \"Aruba has shown an increased interest in acknowledging the cultural and historical importance of its native language. Although spoken Papiamento is fairly similar among the several Papiamento-speaking islands, there is a big difference in written Papiamento. The orthography differs per island and even per group of people. Some are more oriented towards Portuguese and use the equivalent spelling (e.g. \\\"y\\\" instead of \\\"j\\\"), where others are more oriented towards Dutch. The book \\\"The Buccaneers of America\\\", first published in 1678, states through eyewitness account that the natives on Aruba spoke Spanish already. Spanish became an important language in the 18th\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7152011\",\n \"text\": \"the chief criticisms of gifts in kind, particularly in the context of disaster relief but also in other contexts, is that the things that people are likely to gift may be poorly matched to the immediate needs of recipients, but rather be influenced by what donors happen to want to dispose of. Some of the possibilities are: In addition to the argument that gifts in kind often do not meet the needs of recipients, it has also been argued that gifts in kind fail to empower the recipients because the recipients don't have as much flexibility on how to spend\",\n \"title\": \"Gifts in kind\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9723\",\n \"text\": \"the native Caquetíos compared to Europeans. Gold was not discovered on Aruba for another 300 years. Vespucci returned to Spain with stocks of cotton and brazilwood from the island and described houses built into the ocean. Vespucci and Ojeda's tales spurred interest in Aruba, and Spaniards soon colonized the island. Because it had low rainfall, Aruba was not considered profitable for the plantation system and the economics of the slave trade. Aruba was colonized by Spain for over a century. \\\"Simas\\\", the \\\"Cacique\\\", or chief, in Aruba, welcomed the first Catholic priests in Aruba, who gave him a wooden cross\",\n \"title\": \"Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12046704\",\n \"text\": \"Caves of Aruba Of the several caves of Aruba, three Aruban caves are well known, seen in deep crevices on the windward face of the island. All three of the caves are located in the Arikok National Park. The most prominent are Guadirikiri Cave, the Fontein Cave and the Huliba Cave. Nocturnal bats nestle in all these caves. The importance which the Government of Aruba attaches to these three caves is borne by the fact that postage stamps with images of them were issued by Post Aruba in April 2009 in specific denominations. The stamp of 175 cents value depicts\",\n \"title\": \"Caves of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4358302\",\n \"text\": \"handles defense, citizenship and foreign affairs. Aruba and the other two member states are not fully independent—Aruba's relation within the 'Kingdom of the Netherlands', based on the self-determination referendum held in 1977, the Agreement proclaimed in 1983, the Regulation for the Governor of Aruba and its Constitution in force since August 1985, is more like a commonwealth relationship. Constitution of Aruba Aruba's State Constitution was unanimously approved by all political parties represented in Aruba's Parliament on a January 1, 1986, and was proclaimed in the \\\"Afkondigingsblad van Aruba\\\", No.26, 1985, on January 1, 1986. The Constitution is based on democratic\",\n \"title\": \"Constitution of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888805\",\n \"text\": \"fact the very first inhabitants of the island. Although the Spanish were in control of Aruba for many years, the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands soon gave the Dutch the upper hand. Finally in 1636 the Spanish handed over the island to the Dutch. Years later, the English took over Aruba for a brief period, but it quickly returned to Dutch rule in 1816 and remained that way until 1985, when Aruba became a separate entity within the kingdom of the Netherlands. The people and culture of Aruba have many different backgrounds, ranging from the Indians, to\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693604\",\n \"text\": \"works closely with the Dutch Marines company stationed at Aruba. An increase of instability in South America, specifically Venezuela, made the Netherlands heighten the security level and increase monitoring of the Dutch island in cooperation with the United States. Military of Aruba Defense on Aruba is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands Military forces that protect Aruba include the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Netherlands Marine Corps and the Netherlands Coastguard. There is also a small indigenous \\\"Arubaanse Militie\\\" (ARUMIL) of about platoon strength. All forces are stationed at Marines Barracks Savaneta. Up to 1929, there were\",\n \"title\": \"Military of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6631442\",\n \"text\": \"Languages of Aruba There are many languages spoken on the Caribbean island of Aruba. The official languages are Dutch and Papiamento, although schools require students to learn English, Spanish, French, and to a lesser extent, Portuguese which is also spoken on the island. According to the Government of Aruba the mother tongue and primary vernacular of almost all Arubans is a local language known as Papiamento, an Afro-Portuguese Creole language spoken since the 16th century. The language, however, was not widespread in Aruba till the 18th and 19th centuries when most materials on the island and even Roman Catholic schoolbooks\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1693627\",\n \"text\": \"Arikok itself is . The Hooiberg is . While the Hooiberg is not the highest point on the island, it does look so, because of the flat surroundings it lies in. The Hooiberg can be seen from nearly every point of the island and is so known it has its on place on the Coat of arms of Aruba. Aruba has three deepwater harbors located at Oranjestad, Aruba-Oranjestad, Barcadera, and San Nicolaas. The southern coastal area is known for its white-sand beaches and the calm waters surrounding Aruba are clear, making it a popular tourist destination. While its northern coast\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888806\",\n \"text\": \"the Spanish, and more recently, the Dutch. Today, Aruba is home to people from at least 40 different nationalities. Nowadays, the nearly 100,000 inhabitants of Aruba reflect its greatly changing history. Through local foods, architecture, celebrations, and languages can immediately be seen the different influences the past settlers had on the island. Yet the Dutch continue to be the most influential people in Aruban society, since the Dutch language is the official tongue of the Aruban people and Aruba continues to have close ties to the Netherlands. Aruba has its own distinct culture, which often includes celebrations. Color and music\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Aruba\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930755\",\n \"text\": \"vocalists on \\\"If Love Was a River\\\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \\\"Strong Enough\\\". Giving the album all four stars, \\\"People\\\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \\\"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\\\" \\\"What I Do\\\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15388806\",\n \"text\": \"in need at home and abroad, while reducing environmental damage by diverting surplus product from landfill. By opening up access to high quality products for charities with limited budgets, In Kind Direct enables charities to improve the service they offer, do more for their beneficiaries and help people they may not otherwise reach. 91% of the 946 charities responding to In Kind Direct’s 2017 Impact Survey said that In Kind Direct had allowed them to access goods they would not otherwise be able to afford. 70% of respondents said that In Kind Direct helped their charity to “keep going”. 46%\",\n \"title\": \"In Kind Direct\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10627869\",\n \"text\": \"Governor of Aruba The Governor of Aruba is the representative on Aruba of the Dutch head of state (King Willem-Alexander). The governor's duties are twofold: he represents and guards the general interests of the Kingdom and is head of the Aruban Government. He is accountable to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. As the head of the Government, the Governor is immune. The Governor exercises the executive power under the responsibility of the Ministers, who are responsible to the Estates of Aruba. The Governor does not have political responsibilities and is not part of the cabinet. During the\",\n \"title\": \"Governor of Aruba\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["aruban florin"],"string":"[\n \"aruban florin\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1687,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what wars did robert e lee lead?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"10031505","text":"Robert E. Lee Jr. Robert Edward \"Rob\" Lee Jr. (October 27, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was the youngest of three sons of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis, and the sixth of their seven children. He became a soldier during the American Civil War, and later was a planter, businessman, and author. Rob Lee was born and raised at Arlington House across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. He was close to his father, who he was named after, and his sister, Mildred Lee. He attended boarding schools during much of the 1850s, while his","title":"Robert E. Lee Jr."}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10031505\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Jr. Robert Edward \\\"Rob\\\" Lee Jr. (October 27, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was the youngest of three sons of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis, and the sixth of their seven children. He became a soldier during the American Civil War, and later was a planter, businessman, and author. Rob Lee was born and raised at Arlington House across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. He was close to his father, who he was named after, and his sister, Mildred Lee. He attended boarding schools during much of the 1850s, while his\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Jr.\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"17772752","text":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of Monument Avenue's monuments in Richmond, Virginia. In 1876 the Lee Monument Association commissioned the adaption of a painting done by artist Adalbert Volck into a lithograph. The lithograph, depicting Robert E. Lee on his horse, was the basis for the bronze statue created by French sculptor Antonin Mercié. It was noted in the National Register of Historic Places that \"the horse is not a representation of Lee’s famous mount Traveller. The sculptor did not find the size of the actual horse","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"347997","text":"Glasgow, Scotland, and gave her the name of CSS \"Robert E. Lee\" in honor of this Confederate General. During the next year, she became one of the South's most famous Confederate blockade runners, successfully making more than twenty runs through the Union blockade. The Mississippi River steamboat \"Robert E. Lee\" was named for Lee after the Civil War. It was the participant in an 1870 St. Louis – New Orleans race with the \"Natchez VI\", which was featured in a Currier and Ives lithograph. The \"Robert E. Lee\" won the race. The steamboat inspired the 1912 song \"Waiting for the","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"13191019","text":"E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in 1985, after two years of requiring state employees to select between the two holidays or their own birthday as a day off from work. In 2017, it passed a law removing General Lee's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee. Robert E. Lee Day Robert E. Lee Day, also called Lee's Birthday, is a public holiday commemorating the birth of Robert E. Lee, observed each year on the third Monday in January. Because Lee was","title":"Robert E. Lee Day"},{"psg_id":"11406292","text":"1969 based on an old Corps of engineers hull. Moored as a floating restaurant in St. Louis, this boat was destroyed by fire in 2010. It was not a replica of the original \"Robert E. Lee\" which was a larger side wheel steamer. Robert E. Lee (steamboat) Robert E. Lee, nicknamed the \"Monarch of the Mississippi,\" was a steamboat built in New Albany, Indiana, in 1866. The hull was designed by DeWitt Hill, and the riverboat cost more than $200,000 to build. It was named for General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States.","title":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)"},{"psg_id":"347906","text":"what he called a \"snake pit\", but the War Department insisted and he obeyed. His wife occasionally came to visit. During his three years at West Point, Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee improved the buildings and courses and spent much time with the cadets. Lee's oldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, attended West Point during his tenure. Custis Lee graduated in 1854, first in his class. Lee was enormously relieved to receive a long-awaited promotion as second-in-command of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in Texas in 1855. It meant leaving the Engineering Corps and its sequence of staff jobs for the","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"13191018","text":"Robert E. Lee Day Robert E. Lee Day, also called Lee's Birthday, is a public holiday commemorating the birth of Robert E. Lee, observed each year on the third Monday in January. Because Lee was the General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederacy, it is mainly observed in the U.S. South, particularly in Alabama and Mississippi. Although Lee's actual January 19 birthdate remains a legal holiday in the Florida statute books, by and large it is not observed. In Alabama and Mississippi, it is celebrated together with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Arkansas combined the observance of Robert","title":"Robert E. Lee Day"},{"psg_id":"8385204","text":"anyone deemed \"necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.\" In the Fall of 1947, Lee (a Republican now working in the Republican-dominated 80th United States Congress) discovered and examined security files for 108 suspect cases, which resulted in the \"Lee List\" used by a congressional subcommittee. (Historian John Earl Haynes has stated, \"Robert E. Lee was the committee's lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list.\" Haynes has also compiled a comparison between the Lee and other lists of communists used by McCarthy, available online.) During a congressional hearing on March 10, 1948, Assistant Secretary of State","title":"Robert E. Lee (FCC)"},{"psg_id":"347959","text":"defeat at Gettysburg, Lee sent a letter of resignation to President Davis on August 8, 1863, but Davis refused Lee's request. That fall, Lee and Meade met again in two minor campaigns that did little to change the strategic standoff. The Confederate Army never fully recovered from the substantial losses incurred during the 3-day battle in southern Pennsylvania. The historian Shelby Foote stated, \"Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having Robert E. Lee as commander.\" In 1864 the new Union general-in-chief, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, sought to use his large advantages in manpower and material resources to","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347994","text":"main mall of the University of Texas at Austin. A statue of Robert E. Lee is one of two statues (the other is Washington) representing Virginia in Statuary Hall in the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Lee is one of the figures depicted in bas-relief carved into Stone Mountain near Atlanta. Accompanying him on horseback in the relief are Stonewall Jackson and Jefferson Davis. The birthday of Robert E. Lee is celebrated or commemorated in several states. In Virginia, Lee–Jackson Day is celebrated on the Friday preceding Martin Luther King, Jr. Day which is the third Monday in January. In Texas,","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"8385209","text":"Robert Edward Lee, and Michael Lee. Lee died age 81 on April 5 or 15, 1993, of liver cancer in Arlington, Virginia. At time of death, he was the longest-serving FCC commissioner. Lee championed ultrahigh-frequency television (UHF), RCA Corporation's system for color broadcasting, educational television, pay or subscription television, and expanding FM radio. His papers were donated by his widow to the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in 1998. Robert E. Lee (FCC) Robert E. Lee (1912–1993) was a 20th-century American government official, best known as Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1953 to 1981, including Interim FCC Chairman (February","title":"Robert E. Lee (FCC)"},{"psg_id":"8385199","text":"Robert E. Lee (FCC) Robert E. Lee (1912–1993) was a 20th-century American government official, best known as Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1953 to 1981, including Interim FCC Chairman (February 5, 1981 – April 12, 1981) and Chairman (April 13, 1981 – May 18, 1981). Robert E. Lee was born on March 31, 1912, in Chicago to a family of Irish immigrants. He had at least one sibling, a brother Edward. In the 1920s, He attended St. Vincent's Grammar School. In 1935, he graduated from DePaul University's College of Commerce and Law. In 1932, while still a student,","title":"Robert E. Lee (FCC)"},{"psg_id":"11406282","text":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat) Robert E. Lee, nicknamed the \"Monarch of the Mississippi,\" was a steamboat built in New Albany, Indiana, in 1866. The hull was designed by DeWitt Hill, and the riverboat cost more than $200,000 to build. It was named for General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States. The steamboat gained its greatest fame for racing and beating the then-current speed record holder, \"Natchez\", in an 1870 steamboat race. Its capacity was 5741 bales of cotton. A local newspaper in New Albany described it: The cabin and outfit of this great","title":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)"},{"psg_id":"348002","text":"Generals\" volume 3, Lee is the Confederate Minister to London circa 1868, desperately seeking help for a CSA which has turned out poorly suited to independence. Robert Skimin's \"Grey Victory\" features Lee as a supporting character preparing to run for the presidency in 1867. The Dodge Charger featured in the CBS television series \"The Dukes of Hazzard\" (1979–1985) was named The General Lee. In the 2005 film based on this series, the car is driven past a statue of the General, while the car's occupants salute him. Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870)","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"9246454","text":"Robert E. Lee Academy Robert E. Lee Academy is a PK–12th grade private school in Bishopville, South Carolina. This coeducational, Protestant-affiliated school was founded in 1965 as a segregation academy. During the 2015-2016 year, the school enrolled a single black child. The academy is accredited by the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA). College credits can be earned at Robert E. Lee Academy through Central Carolina Technical College. The school's athletic program offers many sports, which includes Baseball, Softball, Football, Basketball(women's and men's), Volleyball, Track, Tennis, Clay Shooting, Golf, Cheerleading, and Bowling. The varsity baseball team won the SCISA 2A","title":"Robert E. Lee Academy"},{"psg_id":"2285837","text":"Robert E. Lee (playwright) Robert E. Lee (October 15, 1918 – July 8, 1994) was an American playwright and lyricist. With his writing partner, Jerome Lawrence, Lee worked for Armed Forces Radio during World War II; Lawrence and Lee became the most prolific writing partnership in radio, with such long-running series as \"Favorite Story\" among others. Lee was born in Elyria, Ohio, the son of Elvira (née Taft), a teacher, and C. Melvin Lee, an engineer. He attended Ohio Wesleyan University. Lawrence and Lee turned to the live theatre in 1955 with \"Inherit the Wind\", which remains among the most-produced","title":"Robert E. Lee (playwright)"},{"psg_id":"2285841","text":"at the Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. He is buried in Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery. Robert E. Lee (playwright) Robert E. Lee (October 15, 1918 – July 8, 1994) was an American playwright and lyricist. With his writing partner, Jerome Lawrence, Lee worked for Armed Forces Radio during World War II; Lawrence and Lee became the most prolific writing partnership in radio, with such long-running series as \"Favorite Story\" among others. Lee was born in Elyria, Ohio, the son of Elvira (née Taft), a teacher, and C. Melvin Lee, an engineer. He","title":"Robert E. Lee (playwright)"},{"psg_id":"16957766","text":"purposes until 1975 when new buildings were constructed elsewhere. The Paris Special School District used the building until 2001. The Robert E. Lee School Association (RELSA), a non-profit organization, took the building over in 2001 and began restoring it with grant money and fundraising efforts. In 2003, the building became the home to the Robert E. Lee Academy for the Arts. Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee) The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee. It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register in 1988. Land","title":"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"2431849","text":"completed her 21st patrol before entering drydock on 22 November 1967 for two weeks of repairs. She departed Holy Loch on 26 December 1967 for another patrol. \"Robert E. Lee\" remained attached to Submarine Squadron 14 throughout 1969 and 1970. Continuing to operate out of Holy Loch, she completed her 33rd deterrent patrol on 1 January 1971. \"Robert E. Lee\" was drydocked for her second overhaul on 27 January 1971 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington. She did not leave the drydock until 11 December 1971 and, afterward remained berthed at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for the remainder of","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"15232362","text":"4,000 submissions, it was decided that the school would return to its original name of Staunton High School. The name change will take effect on July 1, 2019. Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia) Robert E. Lee High School is a public high school in Staunton, Virginia, United States. It is named after Robert E. Lee. It is a part of Staunton City Schools. Robert E. Lee High School was originally opened in the early 1900s and renamed to Robert E. Lee in 1914 during the monthly school board meeting held on April 30, 1914. The original building, at","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"15232359","text":"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia) Robert E. Lee High School is a public high school in Staunton, Virginia, United States. It is named after Robert E. Lee. It is a part of Staunton City Schools. Robert E. Lee High School was originally opened in the early 1900s and renamed to Robert E. Lee in 1914 during the monthly school board meeting held on April 30, 1914. The original building, at 274 Churchville Avenue, is in Colonial Revival style. The two-story brick central block is topped by a slate hipped roof with a cupola in the center and strongly","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"17365302","text":"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\" is an American popular song written in 1912, with music by Lewis F. Muir and lyrics by L. Wolfe Gilbert. The \"Robert E. Lee\" in the title refers to the steamboat of that name. It has been recorded by such artists as Al Jolson, Benny Goodman, Judy Garland, Louis Jordan, Dean Martin, Russ Conway, Chas and Dave, Neil Diamond, and Lizzie Miles. in Alec Wilder's 1972 study, \"American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950\", the songwriter and critic discusses \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\" as an early","title":"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"4943054","text":"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville) Robert E. Lee Senior High School is a four-year secondary institution in Jacksonville, Florida. It was named after Confederate States of America general Robert E. Lee. Located in the Riverside and Avondale neighborhood, it is the second oldest high school in Jacksonville operating at its original location, after its traditional rival, Andrew Jackson High School. Lee is part of the Duval County magnet school program. Eligible students at Lee can earn concurrent credit through the Jacksonville Early College High School program. They receive high school credits from Lee and college credit from Florida State","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville)"},{"psg_id":"18365332","text":"General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Robert E. Lee, in dress uniform. The Lee statue is mounted on a column high, with a fountain at its base which is fed by two downward-pointing sculpted cannons. The memorial was sponsored and funded by D. C. Govan Chapter No. 781 of the U. D. C., and dedicated to the \"loving memory of Lee County's Confederate soldiers.\" Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas) The Robert E. Lee Monument (also known as the Marianna Confederate Monument) is a U. D. C. memorial built to honor Lee County's Confederate veterans. The","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas)"},{"psg_id":"11093430","text":"articles on pre-Columbian culture include: Robert E. Lee Chadwick Robert E. Lee Chadwick (March 29, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American anthropologist and archeologist, primarily known for his contributions to the \"Handbook of Middle American Indians\". Robert Chadwick obtained his Ph.D. in anthropology from Tulane University in 1974. His dissertation, directed by Professor Robert Wauchope, was titled \"The Archaeology of a New World \"Merchant\" Culture\". As a graduate student at the University of the Americas, he participated in excavations of three Period I tombs at Yagul. He went on to serve as an archeologist for the Tehuacan Archaeological-Botanical","title":"Robert E. Lee Chadwick"},{"psg_id":"11093427","text":"Robert E. Lee Chadwick Robert E. Lee Chadwick (March 29, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American anthropologist and archeologist, primarily known for his contributions to the \"Handbook of Middle American Indians\". Robert Chadwick obtained his Ph.D. in anthropology from Tulane University in 1974. His dissertation, directed by Professor Robert Wauchope, was titled \"The Archaeology of a New World \"Merchant\" Culture\". As a graduate student at the University of the Americas, he participated in excavations of three Period I tombs at Yagul. He went on to serve as an archeologist for the Tehuacan Archaeological-Botanical Project and as staff archeologist","title":"Robert E. Lee Chadwick"},{"psg_id":"8425689","text":"District 11 along with many Garland and Rockwall Schools. The Robert E. Lee Red Raiders compete in a variety of sports including Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Volleyball, Tennis, Powerlifting, Track, Swimming, Cross Country, and is most well known for the Tyler Lee Football Team. Robert E. Lee High School won the 2004 football state championship by defeating Spring Westfield 28-21 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School is one of two Tyler Independent School District high school campuses in the city of Tyler, Texas, the other being","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)"},{"psg_id":"10031508","text":"a writer, gathering his memories of his family and life in \"Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee\" (1904). The first-hand account provides a valuable source of information on day-to-day life at Arlington House during his youth, and includes many items of interest regarding his father's entire life. (see link for online portion of this book below) However, some are now offended by racial views expressed therein. Robert E. Lee Jr. died in 1914. He was interred with his parents and siblings in the Lee Chapel in Lexington, Virginia, where his father and brother Custis each had served as","title":"Robert E. Lee Jr."},{"psg_id":"17772756","text":"on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District. Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of Monument Avenue's monuments in Richmond, Virginia. In 1876 the Lee Monument Association commissioned the adaption of a painting done by artist Adalbert Volck into a lithograph. The lithograph, depicting Robert E. Lee on his horse, was the basis for the bronze statue created by French sculptor Antonin Mercié. It was noted in the National Register of Historic Places that \"the horse is not","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia)"},{"psg_id":"19275849","text":"ADVANCED TO THE EXECUTION/ OF MY PURPOSE (West steps:) THE PARTING OF GENERAL LEE AND/ STONEWALL JACKSON ON THE EVE/ OF CHANCELLORSVILLE (East steps:) GIFT OF J. HENRY FERGUSON OF MARYLAND. (North steps:) THEY WERE GREAT GENERALS AND/ CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS AND WAGED/ WAR LIKE GENTLEMEN. </poem> Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument The Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument, often referred to simply as the Jackson and Lee Monument or Lee and Jackson Monument, was a double equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee, formerly located on the west side of the Wyman Park Dell in","title":"Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument"},{"psg_id":"347998","text":"Robert E. Lee\" by Lewis F. Muir and L. Wolfe Gilbert. In more modern times, the , a built in 1958, was named for Lee, as was the M3 Lee tank, produced in 1941 and 1942. The Commonwealth of Virginia issues an optional license plate honoring Lee, making reference to him as 'The Virginia Gentleman'. In February 2014, a road on Fort Bliss previously named for Lee was renamed to honor Buffalo Soldiers. A recent biographer, Jonathan Horn, outlines the unsuccessful efforts in Washington to memorialize Lee in the naming of the Arlington Memorial Bridge after both Grant and Lee.","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"8748223","text":"The Making of Robert E. Lee The Making of Robert E. Lee by Michael Fellman is a biography of the famous Confederate general. It looks mostly at his character and beliefs. It says relatively little about the details of particular battles, though it speculates about why he may have made particular choices. Fellman describes Robert E. Lee's singular position as the son of Henry \"Light Horse Harry\" Lee, a hero of the American War of Independence. His relatively impoverished upbringing, after his father lost most of his fortune and suffered injuries that later killed him after being attacked by a","title":"The Making of Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"2431847","text":"half of work, \"Robert E. Lee\" got underway for sea trials on 12 July 1966. Sound trials and weapons system accuracy trials were conducted during the latter half of July, and on 5 August she entered San Diego, California, harbor for a five-day visit. Underway for the United States East Coast on 10 August 1966, \"Robert E. Lee\" transited the Panama Canal on 20 August and arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, on 4 September 1966. During the remainder of September and the first week of October, \"Robert E. Lee\" conducted shakedown operations off Cape Canaveral, Florida. On 10 October, with","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"17365303","text":"example of the evolution of American popular song and development of the Great American Songbook. Wilder asserts that with this song, \"Muir caught the spirit of the new rhythms that had burst out with ragtime...This is a good song in any decade and remarkable for its time, certainly as much so as \"Alexander's Ragtime Band.\" Waiting for the Robert E. Lee \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\" is an American popular song written in 1912, with music by Lewis F. Muir and lyrics by L. Wolfe Gilbert. The \"Robert E. Lee\" in the title refers to the steamboat of that","title":"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"12305445","text":"names of prominent alumni have graduated. They are continuing their tradition of excellence in the school as well as in the community. Robert E. Lee High School's motto is \"The pursuit of continuous excellence\". The Lee Generals represent the school in ASHAA sporting competitions. During the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 school years the Lee Cheerleaders won the Cheersport National Championship. Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama) Robert E. Lee High School is a public secondary school in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, serving grades 9–12. The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system. In January 1953, the Montgomery Board","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama)"},{"psg_id":"9246455","text":"state title in 2014. REL academy offers clubs and activities such as Student Council, Yearbook Staff, Anchor Club, Beta Club, First Priority, Environmental Awareness Club, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Spanish Club, and Quiz bowl. The Math Meet and the Literary Meet are also considered an extracurricular activity. Robert E. Lee Academy Robert E. Lee Academy is a PK–12th grade private school in Bishopville, South Carolina. This coeducational, Protestant-affiliated school was founded in 1965 as a segregation academy. During the 2015-2016 year, the school enrolled a single black child. The academy is accredited by the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA).","title":"Robert E. Lee Academy"},{"psg_id":"4233756","text":"This ship was not the one immortalised in the American popular song Waiting for the Robert E. Lee (1912), which was based on a later Mississippi steamer of the same name. \"Robert E. Lee\" was condemned as a prize at Boston, Massachusetts, acquired by the United States Navy and placed in commission on June 29, 1864 as USS \"Fort Donelson\", with Acting Volunteer Lieutenant Thomas Pickering in command. \"Fort Donelson\" was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, cruising in blockade of the North Carolina coast through the remainder of 1864 with brief periods of repair at Norfolk, Virginia. From","title":"CSS Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"20278705","text":"three other remaining Coppini statues of Confederate-Texan notables from the South Mall. Robert E. Lee (Coppini) Robert E. Lee is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting the American general of the same name by Pompeo Coppini. The sculpture was commissioned in 1919 by George W. Littlefield to be included in the Littlefield Fountain on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. It was installed on the university's South Mall in Austin, Texas from 1933 until its removal in 2017. In 1919, University of Texas regent George W. Littlefield donated funds to pay for the construction of a \"Memorial Gateway\"","title":"Robert E. Lee (Coppini)"},{"psg_id":"20278701","text":"Robert E. Lee (Coppini) Robert E. Lee is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting the American general of the same name by Pompeo Coppini. The sculpture was commissioned in 1919 by George W. Littlefield to be included in the Littlefield Fountain on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. It was installed on the university's South Mall in Austin, Texas from 1933 until its removal in 2017. In 1919, University of Texas regent George W. Littlefield donated funds to pay for the construction of a \"Memorial Gateway\" at the south entrance to the university's campus that would honor the","title":"Robert E. Lee (Coppini)"},{"psg_id":"11406289","text":"flying, bands playing, and the decks of both boats crowded with ladies and gentlemen.\" Way also writes that at Vicksburg, both boats took fuel flats in tow and emptied them under way. In addition, both vessels advertised before the race that they would accept freight and passengers. To this day no commercial boat has beaten the speed record set by \"Robert E. Lee\" during the race. However, \"Bogie\", a 1929 motor boat built by Leroy Craft, beat \"Robert E. Lee\"s record. It usually ran between New Orleans and Natchez, Mississippi. However, during spans of bad business, it would forsake Natchez","title":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)"},{"psg_id":"11406287","text":"an appearance of Oriental luxury and splendor seldom conceived an never before seen floating the wild waters of this so-called semi-barbarian western world. … In the summer of 1870, \"Robert E. Lee\" won a famed steamboat race against \"Natchez\", going from New Orleans to St. Louis, Missouri, a distance of , in 3 days, 18 hours and 14 minutes. John W. Cannon, the captain of \"Robert E. Lee\", ensured victory by removing excess weight, carrying only a few passengers, and using prearranged barges to increase the speed of refueling. \"Natchez\" finished the race several hours later, but had been delayed","title":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)"},{"psg_id":"10350864","text":"candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress and for election in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress. He resumed his former activities in the oil business and resided in Lexington, Kentucky, until his death there on September 20, 1935. He was interred in Stanton Cemetery, Stanton, Kentucky. Robert E. Lee Blackburn Robert E. Lee Blackburn (April 9, 1870 – September 20, 1935) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born on a farm near Furnace, Kentucky, Blackburn as an infant moved with his parents to Stanton, Kentucky. He attended the county schools, and Elliott Academy at Kirksville, Kentucky. He worked","title":"Robert E. Lee Blackburn"},{"psg_id":"10350862","text":"Robert E. Lee Blackburn Robert E. Lee Blackburn (April 9, 1870 – September 20, 1935) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born on a farm near Furnace, Kentucky, Blackburn as an infant moved with his parents to Stanton, Kentucky. He attended the county schools, and Elliott Academy at Kirksville, Kentucky. He worked as a traveling salesman for an oil company from 1891 to 1900 and during the Spanish–American War he served as a second lieutenant in Company C, Fourth Infantry, United States Volunteers. Blackburn engaged in general merchandising at Stanton, Kentucky, and in agricultural pursuits 1900-1907, served as member of","title":"Robert E. Lee Blackburn"},{"psg_id":"13056226","text":"for advocating removal in \"The Times-Picayune\": \"When one surveys the accomplishments of our local heroes across time from Iberville and Bienville, to Andrew Jackson, from Mahalia Jackson, to Anne Rice and Fats Domino, from Wendell Pierce, to John Besh and Jonathan Batiste, what did Robert E. Lee do to merit his distinguished position? He fought for the enslavement of a people against our national army fighting for their freedom; killed more Americans than any opposing general in history; made no attempt to defend or protect this city; and even more absurdly, he never even set foot in Louisiana. In the","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)"},{"psg_id":"347993","text":"Memorial Park. In 1953, two stained-glass windows – one honoring Lee, the other Stonewall Jackson – were installed in the Washington National Cathedral. The stained glass of Lee shows him on horseback at Chancellorsville; it was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. In 2017, these windows were removed by a vote of the Cathedral's governing board. The cathedral plans to keep the windows and eventually display them in historical context. An equestrian statue of Lee was installed in Robert E. Lee Park, in Dallas, until 2017; and in Austin, a statue of Lee is on display at the","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347916","text":"of irresponsible antislavery agitators\" and asserted that \"There is no evidence, direct or indirect, that Lee ever had them or any other Negroes flogged. The usage at Arlington and elsewhere in Virginia among people of Lee's station forbade such a thing.\" In 2000, Michael Fellman, in \"The Making of Robert E. Lee\", found the claims that Lee had \"personally\" whipped \"Mary\" Norris \"extremely unlikely,\" but found it not at all unlikely that Lee had ordered the runaways whipped: \"corporal punishment (for which Lee substituted the euphemism 'firmness') was (believed to be) an intrinsic and necessary part of slave discipline. Although","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"13123854","text":"Lee died at age 87 on February 27, 2009 at his home in Baldwin, New York on Long Island, due to cancer. He was survived by four daughters, two sons, eight grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren and two sisters. His wife died in 2000, the couple having been married for 56 years. Robert E. A. Lee Robert Edward Alexander Lee (November 9, 1921 – February 27, 2009) was the head of the Lutheran Church's film production and producer of \"Martin Luther\" and the Oscar-nominated film \"A Time for Burning\". Lee was born in Spring Grove, Minnesota on November 9, 1921, he","title":"Robert E. A. Lee"},{"psg_id":"8425686","text":"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School is one of two Tyler Independent School District high school campuses in the city of Tyler, Texas, the other being John Tyler High School. RE Lee High School has served the East Texas community since opening in 1958 and classified as a 6A school by the UIL. In 2013, the school was rated \"Met Standard\" by the Texas Education Agency. Circa 2017-2018 there was a debate in the Tyler community on whether the school's name should change, as Robert E. Lee became a controversial figure. In 2018 the","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)"},{"psg_id":"13056220","text":"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana) The Robert E. Lee Monument formerly in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a historic statue dedicated to Confederate General Robert E. Lee by noted American sculptor Alexander Doyle. It was removed (intact) by official order and moved to an unknown location on May 19, 2017. Any future display is uncertain. The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It was included by \"New Orleans\" magazine in June 2011 as one of the city's \"11 important statues\". The monument was dedicated in 1884, at Tivoli Circle (since commonly called Lee","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)"},{"psg_id":"347989","text":"would never again be able to return to his home. The United States designated the mansion as a National Memorial to Lee in 1955, a mark of widespread respect for him in both the North and South. In Richmond, Virginia, a large equestrian statue of Lee by French sculptor Jean Antonin Mercié is the centerpiece of the city's famous Monument Avenue, which boasts four other statues to famous Confederates. This monument to Lee was unveiled on May 29, 1890; over 100,000 people attended this dedication. That has been described as \"the day white Virginia stopped admiring Gen. Robert E. Lee","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347979","text":"down the Maury River. Two neighborhood boys, C.G. Chittum and Robert E. Hillis, found one of the coffins that had been swept ashore. Undamaged, it was used for the General's body, though it was a bit short for him. As a result, Lee was buried without shoes. He was buried underneath Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University, where his body remains. Among the supporters of the Confederacy, Lee came to be even more revered after his surrender than he had been during the war, when Stonewall Jackson had been the great Confederate hero. In an address before the Southern","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347963","text":"surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to his army. Lee resisted calls by some officers to reject surrender and allow small units to melt away into the mountains, setting up a lengthy guerrilla war. He insisted the war was over and energetically campaigned for inter-sectional reconciliation. \"So far from engaging in a war to perpetuate slavery, I am rejoiced that slavery is abolished. I believe it will be greatly for the interests of the South.\" The following are summaries of Civil War campaigns and major battles where Robert E. Lee was the commanding officer: After the war, Lee was not","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347934","text":"three minutes of fighting. Lee's summary report of the episode shows Lee believed it \"was the attempt of a fanatic or madman\". Lee said Brown achieved \"temporary success\" by creating panic and confusion and by \"magnifying\" the number of participants involved in the raid. In 1860, Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee relieved Major Heintzelman at Fort Brown, and the Mexican authorities offered to restrain \"their citizens from making predatory descents upon the territory and people of Texas...this was the last active operation of the Cortina War\". Rip Ford, a Texas Ranger at the time, described Lee as \"dignified without hauteur,","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"16418039","text":"the world's largest plantation. Robert E. Lee Wilson Robert Edward Lee Wilson (March 5, 1865 – September 27, 1933) was the creator and owner of Lee Wilson and Company, a group of large cotton plantations in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Acquiring much of his father's former swamplands, Wilson formed a logging and farming business that would become one of the largest and most successful in the United States. Wilson founded many company towns for his workers, including Armorel, Marie, Victoria, and Wilson, and was one of the most influential Arkansans of his time. A period company brochure claims the Wilson &","title":"Robert E. Lee Wilson"},{"psg_id":"16418038","text":"Robert E. Lee Wilson Robert Edward Lee Wilson (March 5, 1865 – September 27, 1933) was the creator and owner of Lee Wilson and Company, a group of large cotton plantations in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Acquiring much of his father's former swamplands, Wilson formed a logging and farming business that would become one of the largest and most successful in the United States. Wilson founded many company towns for his workers, including Armorel, Marie, Victoria, and Wilson, and was one of the most influential Arkansans of his time. A period company brochure claims the Wilson & Company grounds to be","title":"Robert E. Lee Wilson"},{"psg_id":"13123846","text":"Robert E. A. Lee Robert Edward Alexander Lee (November 9, 1921 – February 27, 2009) was the head of the Lutheran Church's film production and producer of \"Martin Luther\" and the Oscar-nominated film \"A Time for Burning\". Lee was born in Spring Grove, Minnesota on November 9, 1921, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1942 from Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, having majored in music. With experience as a singer and playing the trumpet, he began his career in broadcasting by hosting (and singing on) the show \"Hymns We Love\" on the school's radio station. He enlisted in the","title":"Robert E. A. Lee"},{"psg_id":"4943071","text":"attended during the 2008-09 school year. Of that total, 63.6% were black, 23.3% were white, 6.5% were Hispanic, and 4.5% were Asian. One student was Native American and 36 were of unspecified ethnicity. The number of Asian students surpassed 50 in the 1992-93 year, but the group has fluctuated between a high of 82 and a low of 44. The Lee Generals have won 15 FHSAA state championships. The following sports are offered at Lee: Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville) Robert E. Lee Senior High School is a four-year secondary institution in Jacksonville, Florida. It was named after Confederate","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville)"},{"psg_id":"18365331","text":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas) The Robert E. Lee Monument (also known as the Marianna Confederate Monument) is a U. D. C. memorial built to honor Lee County's Confederate veterans. The monument was carved by the McNeel Marble Co. It is located in Marianna, Arkansas, across from the Lee County Courthouse. Dedicated in 1910, it is one of several monuments built to honor Confederate soldiers. The structure is a local tourist attraction and, since 1996, has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Made entirely of marble, the Marianna Confederate Monument consists of a statue of the","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas)"},{"psg_id":"347988","text":"of the land he loved and served so masterly, above the far distant battle fields where so many thousands of his gray veterans lie in the sleep of fallen heroes. (\"Silent South\", 1885, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine) Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, also known as the Custis–Lee Mansion, is a Greek revival mansion in Arlington, Virginia, that was once Lee's home. It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the Civil War, the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery, in part to ensure that Lee","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"4336817","text":"and includes 3 lanes in either direction. An on-ramp and an off-ramp for South 2nd Street connects to the bridge over the north shore of the James River. The Virginia War Memorial is located adjacent to its northern end. A notable feature is a pedestrian footbridge which hangs below the road deck from Tredegar Street near the site of the Tredegar Iron Works on the north shore over to Belle Isle in the middle of the river. Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge The Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge in Richmond, Virginia carries U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301 across","title":"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge"},{"psg_id":"4336816","text":"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge The Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge in Richmond, Virginia carries U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301 across the James River at the Fall Line. The city acquired the original bridge from Richmond Bridge Corp in 1933, and it was named the James River Bridge but was later renamed for the Confederate general. It was originally constructed as a four lane toll facility and opened in 1934. In the 1980s, a replacement structure was built including a substantial realignment of the approach roadways at the south end. Work was completed in 1989. It is toll-free","title":"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge"},{"psg_id":"16957764","text":"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee) The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee. It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register in 1988. Land for a new school was donated by Judge John C. Hamilton in 1848. Trustees for the Paris Male Academy contracted John Oury on 30 August of that year to construct a brick building fifty feet by thirty-two feet with eighteen inch thick outer walls. Cost upon completion was $2,470. A bell was later installed in September 1849. Paris Male Academy operated","title":"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"10508398","text":"Maryland, January 28, 1951. He was interred in Kingwood Cemetery, Kingwood, West Virginia. Robert E. Lee Allen Robert Edward Lee Allen (November 28, 1865 – January 28, 1951) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia. Born in Lima, West Virginia in Tyler County, Allen attended the country schools, Fairmont Normal School, and Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee. He was graduated from the literary department of the West Virginia University in Morgantown in 1894 and from its school of law in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1895 and commenced practice at Morgantown. He served as a member of the","title":"Robert E. Lee Allen"},{"psg_id":"10508396","text":"Robert E. Lee Allen Robert Edward Lee Allen (November 28, 1865 – January 28, 1951) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia. Born in Lima, West Virginia in Tyler County, Allen attended the country schools, Fairmont Normal School, and Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee. He was graduated from the literary department of the West Virginia University in Morgantown in 1894 and from its school of law in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1895 and commenced practice at Morgantown. He served as a member of the city council from 1895 to 1917. Allen spent the years 1917 to 1921","title":"Robert E. Lee Allen"},{"psg_id":"13511868","text":"Robert E. Lee Hotel (St. Louis, Missouri) The Robert E. Lee Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri, also known as Auditorium Hotel, Evangeline Home, or Railton Residence, is a Romanesque style building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It was designed in 1927 by architect Alonzo H. Gentry and was built during 1927-28. It is a 14-story building with a cast concrete structural framework and red brick walls. It was originally opened as the Robert E. Hotel. Purchased by the Salvation Army in 1939 for $1. Later, as Evangeline Booth Home, it provided housing for","title":"Robert E. Lee Hotel (St. Louis, Missouri)"},{"psg_id":"13056235","text":"day-long effort by work crews the statue of Lee was finally detached and removed from its column pedestal. While crews were working on removing the statue, New Orleans mayor Mitch Landrieu gave a speech at Gallier Hall discussing the historical context of the Lee and other monuments, and the reasons for and meaning of their removal. The removal prompted Mississippi lawmaker Karl Oliver to post on Facebook that those supporting the take-down of the Confederate monuments \"should be LYNCHED\". He later apologized for this statement. Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana) The Robert E. Lee Monument formerly in New","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)"},{"psg_id":"13056227","text":"heart of the most progressive and creative cultural city in America, why should we continue to commemorate this legacy?\" Contrary to assertions that Robert E. Lee never set foot in New Orleans, he visited or passed through the city in 1846, 1848, 1860 and 1861, while serving in the United States Army. While in New Orleans, Lee was quartered at the military post of Jackson Barracks. On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to relocate four statues from public display, among them the statue of Robert E. Lee located in Lee Circle. Four organizations immediately filed a","title":"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)"},{"psg_id":"10534777","text":"deserved to be recognized. A dedication ceremony took place on April 27, 2013. Alongside the typical core courses offered at all high school, Lee also offers some advanced courses in various fields. The school offers Advanced Placement courses for Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Physics, Art History, World History, U.S. History, European History, English Language, English Literature, American Government, Computer Science A, and Computer Science AB. In 2007, the school produced twenty five AP Scholars, and twenty nine in 2006. Lee also participates, annually, in the UIL competitions. Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)"},{"psg_id":"10534774","text":"song most commonly associated as the school's fight is \"Washington and Lee Swing\". Another traditional song is \"Southern Special\", a swing version of the traditional song \"Dixie\", played at a very fast tempo which was played after football touchdowns for several years. The final traditional school song, commonly referred to as the 'medley', consists of a compilation of three songs: \"Are You From Dixie?\", \"Waitin' on the Robert E. Lee\", and \"Washington and Lee Swing\". The Robert E. Lee High School Alma Mater is an original composition. On April 29, 1987, a three-alarm fire destroyed the interior of the main","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)"},{"psg_id":"10534772","text":"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School (often referred to as Baytown Lee) is a 5A public high school in Baytown, Texas, that serves grades 9 through 12. Lee is one of four high schools in the Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District, which serves all of Baytown and Highlands, Texas. The other three are Ross S. Sterling High School, Goose Creek Memorial High School, and IMPACT Early College High School. As of 2008 the school's ethnic breakdown is 38 percent White, 42 percent Hispanic, 19 percent African-American, and 1 percent other. Founded in 1928,","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)"},{"psg_id":"2285840","text":"government corruption in the 1920s. \"The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail\" (1970) was a Vietnam-era exploration of Thoreau's resistance to an earlier war. The Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute, a theater research facility and archive was dedicated in Lawrence and Lee's honor at the Ohio State University in 1986. Lee was survived by his wife, voice actress Janet Waldo (the voice of many well-known cartoon characters, including Judy Jetson), and his children, Jonathan Barlow Lee, the production manager for Center Theatre Group's Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, and Lucy Lee, who teaches Clinical Management Communication","title":"Robert E. Lee (playwright)"},{"psg_id":"347996","text":"also named for him as well as private schools such as Robert E. Lee Academy in Bishopville, South Carolina. In 1900, Lee was one of the first 29 individuals selected for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans (the first Hall of Fame in the United States), designed by Stanford White, on the Bronx, New York, campus of New York University, now a part of Bronx Community College. However, his bust was removed in August 2017 by order of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo. In 1862, the newly formed Confederate Navy purchased a 642-ton iron-hulled side-wheel gunboat, built in at","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347982","text":"1948, with a 3-cent postage stamp. The central design is a view of the university, flanked by portraits of generals George Washington and Robert E. Lee. Lee was again commemorated on a commemorative stamp in 1970, along with Jefferson Davis and Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson, depicted on horseback on the 6-cent Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative issue, modeled after the actual Stone Mountain Memorial carving in Georgia. The stamp was issued on September 19, 1970, in conjunction with the dedication of the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial in Georgia on May 9, 1970. The design of the stamp replicates the memorial, the","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"347900","text":"St. Louis harbor and for the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Among his projects was the mapping of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi above Keokuk, Iowa, where the Mississippi's mean depth of was the upper limit of steamboat traffic on the river. His work there earned him a promotion to captain. Around 1842, Captain Robert E. Lee arrived as Fort Hamilton's post engineer. While Lee was stationed at Fort Monroe, he married Mary Anna Randolph Custis (1808–1873), great-granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, and step-great-granddaughter of George Washington, the first president of the","title":"Robert E. Lee"},{"psg_id":"2431851","text":"Hawaii, she sailed for Apra, Guam, and continued operations in that area into 1977, accomplishing several deterrent patrols in the Pacific. In early 1977, \"Robert E. Lee\" drydocked for her third and final overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard for nuclear reactor core refueling, equipment, and weapons upgrades. Sea Trials commenced in August 1978 and she went into operational status December, 1978. The Gold Crew transisted the Panama Canal January 1979. Transisted to San Diego California, Bermerton, WA to Honolulu, HI. Turned over to the Blue Crew. In 1982-1983, \"Robert E. Lee\"s missiles were removed and she was redesignated SSN","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"2431850","text":"1971. For the first seven months of 1972, \"Robert E. Lee\" was engaged in post-overhaul trials and exercises on the United States West Coast. In mid-August 1972, \"Robert E. Lee\" transited the Panama Canal and arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, on 14 September 1972. She continued normal operations, this time on the U.S. East Coast, throughout 1972 and for the first seven months of 1973. Transiting the Panama Canal early in August 1973, she arrived in San Diego, California, on 17 August 1973 and then moved on to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, arriving on 5 September 1973. After a month in","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"2431848","text":"the Undersecretary of the Navy on board as an observer, \"Robert E. Lee\" successfully fired a Polaris A-3 test missile. She returned to Charleston to commence a predeployment upkeep period at the Cooper River site in South Carolina where a failed rudder ram bolt was replaced. On 4 December 1966, she departed Charleston on her 17th deterrent patrol, which terminated at Holy Loch on 30 January 1967. By 4 October 1967, \"Robert E. Lee\" had completed three more patrols. After drydocking in \"Los Alamos\" for minor repairs and hull surveillance, she resumed her patrol schedule on 1 November 1967 and","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"2431845","text":"April 1961. \"Robert E. Lee\" conducted \"special operations\" out of Cape Kennedy during May and June 1961, and in late June departed for Holy Loch, Scotland, where she joined Submarine Squadron 14 on 10 July 1961. She conducted practice torpedo firing during the first week of August and departed Holy Loch on 9 August 1961 on her first deterrent patrol. During the next two years she completed nine more deterrent patrols. On 10 September 1963, \"Robert E. Lee\" entered the floating drydock , then on 4 October 1963 resumed her normal patrol schedule. Continuing to operate out of Holy Loch","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"2431844","text":"December 1960 conducted her first missile launch. The Polaris flew \"hot and true.\" In January 1961, \"Robert E. Lee\" conducted additional simulated missile launches and on 15 January 1961 departed for the Bermuda Operating Area. There, joined by the submarine on 25 January 1961, she engaged in antisubmarine warfare training with \"Torsk\". Returning to Norfolk on 30 January, \"Robert E. Lee\" entered the Newport News drydock on 3 February for a month of shipyard work. She departed Newport News on 17 March 1961, loaded torpedoes at Yorktown, Virginia, on 25 March, and got underway for Cape Kennedy, arriving on 9","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"2431843","text":"Commander Reuben F. Woodal commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Joseph Williams, Jr. commanding the Gold Crew. The third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine to join the fleet, and the first nuclear-powered submarine built in the southern United States, \"Robert E. Lee\" operated in and out of Newport News, Virginia, until 2 December 1960, when she got underway for the Narragansett Bay Operating Area for torpedo firing tests. Following the successful firing of five torpedoes on 6 December 1960, \"Robert E. Lee\" departed for Cape Kennedy, Florida, arriving on 12 December 1960. She then loaded Polaris test missiles and on 22","title":"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)"},{"psg_id":"5565190","text":"the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107, a joint resolution that designated the manor as the \"Custis-Lee Mansion\" as a permanent memorial to Robert E. Lee. The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation, \"thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied\". Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E. Lee as specified in the original legislation. The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building","title":"Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial"},{"psg_id":"12305442","text":"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama) Robert E. Lee High School is a public secondary school in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, serving grades 9–12. The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system. In January 1953, the Montgomery Board of Education purchased of property on Ann Street for $74,000 for a new high school. The new school would alleviate overcrowding at Sidney Lanier High School and accommodate children coming to Montgomery due to Maxwell and Gunter Air Force Bases. The final cost of the new facility was nearly $1.25 million. Lee High School opened to students for the","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama)"},{"psg_id":"11406291","text":"shore at the Yucatán Plantation in Louisiana. The captain was W.S. Cannon (son of Capt. John Cannon, who owned the steamboat), and the pilot, John Stout, was credited with saving many lives. The survivors were rescued by the \"J. M. White\", and taken back to Vicksburg. Three chandeliers originally on the \"Lee\" are currently at the First Presbyterian Church of Port Gibson, Mississippi. Another chandelier is in the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans. Additional items originally of the \"Lee\" are at the Howard Steamboat Museum in Jeffersonville, Indiana. A stern wheel steamer named \"Robert E. Lee\" was built in","title":"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)"},{"psg_id":"8425688","text":"flag was retired shortly after four African-American players refused to run under the flag and ran around it instead, causing some local controversy. The cannon, retired in 1986, is now the property of Brook Hill School in Bullard, Texas. As of the 2013-14 school year, the student body consisted of: Robert E. Lee High School offers a variety of Pre-AP and AP-level courses, as well as Career Technology Education programs and Fine Arts electives. Lee implemented the International Baccalaureate program in the Fall of 2008. As of 2014, Robert E. Lee High School is classified as a 6A school in","title":"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17772752\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of Monument Avenue's monuments in Richmond, Virginia. In 1876 the Lee Monument Association commissioned the adaption of a painting done by artist Adalbert Volck into a lithograph. The lithograph, depicting Robert E. Lee on his horse, was the basis for the bronze statue created by French sculptor Antonin Mercié. It was noted in the National Register of Historic Places that \\\"the horse is not a representation of Lee’s famous mount Traveller. The sculptor did not find the size of the actual horse\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347997\",\n \"text\": \"Glasgow, Scotland, and gave her the name of CSS \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" in honor of this Confederate General. During the next year, she became one of the South's most famous Confederate blockade runners, successfully making more than twenty runs through the Union blockade. The Mississippi River steamboat \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" was named for Lee after the Civil War. It was the participant in an 1870 St. Louis – New Orleans race with the \\\"Natchez VI\\\", which was featured in a Currier and Ives lithograph. The \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" won the race. The steamboat inspired the 1912 song \\\"Waiting for the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13191019\",\n \"text\": \"E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in 1985, after two years of requiring state employees to select between the two holidays or their own birthday as a day off from work. In 2017, it passed a law removing General Lee's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee. Robert E. Lee Day Robert E. Lee Day, also called Lee's Birthday, is a public holiday commemorating the birth of Robert E. Lee, observed each year on the third Monday in January. Because Lee was\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11406292\",\n \"text\": \"1969 based on an old Corps of engineers hull. Moored as a floating restaurant in St. Louis, this boat was destroyed by fire in 2010. It was not a replica of the original \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" which was a larger side wheel steamer. Robert E. Lee (steamboat) Robert E. Lee, nicknamed the \\\"Monarch of the Mississippi,\\\" was a steamboat built in New Albany, Indiana, in 1866. The hull was designed by DeWitt Hill, and the riverboat cost more than $200,000 to build. It was named for General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347906\",\n \"text\": \"what he called a \\\"snake pit\\\", but the War Department insisted and he obeyed. His wife occasionally came to visit. During his three years at West Point, Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee improved the buildings and courses and spent much time with the cadets. Lee's oldest son, George Washington Custis Lee, attended West Point during his tenure. Custis Lee graduated in 1854, first in his class. Lee was enormously relieved to receive a long-awaited promotion as second-in-command of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in Texas in 1855. It meant leaving the Engineering Corps and its sequence of staff jobs for the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13191018\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Day Robert E. Lee Day, also called Lee's Birthday, is a public holiday commemorating the birth of Robert E. Lee, observed each year on the third Monday in January. Because Lee was the General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederacy, it is mainly observed in the U.S. South, particularly in Alabama and Mississippi. Although Lee's actual January 19 birthdate remains a legal holiday in the Florida statute books, by and large it is not observed. In Alabama and Mississippi, it is celebrated together with Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. Arkansas combined the observance of Robert\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8385204\",\n \"text\": \"anyone deemed \\\"necessary or advisable in the interests of the United States.\\\" In the Fall of 1947, Lee (a Republican now working in the Republican-dominated 80th United States Congress) discovered and examined security files for 108 suspect cases, which resulted in the \\\"Lee List\\\" used by a congressional subcommittee. (Historian John Earl Haynes has stated, \\\"Robert E. Lee was the committee's lead investigator and supervised preparation of the list.\\\" Haynes has also compiled a comparison between the Lee and other lists of communists used by McCarthy, available online.) During a congressional hearing on March 10, 1948, Assistant Secretary of State\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (FCC)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347959\",\n \"text\": \"defeat at Gettysburg, Lee sent a letter of resignation to President Davis on August 8, 1863, but Davis refused Lee's request. That fall, Lee and Meade met again in two minor campaigns that did little to change the strategic standoff. The Confederate Army never fully recovered from the substantial losses incurred during the 3-day battle in southern Pennsylvania. The historian Shelby Foote stated, \\\"Gettysburg was the price the South paid for having Robert E. Lee as commander.\\\" In 1864 the new Union general-in-chief, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, sought to use his large advantages in manpower and material resources to\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347994\",\n \"text\": \"main mall of the University of Texas at Austin. A statue of Robert E. Lee is one of two statues (the other is Washington) representing Virginia in Statuary Hall in the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Lee is one of the figures depicted in bas-relief carved into Stone Mountain near Atlanta. Accompanying him on horseback in the relief are Stonewall Jackson and Jefferson Davis. The birthday of Robert E. Lee is celebrated or commemorated in several states. In Virginia, Lee–Jackson Day is celebrated on the Friday preceding Martin Luther King, Jr. Day which is the third Monday in January. In Texas,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8385209\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Edward Lee, and Michael Lee. Lee died age 81 on April 5 or 15, 1993, of liver cancer in Arlington, Virginia. At time of death, he was the longest-serving FCC commissioner. Lee championed ultrahigh-frequency television (UHF), RCA Corporation's system for color broadcasting, educational television, pay or subscription television, and expanding FM radio. His papers were donated by his widow to the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in 1998. Robert E. Lee (FCC) Robert E. Lee (1912–1993) was a 20th-century American government official, best known as Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1953 to 1981, including Interim FCC Chairman (February\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (FCC)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8385199\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee (FCC) Robert E. Lee (1912–1993) was a 20th-century American government official, best known as Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1953 to 1981, including Interim FCC Chairman (February 5, 1981 – April 12, 1981) and Chairman (April 13, 1981 – May 18, 1981). Robert E. Lee was born on March 31, 1912, in Chicago to a family of Irish immigrants. He had at least one sibling, a brother Edward. In the 1920s, He attended St. Vincent's Grammar School. In 1935, he graduated from DePaul University's College of Commerce and Law. In 1932, while still a student,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (FCC)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11406282\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat) Robert E. Lee, nicknamed the \\\"Monarch of the Mississippi,\\\" was a steamboat built in New Albany, Indiana, in 1866. The hull was designed by DeWitt Hill, and the riverboat cost more than $200,000 to build. It was named for General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States. The steamboat gained its greatest fame for racing and beating the then-current speed record holder, \\\"Natchez\\\", in an 1870 steamboat race. Its capacity was 5741 bales of cotton. A local newspaper in New Albany described it: The cabin and outfit of this great\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"348002\",\n \"text\": \"Generals\\\" volume 3, Lee is the Confederate Minister to London circa 1868, desperately seeking help for a CSA which has turned out poorly suited to independence. Robert Skimin's \\\"Grey Victory\\\" features Lee as a supporting character preparing to run for the presidency in 1867. The Dodge Charger featured in the CBS television series \\\"The Dukes of Hazzard\\\" (1979–1985) was named The General Lee. In the 2005 film based on this series, the car is driven past a statue of the General, while the car's occupants salute him. Robert E. Lee Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870)\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9246454\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Academy Robert E. Lee Academy is a PK–12th grade private school in Bishopville, South Carolina. This coeducational, Protestant-affiliated school was founded in 1965 as a segregation academy. During the 2015-2016 year, the school enrolled a single black child. The academy is accredited by the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA). College credits can be earned at Robert E. Lee Academy through Central Carolina Technical College. The school's athletic program offers many sports, which includes Baseball, Softball, Football, Basketball(women's and men's), Volleyball, Track, Tennis, Clay Shooting, Golf, Cheerleading, and Bowling. The varsity baseball team won the SCISA 2A\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2285837\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee (playwright) Robert E. Lee (October 15, 1918 – July 8, 1994) was an American playwright and lyricist. With his writing partner, Jerome Lawrence, Lee worked for Armed Forces Radio during World War II; Lawrence and Lee became the most prolific writing partnership in radio, with such long-running series as \\\"Favorite Story\\\" among others. Lee was born in Elyria, Ohio, the son of Elvira (née Taft), a teacher, and C. Melvin Lee, an engineer. He attended Ohio Wesleyan University. Lawrence and Lee turned to the live theatre in 1955 with \\\"Inherit the Wind\\\", which remains among the most-produced\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2285841\",\n \"text\": \"at the Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. He is buried in Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery. Robert E. Lee (playwright) Robert E. Lee (October 15, 1918 – July 8, 1994) was an American playwright and lyricist. With his writing partner, Jerome Lawrence, Lee worked for Armed Forces Radio during World War II; Lawrence and Lee became the most prolific writing partnership in radio, with such long-running series as \\\"Favorite Story\\\" among others. Lee was born in Elyria, Ohio, the son of Elvira (née Taft), a teacher, and C. Melvin Lee, an engineer. He\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16957766\",\n \"text\": \"purposes until 1975 when new buildings were constructed elsewhere. The Paris Special School District used the building until 2001. The Robert E. Lee School Association (RELSA), a non-profit organization, took the building over in 2001 and began restoring it with grant money and fundraising efforts. In 2003, the building became the home to the Robert E. Lee Academy for the Arts. Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee) The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee. It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register in 1988. Land\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431849\",\n \"text\": \"completed her 21st patrol before entering drydock on 22 November 1967 for two weeks of repairs. She departed Holy Loch on 26 December 1967 for another patrol. \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" remained attached to Submarine Squadron 14 throughout 1969 and 1970. Continuing to operate out of Holy Loch, she completed her 33rd deterrent patrol on 1 January 1971. \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" was drydocked for her second overhaul on 27 January 1971 at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington. She did not leave the drydock until 11 December 1971 and, afterward remained berthed at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard for the remainder of\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15232362\",\n \"text\": \"4,000 submissions, it was decided that the school would return to its original name of Staunton High School. The name change will take effect on July 1, 2019. Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia) Robert E. Lee High School is a public high school in Staunton, Virginia, United States. It is named after Robert E. Lee. It is a part of Staunton City Schools. Robert E. Lee High School was originally opened in the early 1900s and renamed to Robert E. Lee in 1914 during the monthly school board meeting held on April 30, 1914. The original building, at\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15232359\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia) Robert E. Lee High School is a public high school in Staunton, Virginia, United States. It is named after Robert E. Lee. It is a part of Staunton City Schools. Robert E. Lee High School was originally opened in the early 1900s and renamed to Robert E. Lee in 1914 during the monthly school board meeting held on April 30, 1914. The original building, at 274 Churchville Avenue, is in Colonial Revival style. The two-story brick central block is topped by a slate hipped roof with a cupola in the center and strongly\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17365302\",\n \"text\": \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee \\\"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\\\" is an American popular song written in 1912, with music by Lewis F. Muir and lyrics by L. Wolfe Gilbert. The \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" in the title refers to the steamboat of that name. It has been recorded by such artists as Al Jolson, Benny Goodman, Judy Garland, Louis Jordan, Dean Martin, Russ Conway, Chas and Dave, Neil Diamond, and Lizzie Miles. in Alec Wilder's 1972 study, \\\"American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900–1950\\\", the songwriter and critic discusses \\\"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\\\" as an early\",\n \"title\": \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4943054\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville) Robert E. Lee Senior High School is a four-year secondary institution in Jacksonville, Florida. It was named after Confederate States of America general Robert E. Lee. Located in the Riverside and Avondale neighborhood, it is the second oldest high school in Jacksonville operating at its original location, after its traditional rival, Andrew Jackson High School. Lee is part of the Duval County magnet school program. Eligible students at Lee can earn concurrent credit through the Jacksonville Early College High School program. They receive high school credits from Lee and college credit from Florida State\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18365332\",\n \"text\": \"General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Robert E. Lee, in dress uniform. The Lee statue is mounted on a column high, with a fountain at its base which is fed by two downward-pointing sculpted cannons. The memorial was sponsored and funded by D. C. Govan Chapter No. 781 of the U. D. C., and dedicated to the \\\"loving memory of Lee County's Confederate soldiers.\\\" Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas) The Robert E. Lee Monument (also known as the Marianna Confederate Monument) is a U. D. C. memorial built to honor Lee County's Confederate veterans. The\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11093430\",\n \"text\": \"articles on pre-Columbian culture include: Robert E. Lee Chadwick Robert E. Lee Chadwick (March 29, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American anthropologist and archeologist, primarily known for his contributions to the \\\"Handbook of Middle American Indians\\\". Robert Chadwick obtained his Ph.D. in anthropology from Tulane University in 1974. His dissertation, directed by Professor Robert Wauchope, was titled \\\"The Archaeology of a New World \\\"Merchant\\\" Culture\\\". As a graduate student at the University of the Americas, he participated in excavations of three Period I tombs at Yagul. He went on to serve as an archeologist for the Tehuacan Archaeological-Botanical\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Chadwick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11093427\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Chadwick Robert E. Lee Chadwick (March 29, 1930 – January 3, 2014) was an American anthropologist and archeologist, primarily known for his contributions to the \\\"Handbook of Middle American Indians\\\". Robert Chadwick obtained his Ph.D. in anthropology from Tulane University in 1974. His dissertation, directed by Professor Robert Wauchope, was titled \\\"The Archaeology of a New World \\\"Merchant\\\" Culture\\\". As a graduate student at the University of the Americas, he participated in excavations of three Period I tombs at Yagul. He went on to serve as an archeologist for the Tehuacan Archaeological-Botanical Project and as staff archeologist\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Chadwick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8425689\",\n \"text\": \"District 11 along with many Garland and Rockwall Schools. The Robert E. Lee Red Raiders compete in a variety of sports including Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Volleyball, Tennis, Powerlifting, Track, Swimming, Cross Country, and is most well known for the Tyler Lee Football Team. Robert E. Lee High School won the 2004 football state championship by defeating Spring Westfield 28-21 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School is one of two Tyler Independent School District high school campuses in the city of Tyler, Texas, the other being\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10031508\",\n \"text\": \"a writer, gathering his memories of his family and life in \\\"Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee\\\" (1904). The first-hand account provides a valuable source of information on day-to-day life at Arlington House during his youth, and includes many items of interest regarding his father's entire life. (see link for online portion of this book below) However, some are now offended by racial views expressed therein. Robert E. Lee Jr. died in 1914. He was interred with his parents and siblings in the Lee Chapel in Lexington, Virginia, where his father and brother Custis each had served as\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17772756\",\n \"text\": \"on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It is located in the Monument Avenue Historic District. Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of Monument Avenue's monuments in Richmond, Virginia. In 1876 the Lee Monument Association commissioned the adaption of a painting done by artist Adalbert Volck into a lithograph. The lithograph, depicting Robert E. Lee on his horse, was the basis for the bronze statue created by French sculptor Antonin Mercié. It was noted in the National Register of Historic Places that \\\"the horse is not\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19275849\",\n \"text\": \"ADVANCED TO THE EXECUTION/ OF MY PURPOSE (West steps:) THE PARTING OF GENERAL LEE AND/ STONEWALL JACKSON ON THE EVE/ OF CHANCELLORSVILLE (East steps:) GIFT OF J. HENRY FERGUSON OF MARYLAND. (North steps:) THEY WERE GREAT GENERALS AND/ CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS AND WAGED/ WAR LIKE GENTLEMEN. </poem> Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument The Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument, often referred to simply as the Jackson and Lee Monument or Lee and Jackson Monument, was a double equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee, formerly located on the west side of the Wyman Park Dell in\",\n \"title\": \"Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347998\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee\\\" by Lewis F. Muir and L. Wolfe Gilbert. In more modern times, the , a built in 1958, was named for Lee, as was the M3 Lee tank, produced in 1941 and 1942. The Commonwealth of Virginia issues an optional license plate honoring Lee, making reference to him as 'The Virginia Gentleman'. In February 2014, a road on Fort Bliss previously named for Lee was renamed to honor Buffalo Soldiers. A recent biographer, Jonathan Horn, outlines the unsuccessful efforts in Washington to memorialize Lee in the naming of the Arlington Memorial Bridge after both Grant and Lee.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8748223\",\n \"text\": \"The Making of Robert E. Lee The Making of Robert E. Lee by Michael Fellman is a biography of the famous Confederate general. It looks mostly at his character and beliefs. It says relatively little about the details of particular battles, though it speculates about why he may have made particular choices. Fellman describes Robert E. Lee's singular position as the son of Henry \\\"Light Horse Harry\\\" Lee, a hero of the American War of Independence. His relatively impoverished upbringing, after his father lost most of his fortune and suffered injuries that later killed him after being attacked by a\",\n \"title\": \"The Making of Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431847\",\n \"text\": \"half of work, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" got underway for sea trials on 12 July 1966. Sound trials and weapons system accuracy trials were conducted during the latter half of July, and on 5 August she entered San Diego, California, harbor for a five-day visit. Underway for the United States East Coast on 10 August 1966, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" transited the Panama Canal on 20 August and arrived at Charleston, South Carolina, on 4 September 1966. During the remainder of September and the first week of October, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" conducted shakedown operations off Cape Canaveral, Florida. On 10 October, with\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17365303\",\n \"text\": \"example of the evolution of American popular song and development of the Great American Songbook. Wilder asserts that with this song, \\\"Muir caught the spirit of the new rhythms that had burst out with ragtime...This is a good song in any decade and remarkable for its time, certainly as much so as \\\"Alexander's Ragtime Band.\\\" Waiting for the Robert E. Lee \\\"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\\\" is an American popular song written in 1912, with music by Lewis F. Muir and lyrics by L. Wolfe Gilbert. The \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" in the title refers to the steamboat of that\",\n \"title\": \"Waiting for the Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12305445\",\n \"text\": \"names of prominent alumni have graduated. They are continuing their tradition of excellence in the school as well as in the community. Robert E. Lee High School's motto is \\\"The pursuit of continuous excellence\\\". The Lee Generals represent the school in ASHAA sporting competitions. During the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 school years the Lee Cheerleaders won the Cheersport National Championship. Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama) Robert E. Lee High School is a public secondary school in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, serving grades 9–12. The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system. In January 1953, the Montgomery Board\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9246455\",\n \"text\": \"state title in 2014. REL academy offers clubs and activities such as Student Council, Yearbook Staff, Anchor Club, Beta Club, First Priority, Environmental Awareness Club, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Spanish Club, and Quiz bowl. The Math Meet and the Literary Meet are also considered an extracurricular activity. Robert E. Lee Academy Robert E. Lee Academy is a PK–12th grade private school in Bishopville, South Carolina. This coeducational, Protestant-affiliated school was founded in 1965 as a segregation academy. During the 2015-2016 year, the school enrolled a single black child. The academy is accredited by the South Carolina Independent School Association (SCISA).\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4233756\",\n \"text\": \"This ship was not the one immortalised in the American popular song Waiting for the Robert E. Lee (1912), which was based on a later Mississippi steamer of the same name. \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" was condemned as a prize at Boston, Massachusetts, acquired by the United States Navy and placed in commission on June 29, 1864 as USS \\\"Fort Donelson\\\", with Acting Volunteer Lieutenant Thomas Pickering in command. \\\"Fort Donelson\\\" was assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, cruising in blockade of the North Carolina coast through the remainder of 1864 with brief periods of repair at Norfolk, Virginia. From\",\n \"title\": \"CSS Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20278705\",\n \"text\": \"three other remaining Coppini statues of Confederate-Texan notables from the South Mall. Robert E. Lee (Coppini) Robert E. Lee is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting the American general of the same name by Pompeo Coppini. The sculpture was commissioned in 1919 by George W. Littlefield to be included in the Littlefield Fountain on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. It was installed on the university's South Mall in Austin, Texas from 1933 until its removal in 2017. In 1919, University of Texas regent George W. Littlefield donated funds to pay for the construction of a \\\"Memorial Gateway\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (Coppini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20278701\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee (Coppini) Robert E. Lee is an outdoor bronze sculpture depicting the American general of the same name by Pompeo Coppini. The sculpture was commissioned in 1919 by George W. Littlefield to be included in the Littlefield Fountain on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. It was installed on the university's South Mall in Austin, Texas from 1933 until its removal in 2017. In 1919, University of Texas regent George W. Littlefield donated funds to pay for the construction of a \\\"Memorial Gateway\\\" at the south entrance to the university's campus that would honor the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (Coppini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11406289\",\n \"text\": \"flying, bands playing, and the decks of both boats crowded with ladies and gentlemen.\\\" Way also writes that at Vicksburg, both boats took fuel flats in tow and emptied them under way. In addition, both vessels advertised before the race that they would accept freight and passengers. To this day no commercial boat has beaten the speed record set by \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" during the race. However, \\\"Bogie\\\", a 1929 motor boat built by Leroy Craft, beat \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\"s record. It usually ran between New Orleans and Natchez, Mississippi. However, during spans of bad business, it would forsake Natchez\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11406287\",\n \"text\": \"an appearance of Oriental luxury and splendor seldom conceived an never before seen floating the wild waters of this so-called semi-barbarian western world. … In the summer of 1870, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" won a famed steamboat race against \\\"Natchez\\\", going from New Orleans to St. Louis, Missouri, a distance of , in 3 days, 18 hours and 14 minutes. John W. Cannon, the captain of \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\", ensured victory by removing excess weight, carrying only a few passengers, and using prearranged barges to increase the speed of refueling. \\\"Natchez\\\" finished the race several hours later, but had been delayed\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10350864\",\n \"text\": \"candidate for reelection in 1930 to the Seventy-second Congress and for election in 1932 to the Seventy-third Congress. He resumed his former activities in the oil business and resided in Lexington, Kentucky, until his death there on September 20, 1935. He was interred in Stanton Cemetery, Stanton, Kentucky. Robert E. Lee Blackburn Robert E. Lee Blackburn (April 9, 1870 – September 20, 1935) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born on a farm near Furnace, Kentucky, Blackburn as an infant moved with his parents to Stanton, Kentucky. He attended the county schools, and Elliott Academy at Kirksville, Kentucky. He worked\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Blackburn\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10350862\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Blackburn Robert E. Lee Blackburn (April 9, 1870 – September 20, 1935) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky. Born on a farm near Furnace, Kentucky, Blackburn as an infant moved with his parents to Stanton, Kentucky. He attended the county schools, and Elliott Academy at Kirksville, Kentucky. He worked as a traveling salesman for an oil company from 1891 to 1900 and during the Spanish–American War he served as a second lieutenant in Company C, Fourth Infantry, United States Volunteers. Blackburn engaged in general merchandising at Stanton, Kentucky, and in agricultural pursuits 1900-1907, served as member of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Blackburn\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13056226\",\n \"text\": \"for advocating removal in \\\"The Times-Picayune\\\": \\\"When one surveys the accomplishments of our local heroes across time from Iberville and Bienville, to Andrew Jackson, from Mahalia Jackson, to Anne Rice and Fats Domino, from Wendell Pierce, to John Besh and Jonathan Batiste, what did Robert E. Lee do to merit his distinguished position? He fought for the enslavement of a people against our national army fighting for their freedom; killed more Americans than any opposing general in history; made no attempt to defend or protect this city; and even more absurdly, he never even set foot in Louisiana. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347993\",\n \"text\": \"Memorial Park. In 1953, two stained-glass windows – one honoring Lee, the other Stonewall Jackson – were installed in the Washington National Cathedral. The stained glass of Lee shows him on horseback at Chancellorsville; it was sponsored by the United Daughters of the Confederacy. In 2017, these windows were removed by a vote of the Cathedral's governing board. The cathedral plans to keep the windows and eventually display them in historical context. An equestrian statue of Lee was installed in Robert E. Lee Park, in Dallas, until 2017; and in Austin, a statue of Lee is on display at the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347916\",\n \"text\": \"of irresponsible antislavery agitators\\\" and asserted that \\\"There is no evidence, direct or indirect, that Lee ever had them or any other Negroes flogged. The usage at Arlington and elsewhere in Virginia among people of Lee's station forbade such a thing.\\\" In 2000, Michael Fellman, in \\\"The Making of Robert E. Lee\\\", found the claims that Lee had \\\"personally\\\" whipped \\\"Mary\\\" Norris \\\"extremely unlikely,\\\" but found it not at all unlikely that Lee had ordered the runaways whipped: \\\"corporal punishment (for which Lee substituted the euphemism 'firmness') was (believed to be) an intrinsic and necessary part of slave discipline. Although\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13123854\",\n \"text\": \"Lee died at age 87 on February 27, 2009 at his home in Baldwin, New York on Long Island, due to cancer. He was survived by four daughters, two sons, eight grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren and two sisters. His wife died in 2000, the couple having been married for 56 years. Robert E. A. Lee Robert Edward Alexander Lee (November 9, 1921 – February 27, 2009) was the head of the Lutheran Church's film production and producer of \\\"Martin Luther\\\" and the Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Time for Burning\\\". Lee was born in Spring Grove, Minnesota on November 9, 1921, he\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. A. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8425686\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School is one of two Tyler Independent School District high school campuses in the city of Tyler, Texas, the other being John Tyler High School. RE Lee High School has served the East Texas community since opening in 1958 and classified as a 6A school by the UIL. In 2013, the school was rated \\\"Met Standard\\\" by the Texas Education Agency. Circa 2017-2018 there was a debate in the Tyler community on whether the school's name should change, as Robert E. Lee became a controversial figure. In 2018 the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13056220\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana) The Robert E. Lee Monument formerly in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a historic statue dedicated to Confederate General Robert E. Lee by noted American sculptor Alexander Doyle. It was removed (intact) by official order and moved to an unknown location on May 19, 2017. Any future display is uncertain. The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It was included by \\\"New Orleans\\\" magazine in June 2011 as one of the city's \\\"11 important statues\\\". The monument was dedicated in 1884, at Tivoli Circle (since commonly called Lee\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347989\",\n \"text\": \"would never again be able to return to his home. The United States designated the mansion as a National Memorial to Lee in 1955, a mark of widespread respect for him in both the North and South. In Richmond, Virginia, a large equestrian statue of Lee by French sculptor Jean Antonin Mercié is the centerpiece of the city's famous Monument Avenue, which boasts four other statues to famous Confederates. This monument to Lee was unveiled on May 29, 1890; over 100,000 people attended this dedication. That has been described as \\\"the day white Virginia stopped admiring Gen. Robert E. Lee\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347979\",\n \"text\": \"down the Maury River. Two neighborhood boys, C.G. Chittum and Robert E. Hillis, found one of the coffins that had been swept ashore. Undamaged, it was used for the General's body, though it was a bit short for him. As a result, Lee was buried without shoes. He was buried underneath Lee Chapel at Washington and Lee University, where his body remains. Among the supporters of the Confederacy, Lee came to be even more revered after his surrender than he had been during the war, when Stonewall Jackson had been the great Confederate hero. In an address before the Southern\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347963\",\n \"text\": \"surrender, Lee issued his Farewell Address to his army. Lee resisted calls by some officers to reject surrender and allow small units to melt away into the mountains, setting up a lengthy guerrilla war. He insisted the war was over and energetically campaigned for inter-sectional reconciliation. \\\"So far from engaging in a war to perpetuate slavery, I am rejoiced that slavery is abolished. I believe it will be greatly for the interests of the South.\\\" The following are summaries of Civil War campaigns and major battles where Robert E. Lee was the commanding officer: After the war, Lee was not\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347934\",\n \"text\": \"three minutes of fighting. Lee's summary report of the episode shows Lee believed it \\\"was the attempt of a fanatic or madman\\\". Lee said Brown achieved \\\"temporary success\\\" by creating panic and confusion and by \\\"magnifying\\\" the number of participants involved in the raid. In 1860, Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee relieved Major Heintzelman at Fort Brown, and the Mexican authorities offered to restrain \\\"their citizens from making predatory descents upon the territory and people of Texas...this was the last active operation of the Cortina War\\\". Rip Ford, a Texas Ranger at the time, described Lee as \\\"dignified without hauteur,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16418039\",\n \"text\": \"the world's largest plantation. Robert E. Lee Wilson Robert Edward Lee Wilson (March 5, 1865 – September 27, 1933) was the creator and owner of Lee Wilson and Company, a group of large cotton plantations in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Acquiring much of his father's former swamplands, Wilson formed a logging and farming business that would become one of the largest and most successful in the United States. Wilson founded many company towns for his workers, including Armorel, Marie, Victoria, and Wilson, and was one of the most influential Arkansans of his time. A period company brochure claims the Wilson &\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16418038\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Wilson Robert Edward Lee Wilson (March 5, 1865 – September 27, 1933) was the creator and owner of Lee Wilson and Company, a group of large cotton plantations in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Acquiring much of his father's former swamplands, Wilson formed a logging and farming business that would become one of the largest and most successful in the United States. Wilson founded many company towns for his workers, including Armorel, Marie, Victoria, and Wilson, and was one of the most influential Arkansans of his time. A period company brochure claims the Wilson & Company grounds to be\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13123846\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. A. Lee Robert Edward Alexander Lee (November 9, 1921 – February 27, 2009) was the head of the Lutheran Church's film production and producer of \\\"Martin Luther\\\" and the Oscar-nominated film \\\"A Time for Burning\\\". Lee was born in Spring Grove, Minnesota on November 9, 1921, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1942 from Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, having majored in music. With experience as a singer and playing the trumpet, he began his career in broadcasting by hosting (and singing on) the show \\\"Hymns We Love\\\" on the school's radio station. He enlisted in the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. A. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4943071\",\n \"text\": \"attended during the 2008-09 school year. Of that total, 63.6% were black, 23.3% were white, 6.5% were Hispanic, and 4.5% were Asian. One student was Native American and 36 were of unspecified ethnicity. The number of Asian students surpassed 50 in the 1992-93 year, but the group has fluctuated between a high of 82 and a low of 44. The Lee Generals have won 15 FHSAA state championships. The following sports are offered at Lee: Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville) Robert E. Lee Senior High School is a four-year secondary institution in Jacksonville, Florida. It was named after Confederate\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Jacksonville)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18365331\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas) The Robert E. Lee Monument (also known as the Marianna Confederate Monument) is a U. D. C. memorial built to honor Lee County's Confederate veterans. The monument was carved by the McNeel Marble Co. It is located in Marianna, Arkansas, across from the Lee County Courthouse. Dedicated in 1910, it is one of several monuments built to honor Confederate soldiers. The structure is a local tourist attraction and, since 1996, has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Made entirely of marble, the Marianna Confederate Monument consists of a statue of the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (Marianna, Arkansas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347988\",\n \"text\": \"of the land he loved and served so masterly, above the far distant battle fields where so many thousands of his gray veterans lie in the sleep of fallen heroes. (\\\"Silent South\\\", 1885, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine) Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, also known as the Custis–Lee Mansion, is a Greek revival mansion in Arlington, Virginia, that was once Lee's home. It overlooks the Potomac River and the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the Civil War, the grounds of the mansion were selected as the site of Arlington National Cemetery, in part to ensure that Lee\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4336817\",\n \"text\": \"and includes 3 lanes in either direction. An on-ramp and an off-ramp for South 2nd Street connects to the bridge over the north shore of the James River. The Virginia War Memorial is located adjacent to its northern end. A notable feature is a pedestrian footbridge which hangs below the road deck from Tredegar Street near the site of the Tredegar Iron Works on the north shore over to Belle Isle in the middle of the river. Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge The Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge in Richmond, Virginia carries U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301 across\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4336816\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge The Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge in Richmond, Virginia carries U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 301 across the James River at the Fall Line. The city acquired the original bridge from Richmond Bridge Corp in 1933, and it was named the James River Bridge but was later renamed for the Confederate general. It was originally constructed as a four lane toll facility and opened in 1934. In the 1980s, a replacement structure was built including a substantial realignment of the approach roadways at the south end. Work was completed in 1989. It is toll-free\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16957764\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee) The Robert E. Lee School is a historic school building located at 402 Lee Street, Paris, Henry County, Tennessee. It was built in 1893 and added to the National Register in 1988. Land for a new school was donated by Judge John C. Hamilton in 1848. Trustees for the Paris Male Academy contracted John Oury on 30 August of that year to construct a brick building fifty feet by thirty-two feet with eighteen inch thick outer walls. Cost upon completion was $2,470. A bell was later installed in September 1849. Paris Male Academy operated\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee School (Paris, Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10508398\",\n \"text\": \"Maryland, January 28, 1951. He was interred in Kingwood Cemetery, Kingwood, West Virginia. Robert E. Lee Allen Robert Edward Lee Allen (November 28, 1865 – January 28, 1951) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia. Born in Lima, West Virginia in Tyler County, Allen attended the country schools, Fairmont Normal School, and Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee. He was graduated from the literary department of the West Virginia University in Morgantown in 1894 and from its school of law in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1895 and commenced practice at Morgantown. He served as a member of the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10508396\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Allen Robert Edward Lee Allen (November 28, 1865 – January 28, 1951) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia. Born in Lima, West Virginia in Tyler County, Allen attended the country schools, Fairmont Normal School, and Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee. He was graduated from the literary department of the West Virginia University in Morgantown in 1894 and from its school of law in 1895. He was admitted to the bar in 1895 and commenced practice at Morgantown. He served as a member of the city council from 1895 to 1917. Allen spent the years 1917 to 1921\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13511868\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee Hotel (St. Louis, Missouri) The Robert E. Lee Hotel in St. Louis, Missouri, also known as Auditorium Hotel, Evangeline Home, or Railton Residence, is a Romanesque style building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. It was designed in 1927 by architect Alonzo H. Gentry and was built during 1927-28. It is a 14-story building with a cast concrete structural framework and red brick walls. It was originally opened as the Robert E. Hotel. Purchased by the Salvation Army in 1939 for $1. Later, as Evangeline Booth Home, it provided housing for\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Hotel (St. Louis, Missouri)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13056235\",\n \"text\": \"day-long effort by work crews the statue of Lee was finally detached and removed from its column pedestal. While crews were working on removing the statue, New Orleans mayor Mitch Landrieu gave a speech at Gallier Hall discussing the historical context of the Lee and other monuments, and the reasons for and meaning of their removal. The removal prompted Mississippi lawmaker Karl Oliver to post on Facebook that those supporting the take-down of the Confederate monuments \\\"should be LYNCHED\\\". He later apologized for this statement. Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana) The Robert E. Lee Monument formerly in New\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13056227\",\n \"text\": \"heart of the most progressive and creative cultural city in America, why should we continue to commemorate this legacy?\\\" Contrary to assertions that Robert E. Lee never set foot in New Orleans, he visited or passed through the city in 1846, 1848, 1860 and 1861, while serving in the United States Army. While in New Orleans, Lee was quartered at the military post of Jackson Barracks. On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to relocate four statues from public display, among them the statue of Robert E. Lee located in Lee Circle. Four organizations immediately filed a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10534777\",\n \"text\": \"deserved to be recognized. A dedication ceremony took place on April 27, 2013. Alongside the typical core courses offered at all high school, Lee also offers some advanced courses in various fields. The school offers Advanced Placement courses for Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Physics, Art History, World History, U.S. History, European History, English Language, English Literature, American Government, Computer Science A, and Computer Science AB. In 2007, the school produced twenty five AP Scholars, and twenty nine in 2006. Lee also participates, annually, in the UIL competitions. Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10534774\",\n \"text\": \"song most commonly associated as the school's fight is \\\"Washington and Lee Swing\\\". Another traditional song is \\\"Southern Special\\\", a swing version of the traditional song \\\"Dixie\\\", played at a very fast tempo which was played after football touchdowns for several years. The final traditional school song, commonly referred to as the 'medley', consists of a compilation of three songs: \\\"Are You From Dixie?\\\", \\\"Waitin' on the Robert E. Lee\\\", and \\\"Washington and Lee Swing\\\". The Robert E. Lee High School Alma Mater is an original composition. On April 29, 1987, a three-alarm fire destroyed the interior of the main\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10534772\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas) Robert E. Lee High School (often referred to as Baytown Lee) is a 5A public high school in Baytown, Texas, that serves grades 9 through 12. Lee is one of four high schools in the Goose Creek Consolidated Independent School District, which serves all of Baytown and Highlands, Texas. The other three are Ross S. Sterling High School, Goose Creek Memorial High School, and IMPACT Early College High School. As of 2008 the school's ethnic breakdown is 38 percent White, 42 percent Hispanic, 19 percent African-American, and 1 percent other. Founded in 1928,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Baytown, Texas)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2285840\",\n \"text\": \"government corruption in the 1920s. \\\"The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail\\\" (1970) was a Vietnam-era exploration of Thoreau's resistance to an earlier war. The Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute, a theater research facility and archive was dedicated in Lawrence and Lee's honor at the Ohio State University in 1986. Lee was survived by his wife, voice actress Janet Waldo (the voice of many well-known cartoon characters, including Judy Jetson), and his children, Jonathan Barlow Lee, the production manager for Center Theatre Group's Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, and Lucy Lee, who teaches Clinical Management Communication\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (playwright)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347996\",\n \"text\": \"also named for him as well as private schools such as Robert E. Lee Academy in Bishopville, South Carolina. In 1900, Lee was one of the first 29 individuals selected for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans (the first Hall of Fame in the United States), designed by Stanford White, on the Bronx, New York, campus of New York University, now a part of Bronx Community College. However, his bust was removed in August 2017 by order of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo. In 1862, the newly formed Confederate Navy purchased a 642-ton iron-hulled side-wheel gunboat, built in at\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347982\",\n \"text\": \"1948, with a 3-cent postage stamp. The central design is a view of the university, flanked by portraits of generals George Washington and Robert E. Lee. Lee was again commemorated on a commemorative stamp in 1970, along with Jefferson Davis and Thomas J. \\\"Stonewall\\\" Jackson, depicted on horseback on the 6-cent Stone Mountain Memorial commemorative issue, modeled after the actual Stone Mountain Memorial carving in Georgia. The stamp was issued on September 19, 1970, in conjunction with the dedication of the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial in Georgia on May 9, 1970. The design of the stamp replicates the memorial, the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347900\",\n \"text\": \"St. Louis harbor and for the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Among his projects was the mapping of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi above Keokuk, Iowa, where the Mississippi's mean depth of was the upper limit of steamboat traffic on the river. His work there earned him a promotion to captain. Around 1842, Captain Robert E. Lee arrived as Fort Hamilton's post engineer. While Lee was stationed at Fort Monroe, he married Mary Anna Randolph Custis (1808–1873), great-granddaughter of Martha Washington by her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, and step-great-granddaughter of George Washington, the first president of the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431851\",\n \"text\": \"Hawaii, she sailed for Apra, Guam, and continued operations in that area into 1977, accomplishing several deterrent patrols in the Pacific. In early 1977, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" drydocked for her third and final overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard for nuclear reactor core refueling, equipment, and weapons upgrades. Sea Trials commenced in August 1978 and she went into operational status December, 1978. The Gold Crew transisted the Panama Canal January 1979. Transisted to San Diego California, Bermerton, WA to Honolulu, HI. Turned over to the Blue Crew. In 1982-1983, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\"s missiles were removed and she was redesignated SSN\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431850\",\n \"text\": \"1971. For the first seven months of 1972, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" was engaged in post-overhaul trials and exercises on the United States West Coast. In mid-August 1972, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" transited the Panama Canal and arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, on 14 September 1972. She continued normal operations, this time on the U.S. East Coast, throughout 1972 and for the first seven months of 1973. Transiting the Panama Canal early in August 1973, she arrived in San Diego, California, on 17 August 1973 and then moved on to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, arriving on 5 September 1973. After a month in\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431848\",\n \"text\": \"the Undersecretary of the Navy on board as an observer, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" successfully fired a Polaris A-3 test missile. She returned to Charleston to commence a predeployment upkeep period at the Cooper River site in South Carolina where a failed rudder ram bolt was replaced. On 4 December 1966, she departed Charleston on her 17th deterrent patrol, which terminated at Holy Loch on 30 January 1967. By 4 October 1967, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" had completed three more patrols. After drydocking in \\\"Los Alamos\\\" for minor repairs and hull surveillance, she resumed her patrol schedule on 1 November 1967 and\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431845\",\n \"text\": \"April 1961. \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" conducted \\\"special operations\\\" out of Cape Kennedy during May and June 1961, and in late June departed for Holy Loch, Scotland, where she joined Submarine Squadron 14 on 10 July 1961. She conducted practice torpedo firing during the first week of August and departed Holy Loch on 9 August 1961 on her first deterrent patrol. During the next two years she completed nine more deterrent patrols. On 10 September 1963, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" entered the floating drydock , then on 4 October 1963 resumed her normal patrol schedule. Continuing to operate out of Holy Loch\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431844\",\n \"text\": \"December 1960 conducted her first missile launch. The Polaris flew \\\"hot and true.\\\" In January 1961, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" conducted additional simulated missile launches and on 15 January 1961 departed for the Bermuda Operating Area. There, joined by the submarine on 25 January 1961, she engaged in antisubmarine warfare training with \\\"Torsk\\\". Returning to Norfolk on 30 January, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" entered the Newport News drydock on 3 February for a month of shipyard work. She departed Newport News on 17 March 1961, loaded torpedoes at Yorktown, Virginia, on 25 March, and got underway for Cape Kennedy, arriving on 9\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431843\",\n \"text\": \"Commander Reuben F. Woodal commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Joseph Williams, Jr. commanding the Gold Crew. The third nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine to join the fleet, and the first nuclear-powered submarine built in the southern United States, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" operated in and out of Newport News, Virginia, until 2 December 1960, when she got underway for the Narragansett Bay Operating Area for torpedo firing tests. Following the successful firing of five torpedoes on 6 December 1960, \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" departed for Cape Kennedy, Florida, arriving on 12 December 1960. She then loaded Polaris test missiles and on 22\",\n \"title\": \"USS Robert E. Lee (SSBN-601)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5565190\",\n \"text\": \"the 84th United States Congress enacted Public Law 84-107, a joint resolution that designated the manor as the \\\"Custis-Lee Mansion\\\" as a permanent memorial to Robert E. Lee. The resolution directed the United States Secretary of the Interior to erect on the premises a memorial plaque and to correct governmental records to bring them into compliance with the designation, \\\"thus ensuring that the correct interpretation of its history would be applied\\\". Gradually the house was furnished and interpreted to the period of Robert E. Lee as specified in the original legislation. The National Park Service received jurisdiction over the building\",\n \"title\": \"Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12305442\",\n \"text\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama) Robert E. Lee High School is a public secondary school in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, serving grades 9–12. The school is part of the Montgomery Public Schools system. In January 1953, the Montgomery Board of Education purchased of property on Ann Street for $74,000 for a new high school. The new school would alleviate overcrowding at Sidney Lanier High School and accommodate children coming to Montgomery due to Maxwell and Gunter Air Force Bases. The final cost of the new facility was nearly $1.25 million. Lee High School opened to students for the\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Montgomery, Alabama)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11406291\",\n \"text\": \"shore at the Yucatán Plantation in Louisiana. The captain was W.S. Cannon (son of Capt. John Cannon, who owned the steamboat), and the pilot, John Stout, was credited with saving many lives. The survivors were rescued by the \\\"J. M. White\\\", and taken back to Vicksburg. Three chandeliers originally on the \\\"Lee\\\" are currently at the First Presbyterian Church of Port Gibson, Mississippi. Another chandelier is in the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans. Additional items originally of the \\\"Lee\\\" are at the Howard Steamboat Museum in Jeffersonville, Indiana. A stern wheel steamer named \\\"Robert E. Lee\\\" was built in\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee (steamboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8425688\",\n \"text\": \"flag was retired shortly after four African-American players refused to run under the flag and ran around it instead, causing some local controversy. The cannon, retired in 1986, is now the property of Brook Hill School in Bullard, Texas. As of the 2013-14 school year, the student body consisted of: Robert E. Lee High School offers a variety of Pre-AP and AP-level courses, as well as Career Technology Education programs and Fine Arts electives. Lee implemented the International Baccalaureate program in the Fall of 2008. As of 2014, Robert E. Lee High School is classified as a 6A school in\",\n \"title\": \"Robert E. Lee High School (Tyler, Texas)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["mexican–american war","american civil war","battle of chancellorsville"],"string":"[\n \"mexican–american war\",\n \"american civil war\",\n \"battle of chancellorsville\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1688,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what language do native american indians speak?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5665720","text":"States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts on PBS. The companion book () was co-authored by MacNeil and William Cran. Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project,","title":"Do You Speak American?"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5665720\",\n \"text\": \"States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts on PBS. The companion book () was co-authored by MacNeil and William Cran. Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way of speaking from the English language to various ways of speaking in regions throughout the country. Divisions of ethnicity, geography and social status and how they affect how Americans communicate are addressed. As part of the project,\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Speak American?\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"17230642","text":"humanity and nature, internal self-discipline, and appreciation of the present while the future is received in its own time. These are partly in response to the varied degrees of acculturation Native American individuals present. Garrett describes some possible degrees of acculturation: \"marginal\" where Native Americans may speak English with their native language and do not identify totally with neither mainstream American ideals or tribal customs or \"assimilated\" where Native American individuals have embraced mainstream American ideals and renounced their tribal familial connections. Additional solutions, as proposed by the Klamath tribe, are government restoration of land rights and the following of","title":"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States"},{"psg_id":"3418882","text":"language.\" Many of the younger population who do not speak Crow are able to understand it. Almost all of those who do speak Crow are also bilingual in English. Graczyk cites the reservation community as the reason for both the high level of bilingual Crow-English speakers and the continued use and prevalence of the Crow language. Daily contact with non-American Indians on the reservation for over one hundred years has led to high usage of English. Traditional culture within the community, however, has preserved the language via religious ceremonies and the traditional clan system. Currently, most speakers of Crow are","title":"Crow language"},{"psg_id":"10283034","text":"in the year 2000 was 5,090, with a total ethnic population of 5,360. It must be kept in mind that the number of speakers of Ngäbere is somewhat lower than the ethnic population, given the fact that many younger people today are not learning the language. Oftentimes people of indigenous descent who do not speak the indigenous language do not consider themselves to be “Indians” but rather identify themselves as Latino or campesino. Before the formation of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, census figures for Ngäbe population were based on whether or not they spoke the native language. The Ngäbe people and","title":"Guaymí language"},{"psg_id":"8859568","text":"Topics General Prehistory Coastal Region Saint Lawrence Lowlands Region Great Lakes-Riverine Region The map \"Native Languages and Language Families of North America\" compiled by Ives Goddard is included in a pocket in the inside cover along with a small photographic reproduction of John Wesley Powell's 1891 map, \"Linguistic Stocks of American Indians North of Mexico\". A wall size version of the former is available separately (). Grammatical Sketches With the suspension of publication, the following volumes remain unpublished. Handbook of North American Indians The Handbook of North American Indians is a monographic series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in","title":"Handbook of North American Indians"},{"psg_id":"17043864","text":"---, Scott Richard. “There's No Translation for It: The Rhetorical Sovereignty of Indigenous Languages.” \"Cross-Language Relations in Composition\". Ed. Bruce Horner, Min-Zhan Lu, and Paul Kei Matsuda. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2010. ---, Scott Richard. \"X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent\". Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2010. Print. Mihesuah, Devon Abott, and Angela Cavender Wilson, eds. \"Indigenizing the Academy: Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities\". Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2004. Print. ---. \"American Indians: Stereotypes & Realities\". Atlanta: Clarity P, 1996. Print. ---. \"So You Want to Write about American Indians?: a Guide for Writers, Students, and Scholars\". Lincoln: U of","title":"Native American rhetoric"},{"psg_id":"12105499","text":"National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized American Indian tribes. Historically the Indian peoples of the North American continent rarely joined forces across tribal lines, which were divisions related to distinct language and cultural groups. One","title":"National Congress of American Indians"},{"psg_id":"10483039","text":"groups over time. Means said, \"We might speak our language, we might look like Indians and sound like Indians, but we won’t be Indians.\" There are various ways in which Indian identity has been defined. Some definitions seek universal applicability, while others only seek definitions for particular purposes, such as for tribal membership or for the purposes of legal jurisdiction. The individual seeks to have a personal identity that matches social and legal definitions, although perhaps any definition will fail to categorize correctly the identity of everyone. American Indians were perhaps clearly identifiable at the turn of the 20th century,","title":"Native American identity in the United States"},{"psg_id":"7353168","text":"comfortable with the word \"Indian,\" others believe it is pejorative by nature because it erases indigenous cultures by homogenizing the ethnic \"Other\" in mistaking Indians from India and Native Americans. \"Native American\" refers to indigenous peoples of the United States and includes non-US Indian groups, such as the Iñupiat, Aleut, and Yupik peoples. Aboriginal peoples of Canada include the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in","title":"Tribe (Native American)"},{"psg_id":"12497544","text":"the Government has been doing things for us and telling us what is best for Indians . . . of course there has been no progress . . .\" Progress in education was just one area in which Native Americans were gaining more independence. As tribes began to have more control over their own affairs and have more infrastructure entitled to them, they were able to be in much more command of their space, make more money, which led to power and progress. Native American self-determination Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the","title":"Native American self-determination"},{"psg_id":"15310190","text":"for American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Native American Pacific Islanders through programs and projects that: (1) Advance locally developed social and economic development strategies (SEDS) and strengthen local governance capabilities as authorized by Sec. 803(a); (2) preserve Native American languages authorized by Sec. 803C; (3) improve the capability of the governing body of the Indian tribe to regulate environmental quality authorized by Sec. 803(d); and (4) mitigate the environmental impacts to Indian lands due to Department of Defense activities. Communities who were re-establishing their cultures sought support through these programs. In response to the language decline in Native","title":"Native American Languages Act of 1990"},{"psg_id":"10723931","text":"people who have nothing to do with Indians\". Individuals claiming to be Native American when they are not is well known in academic research, and people claiming Indian identity specifically to gain authority in the debate over sports mascots has been criticised. At the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at California State University, San Bernardino a survey has conducted of 400 individuals whose identity as Native American was verified, finding that 67% agreed with the statement that \"Redskins\" is offensive and racist. The response from non-natives was almost the opposite, with 68% responding that the name is not offensive. While","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"17230601","text":"Housing Authorities, with a block-grant program. It provides funds to be administered by the Tribes to develop their own housing. Native Americans are also commonly known as \"Indians\" or \"American Indians\". A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred \"American Indian\" to \"Native American\". Most American Indians are comfortable with \"Indian\", \"American Indian\", and \"Native American\", and the terms are often used interchangeably. They have also been known as \"Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, Colored, First Americans, Native Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, Red Indians, Redskins\" or \"Red Men\". The term \"Native American\" was","title":"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States"},{"psg_id":"20760416","text":"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"6341174","text":"controversy. Native American names for the flute include: Alternative English-language names include: \"American Indian courting flute\", \"courting flute\", \"Grandfather's flute\", \"Indian flute\", \"love flute\", \"Native American courting flute\", \"Native American love flute\", \"Native American style flute\" (see the Indian Arts And Crafts Act), \"North American flute\", \"Plains flute\", and \"Plains Indian courting flute\". Names in other languages include: By convention, English-language uses of the name of the instrument are capitalized as \"Native American flute\". This is in keeping with the English-language capitalization of other musical instruments that use a cultural name, such as \"French horn\". The use of abbreviations (e.g.","title":"Native American flute"},{"psg_id":"10723943","text":"was discussion about the \"Indians\" name at El Reno High School, El Reno, Oklahoma when a Native American student was not allowed to wear a beaded mortarboard at graduation. The result was the signing of a Spirit Charter with the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes to retain the name while agreeing to avoid any derogatory or disrespectful Native American references, including the wearing of Native American regalia by non-natives. Local controversy may continue after a name change. Park High School, in Cottage Grove, Minnesota changed from the Indians to the Wolfpack in 1994. An \"Indian Head\" mosaic in the main hallway","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"12497538","text":"other Native American organizations to shape the laws that will help assure the civil and religious rights of all Native Americans.\" Since its inception, NARF has provided legal expertise at the national level. NARF has trained many young attorneys, both Indians and non-Indians, who intend to specialize in Native American legal issues. \"NARF has successfully argued every Supreme Court case involving Native Americans since 1973.\" NARF has affected tens of thousands of Indian people in its work for more than 250 tribes in all fifty states to develop strong self-governance, sound economic development, prudent natural resources management and positive social","title":"Native American self-determination"},{"psg_id":"5812597","text":"the Kashaya Pomo is Lorin Smith, (born 1935). As a Kashaya Pomo elder and medicine man, Lorin has welcomed non-Indians to visit the round house and take part in the ceremonies. Stewarts Point Rancheria has 78 residents. The reservation is 92.3% Native American, 2.3% white, 1.3% Asian, and 3.8% were two or more races. 14.1% of its residents are Hispanic or Latino (10.3% Mexican, 2.6% Puerto Rican). There are 20 housing units. The tribe traditionally speaks the Kashaya language, also known as Southwestern Pomo. It belongs to the Pomoan language family of Northern California. Several dozen elders speak the language,","title":"Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria"},{"psg_id":"6116159","text":"to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation. Second, that I may have some ulterior motive.\" \"I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence. Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action.\" While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his","title":"Society of American Indians"},{"psg_id":"11315006","text":"Kotiakan (of the Yakama nation) and Homli (of the Walla Walla). Their messages were carried along the Columbia River to other communities. It is unclear exactly how it started or when Christianity influenced the earlier form, but it is thought to have something to do with the arrival of non-Indians or an epidemic and a prophet with an apocalyptic vision. The Waashat Dance involves seven drummers, a salmon feast, use of eagle and swan feathers and a sacred song sung every seventh day. The sun dance is a religious ceremony practiced by a number of Native American and First Nations","title":"Native American religion"},{"psg_id":"6206519","text":"designed to promote greater understanding and brotherhood between American Indians and the non-Indian people of the state of Tennessee\". Native American Day Native American Day is a holiday in the U.S. states of California and Nevada celebrated annually on the fourth Friday of September, as well as in South Dakota on the second Monday in October in lieu of Columbus Day. It honors Native American cultures and contributions to their respective states and the United States. The state of Tennessee observes a similar American Indian Day each year on the fourth Monday of September. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan signed","title":"Native American Day"},{"psg_id":"17043863","text":"[1]Adamson, Joni. “Cultural Critique and Local Pedagogy: A Reading of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” \"American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place\". Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2001. 89-115. Print. Deloria, Philip J. \"Playing Indian\". New Haven: Yale UP, 1998. Print. Kovach, Margaret. \"Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts\". Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009. Print. LaDuke, Winona. \"The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings\". Stillwater: Voyageur, 2002. Print. Lyons, Scott Richard. “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?” \"College Composition and Communication\" 51.3 (Feb. 2000): 447-468. JSTOR. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. PDF File. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/358744>","title":"Native American rhetoric"},{"psg_id":"5540710","text":"Native American studies Two key concepts shape Native American studies, according to Crow Creek Lakota scholar Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, indigenousness (as defined in culture, geography, and philosophy) and sovereignty (as legally and historically defined). Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples, political autonomy, and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples. The Native historical experience in the Americas is marked by forcible and sometimes willing attempts at assimilation into mainstream European American culture (Americanization). Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools, the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could","title":"Native American studies"},{"psg_id":"11315010","text":"American Indian Religious Freedom Act is a United States Federal Law and a joint resolution of Congress that provides protection for tribal culture and traditional religious rights such as access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through traditional ceremony, and use and possession of sacred objects for American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. It was passed on August 11, 1978. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), Pub.L. 101-601, 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American cultural","title":"Native American religion"},{"psg_id":"14379417","text":"not recognized as the people Coronado encountered. Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate","title":"Teyas Indians"},{"psg_id":"14379408","text":"Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate that they were Apache. Other scholars believe","title":"Teyas Indians"},{"psg_id":"18456567","text":"Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services. The Cherokee Nation sponsors a language preservation project, offering online classes for Cherokee language levels I, II, and III. Participants can test their knowledge of the language online at the Cherokee Learning Center, also sponsored by the Cherokee Nation. Classes for adults who do not yet speak the language are offered in many locations. On the national level, the federal election voter guide is now available in the four most commonly spoken Native American/Alaska Native languages, of which Cherokee is one. In August 2002, the Cherokee Nation conducted a language survey","title":"Status of the Cherokee language"},{"psg_id":"15064628","text":"Native American reservation politics Native American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors that affect reservations. As a nation living within the United States of America, the Native American people face conflicting opinions within their tribes, essentially those living on federally approved reservations. Interactions with the federal government and the overall American culture surrounding them influence day-to-day tribal life. Native American culture as a whole rests between the divide of the traditionalists and those who wish to trade the \"old ways\" for improved conditions. \"Approximately 14 percent of all American Indians in 1980","title":"Native American reservation politics"},{"psg_id":"10723895","text":"tells us more about the depicters than about the depicted.\" In the 1940s, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media. Over time, the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports. The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people, and demean their native traditions and rituals: \"Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that \"Indian\" mascots \"honor Native people,\" American sports businesses such as the NFL's Washington 'Redskins'","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"6161265","text":"what brought the two groups together, what drove them apart and the challenges they face today. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf Black Indians in the United States Black Indians are people of mixed Native American and African American heritage, who have strong ties to Native American culture. Many Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, such as the Narragansett, Pequot, Wampanoag, Shinnecock, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek and Cherokee, have a significant degree of African ancestry. Historically, certain Native American tribes have had close relations with African Americans, especially in regions where slavery was prevalent, or where free people of color have historically resided. Members of the","title":"Black Indians in the United States"},{"psg_id":"5846868","text":"Cape Fear Indians The Cape Fear Indians were a small, coastal tribe of Native American who lived on the Cape Fear River in North Carolina (now Carolina Beach State Park). The autonym of the Cape Fear Indians may have been Daw-hee, as recorded in 1717. Their name for the area was \"Chicora\". Of their villages, only one, Necoes, is known by name. The colonists noted Necoes as located about 20 miles from the mouth of the Cape Fear River, in present-day Brunswick County. Their language is unknown and may have been a Siouan language. Smallpox spread from Spanish colonies in","title":"Cape Fear Indians"},{"psg_id":"17230603","text":"non-Indians) argue that \"Native American\" is problematic because \"native of\" literally means \"born in,\" so any person born in the Americas could be considered \"native\". Others point out that anyone born in the United States is technically native to America, so \"native\" is sometimes substituted for \"indigenous.\" The compound \"Native American\" is generally capitalized to differentiate the reference to the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, Russell Means, an American Indian activist, opposes the term \"Native American\" because he believes it was imposed by the government without the consent of American Indians. He has also argued that the use of the word \"Indian\"","title":"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States"},{"psg_id":"12689146","text":"for those who can't get enough of those heady days of the early- to mid-'70s when an artist could still go into the studio and make an album like this, Nobody Knows What You Do will speak to the inner hippie-hillbilly.\" All tracks composed by John Hartford; except where indicated Nobody Knows What You Do Nobody Knows What You Do is an album by John Hartford, released in 1976. After recording the minimalist \"Mark Twang\", Hartford returned to the studio with a band. The new material leaned more toward country-rock than bluegrass, which he would continue with 1977's Dillard Hartford","title":"Nobody Knows What You Do"},{"psg_id":"5835383","text":"recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting \"Documenting the Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework\" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified a partnership with Rochester Institute of Technology that will help develop a user-friendly computer catalogue allowing future generations to study and speak the language.","title":"Seneca language"},{"psg_id":"17230602","text":"introduced in the United States by academics in preference to the older term \"Indian\" to distinguish the indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India. Some academics believe that the term \"Indian\" should be considered outdated or offensive while many indigenous Americans, however, prefer the term \"American Indian\". Criticism of the neologism \"Native American\" comes from diverse sources. Some American Indians question the term \"Native American\" because, they argue, it serves to ease the conscience of \"white America\" with regard to past injustices done to American Indians by effectively eliminating \"Indians\" from the present. Others (both Indians and","title":"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States"},{"psg_id":"17043861","text":"Native American rhetoric A history of Native American rhetorics. 1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh 1830s - William Appess 1827 and 1839 - Cherokee constitutions 1879 - Thomas Tibbles 1879 - Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins 1881 - Constitution of the Osage Nation 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor 1928 – Meriam Report 1946 - Indian Claims Commission created 1953 – Thomas Banyacya 1955 - Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 1961 - The American Indian Chicago Conference 1966-1995 - Blackbird Bend litigation 1969 - Alcatraz Occupation 1970 - N. Scott Momaday 1973 - Maria Campbell 1977 - Charles Aubid 1980","title":"Native American rhetoric"},{"psg_id":"5614822","text":"language family. Most of them still live in Central California today on “Rancherias”, which are similar to reservations. However, some do not live on the Rancherias, but in intertribal communities where there are members of other tribes, while others reside in Northern California towns. Today, the Miwok people speak English, but in the past they spoke their native “Miwok language”, also known as Moquelumnan. Some elders still remember words from the language and younger people also take an interest in learning/speaking their native language again. However, overall, it is an endangered language. Traditionally, each Miwok band was led by a","title":"Ione Band of Miwok Indians"},{"psg_id":"19100269","text":"2011, the Native American Health Center serves roughly 11,265 patients in the Bay Area per year. While healthcare services are provided to everyone regardless of their relationship to any native communities, the center does have specialized services and events specifically for native people. As stated in their mission, their goal is to \"\"provide comprehensive services to improve the health and wellbeing of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and residents of the surrounding communities, with respect for cultural and linguistic differences.\"\" The Native American Health Center has roughly 225 employees ranging from HR administrators to practicing dentists. The majority of employees at","title":"Native American Health Center"},{"psg_id":"18421731","text":"numerous attempts at language instruction policy and practice reform. Language Power consists of two key components: 1) an ability to speak and be understood, and 2) an ability to listen and understand. Individuals with strong language power possess the ability to communicate effectively in a social environment. When non-native speakers engage in oral communication, native speakers of that language recognize sufficiently well-formed speech, in that it is satisfactorily ‘native’ or sufficiently close to what they know as ‘their language’ in order to be completely understood. When non-native speakers listen to a econdary language, they need to be capable of interpreting","title":"Language power"},{"psg_id":"7484975","text":"for membership, as well as what they consider its obligations. Generally, members must pay dues; attend tribal meetings (which are usually monthly in the \"home\" areas); volunteer to serve as a tribal officer when asked; help to put on tribal events; belong to the tribal church (if one exists and they are able); teach their children their people's history and pass on traditional crafts; volunteer to represent the tribe at the Virginia Council on Indians, the United Indians of Virginia, or at other tribes' powwows; speak at engagements for civic or school groups; and live in a good way, so","title":"Native American tribes in Virginia"},{"psg_id":"567938","text":"often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data approximately 75% of Kiev's population responded \"Ukrainian\" to the \"native language\" (\"ridna mova\") census question, and roughly 25% responded \"Russian\". On the other hand, when the question \"What language do you use in everyday life?\" was asked in the sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: \"mostly Russian\": 52%, \"both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure\": 32%, \"mostly Ukrainian\": 14%, \"exclusively Ukrainian\": 4.3%. Ethnic minorities, such as Romanians, Tatars and Jews usually use Russian as their lingua franca. But there are tendencies within these minority groups to use","title":"Ukrainian language"},{"psg_id":"17230995","text":"married American Indian women. There was fear on both sides, as the different peoples realized how different their societies were. The whites regarded the Indians as \"savage\" because they were not Christian. They were suspicious of cultures which they did not understand. The Native American author, Andrew J. Blackbird, wrote in his \"History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan,\" (1897), that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes. Many Indians suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol and the whiskey trade resulted in alcoholism among the people, who were alcohol-intolerant. As European-American women started working independently at","title":"Native American cultures in the United States"},{"psg_id":"15889928","text":"of Native Americans during a speech in a 1911 proceeding of the Society of American Indians. Though the history of Dat So La Lee is slightly of a mythic quality, what is known of her is her discovery as a washerwoman by Amy and Abe Cohn in 1895, who found her baskets incredibly intriguing. The Cohns began selling her baskets in their shop in 1899 to tourists of Lake Tahoe. Though her basketry was revered, like many Native Americans of the day Dat So La Lee was presented by Amy Cohn as the noble savage through her lectures. \"To the","title":"Native American women in the arts"},{"psg_id":"19118802","text":"Shapiro was asked by an interviewer about \"the official position of the club on the, on the whole, you know, Chief Wahoo thing\". He explained: \"I think you always want to be sensitive to anybody that finds it offensive, that, you know ultimately the Indians name and the team, ah, is in recognition of our pride and affiliation with the first Native American baseball player. So I think what we choose to do is celebrate, you know, Louis Sockalexis and his history and tradition with the Indians and, and not to focus on uh anything that we would view, that,","title":"Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy"},{"psg_id":"6206518","text":"as Native American Day in South Dakota. On Oct 3, 2017, The Proclamation of Native American day was announced by the Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Accepting the Proclamation would be the Lakota-Dakota-Nakota representatives of Sioux Falls. South Dakota and Vermont, which celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day, are the only states to practice non-observance of the federal holiday of Columbus Day. In 1994 the state General Assembly established the \"fourth Monday in September of each year\" to be especially observed in Tennessee as \"American Indian Day\" (TCA 15-2-106), \"to recognize the contributions of American Indians with suitable ceremony and fellowship","title":"Native American Day"},{"psg_id":"12489740","text":"still had anti-peyote laws, only five did not provide exemptions for Indians to use peyote ritually.\" These were amended under the pressure from the Native American Church member if the members showed proof that they were at least 25 percent Native American. The states laws were generally similar to those of South Dakota, which says that \"when used as a sacrament in services of the Native American Church in a natural state which is unaltered except for drying or curing or slicing\", peyote use is permitted. In 1978 the American Indian Religious Freedom Act there was mention of protection for","title":"Native American civil rights"},{"psg_id":"13912280","text":"in the 19th century from east of the Mississippi led to some eastern tribes living in and near Iowa. Their former territory had been around the Great Lakes. Potawatomi Chief Sauganash founded the village that eventually grew into Council Bluffs. American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were","title":"American Indians of Iowa"},{"psg_id":"13912276","text":"American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were pushed by development pressure and warfare. The Chiwere-speaking tribes are descended from the prehistoric Oneota culture. At the time of contact with European explorers, their range covered most of Iowa. The Ho-Chunk ranged primarily east of the Mississippi in southern","title":"American Indians of Iowa"},{"psg_id":"20816903","text":"the Bhana whanau from Ngati Whakaue. Responses to the 2001 New Zealand Census indicated that 1.5% of Indian women and 2% of Indian men in New Zealand were in inter-ethnic unions with a Māori partner. About 18% of children of these unions can converse in the Maori language, while less than 10% could speak an Indian language. The first Hui (Māori assembly) for people of mixed Māori and Indian descent was held in 2012 in Rotorua. A second assembly was held in 2014, with over 200 mixed Maori Indians in attendance. Maori Indians Māori Indians (or Indo-Māori) are an ethnic","title":"Maori Indians"},{"psg_id":"7485502","text":"several universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles; Dartmouth College, and Eastern Washington University, led to the founding of scholarly journals, such as \"SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature)\" and \"Wíčazo Ša Review\" (1985). With the heightened interest in Native American writing, publishers established specialized imprints, such as Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Programme, which had the goal of promoting new voices and publication opportunities. Although the primary use of the term has been literary, it has been used in a wider sense to describe \"an increasing prosperity and sense of achievement among Indians [...] a widespread","title":"Native American Renaissance"},{"psg_id":"7353162","text":"Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in the United States. Modern forms of these entities are often associated with land or territory of an Indian reservation. \"Federally recognized Indian tribe\" is a legal term of art in United States law with a specific meaning. An Indian tribe recognized by the United States government usually possesses tribal sovereignty, a \"dependent sovereign nation\" status with the Federal Government that is similar to that","title":"Tribe (Native American)"},{"psg_id":"11877798","text":"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \"Who\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \"NME\", giving it a 2/10 rating.","title":"Speak Your Language"},{"psg_id":"11877797","text":"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \"Who\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \"NME\", giving it a 2/10 rating.","title":"Speak Your Language"},{"psg_id":"10483046","text":"society. Related to the remembrance and practice of traditions is the residence on tribal lands and Indian reservations. Peroff (2002) emphasizes the role that proximity to other Native Americans (and ultimately proximity to tribal lands) plays in one's identity as a Native American. European conceptions of \"Indianness\" are notable both for how they influence how American Indians see themselves and for how they have persisted as stereotypes which may negatively affect treatment of Indians. The noble savage stereotype is famous, but American colonists held other stereotypes as well. For example, some colonists imagined Indians as living in a state similar","title":"Native American identity in the United States"},{"psg_id":"16809267","text":"such a language and proficient in mathematics, reading, and science; (3) provide teacher training; and (4) be located in areas having high concentrations of Native American students. Requires applicants for language survival school funding to have at least three years of experience in running such a school, a Native American language nest, or any other educational program in which instruction is conducted in a Native American language. <br><br> Requires that Native American language restoration programs: (1) operate at least one Native American language program for the community they serve; (2) train teachers of such languages; and (3) develop Native American","title":"Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act"},{"psg_id":"10483036","text":"Native American identity in the United States Native American identity in the United States is an evolving topic based on the struggle to define \"Native American\" or \"(American) Indian\" both for people who consider themselves Native American and for people who do not. Some people seek an identity that will provide for a stable definition for legal, social, and personal purposes. There are a number of different factors which have been used to define \"Indianness,\" and the source and potential use of the definition play a role in what definition is used. Facets which characterize \"Indianness\" include culture, society, genes/biology,","title":"Native American identity in the United States"},{"psg_id":"10723972","text":"Native American hobbyists often associated with the popularity of the stories written by German author Karl May. Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"10723926","text":"the growing unpopularity of Native American mascots is a financial drain for professional teams, losing money compared to more popular animal mascots. A survey conducted in 2002 by The Harris Poll for Sports Illustrated (SI) found that 81 percent of Native Americans who live outside traditional Indian reservations and 53 percent of Indians on reservations did not find the images discriminatory. The authors of the article concluded that \"Although most Native American activists and tribal leaders consider Indian team names and mascots offensive, neither Native Americans in general nor a cross section of U.S. sports fans agree\". According to the","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"10723905","text":"and racism of any group increasing the likelihood of stereotyping others was made by Native Americans opposing the \"Indians\" mascot in Skowhegan, Maine when fliers promoting the KKK were distributed in that town. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) passed a resolution calling for the end of the use of Native American names, images, and mascots in 1999. In 2001, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights released an advisory opinion calling for an end to the use of Native American images and team names by non-Native schools. While recognizing the right to freedom of expression, the","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"13238137","text":"United American Indians of New England The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) is a Native American activist organization founded by Frank James. Also known as Wamsutta, Frank James was the leader of the Wampanoag people. He founded the United American Indians of New England after being “uninvited” to make a speech at a celebration hosted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth wanted to celebrate the friendly relations of their forefathers and the Wampanoag people; however, when the speech that James was going to give was reviewed, it was deemed inappropriate for the celebration because it focused on","title":"United American Indians of New England"},{"psg_id":"13238133","text":"United American Indians of New England The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) is a Native American activist organization founded by Frank James. Also known as Wamsutta, Frank James was the leader of the Wampanoag people. He founded the United American Indians of New England after being “uninvited” to make a speech at a celebration hosted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth wanted to celebrate the friendly relations of their forefathers and the Wampanoag people; however, when the speech that James was going to give was reviewed, it was deemed inappropriate for the celebration because it focused on","title":"United American Indians of New England"},{"psg_id":"7484926","text":"Native American tribes in Virginia The Native American tribes in Virginia are the indigenous tribes who currently live or have historically lived in what is now the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States of America. All of the Commonwealth of Virginia used to be Virginia Indian territory. Indigenous peoples have occupied the region for at least 12,000 years. Their population has been estimated to have been about 50,000 at the time of European colonization. At contact, Virginian tribes spoke languages belonging to three major language families: roughly, Algonquian along the coast, Iroquoian in the southern Tidewater region, and Siouan","title":"Native American tribes in Virginia"},{"psg_id":"6695713","text":"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \"Read My Mind.\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"6695712","text":"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\" at number four. The track \"Everything That You Want\" was later","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"17174086","text":"the swords that the Europeans used at the time. Piercing weapons consisted of both short and long range weapons. They were used for hunting and combat. Some Native American tribes carried shields into battle for extra protection. These shields were mostly made from leather stretched across a round wooden frame. Many of the weapons that the Native Americans used served a more symbolic purpose. Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting","title":"Native American weaponry"},{"psg_id":"20760415","text":"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"5993233","text":"called the Eiteljorg Fellowship for Native American Fine Art) biennially to recognize some of the most innovative and influential contemporary Native artists active today. Eiteljorg fellows include: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art is located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana and houses an extensive collection of visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, as well as Western American paintings and sculptures collected by businessman and philanthropist Harrison Eiteljorg (1903–1997). The museum houses one of the finest collections of Native contemporary art in the world. The museum is currently part","title":"Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art"},{"psg_id":"12489762","text":"rolls. When the Native Territory (what is now Oklahoma) was abolished in 1907, all Natives who lived in that territory were made citizens through the Oklahoma Enabling Act. Furthermore, after World War I, any Native who had fought with honorable discharge was also considered a citizen through the Act of November 6, 1919. As Native Vote states, \"The underlying assumption of this act was that these particular Indians had demonstrated that they had become part of the larger Anglo culture and were no longer wholly Indian\". By the early 1920s, Congress was considering a bill to make the remainder of","title":"Native American civil rights"},{"psg_id":"18323265","text":"in Minnesota the issues facing Native American women and girls were so deep-rooted and complex that she should make a film about it. While Mrs. Wells did spend time with young, at-risk Native girls she also realized it would not be ethical to film them because of their fragile family structures. She instead, at the suggestion of a social worker, filmed the girl’s mothers who had been forced into prostitution as a young girl. This film allows Native women to speak out on Native American issues, something they are seldom given the opportunity to do. Reviews for \"Native Silence\" have","title":"Native Silence"},{"psg_id":"17174085","text":"Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting Weapons, Piercing Weapons, Defensive Weapons, and Symbolic Weapons. Native Americans used many variations of striking weapons. These weapons were mainly used for melee combat with other tribes. In some cases these weapons were thrown for long range attacks. Cutting weapons were used by the Native Americans for combat as well as hunting. They preferred shorter blades, and did not use long cutting weapons, like","title":"Native American weaponry"},{"psg_id":"16944370","text":"speak Swinomish (also known as Skagit), a Lushootseed language that is part of the Central Salish language family. Some also spoke Samish, another Central Salish language. The Swinomish Tribe owns and operates the Swinomish Casino & Lodge, overlooking Padilla Bay; Swinomish Golf Links, nearby on Highway 20; Swinomish RV Park, on Swinomish Channel; Swinomish Fish Co., which processes and cans salmon marketed worldwide under the \"Native Catch\" label; and two Chevron stations and convenient stores. The gaming complex generates revenues that help support Tribal services, such as health and education. Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington The Swinomish","title":"Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington"},{"psg_id":"15814084","text":"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\"","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"15814082","text":"Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"10483040","text":"but today the concept is contested. Malcolm Margolin, co-editor of \"News From Native California\" muses, \"I don’t know what an Indian is... [but] Some people are clearly Indian, and some are clearly not.\" Cherokee Chief (from 1985–1995) Wilma Mankiller echoes: \"An Indian is an Indian regardless of the degree of Indian blood or which little government card they do or do not possess.\" Further, it is difficult to know what might be meant by any Native American \"racial\" identity. Race is a disputed term, but is often said to be a social (or political) rather than biological construct. The issue","title":"Native American identity in the United States"},{"psg_id":"15064631","text":"highest unemployment and disease rates. Drug and alcohol abuse is common among the youth as well as teenage pregnancy and suicide. One native says, \"Indians don't want to be dependent, but when it's either that or starve, the choice is clear.\" In a 2008 study by the Prevention Research Center, \"Native American youth were more likely to have consumed alcohol in their lifetime and been intoxicated in the [time period of the test] than Whites. Native American drinkers were almost twice as likely to have gotten alcohol from an adult and twice as likely to have obtained alcohol from someone","title":"Native American reservation politics"},{"psg_id":"10723884","text":"Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in particular their \"Chief Wahoo\" logo); and the Washington Redskins (the term \"redskins\" being defined in most American","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"20479172","text":"their stories while they were oppressed. “The rise of the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s also contributed to this reawakening of Native cultures since it appeared as a movement in which minorities demanded an end to discrimination and the right to speak for themselves.” This gave pride and encouraged many to seek inspiration from history and ancestral roots. Today there are many theater productions performing Native American works. According to Rolland Meinholtz, who is an “instructor and artistic director of drama and dance at the Institute of American Indian Arts,” youth must understand the struggles of","title":"Native American drama"},{"psg_id":"12497522","text":"each tribe's future. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) \"...recognized the integrity of native cultures.\" It ended the persecution of American Indians for such practices as the use of peyote in religion. Since 1980, administrations have issued Presidential Memoranda on Indian affairs to indicate direction for increased tribal sovereignty. A 1994 Presidential Memorandum issued by Bill Clinton changed the way the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development supported housing programs. The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 consolidated grant programs for housing funding into a single block grant specifically available to recognized governments of American","title":"Native American self-determination"},{"psg_id":"18643386","text":"Native-language identification Native-language identification (NLI) is the task of determining an author's native language (L1) based only on their writings in a second language (L2). NLI works through identifying language-usage patterns that are common to specific L1 groups and then applying this knowledge to predict the native language of previously unseen texts. This is motivated in part by applications in second-language acquisition, language teaching and forensic linguistics, amongst others. NLI works under the assumption that an author's L1 will dispose them towards particular language production patterns in their L2, as influenced by their native language. This relates to cross-linguistic influence","title":"Native-language identification"},{"psg_id":"3730249","text":"in preserving Hawaiian as a heritage language, with students in the program being able to speak the Hawaiian language fluently while learning reading, writing, and math skills taught in that language. Partial immersion programs do not have an initial lag in achievement like Canada's and Hawaii's programs do, but it must be noted that partial immersion programs are not as effective as complete immersion programs and students generally do not achieve native-like proficiency in their L2. The first issue is about the allocation of time given to each language. Educators thought that more exposure to the students’ L2 will lead","title":"Language immersion"},{"psg_id":"12105509","text":"NCAI website, other current issues and topics include: In 2001, the advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots. In October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial \"Indian\" mascots. National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in","title":"National Congress of American Indians"},{"psg_id":"364701","text":"Union of South American Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the African Union and by many other international organizations. It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language—including speakers with limited competence—and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language. Spanish is the official or national language","title":"Spanish language"},{"psg_id":"19894226","text":"Siletz Valley Charter School in the town adjacent to the Siletz Reservation to remain the Warriors. Rogue River High School has eliminated their image of a Native American, using instead a spear. In exchange for retaining their Chieftains mascot, Rogue River will add a curriculum on true Native American history, and specifically, the Siletz tribal history. Roseburg High School would remain the Indians with the agreement of the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The Reedsport Community Charter School Braves sought tribal approval. However, three local tribes; the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw, the Coquille, and the Siletz","title":"Native American mascot laws and regulations"},{"psg_id":"5807519","text":"Native American Music Awards The Native American Music Awards (also known as the NAMAs or \"Nammys\") are an awards program presented annually by Elbel Productions, Inc., The Native American Music Awards Inc., and The Native American Music Association, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization incorporated in 1998, which recognizes outstanding musical achievement in styles associated with Native Americans, predominantly in the United States and Canada. While Native American performers in a variety of genres are also recognized, nominees do not have to be Native American themselves. The awards were created in 1998 to offer Native American musicians greater recognition from the American","title":"Native American Music Awards"},{"psg_id":"12497529","text":"given to President John F. Kennedy by the National Congress of American Indians. The tribal governments started to bypass the BIA and focus on self-determination plans. John Echohawk (Pawnee) is a founder and leader of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF). He is a lawyer who has worked to protect Indian land and sovereignty. In 1970 Echohawk was the first Native American to graduate from the University of New Mexico's school of law. After law school, Echohawk worked for some time with California Indian Legal Services. Echohawk joined together with other lawyers and tribal members to form the NARF, which","title":"Native American self-determination"},{"psg_id":"17888009","text":"attendance rates above the norm for their peers.'\" The bill \"would amend the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to provide increased federal financial support to Native American language programs at American Indian-focused schools.\" In 2015, the bill would provide $5 million in funding. Support among Native Americans includes Oglala Sioux Tribal president Bryan Brewer and Rosebud Sioux Tribal president Cyril Scott. Congressional supporters include Senator John Walsh (D-MT). Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act The Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act, S. 1948 was introduced on Jan 16, 2014. Its sponsor is Sen. Jon Tester [D-MT]. Cosponsors were","title":"Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act"},{"psg_id":"12142344","text":"Native American tribes in Nebraska Native American tribes in the U.S. state of Nebraska have been Plains Indians, descendants of succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples who have occupied the area for thousands of years. More than 15 historic tribes have been identified as having lived in, hunted in, or otherwise occupied territory within the current state boundaries. The 19th-century history of the state included the establishment of eight Indian reservations, including a half-breed tract. Today six tribes, (Omaha, Winnebago, Ponca, Iowa, Santee Sioux, Sac and Fox), have reservations in Nebraska. In 2006 American Indian and Alaska Native persons comprised one","title":"Native American tribes in Nebraska"},{"psg_id":"9930754","text":"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"Too Much of a Good Thing\" and \"Monday Morning Church\" both reached #5, while \"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\" and \"USA Today\" both reached #18. \"What I Do\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"17514848","text":"1972 studio album \"See All Her Faces\". Yellowman covered it for \"King Yellowman\" (1984). \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is sampled in \"Upgrade U\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \"B'Day\" (2006) and in \"No Homo Outro\", a track from \"Turtleneck & Chain\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"17514846","text":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"10483041","text":"of Native American racial identity was discussed by Steve Russell (2002, p68), \"American Indians have always had the theoretical option of removing themselves from a tribal community and becoming legally white. American law has made it easy for Indians to disappear because that disappearance has always been necessary to the 'Manifest Destiny' that the United States span the continent that was, after all, occupied.\" Russell contrasts this with the reminder that Native Americans are \"members of communities before members of a race.\" Traditional definitions of \"Indianness\" are also important. There is a sense of \"peoplehood\" which links Indianness to sacred","title":"Native American identity in the United States"},{"psg_id":"11616743","text":"was also a mediating figure between the English people and the Native Americans. Because of his status among the English people and because he was in peaceful communication with them, some of the Croatan considered Manteo to be disloyal to them and a traitor at times of conflict. Although Manteo is the best example of relations between the English and the Indians, there were other Native Americans who were friendly toward the English as well. Wanchese and other Native Americans such as Towaye shared relationships with Manteo and the English people. Manteo is recognized as being the first Native American","title":"Manteo (Native American leader)"},{"psg_id":"10723923","text":"treatment, and social positions. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights call for an end to the use of Native American mascots was only for non-native schools. In cases where universities were founded to educate Native Americans, such mascots may not be examples of cultural appropriation or stereotyping. Examples include the Fighting Indians of the Haskell Indian Nations University and the University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNCP), which continues to have a substantial number of native students, and close ties to the Lumbee tribe. The UNCP nickname is the Braves, but the mascot is a red-tailed hawk. Pembroke Middle School,","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"psg_id":"16345967","text":"In the \"What Ya Wanna Do\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \"Do You Wanna Go Party\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \"Do You Wanna Go Party\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \"What Ya Wanna Do?\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\". It was released in 1989 via Sire","title":"What Ya Wanna Do"},{"psg_id":"8011798","text":"Language proficiency Language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in a language. As theories among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency go, there is little consistency as to how different organizations classify it. Additionally, fluency and language competence are generally recognized as being related, but separate controversial subjects. In predominant frameworks in the United States, proficient speakers demonstrate both accuracy and fluency, and use a variety of discourse strategies. Thus, native speakers of a language can be fluent without being considered proficient. Native-level fluency is estimated to be between 20,000 and 40,000","title":"Language proficiency"},{"psg_id":"18247627","text":"is still used within the USA today and is a blend of various organizations created to combat specific health problems for Native American and Alaskan Natives. Today the organization is still responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. The IHS's website states that “the IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people, and its goal is to raise their health status to the highest possible level. The IHS provides a comprehensive health service delivery system for approximately 2.2 million American Indians and Alaska Natives who belong to 573 federally","title":"Sterilization of Native American women"},{"psg_id":"3416341","text":"Sopara and Virar regions to the north of Mumbai in the Vasai Taluka Uran Panvel, Thane District of Maharashtra. The name of this language suggests that its origins lie with the Samvedi Brahmins native to this region. Majority of East Indians speak this dialect. Kadodis language: Kadodi community people were originally Brahmins, they converted to Christianity at the time of Portuguese reign, 30 years ago. There is little difference between Samvedi and Kadodi. Thakri (Spoken by the Adivasi and Katkari community found in Raigad district). Kadodi, Samvedi, Vadvali, Koli and Agri resembles each other very closely. Both Vadvali and Samavedi","title":"Konkani language"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17230642\",\n \"text\": \"humanity and nature, internal self-discipline, and appreciation of the present while the future is received in its own time. These are partly in response to the varied degrees of acculturation Native American individuals present. Garrett describes some possible degrees of acculturation: \\\"marginal\\\" where Native Americans may speak English with their native language and do not identify totally with neither mainstream American ideals or tribal customs or \\\"assimilated\\\" where Native American individuals have embraced mainstream American ideals and renounced their tribal familial connections. Additional solutions, as proposed by the Klamath tribe, are government restoration of land rights and the following of\",\n \"title\": \"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3418882\",\n \"text\": \"language.\\\" Many of the younger population who do not speak Crow are able to understand it. Almost all of those who do speak Crow are also bilingual in English. Graczyk cites the reservation community as the reason for both the high level of bilingual Crow-English speakers and the continued use and prevalence of the Crow language. Daily contact with non-American Indians on the reservation for over one hundred years has led to high usage of English. Traditional culture within the community, however, has preserved the language via religious ceremonies and the traditional clan system. Currently, most speakers of Crow are\",\n \"title\": \"Crow language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10283034\",\n \"text\": \"in the year 2000 was 5,090, with a total ethnic population of 5,360. It must be kept in mind that the number of speakers of Ngäbere is somewhat lower than the ethnic population, given the fact that many younger people today are not learning the language. Oftentimes people of indigenous descent who do not speak the indigenous language do not consider themselves to be “Indians” but rather identify themselves as Latino or campesino. Before the formation of the Comarca Ngäbe-Buglé, census figures for Ngäbe population were based on whether or not they spoke the native language. The Ngäbe people and\",\n \"title\": \"Guaymí language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8859568\",\n \"text\": \"Topics General Prehistory Coastal Region Saint Lawrence Lowlands Region Great Lakes-Riverine Region The map \\\"Native Languages and Language Families of North America\\\" compiled by Ives Goddard is included in a pocket in the inside cover along with a small photographic reproduction of John Wesley Powell's 1891 map, \\\"Linguistic Stocks of American Indians North of Mexico\\\". A wall size version of the former is available separately (). Grammatical Sketches With the suspension of publication, the following volumes remain unpublished. Handbook of North American Indians The Handbook of North American Indians is a monographic series of edited scholarly and reference volumes in\",\n \"title\": \"Handbook of North American Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17043864\",\n \"text\": \"---, Scott Richard. “There's No Translation for It: The Rhetorical Sovereignty of Indigenous Languages.” \\\"Cross-Language Relations in Composition\\\". Ed. Bruce Horner, Min-Zhan Lu, and Paul Kei Matsuda. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2010. ---, Scott Richard. \\\"X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent\\\". Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2010. Print. Mihesuah, Devon Abott, and Angela Cavender Wilson, eds. \\\"Indigenizing the Academy: Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities\\\". Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2004. Print. ---. \\\"American Indians: Stereotypes & Realities\\\". Atlanta: Clarity P, 1996. Print. ---. \\\"So You Want to Write about American Indians?: a Guide for Writers, Students, and Scholars\\\". Lincoln: U of\",\n \"title\": \"Native American rhetoric\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12105499\",\n \"text\": \"National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized American Indian tribes. Historically the Indian peoples of the North American continent rarely joined forces across tribal lines, which were divisions related to distinct language and cultural groups. One\",\n \"title\": \"National Congress of American Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10483039\",\n \"text\": \"groups over time. Means said, \\\"We might speak our language, we might look like Indians and sound like Indians, but we won’t be Indians.\\\" There are various ways in which Indian identity has been defined. Some definitions seek universal applicability, while others only seek definitions for particular purposes, such as for tribal membership or for the purposes of legal jurisdiction. The individual seeks to have a personal identity that matches social and legal definitions, although perhaps any definition will fail to categorize correctly the identity of everyone. American Indians were perhaps clearly identifiable at the turn of the 20th century,\",\n \"title\": \"Native American identity in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7353168\",\n \"text\": \"comfortable with the word \\\"Indian,\\\" others believe it is pejorative by nature because it erases indigenous cultures by homogenizing the ethnic \\\"Other\\\" in mistaking Indians from India and Native Americans. \\\"Native American\\\" refers to indigenous peoples of the United States and includes non-US Indian groups, such as the Iñupiat, Aleut, and Yupik peoples. Aboriginal peoples of Canada include the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit. Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in\",\n \"title\": \"Tribe (Native American)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12497544\",\n \"text\": \"the Government has been doing things for us and telling us what is best for Indians . . . of course there has been no progress . . .\\\" Progress in education was just one area in which Native Americans were gaining more independence. As tribes began to have more control over their own affairs and have more infrastructure entitled to them, they were able to be in much more command of their space, make more money, which led to power and progress. Native American self-determination Native American self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which the\",\n \"title\": \"Native American self-determination\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15310190\",\n \"text\": \"for American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Native American Pacific Islanders through programs and projects that: (1) Advance locally developed social and economic development strategies (SEDS) and strengthen local governance capabilities as authorized by Sec. 803(a); (2) preserve Native American languages authorized by Sec. 803C; (3) improve the capability of the governing body of the Indian tribe to regulate environmental quality authorized by Sec. 803(d); and (4) mitigate the environmental impacts to Indian lands due to Department of Defense activities. Communities who were re-establishing their cultures sought support through these programs. In response to the language decline in Native\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Languages Act of 1990\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723931\",\n \"text\": \"people who have nothing to do with Indians\\\". Individuals claiming to be Native American when they are not is well known in academic research, and people claiming Indian identity specifically to gain authority in the debate over sports mascots has been criticised. At the Center for Indigenous Peoples Studies at California State University, San Bernardino a survey has conducted of 400 individuals whose identity as Native American was verified, finding that 67% agreed with the statement that \\\"Redskins\\\" is offensive and racist. The response from non-natives was almost the opposite, with 68% responding that the name is not offensive. While\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17230601\",\n \"text\": \"Housing Authorities, with a block-grant program. It provides funds to be administered by the Tribes to develop their own housing. Native Americans are also commonly known as \\\"Indians\\\" or \\\"American Indians\\\". A 1995 U.S. Census Bureau survey found that more Native Americans in the United States preferred \\\"American Indian\\\" to \\\"Native American\\\". Most American Indians are comfortable with \\\"Indian\\\", \\\"American Indian\\\", and \\\"Native American\\\", and the terms are often used interchangeably. They have also been known as \\\"Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, Amerinds, Colored, First Americans, Native Indians, Indigenous, Original Americans, Red Indians, Redskins\\\" or \\\"Red Men\\\". The term \\\"Native American\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760416\",\n \"text\": \"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\\\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \\\"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \\\"In What Language?\\\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6341174\",\n \"text\": \"controversy. Native American names for the flute include: Alternative English-language names include: \\\"American Indian courting flute\\\", \\\"courting flute\\\", \\\"Grandfather's flute\\\", \\\"Indian flute\\\", \\\"love flute\\\", \\\"Native American courting flute\\\", \\\"Native American love flute\\\", \\\"Native American style flute\\\" (see the Indian Arts And Crafts Act), \\\"North American flute\\\", \\\"Plains flute\\\", and \\\"Plains Indian courting flute\\\". Names in other languages include: By convention, English-language uses of the name of the instrument are capitalized as \\\"Native American flute\\\". This is in keeping with the English-language capitalization of other musical instruments that use a cultural name, such as \\\"French horn\\\". The use of abbreviations (e.g.\",\n \"title\": \"Native American flute\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723943\",\n \"text\": \"was discussion about the \\\"Indians\\\" name at El Reno High School, El Reno, Oklahoma when a Native American student was not allowed to wear a beaded mortarboard at graduation. The result was the signing of a Spirit Charter with the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribes to retain the name while agreeing to avoid any derogatory or disrespectful Native American references, including the wearing of Native American regalia by non-natives. Local controversy may continue after a name change. Park High School, in Cottage Grove, Minnesota changed from the Indians to the Wolfpack in 1994. An \\\"Indian Head\\\" mosaic in the main hallway\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12497538\",\n \"text\": \"other Native American organizations to shape the laws that will help assure the civil and religious rights of all Native Americans.\\\" Since its inception, NARF has provided legal expertise at the national level. NARF has trained many young attorneys, both Indians and non-Indians, who intend to specialize in Native American legal issues. \\\"NARF has successfully argued every Supreme Court case involving Native Americans since 1973.\\\" NARF has affected tens of thousands of Indian people in its work for more than 250 tribes in all fifty states to develop strong self-governance, sound economic development, prudent natural resources management and positive social\",\n \"title\": \"Native American self-determination\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5812597\",\n \"text\": \"the Kashaya Pomo is Lorin Smith, (born 1935). As a Kashaya Pomo elder and medicine man, Lorin has welcomed non-Indians to visit the round house and take part in the ceremonies. Stewarts Point Rancheria has 78 residents. The reservation is 92.3% Native American, 2.3% white, 1.3% Asian, and 3.8% were two or more races. 14.1% of its residents are Hispanic or Latino (10.3% Mexican, 2.6% Puerto Rican). There are 20 housing units. The tribe traditionally speaks the Kashaya language, also known as Southwestern Pomo. It belongs to the Pomoan language family of Northern California. Several dozen elders speak the language,\",\n \"title\": \"Kashia Band of Pomo Indians of the Stewarts Point Rancheria\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6116159\",\n \"text\": \"to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation. Second, that I may have some ulterior motive.\\\" \\\"I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence. Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action.\\\" While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his\",\n \"title\": \"Society of American Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11315006\",\n \"text\": \"Kotiakan (of the Yakama nation) and Homli (of the Walla Walla). Their messages were carried along the Columbia River to other communities. It is unclear exactly how it started or when Christianity influenced the earlier form, but it is thought to have something to do with the arrival of non-Indians or an epidemic and a prophet with an apocalyptic vision. The Waashat Dance involves seven drummers, a salmon feast, use of eagle and swan feathers and a sacred song sung every seventh day. The sun dance is a religious ceremony practiced by a number of Native American and First Nations\",\n \"title\": \"Native American religion\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6206519\",\n \"text\": \"designed to promote greater understanding and brotherhood between American Indians and the non-Indian people of the state of Tennessee\\\". Native American Day Native American Day is a holiday in the U.S. states of California and Nevada celebrated annually on the fourth Friday of September, as well as in South Dakota on the second Monday in October in lieu of Columbus Day. It honors Native American cultures and contributions to their respective states and the United States. The state of Tennessee observes a similar American Indian Day each year on the fourth Monday of September. In 1968, Governor Ronald Reagan signed\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17043863\",\n \"text\": \"[1]Adamson, Joni. “Cultural Critique and Local Pedagogy: A Reading of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” \\\"American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place\\\". Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2001. 89-115. Print. Deloria, Philip J. \\\"Playing Indian\\\". New Haven: Yale UP, 1998. Print. Kovach, Margaret. \\\"Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts\\\". Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009. Print. LaDuke, Winona. \\\"The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings\\\". Stillwater: Voyageur, 2002. Print. Lyons, Scott Richard. “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?” \\\"College Composition and Communication\\\" 51.3 (Feb. 2000): 447-468. JSTOR. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. PDF File. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/358744>\",\n \"title\": \"Native American rhetoric\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5540710\",\n \"text\": \"Native American studies Two key concepts shape Native American studies, according to Crow Creek Lakota scholar Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, indigenousness (as defined in culture, geography, and philosophy) and sovereignty (as legally and historically defined). Practitioners advocate for decolonization of indigenous peoples, political autonomy, and the establishment of a discipline dedicated to alleviating contemporary problems facing indigenous peoples. The Native historical experience in the Americas is marked by forcible and sometimes willing attempts at assimilation into mainstream European American culture (Americanization). Beginning with missionaries and leading up to federally controlled schools, the aim was to educate American Indians so that they could\",\n \"title\": \"Native American studies\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11315010\",\n \"text\": \"American Indian Religious Freedom Act is a United States Federal Law and a joint resolution of Congress that provides protection for tribal culture and traditional religious rights such as access to sacred sites, freedom to worship through traditional ceremony, and use and possession of sacred objects for American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, and Native Hawaiians. It was passed on August 11, 1978. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), Pub.L. 101-601, 104 Stat. 3048, is a United States federal law passed on 16 November 1990 requiring federal agencies and institutions that receive federal funding[1] to return Native American cultural\",\n \"title\": \"Native American religion\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14379417\",\n \"text\": \"not recognized as the people Coronado encountered. Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate\",\n \"title\": \"Teyas Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14379408\",\n \"text\": \"Teyas Indians Teyas were a Native American people living near Lubbock, Texas who first made contact with Europeans in 1541 when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled to them. The tribal affiliation and language of the Teyas is unknown, although many scholars believe they spoke a Caddoan language and were related to the Wichita tribe, whom Coronado encountered in Quivira. Apparently, Teyas was the name they were called by the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians. Scholars differ in their guesses as to the identity of the Teyas and their language. Some anthropologists and historians speculate that they were Apache. Other scholars believe\",\n \"title\": \"Teyas Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18456567\",\n \"text\": \"Center in Muscogee, Oklahoma provide Cherokee language translation services. The Cherokee Nation sponsors a language preservation project, offering online classes for Cherokee language levels I, II, and III. Participants can test their knowledge of the language online at the Cherokee Learning Center, also sponsored by the Cherokee Nation. Classes for adults who do not yet speak the language are offered in many locations. On the national level, the federal election voter guide is now available in the four most commonly spoken Native American/Alaska Native languages, of which Cherokee is one. In August 2002, the Cherokee Nation conducted a language survey\",\n \"title\": \"Status of the Cherokee language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15064628\",\n \"text\": \"Native American reservation politics Native American politics remain divided over different issues such as assimilation, education, healthcare, and economic factors that affect reservations. As a nation living within the United States of America, the Native American people face conflicting opinions within their tribes, essentially those living on federally approved reservations. Interactions with the federal government and the overall American culture surrounding them influence day-to-day tribal life. Native American culture as a whole rests between the divide of the traditionalists and those who wish to trade the \\\"old ways\\\" for improved conditions. \\\"Approximately 14 percent of all American Indians in 1980\",\n \"title\": \"Native American reservation politics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723895\",\n \"text\": \"tells us more about the depicters than about the depicted.\\\" In the 1940s, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) created a campaign to eliminate negative stereotyping of Native American people in the media. Over time, the campaign began to focus on Indian names and mascots in sports. The NCAI maintains that teams with mascots such as the Braves and the Redskins perpetuate negative stereotypes of Native American people, and demean their native traditions and rituals: \\\"Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that \\\"Indian\\\" mascots \\\"honor Native people,\\\" American sports businesses such as the NFL's Washington 'Redskins'\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6161265\",\n \"text\": \"what brought the two groups together, what drove them apart and the challenges they face today. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf Black Indians in the United States Black Indians are people of mixed Native American and African American heritage, who have strong ties to Native American culture. Many Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, such as the Narragansett, Pequot, Wampanoag, Shinnecock, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek and Cherokee, have a significant degree of African ancestry. Historically, certain Native American tribes have had close relations with African Americans, especially in regions where slavery was prevalent, or where free people of color have historically resided. Members of the\",\n \"title\": \"Black Indians in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5846868\",\n \"text\": \"Cape Fear Indians The Cape Fear Indians were a small, coastal tribe of Native American who lived on the Cape Fear River in North Carolina (now Carolina Beach State Park). The autonym of the Cape Fear Indians may have been Daw-hee, as recorded in 1717. Their name for the area was \\\"Chicora\\\". Of their villages, only one, Necoes, is known by name. The colonists noted Necoes as located about 20 miles from the mouth of the Cape Fear River, in present-day Brunswick County. Their language is unknown and may have been a Siouan language. Smallpox spread from Spanish colonies in\",\n \"title\": \"Cape Fear Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17230603\",\n \"text\": \"non-Indians) argue that \\\"Native American\\\" is problematic because \\\"native of\\\" literally means \\\"born in,\\\" so any person born in the Americas could be considered \\\"native\\\". Others point out that anyone born in the United States is technically native to America, so \\\"native\\\" is sometimes substituted for \\\"indigenous.\\\" The compound \\\"Native American\\\" is generally capitalized to differentiate the reference to the indigenous peoples. Furthermore, Russell Means, an American Indian activist, opposes the term \\\"Native American\\\" because he believes it was imposed by the government without the consent of American Indians. He has also argued that the use of the word \\\"Indian\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12689146\",\n \"text\": \"for those who can't get enough of those heady days of the early- to mid-'70s when an artist could still go into the studio and make an album like this, Nobody Knows What You Do will speak to the inner hippie-hillbilly.\\\" All tracks composed by John Hartford; except where indicated Nobody Knows What You Do Nobody Knows What You Do is an album by John Hartford, released in 1976. After recording the minimalist \\\"Mark Twang\\\", Hartford returned to the studio with a band. The new material leaned more toward country-rock than bluegrass, which he would continue with 1977's Dillard Hartford\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Knows What You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5835383\",\n \"text\": \"recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting \\\"Documenting the Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework\\\" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified a partnership with Rochester Institute of Technology that will help develop a user-friendly computer catalogue allowing future generations to study and speak the language.\",\n \"title\": \"Seneca language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17230602\",\n \"text\": \"introduced in the United States by academics in preference to the older term \\\"Indian\\\" to distinguish the indigenous peoples of the Americas from the people of India. Some academics believe that the term \\\"Indian\\\" should be considered outdated or offensive while many indigenous Americans, however, prefer the term \\\"American Indian\\\". Criticism of the neologism \\\"Native American\\\" comes from diverse sources. Some American Indians question the term \\\"Native American\\\" because, they argue, it serves to ease the conscience of \\\"white America\\\" with regard to past injustices done to American Indians by effectively eliminating \\\"Indians\\\" from the present. Others (both Indians and\",\n \"title\": \"Contemporary Native American issues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17043861\",\n \"text\": \"Native American rhetoric A history of Native American rhetorics. 1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh 1830s - William Appess 1827 and 1839 - Cherokee constitutions 1879 - Thomas Tibbles 1879 - Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins 1881 - Constitution of the Osage Nation 1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor 1928 – Meriam Report 1946 - Indian Claims Commission created 1953 – Thomas Banyacya 1955 - Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 1961 - The American Indian Chicago Conference 1966-1995 - Blackbird Bend litigation 1969 - Alcatraz Occupation 1970 - N. Scott Momaday 1973 - Maria Campbell 1977 - Charles Aubid 1980\",\n \"title\": \"Native American rhetoric\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5614822\",\n \"text\": \"language family. Most of them still live in Central California today on “Rancherias”, which are similar to reservations. However, some do not live on the Rancherias, but in intertribal communities where there are members of other tribes, while others reside in Northern California towns. Today, the Miwok people speak English, but in the past they spoke their native “Miwok language”, also known as Moquelumnan. Some elders still remember words from the language and younger people also take an interest in learning/speaking their native language again. However, overall, it is an endangered language. Traditionally, each Miwok band was led by a\",\n \"title\": \"Ione Band of Miwok Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19100269\",\n \"text\": \"2011, the Native American Health Center serves roughly 11,265 patients in the Bay Area per year. While healthcare services are provided to everyone regardless of their relationship to any native communities, the center does have specialized services and events specifically for native people. As stated in their mission, their goal is to \\\"\\\"provide comprehensive services to improve the health and wellbeing of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and residents of the surrounding communities, with respect for cultural and linguistic differences.\\\"\\\" The Native American Health Center has roughly 225 employees ranging from HR administrators to practicing dentists. The majority of employees at\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Health Center\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18421731\",\n \"text\": \"numerous attempts at language instruction policy and practice reform. Language Power consists of two key components: 1) an ability to speak and be understood, and 2) an ability to listen and understand. Individuals with strong language power possess the ability to communicate effectively in a social environment. When non-native speakers engage in oral communication, native speakers of that language recognize sufficiently well-formed speech, in that it is satisfactorily ‘native’ or sufficiently close to what they know as ‘their language’ in order to be completely understood. When non-native speakers listen to a econdary language, they need to be capable of interpreting\",\n \"title\": \"Language power\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7484975\",\n \"text\": \"for membership, as well as what they consider its obligations. Generally, members must pay dues; attend tribal meetings (which are usually monthly in the \\\"home\\\" areas); volunteer to serve as a tribal officer when asked; help to put on tribal events; belong to the tribal church (if one exists and they are able); teach their children their people's history and pass on traditional crafts; volunteer to represent the tribe at the Virginia Council on Indians, the United Indians of Virginia, or at other tribes' powwows; speak at engagements for civic or school groups; and live in a good way, so\",\n \"title\": \"Native American tribes in Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"567938\",\n \"text\": \"often speak Russian. According to the official 2001 census data approximately 75% of Kiev's population responded \\\"Ukrainian\\\" to the \\\"native language\\\" (\\\"ridna mova\\\") census question, and roughly 25% responded \\\"Russian\\\". On the other hand, when the question \\\"What language do you use in everyday life?\\\" was asked in the sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: \\\"mostly Russian\\\": 52%, \\\"both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure\\\": 32%, \\\"mostly Ukrainian\\\": 14%, \\\"exclusively Ukrainian\\\": 4.3%. Ethnic minorities, such as Romanians, Tatars and Jews usually use Russian as their lingua franca. But there are tendencies within these minority groups to use\",\n \"title\": \"Ukrainian language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17230995\",\n \"text\": \"married American Indian women. There was fear on both sides, as the different peoples realized how different their societies were. The whites regarded the Indians as \\\"savage\\\" because they were not Christian. They were suspicious of cultures which they did not understand. The Native American author, Andrew J. Blackbird, wrote in his \\\"History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan,\\\" (1897), that white settlers introduced some immoralities into Native American tribes. Many Indians suffered because the Europeans introduced alcohol and the whiskey trade resulted in alcoholism among the people, who were alcohol-intolerant. As European-American women started working independently at\",\n \"title\": \"Native American cultures in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15889928\",\n \"text\": \"of Native Americans during a speech in a 1911 proceeding of the Society of American Indians. Though the history of Dat So La Lee is slightly of a mythic quality, what is known of her is her discovery as a washerwoman by Amy and Abe Cohn in 1895, who found her baskets incredibly intriguing. The Cohns began selling her baskets in their shop in 1899 to tourists of Lake Tahoe. Though her basketry was revered, like many Native Americans of the day Dat So La Lee was presented by Amy Cohn as the noble savage through her lectures. \\\"To the\",\n \"title\": \"Native American women in the arts\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19118802\",\n \"text\": \"Shapiro was asked by an interviewer about \\\"the official position of the club on the, on the whole, you know, Chief Wahoo thing\\\". He explained: \\\"I think you always want to be sensitive to anybody that finds it offensive, that, you know ultimately the Indians name and the team, ah, is in recognition of our pride and affiliation with the first Native American baseball player. So I think what we choose to do is celebrate, you know, Louis Sockalexis and his history and tradition with the Indians and, and not to focus on uh anything that we would view, that,\",\n \"title\": \"Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6206518\",\n \"text\": \"as Native American Day in South Dakota. On Oct 3, 2017, The Proclamation of Native American day was announced by the Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Accepting the Proclamation would be the Lakota-Dakota-Nakota representatives of Sioux Falls. South Dakota and Vermont, which celebrates Indigenous Peoples' Day, are the only states to practice non-observance of the federal holiday of Columbus Day. In 1994 the state General Assembly established the \\\"fourth Monday in September of each year\\\" to be especially observed in Tennessee as \\\"American Indian Day\\\" (TCA 15-2-106), \\\"to recognize the contributions of American Indians with suitable ceremony and fellowship\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12489740\",\n \"text\": \"still had anti-peyote laws, only five did not provide exemptions for Indians to use peyote ritually.\\\" These were amended under the pressure from the Native American Church member if the members showed proof that they were at least 25 percent Native American. The states laws were generally similar to those of South Dakota, which says that \\\"when used as a sacrament in services of the Native American Church in a natural state which is unaltered except for drying or curing or slicing\\\", peyote use is permitted. In 1978 the American Indian Religious Freedom Act there was mention of protection for\",\n \"title\": \"Native American civil rights\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13912280\",\n \"text\": \"in the 19th century from east of the Mississippi led to some eastern tribes living in and near Iowa. Their former territory had been around the Great Lakes. Potawatomi Chief Sauganash founded the village that eventually grew into Council Bluffs. American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were\",\n \"title\": \"American Indians of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13912276\",\n \"text\": \"American Indians of Iowa American Indians of Iowa include numerous Native American tribes and prehistoric cultures that have lived in this territory for thousands of years. There has been movement both within the territory, by prehistoric cultures that descended into historic tribes, and by other historic tribes that migrated into the territory from eastern territories. In some cases they were pushed by development pressure and warfare. The Chiwere-speaking tribes are descended from the prehistoric Oneota culture. At the time of contact with European explorers, their range covered most of Iowa. The Ho-Chunk ranged primarily east of the Mississippi in southern\",\n \"title\": \"American Indians of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20816903\",\n \"text\": \"the Bhana whanau from Ngati Whakaue. Responses to the 2001 New Zealand Census indicated that 1.5% of Indian women and 2% of Indian men in New Zealand were in inter-ethnic unions with a Māori partner. About 18% of children of these unions can converse in the Maori language, while less than 10% could speak an Indian language. The first Hui (Māori assembly) for people of mixed Māori and Indian descent was held in 2012 in Rotorua. A second assembly was held in 2014, with over 200 mixed Maori Indians in attendance. Maori Indians Māori Indians (or Indo-Māori) are an ethnic\",\n \"title\": \"Maori Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7485502\",\n \"text\": \"several universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles; Dartmouth College, and Eastern Washington University, led to the founding of scholarly journals, such as \\\"SAIL (Studies in American Indian Literature)\\\" and \\\"Wíčazo Ša Review\\\" (1985). With the heightened interest in Native American writing, publishers established specialized imprints, such as Harper and Row's Native American Publishing Programme, which had the goal of promoting new voices and publication opportunities. Although the primary use of the term has been literary, it has been used in a wider sense to describe \\\"an increasing prosperity and sense of achievement among Indians [...] a widespread\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Renaissance\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7353162\",\n \"text\": \"Tribe (Native American) In the United States, an Indian tribe, Native American tribe, tribal nation or similar concept is any extant or historical clan, tribe, band, nation, or other group or community of American Indians in the United States. Modern forms of these entities are often associated with land or territory of an Indian reservation. \\\"Federally recognized Indian tribe\\\" is a legal term of art in United States law with a specific meaning. An Indian tribe recognized by the United States government usually possesses tribal sovereignty, a \\\"dependent sovereign nation\\\" status with the Federal Government that is similar to that\",\n \"title\": \"Tribe (Native American)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11877798\",\n \"text\": \"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \\\"Who\\\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \\\"NME\\\", giving it a 2/10 rating.\",\n \"title\": \"Speak Your Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11877797\",\n \"text\": \"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \\\"Who\\\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \\\"NME\\\", giving it a 2/10 rating.\",\n \"title\": \"Speak Your Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10483046\",\n \"text\": \"society. Related to the remembrance and practice of traditions is the residence on tribal lands and Indian reservations. Peroff (2002) emphasizes the role that proximity to other Native Americans (and ultimately proximity to tribal lands) plays in one's identity as a Native American. European conceptions of \\\"Indianness\\\" are notable both for how they influence how American Indians see themselves and for how they have persisted as stereotypes which may negatively affect treatment of Indians. The noble savage stereotype is famous, but American colonists held other stereotypes as well. For example, some colonists imagined Indians as living in a state similar\",\n \"title\": \"Native American identity in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16809267\",\n \"text\": \"such a language and proficient in mathematics, reading, and science; (3) provide teacher training; and (4) be located in areas having high concentrations of Native American students. Requires applicants for language survival school funding to have at least three years of experience in running such a school, a Native American language nest, or any other educational program in which instruction is conducted in a Native American language. <br><br> Requires that Native American language restoration programs: (1) operate at least one Native American language program for the community they serve; (2) train teachers of such languages; and (3) develop Native American\",\n \"title\": \"Esther Martinez Native American Languages Preservation Act\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10483036\",\n \"text\": \"Native American identity in the United States Native American identity in the United States is an evolving topic based on the struggle to define \\\"Native American\\\" or \\\"(American) Indian\\\" both for people who consider themselves Native American and for people who do not. Some people seek an identity that will provide for a stable definition for legal, social, and personal purposes. There are a number of different factors which have been used to define \\\"Indianness,\\\" and the source and potential use of the definition play a role in what definition is used. Facets which characterize \\\"Indianness\\\" include culture, society, genes/biology,\",\n \"title\": \"Native American identity in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723972\",\n \"text\": \"Native American hobbyists often associated with the popularity of the stories written by German author Karl May. Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723926\",\n \"text\": \"the growing unpopularity of Native American mascots is a financial drain for professional teams, losing money compared to more popular animal mascots. A survey conducted in 2002 by The Harris Poll for Sports Illustrated (SI) found that 81 percent of Native Americans who live outside traditional Indian reservations and 53 percent of Indians on reservations did not find the images discriminatory. The authors of the article concluded that \\\"Although most Native American activists and tribal leaders consider Indian team names and mascots offensive, neither Native Americans in general nor a cross section of U.S. sports fans agree\\\". According to the\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723905\",\n \"text\": \"and racism of any group increasing the likelihood of stereotyping others was made by Native Americans opposing the \\\"Indians\\\" mascot in Skowhegan, Maine when fliers promoting the KKK were distributed in that town. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) passed a resolution calling for the end of the use of Native American names, images, and mascots in 1999. In 2001, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights released an advisory opinion calling for an end to the use of Native American images and team names by non-Native schools. While recognizing the right to freedom of expression, the\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13238137\",\n \"text\": \"United American Indians of New England The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) is a Native American activist organization founded by Frank James. Also known as Wamsutta, Frank James was the leader of the Wampanoag people. He founded the United American Indians of New England after being “uninvited” to make a speech at a celebration hosted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth wanted to celebrate the friendly relations of their forefathers and the Wampanoag people; however, when the speech that James was going to give was reviewed, it was deemed inappropriate for the celebration because it focused on\",\n \"title\": \"United American Indians of New England\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13238133\",\n \"text\": \"United American Indians of New England The United American Indians of New England (UAINE) is a Native American activist organization founded by Frank James. Also known as Wamsutta, Frank James was the leader of the Wampanoag people. He founded the United American Indians of New England after being “uninvited” to make a speech at a celebration hosted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Commonwealth wanted to celebrate the friendly relations of their forefathers and the Wampanoag people; however, when the speech that James was going to give was reviewed, it was deemed inappropriate for the celebration because it focused on\",\n \"title\": \"United American Indians of New England\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7484926\",\n \"text\": \"Native American tribes in Virginia The Native American tribes in Virginia are the indigenous tribes who currently live or have historically lived in what is now the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States of America. All of the Commonwealth of Virginia used to be Virginia Indian territory. Indigenous peoples have occupied the region for at least 12,000 years. Their population has been estimated to have been about 50,000 at the time of European colonization. At contact, Virginian tribes spoke languages belonging to three major language families: roughly, Algonquian along the coast, Iroquoian in the southern Tidewater region, and Siouan\",\n \"title\": \"Native American tribes in Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695713\",\n \"text\": \"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \\\"Read My Mind.\\\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695712\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\\\" at number four. The track \\\"Everything That You Want\\\" was later\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17174086\",\n \"text\": \"the swords that the Europeans used at the time. Piercing weapons consisted of both short and long range weapons. They were used for hunting and combat. Some Native American tribes carried shields into battle for extra protection. These shields were mostly made from leather stretched across a round wooden frame. Many of the weapons that the Native Americans used served a more symbolic purpose. Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting\",\n \"title\": \"Native American weaponry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760415\",\n \"text\": \"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \\\"Piitchfork\\\" mentioned \\\"What might make \\\"In What Language?\\\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5993233\",\n \"text\": \"called the Eiteljorg Fellowship for Native American Fine Art) biennially to recognize some of the most innovative and influential contemporary Native artists active today. Eiteljorg fellows include: Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art is located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana and houses an extensive collection of visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas, as well as Western American paintings and sculptures collected by businessman and philanthropist Harrison Eiteljorg (1903–1997). The museum houses one of the finest collections of Native contemporary art in the world. The museum is currently part\",\n \"title\": \"Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12489762\",\n \"text\": \"rolls. When the Native Territory (what is now Oklahoma) was abolished in 1907, all Natives who lived in that territory were made citizens through the Oklahoma Enabling Act. Furthermore, after World War I, any Native who had fought with honorable discharge was also considered a citizen through the Act of November 6, 1919. As Native Vote states, \\\"The underlying assumption of this act was that these particular Indians had demonstrated that they had become part of the larger Anglo culture and were no longer wholly Indian\\\". By the early 1920s, Congress was considering a bill to make the remainder of\",\n \"title\": \"Native American civil rights\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18323265\",\n \"text\": \"in Minnesota the issues facing Native American women and girls were so deep-rooted and complex that she should make a film about it. While Mrs. Wells did spend time with young, at-risk Native girls she also realized it would not be ethical to film them because of their fragile family structures. She instead, at the suggestion of a social worker, filmed the girl’s mothers who had been forced into prostitution as a young girl. This film allows Native women to speak out on Native American issues, something they are seldom given the opportunity to do. Reviews for \\\"Native Silence\\\" have\",\n \"title\": \"Native Silence\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17174085\",\n \"text\": \"Native American weaponry Native American weaponry was used by Native Americans to hunt and to do battle with other Native American tribes. Native American weaponry can be grouped into 5 types of weapons: Striking Weapons, Cutting Weapons, Piercing Weapons, Defensive Weapons, and Symbolic Weapons. Native Americans used many variations of striking weapons. These weapons were mainly used for melee combat with other tribes. In some cases these weapons were thrown for long range attacks. Cutting weapons were used by the Native Americans for combat as well as hunting. They preferred shorter blades, and did not use long cutting weapons, like\",\n \"title\": \"Native American weaponry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16944370\",\n \"text\": \"speak Swinomish (also known as Skagit), a Lushootseed language that is part of the Central Salish language family. Some also spoke Samish, another Central Salish language. The Swinomish Tribe owns and operates the Swinomish Casino & Lodge, overlooking Padilla Bay; Swinomish Golf Links, nearby on Highway 20; Swinomish RV Park, on Swinomish Channel; Swinomish Fish Co., which processes and cans salmon marketed worldwide under the \\\"Native Catch\\\" label; and two Chevron stations and convenient stores. The gaming complex generates revenues that help support Tribal services, such as health and education. Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington The Swinomish\",\n \"title\": \"Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish Reservation of Washington\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814084\",\n \"text\": \"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814082\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10483040\",\n \"text\": \"but today the concept is contested. Malcolm Margolin, co-editor of \\\"News From Native California\\\" muses, \\\"I don’t know what an Indian is... [but] Some people are clearly Indian, and some are clearly not.\\\" Cherokee Chief (from 1985–1995) Wilma Mankiller echoes: \\\"An Indian is an Indian regardless of the degree of Indian blood or which little government card they do or do not possess.\\\" Further, it is difficult to know what might be meant by any Native American \\\"racial\\\" identity. Race is a disputed term, but is often said to be a social (or political) rather than biological construct. The issue\",\n \"title\": \"Native American identity in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15064631\",\n \"text\": \"highest unemployment and disease rates. Drug and alcohol abuse is common among the youth as well as teenage pregnancy and suicide. One native says, \\\"Indians don't want to be dependent, but when it's either that or starve, the choice is clear.\\\" In a 2008 study by the Prevention Research Center, \\\"Native American youth were more likely to have consumed alcohol in their lifetime and been intoxicated in the [time period of the test] than Whites. Native American drinkers were almost twice as likely to have gotten alcohol from an adult and twice as likely to have obtained alcohol from someone\",\n \"title\": \"Native American reservation politics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723884\",\n \"text\": \"Native American mascot controversy The use of terms and images referring to Native Americans/First Nations as the name or mascot for a sports team is a topic of public controversy in the United States and Canada. Since the 1960s, as part of the indigenous civil rights movements, there have been a number of protests and other actions by Native Americans and their supporters. The protests target the prominent use of such names and images by professional franchises such as the Cleveland Indians (in particular their \\\"Chief Wahoo\\\" logo); and the Washington Redskins (the term \\\"redskins\\\" being defined in most American\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20479172\",\n \"text\": \"their stories while they were oppressed. “The rise of the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s also contributed to this reawakening of Native cultures since it appeared as a movement in which minorities demanded an end to discrimination and the right to speak for themselves.” This gave pride and encouraged many to seek inspiration from history and ancestral roots. Today there are many theater productions performing Native American works. According to Rolland Meinholtz, who is an “instructor and artistic director of drama and dance at the Institute of American Indian Arts,” youth must understand the struggles of\",\n \"title\": \"Native American drama\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12497522\",\n \"text\": \"each tribe's future. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) \\\"...recognized the integrity of native cultures.\\\" It ended the persecution of American Indians for such practices as the use of peyote in religion. Since 1980, administrations have issued Presidential Memoranda on Indian affairs to indicate direction for increased tribal sovereignty. A 1994 Presidential Memorandum issued by Bill Clinton changed the way the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development supported housing programs. The Native American Housing Assistance and Self-Determination Act of 1996 consolidated grant programs for housing funding into a single block grant specifically available to recognized governments of American\",\n \"title\": \"Native American self-determination\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18643386\",\n \"text\": \"Native-language identification Native-language identification (NLI) is the task of determining an author's native language (L1) based only on their writings in a second language (L2). NLI works through identifying language-usage patterns that are common to specific L1 groups and then applying this knowledge to predict the native language of previously unseen texts. This is motivated in part by applications in second-language acquisition, language teaching and forensic linguistics, amongst others. NLI works under the assumption that an author's L1 will dispose them towards particular language production patterns in their L2, as influenced by their native language. This relates to cross-linguistic influence\",\n \"title\": \"Native-language identification\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3730249\",\n \"text\": \"in preserving Hawaiian as a heritage language, with students in the program being able to speak the Hawaiian language fluently while learning reading, writing, and math skills taught in that language. Partial immersion programs do not have an initial lag in achievement like Canada's and Hawaii's programs do, but it must be noted that partial immersion programs are not as effective as complete immersion programs and students generally do not achieve native-like proficiency in their L2. The first issue is about the allocation of time given to each language. Educators thought that more exposure to the students’ L2 will lead\",\n \"title\": \"Language immersion\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12105509\",\n \"text\": \"NCAI website, other current issues and topics include: In 2001, the advertising firm of DeVito/Verdi created an advertising campaign and poster for the NCAI to highlight offensive and racist sports team images and mascots. In October 2013, the NCAI published a report on sports teams using harmful and racial \\\"Indian\\\" mascots. National Congress of American Indians The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in\",\n \"title\": \"National Congress of American Indians\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"364701\",\n \"text\": \"Union of South American Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the African Union and by many other international organizations. It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language, which qualifies it as second on the lists of languages by number of native speakers. Instituto Cervantes claims that there are an estimated 477 million Spanish speakers with native competence and 572 million Spanish speakers as a first or second language—including speakers with limited competence—and more than 21 million students of Spanish as a foreign language. Spanish is the official or national language\",\n \"title\": \"Spanish language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19894226\",\n \"text\": \"Siletz Valley Charter School in the town adjacent to the Siletz Reservation to remain the Warriors. Rogue River High School has eliminated their image of a Native American, using instead a spear. In exchange for retaining their Chieftains mascot, Rogue River will add a curriculum on true Native American history, and specifically, the Siletz tribal history. Roseburg High School would remain the Indians with the agreement of the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians. The Reedsport Community Charter School Braves sought tribal approval. However, three local tribes; the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw, the Coquille, and the Siletz\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot laws and regulations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5807519\",\n \"text\": \"Native American Music Awards The Native American Music Awards (also known as the NAMAs or \\\"Nammys\\\") are an awards program presented annually by Elbel Productions, Inc., The Native American Music Awards Inc., and The Native American Music Association, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization incorporated in 1998, which recognizes outstanding musical achievement in styles associated with Native Americans, predominantly in the United States and Canada. While Native American performers in a variety of genres are also recognized, nominees do not have to be Native American themselves. The awards were created in 1998 to offer Native American musicians greater recognition from the American\",\n \"title\": \"Native American Music Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12497529\",\n \"text\": \"given to President John F. Kennedy by the National Congress of American Indians. The tribal governments started to bypass the BIA and focus on self-determination plans. John Echohawk (Pawnee) is a founder and leader of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF). He is a lawyer who has worked to protect Indian land and sovereignty. In 1970 Echohawk was the first Native American to graduate from the University of New Mexico's school of law. After law school, Echohawk worked for some time with California Indian Legal Services. Echohawk joined together with other lawyers and tribal members to form the NARF, which\",\n \"title\": \"Native American self-determination\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17888009\",\n \"text\": \"attendance rates above the norm for their peers.'\\\" The bill \\\"would amend the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to provide increased federal financial support to Native American language programs at American Indian-focused schools.\\\" In 2015, the bill would provide $5 million in funding. Support among Native Americans includes Oglala Sioux Tribal president Bryan Brewer and Rosebud Sioux Tribal president Cyril Scott. Congressional supporters include Senator John Walsh (D-MT). Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act The Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act, S. 1948 was introduced on Jan 16, 2014. Its sponsor is Sen. Jon Tester [D-MT]. Cosponsors were\",\n \"title\": \"Native Language Immersion Student Achievement Act\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12142344\",\n \"text\": \"Native American tribes in Nebraska Native American tribes in the U.S. state of Nebraska have been Plains Indians, descendants of succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples who have occupied the area for thousands of years. More than 15 historic tribes have been identified as having lived in, hunted in, or otherwise occupied territory within the current state boundaries. The 19th-century history of the state included the establishment of eight Indian reservations, including a half-breed tract. Today six tribes, (Omaha, Winnebago, Ponca, Iowa, Santee Sioux, Sac and Fox), have reservations in Nebraska. In 2006 American Indian and Alaska Native persons comprised one\",\n \"title\": \"Native American tribes in Nebraska\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930754\",\n \"text\": \"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"Too Much of a Good Thing\\\" and \\\"Monday Morning Church\\\" both reached #5, while \\\"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\\\" and \\\"USA Today\\\" both reached #18. \\\"What I Do\\\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514848\",\n \"text\": \"1972 studio album \\\"See All Her Faces\\\". Yellowman covered it for \\\"King Yellowman\\\" (1984). \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is sampled in \\\"Upgrade U\\\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \\\"B'Day\\\" (2006) and in \\\"No Homo Outro\\\", a track from \\\"Turtleneck & Chain\\\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514846\",\n \"text\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10483041\",\n \"text\": \"of Native American racial identity was discussed by Steve Russell (2002, p68), \\\"American Indians have always had the theoretical option of removing themselves from a tribal community and becoming legally white. American law has made it easy for Indians to disappear because that disappearance has always been necessary to the 'Manifest Destiny' that the United States span the continent that was, after all, occupied.\\\" Russell contrasts this with the reminder that Native Americans are \\\"members of communities before members of a race.\\\" Traditional definitions of \\\"Indianness\\\" are also important. There is a sense of \\\"peoplehood\\\" which links Indianness to sacred\",\n \"title\": \"Native American identity in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11616743\",\n \"text\": \"was also a mediating figure between the English people and the Native Americans. Because of his status among the English people and because he was in peaceful communication with them, some of the Croatan considered Manteo to be disloyal to them and a traitor at times of conflict. Although Manteo is the best example of relations between the English and the Indians, there were other Native Americans who were friendly toward the English as well. Wanchese and other Native Americans such as Towaye shared relationships with Manteo and the English people. Manteo is recognized as being the first Native American\",\n \"title\": \"Manteo (Native American leader)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10723923\",\n \"text\": \"treatment, and social positions. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights call for an end to the use of Native American mascots was only for non-native schools. In cases where universities were founded to educate Native Americans, such mascots may not be examples of cultural appropriation or stereotyping. Examples include the Fighting Indians of the Haskell Indian Nations University and the University of North Carolina at Pembroke (UNCP), which continues to have a substantial number of native students, and close ties to the Lumbee tribe. The UNCP nickname is the Braves, but the mascot is a red-tailed hawk. Pembroke Middle School,\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16345967\",\n \"text\": \"In the \\\"What Ya Wanna Do\\\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \\\"What Ya Wanna Do?\\\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \\\"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\\\". It was released in 1989 via Sire\",\n \"title\": \"What Ya Wanna Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8011798\",\n \"text\": \"Language proficiency Language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in a language. As theories among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiency go, there is little consistency as to how different organizations classify it. Additionally, fluency and language competence are generally recognized as being related, but separate controversial subjects. In predominant frameworks in the United States, proficient speakers demonstrate both accuracy and fluency, and use a variety of discourse strategies. Thus, native speakers of a language can be fluent without being considered proficient. Native-level fluency is estimated to be between 20,000 and 40,000\",\n \"title\": \"Language proficiency\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18247627\",\n \"text\": \"is still used within the USA today and is a blend of various organizations created to combat specific health problems for Native American and Alaskan Natives. Today the organization is still responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. The IHS's website states that “the IHS is the principal federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people, and its goal is to raise their health status to the highest possible level. The IHS provides a comprehensive health service delivery system for approximately 2.2 million American Indians and Alaska Natives who belong to 573 federally\",\n \"title\": \"Sterilization of Native American women\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3416341\",\n \"text\": \"Sopara and Virar regions to the north of Mumbai in the Vasai Taluka Uran Panvel, Thane District of Maharashtra. The name of this language suggests that its origins lie with the Samvedi Brahmins native to this region. Majority of East Indians speak this dialect. Kadodis language: Kadodi community people were originally Brahmins, they converted to Christianity at the time of Portuguese reign, 30 years ago. There is little difference between Samvedi and Kadodi. Thakri (Spoken by the Adivasi and Katkari community found in Raigad district). Kadodi, Samvedi, Vadvali, Koli and Agri resembles each other very closely. Both Vadvali and Samavedi\",\n \"title\": \"Konkani language\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["french language","spanish language","english language","american english"],"string":"[\n \"french language\",\n \"spanish language\",\n \"english language\",\n \"american english\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1689,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where did tennessee williams live?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"551676","text":"as the Tennessee Williams Welcome Center. Williams's literary legacy is represented by the literary agency headed by Georges Borchardt. In 1985, French author-composer Michel Berger wrote a song dedicated to Tennessee Williams, \"Quelque chose de Tennessee\" (Something of Tennessee), for Johnny Hallyday. It became one of the singer's most famous songs. Since 1986, the Tennessee Williams New Orleans Literary Festival has been held annually in New Orleans, Louisiana, in commemoration of the playwright. The festival takes place at the end of March to coincide with Williams's birthday. Since 2016, St. Louis, Missouri has held an annual Tennessee Williams' Festival, featuring","title":"Tennessee Williams"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551676\",\n \"text\": \"as the Tennessee Williams Welcome Center. Williams's literary legacy is represented by the literary agency headed by Georges Borchardt. In 1985, French author-composer Michel Berger wrote a song dedicated to Tennessee Williams, \\\"Quelque chose de Tennessee\\\" (Something of Tennessee), for Johnny Hallyday. It became one of the singer's most famous songs. Since 1986, the Tennessee Williams New Orleans Literary Festival has been held annually in New Orleans, Louisiana, in commemoration of the playwright. The festival takes place at the end of March to coincide with Williams's birthday. Since 2016, St. Louis, Missouri has held an annual Tennessee Williams' Festival, featuring\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"3230284","text":"and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. John Williams was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, Tennessee Williams. John Williams (Tennessee) John Williams (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. Williams also served as colonel of the 39th U.S.","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"551650","text":"where he graduated with a B.A. in English in August 1938. He later studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York City. Speaking of his early days as a playwright and referring to an early collaborative play called \"Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay!\", produced while he was a part of an amateur summer theater group in Memphis, Tennessee, Williams wrote, \"The laughter ... enchanted me. Then and there the theatre and I found each other for better and for worse. I know it's the only thing that saved my life.\" Around 1939, he adopted \"Tennessee Williams\" as his","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"551674","text":"was inducted into the Poets' Corner at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York. Performers and artists who took part in his induction included Vanessa Redgrave, playwright John Guare, Eli Wallach, Sylvia Miles, Gregory Mosher, and Ben Griessmeyer. The Tennessee Williams Theatre in Key West, Florida, is named for him. The Tennessee Williams Key West Exhibit on Truman Avenue houses rare Williams memorabilia, photographs, and pictures including his famous typewriter. At the time of his death, Williams had been working on a final play, \"In Masks Outrageous and Austere\", which attempted to reconcile certain forces and facts","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"3230271","text":"John Williams (Tennessee) John Williams (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. Williams also served as colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry during the Creek Wars, and played a key role in Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. Williams later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Adams appointed","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"551681","text":"wrote over 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works. Williams' major collections are published by New Directions in New York City. Notes Bibliography Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \"Tennessee\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"551673","text":"Williams estate to The University of the South as well. From February 1 to July 21, 2011, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, the home of Williams' archive, exhibited 250 of his personal items. The exhibit, titled \"Becoming Tennessee Williams,\" included a collection of Williams manuscripts, correspondence, photographs and artwork. The Ransom Center holds the earliest and largest collections of Williams' papers, including all of his earliest manuscripts, the papers of his mother Edwina Williams, and those of his long-time agent Audrey Wood. In late 2009, Williams","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"551640","text":"Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \"Tennessee\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \"The Glass Menagerie\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected his own unhappy family background. It was the first of a string of successes, including \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" (1947), \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" (1955), and \"Sweet Bird of Youth\" (1959). With his","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"551670","text":"the two men broke up in 1979, Williams called Carroll a \"twerp\", but they remained friends until Williams died four years later. On February 25, 1983, Williams was found dead at age 71 in his suite at the Hotel Elysée in New York. The Chief Medical Examiner of New York City, Elliot M. Gross, reported that Williams had choked to death from inhaling the plastic cap of a bottle of the type that might contain a nasal spray or eye solution. He wrote in his will in 1972: \"I, Thomas Lanier (Tennessee) Williams, being in sound mind upon this subject,","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"3230273","text":"served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800. Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803. Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White. In 1807, Williams was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year. In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge. In a letter published in a local newspaper, Williams blasted Roane as too selfish and","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"11903014","text":"Where Did Your Heart Go? \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \"Wheel Me Out\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \"Was (Not Was)\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \"It's an Attack!\" as the B-side. A live recording of \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"551643","text":"for much of his early childhood and was close to his grandparents. He had two siblings, older sister Rose Isabel Williams (1909–1996) and younger brother Walter Dakin Williams. (1919–2008). As a young child Williams nearly died from a case of diphtheria that left him weak and virtually confined to his house during a period of recuperation that lasted a year. At least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"3230272","text":"him chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation in 1825. Williams was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and Rebekah Lanier Williams. His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots. Two of Williams' brothers, Lewis Williams and Robert Williams, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century. Another brother, Thomas Lanier Williams, was a prominent Tennessee judge. Williams was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke Williams . Williams studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"3230279","text":"and argued that Williams was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington. In 1821, Williams was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In 1823, Williams made it clear that he was going to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek Williams' removal from the Senate. When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat Williams, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for Williams' seat. Though Williams had the support of","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"3230277","text":"the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Williams went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons. Throughout 1814, Williams and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that Williams give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and Williams arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned Williams' loyalty, and Williams questioned Jackson's authority. In 1815, Williams was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"3230281","text":"Williams thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala. In 1827, Williams again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including Williams' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to Williams as a \"mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him\"), Williams won the election, 1,585 to 1,216. During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee. He retired from the","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"3230275","text":"a large number of horses and other livestock. After reporting that the Seminole country was \"completely in waste,\" Williams returned to East Tennessee, and his volunteers were mustered out shortly afterward. In June 1813, Williams was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks. Within a few weeks, Williams had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, Williams and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"6114571","text":"on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event . When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the \"Where Did Our Love Go\" album. All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. The original album sold a million copies {in 1964-1965} stateside alone. The limited exclusive \"40th Anniversary\" version is now listed as \"sold out\". It remains, to date, their third best-selling studio album. Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group","title":"Where Did Our Love Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"551680","text":"when he was 29, and worked on it sporadically throughout his life. A semi-autobiographical depiction of his 1940 romance with Kip Kiernan in Provincetown, Massachusetts, it was produced for the first time on October 1, 2006, in Provincetown by the Shakespeare on the Cape production company. This was part of the First Annual Provincetown Tennessee Williams Festival. His last play went through many drafts as he was trying to reconcile what would be the end of his life. There are many versions of it, but it is referred to as \"In Masks Outrageous and Austere\". Apprentice plays Major plays Williams","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"12604614","text":"the stock market crash of 1929, ceased operations; students and faculty were moved to Howe Institute, in Memphis (today LeMoyne–Owen College). The site is currently occupied by American Baptist College, a historically black college, and the World Baptist Center. Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee was an historically black college. It was founded in 1866 as the Nashville Normal and Theological Institute by the American Baptist denomination, which established numerous schools and colleges in the South. Renamed for Roger Williams, the founder of the First Baptist Church in America, it became the largest Baptist college","title":"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"12604610","text":"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee was an historically black college. It was founded in 1866 as the Nashville Normal and Theological Institute by the American Baptist denomination, which established numerous schools and colleges in the South. Renamed for Roger Williams, the founder of the First Baptist Church in America, it became the largest Baptist college in the area for educating African Americans. It was founded in a period when Protestant mission groups sponsored numerous educational facilities for freedmen in the South. By 1874, the college occupied a 28-acre site on a knoll near Hillsboro","title":"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"14693058","text":"What We Did Last Summer What We Did Last Summer – Robbie Williams: Live at Knebworth is a live DVD by Robbie Williams, recorded between 1–3 August 2003 at Knebworth, England as part of the Weekends of Mass Distraction Tour, the second last venue on the first leg of the tour. The album is a DVD companion to the live album \"Live at Knebworth\" (also known as \"Live Summer 2003\"). The songs \"Nan's Song\", \"Better Man\" and \"Made Up Song\" all feature Robbie Williams on acoustic guitar. The show's opening with Williams making an entrance hanging upside down on a","title":"What We Did Last Summer"},{"psg_id":"3230276","text":"Red Sticks in Alabama. On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, Williams and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee. In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of Williams and several other officers of the 39th. Soldiers who fought under Williams at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston. Following","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"3230274","text":"too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge. In late 1812, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Williams raised a small company of some 200 to 250 volunteers, primarily from Tennessee and Georgia, with the intention of invading Florida and attacking the Seminole tribe. Williams and other leaders on the frontier suspected that Spain would eventually join the British side in the war, and would encourage the Seminoles to attack frontier settlements in southern Georgia. Williams and his volunteers invaded Florida in early February 1813, and destroyed several Seminole villages, burning over 300 houses, and stealing","title":"John Williams (Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"7432631","text":"longer capable of the physical rigors that Senate service occasionally entailed and did not seek another term in 1992. He died shortly thereafter, in 1994. In honor of his unfailing devotion to the Civil Rights cause, the downtown campus of Tennessee State University (formerly the University of Tennessee at Nashville) has been named for him. Williams' son Avon N. Williams III, was an attorney like his father, but unlike him a Republican. Avon Williams III died suddenly on July 9, 2005. Avon Williams Avon N. Williams, Jr. (1921 – 1994) was a Tennessee State Senator from 1972 to 1992. Avon","title":"Avon Williams"},{"psg_id":"551669","text":"60s, Williams had a lengthy relationship with Robert Carroll, a Vietnam veteran and aspiring writer in his 20s. Williams had deep affection for Carroll and respect for what he saw as the younger man's talents. Along with Williams' sister Rose, Carroll was one of the two people who received a bequest in Williams' will. Williams described Carroll's behavior as a combination of \"sweetness\" and \"beastliness\". Because Carroll had a drug problem (as did Williams), friends such as Maria St. Just saw the relationship as \"destructive\". Williams wrote that Carroll played on his \"acute loneliness\" as an aging gay man. When","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"1417015","text":"a quarter-grain of morphine. Carr and Williams checked out of the hotel; the porters had to carry Williams to the car, as he was coughing and hiccuping. At around midnight on Thursday January 1, 1953, when they crossed the Tennessee state line and arrived in Bristol, Virginia, Carr stopped at a small all-night restaurant and asked Williams if he wanted to eat. Williams said he did not, and those are believed to be his last words. Carr later drove on until he stopped for fuel at a gas station in Oak Hill, West Virginia, where he realized that Williams was","title":"Hank Williams"},{"psg_id":"12911931","text":"in 2010 and 2012. He did not stand for re-election to the Speakership. On August 29, 2013, Williams announced he would not run for re-election in 2014. Williams was born in Carter County, Tennessee in 1949. His father worked as a laborer in one of the Elizabethton rayon mills. His family lived in Dale Hollow in the Sadie section of Stoney Creek, at the foot of Holston Mountain. Williams graduated from Unaka High School. He left Carter County to find work in Michigan, where he worked in the kitchen of a large hospital and where he met his future wife,","title":"Kent Williams (politician)"},{"psg_id":"3994147","text":"Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is known for its intense live show, described by Cincinnati CityBeat as a \"live act capable of unleashing a scary, uncontrolled intensity bordering on dangerous,\" and oft-satirical eccentric lyrics. Look What I Did was formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee by singer Barry Donegan and guitarist Colby Shea. Miles McPherson (drums, currently drumming for Kelly Clarkson) and Chris Bradley (bass) were added before the band's first","title":"Look What I Did"},{"psg_id":"20659311","text":"Learotha Williams Learotha Williams (born c. 1967) is an American historian. He is a professor of African-American and Public History at Tennessee State University. Williams was born circa 1967 in Tallahassee, Florida. He graduated from Florida State University, where he earned a bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree and a PhD, completed in 2003. Williams taught African-American history at Armstrong State University from 2004 to 2009. He is now a professor of African American and Public History at Tennessee State University. Williams researches the history of African-American slaves in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the American Civil War of 1861-1865,","title":"Learotha Williams"},{"psg_id":"16376674","text":"Blumenthal, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Dave Brubeck, Gloria Steinem, United States ambassador Robert Ford and others. Where We Live \"Where We Live\" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. \"Where We Live\" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as \"Best Call-in Show\" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) \"Where We Live\" has included numerous local and national guests such as","title":"Where We Live"},{"psg_id":"16376673","text":"Where We Live \"Where We Live\" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. \"Where We Live\" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as \"Best Call-in Show\" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) \"Where We Live\" has included numerous local and national guests such as Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy, retired NBA player, Jason Collins, Connecticut Senators Chris Murphy and Richard","title":"Where We Live"},{"psg_id":"12183424","text":"Live at Sir George Williams University Live at Sir George Williams University is a live album by Dave Van Ronk, re-released in 1997. This recording was done live as a joint concert of the folk music societies of McGill and Sir George Williams Universities in 1967, at Sir George Williams University, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and also featured Rev. Gary Davis on the same bill. Writing for Allmusic, critic Lindsay Planer wrote of the album \"Van Ronk's amenable nature is also evident in his interaction with the audience as he tells short jokes between numbers — especially notable is his","title":"Live at Sir George Williams University"},{"psg_id":"13279845","text":"\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"13279844","text":"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\". The Allmusic review of \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" by Lindsay Planer said","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"11939649","text":"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \"Where Did They Go\" and \"My Sweet Lord,\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \"Where Did They Go\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"11939648","text":"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \"Where Did They Go\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \"Billboard\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \"Is That All There Is?\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \"My Rock And Foundation\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \"Where Did They Go\" (backed by \"All I Want\") as a 45\" single","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"9229548","text":"her husband's health problems, Williams called from a hotel and told him to be out of their Tennessee house by the time she returned. Replying to Williams with a seemingly prophetic statement, Hank Williams stated, \"Audrey I won't live another year without you.\" On June 1952, the couple divorced. She was awarded the house and their child as well as half of her ex-husband's future royalties on the condition that she never remarry. In 1953, months after Hank Sr.'s death, Williams paid his second wife Billie Jean Jones $30,000 to relinquish the title of \"Hank Williams' Widow\". Both women had","title":"Audrey Williams"},{"psg_id":"551641","text":"later work, he attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences. Increasing alcohol and drug dependence inhibited his creative expression. His drama \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" is often numbered on short lists of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's \"Long Day's Journey into Night\" and Arthur Miller's \"Death of a Salesman\". Much of Williams' most acclaimed work has been adapted for the cinema. He also wrote short stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"14693059","text":"bungee rope is identical to him doing the same on the cover of his newly released album \"Escapology\". Williams entrance was accompanied by \"Let Me Entertain You\", a song he often uses as the first song. As he often does, Williams dedicated his 12th song \"No Regrets\" to his former Take That bandmates Gary Barlow, Jason Orange, Mark Owen, and Howard Donald. The performance of \"Back for Good\" on the third night by Williams and Owen was not included in the main section of the DVD. What We Did Last Summer What We Did Last Summer – Robbie Williams: Live","title":"What We Did Last Summer"},{"psg_id":"6114570","text":"on Billboard's R&B album chart in January 1965. Hip-O Select released a limited run fortieth anniversary deluxe edition of the album in 2004, which included both the mono and stereo versions of the album, as well as several outtakes, non-album tracks and a recorded live show from the Twenty Grand club in Detroit, Michigan. It sold out immediately. (see: Hip-O Select.com) They filmed performances of four of the singles from the album including \"Run, Run, Run\", \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", \"Where Did Our Love Go\" and \"Baby Love\" for the concert film, \"The T.A.M.I. Show\" released","title":"Where Did Our Love Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"12604612","text":"the first classes here, including Hardin Smith and Martin Winfield from Haywood County, Tennessee. After they returned to their home communities of Nutbush and Brownsville, respectively, they became ministers and founded several Baptist churches in the area, as well as the first school for freedmen in the county. In 1874, the college, now known as Roger Williams University after Roger Williams, the Baptist founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and one of the first abolitionists, built a campus on a 28-acre site near Hillsboro Pike in Nashville. In 1886 it added a master's degree program. It","title":"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)"},{"psg_id":"15358184","text":"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"15358177","text":"Where Did Our Love Go \"Where Did Our Love Go\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Where Did Our Love Go\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \"Baby Love\", \"Come","title":"Where Did Our Love Go"},{"psg_id":"19757575","text":"in 1869. James Williams was born in Grainger County, Tennessee in 1796. He later moved to Chattanooga with his brother William Williams where both brothers owned and ran a profitable steamboat business, transporting salt and furs on the Tennessee River from Knoxville to Decatur. The two brothers began their business with only two boats, later purchasing all the boats on the river and thus ruining their competition. In the 1840s, James Williams entered the newspaper business by founding and editing the \"Knoxville Post\". This weekly Whig newspaper was published by New Jersey native Samuel P. Ivins with Williams acting as","title":"James Williams (ambassador)"},{"psg_id":"4120320","text":"his brother, Col. John Williams, in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he died. Williams' brother Lewis Williams was also a congressman from North Carolina. His brother John Williams was a U.S. Senator from Tennessee. Robert Williams (North Carolina politician) Robert Williams (July 12, 1773 – May 27, 1821) was a Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1797 and 1803. Born in Caswell County, North Carolina, he received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. In 1796, Williams was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 5th United States Congress and re-elected to the 6th and 7th Congresses, serving","title":"Robert Williams (North Carolina politician)"},{"psg_id":"18295773","text":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"17522304","text":"Stops\" on Mega Records. He was a frequent live performer with many appearances on country music TV and radio shows, and continued to both compose and perform up until very shortly before his death just after his 85th birthday, saying that \"As long as country music fans want to hear traditional country music, that's what I'll be writing and recording.\" His daughter reported that even on his deathbed, he was still working on lyrics. Lawton Williams Lawton Williams (July 24, 1922, Troy, Tennessee – July 27, 2007, Fort Worth, Texas) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Williams taught","title":"Lawton Williams"},{"psg_id":"988502","text":"Scouting in Tennessee Scouting in Tennessee has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. The boy scouts were chartered in Tennessee in 1910. Until 1974, some Tennessee councils of the Boy Scouts of America were racially segregated. (The Old Hickory council did not integrate until 1974.) Colored Troops, as they were officially known, were given little support from some Districts and Councils. Some Scouting executives and leaders believed that Colored Scouts and Leaders would be less able to live up to the ideals","title":"Scouting in Tennessee"},{"psg_id":"11903018","text":"video for the Wham! version of the song was directed by George Michael and Andy Morahan. Where Did Your Heart Go? \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \"Wheel Me Out\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \"Was (Not Was)\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"5022389","text":"were combined due to their small sizes into a new XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland.) Williams' division did not reach Chattanooga, but guarded railroads in eastern Tennessee. However, it did join Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman as part of XX Corps in the Atlanta Campaign and fought with distinction in a number of battles, particularly the Battle of Resaca. Williams was wounded in the arm at the Battle of New Hope Church on May 26, 1864. His division followed Sherman through his March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. In these campaigns Williams lead XX Corps until, following","title":"Alpheus S. Williams"},{"psg_id":"18295781","text":"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"551662","text":"into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Throughout his life Williams remained close to his sister Rose, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia as a young woman. In 1943, as her behavior became increasingly disturbing, she was subjected to a lobotomy. It required her to be institutionalized for the rest of her life. As soon as he was financially able, Williams had her moved to a private institution just north of New York City, where he often visited her. He gave her a percentage interest in several of his most successful plays, the royalties from which were applied toward her care.","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"551646","text":"Williams attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. He was bored by his classes and distracted by unrequited love for a girl. Soon he began entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests, hoping to earn extra income. His first submitted play was \"Beauty Is the Word\" (1930), followed by \"Hot Milk at Three in the Morning\" (1932). As recognition for \"Beauty,\" a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, he became the first freshman to receive honorable mention in a writing competition. At University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"11903016","text":"\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" was also included on \"The Final\" and \"Music from the Edge of Heaven\" albums. George Michael's arrangement of \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\" is relatively faithful to the original Was (Not Was) version making only subtle changes to the song's instrumentation and structure. Michael alters the song by dropping the opening chorus in favour of an instrumental introduction of the chorus melody. The subdued ending is protracted in the Wham! recording, where the Was (Not Was) original quickly fades out after the completion of the final chorus; Michael's arrangement continues for an additional half a","title":"Where Did Your Heart Go?"},{"psg_id":"12911932","text":"Gayle. Williams later returned to Elizabethton, where the couple raised their four sons. Williams is a farmer and owns a restaurant in Elizabethton. He was previously a vice president of Steak Houses of Homestead Inc. and Family Steak Houses of Miami Inc. Early in his career he worked for the Tennessee Department of Transportation, but because he had been hired during a Republican administration, he lost that job in 1975 after Democrat Ray Blanton became governor. Williams first ran for the Tennessee House of Representatives in 2006. He challenged incumbent Republican Jerome Cochran of Tennessee's 4th house district. He chastised","title":"Kent Williams (politician)"},{"psg_id":"12183425","text":"\"W.C. Fields Routine,\" proving yet again that this is no standard folky. Dave Van Ronk comes from a dying breed of entertainers who were adept at weaving a continuity into whatever they doing... Much of this set mirrors both the music he chose for inclusion on his long-players as well as tunes he would continue to perform throughout the remainder of his career. Van Ronk steers the show through a seemingly infinite maze of musical genres and influences.\" Live at Sir George Williams University Live at Sir George Williams University is a live album by Dave Van Ronk, re-released in","title":"Live at Sir George Williams University"},{"psg_id":"16876905","text":"Allison Williams (reporter) Allison Williams (born January 18, 1984) is a sportscaster with ESPN and former host for select pregame/postgame shows for Marlins Live. She did field reporting with play-by-play man Rich Waltz and color commentator Tommy Hutton. Williams worked for \"Marlins Live\" for the Miami Marlins as a sideline reporter and host for pregame and postgame shows. She previously also did reporting for the Florida Panthers on home games with play-by-play man Steve Goldstein, Color Analyst Bill Lindsay, and Sportscaster Frank Forte. In addition, Williams also does sideline reporting for telecasts on college football and basketball for the ESPN","title":"Allison Williams (reporter)"},{"psg_id":"10023872","text":"Samuel Cole Williams Samuel Cole Williams (January 15, 1864 – December 14, 1947) was a noted 19th and 20th century Tennessee jurist, historian, educator, and businessman. Samuel C. Williams was born January 15, 1864 near Humboldt, Tennessee. At the urging of family friend Horace Lurton, later a U. S. Supreme Court Justice, Williams pursued law training. He attended Vanderbilt University's School of Law and graduated in June 1884. After a few years of legal practice in Jonesborough, Tennessee Williams moved to Johnson City, Tennessee in 1892. Williams joined politician Walter P. Brownlow in forming Watauga Light and Power Company and","title":"Samuel Cole Williams"},{"psg_id":"17211205","text":"in Woodlawn, a National Register of Historic Places-listed mansion in Nashville, with his wife m. Nancy Nichols (1808-1844). Williams lived in Dobbs County, North Carolina. Williams died on June 6, 1802 in Rutledge, Tennessee on his way to Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1806, his widow married Joseph McMinn, who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1815 to 1821. Willoughby Williams Willoughby Williams was an American war veteran and politician from North Carolina. Williams was born in the 18th century. Williams enlisted in 1776 and fought in the American Revolutionary War as a regimental commissionary officer. He served in the Battle","title":"Willoughby Williams"},{"psg_id":"8347183","text":"series was cancelled after only three of them had aired. \"George\" was subsequently moved to Wednesdays and canceled after airing nine episodes. Reruns of the series, including the unaired episodes, were broadcast on the TV One cable network in 2009. In The Netherlands, the series was aired by RTL 4. Where I Live Where I Live is an American sitcom that premiered in 1993 as part of ABC's \"TGIF\" lineup. The series was created and executive produced by Michael Jacobs and Ehrich Van Lowe. The series starred Doug E. Doug as Douglas St. Martin, a Trinidadian American teenager living in","title":"Where I Live"},{"psg_id":"8347181","text":"Where I Live Where I Live is an American sitcom that premiered in 1993 as part of ABC's \"TGIF\" lineup. The series was created and executive produced by Michael Jacobs and Ehrich Van Lowe. The series starred Doug E. Doug as Douglas St. Martin, a Trinidadian American teenager living in the Harlem section of New York City. He lived with his caring, hard-working parents and his younger sister. Much of the show focused on Douglas's misadventures with his best friends, Reggie (Flex) and Malcolm (Shaun Baker). The show was based on Doug E. Doug's own childhood. A midseason replacement, the","title":"Where I Live"},{"psg_id":"10523003","text":"World Where You Live \"World Where You Live\" is a 1986 song by Australian-New Zealand rock band Crowded House. It was the second single from the group's debut album \"Crowded House\". Though it was the second single, \"World Where You Live\" was the first internationally released single, as the first single \"Mean to Me\" was only released in Australia. It was released a month after the album \"Crowded House\" was released. The song later appeared on Crowded House's greatest hits compilation \"Recurring Dream\" and was performed at the group's farewell concert \"Farewell to the World\". Despite having a broad, international","title":"World Where You Live"},{"psg_id":"15952316","text":"was present in the recording process for what Martin has said were the \"biggest selling records I've ever done.\" Williams co-wrote the perennially popular hit \"Hold Watcha Got.\" Williams departed from Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys in 1962. He married Jimmy Martin's half sister who told him that \"he couldn't play bluegrass music and live for the Lord.\" He went on to play gospel music with the Northside Trio and later on achieved some success and a Grammy nomination with the Victory Trio, based out of his hometown, Morristown, Tennessee. Paul Williams (bluegrass musician) \"Big\" Paul Williams (Paul Humphrey)","title":"Paul Williams (bluegrass musician)"},{"psg_id":"10523008","text":"from 26/2/1987 and \"Something so strong\" from 24/3/1987. World Where You Live \"World Where You Live\" is a 1986 song by Australian-New Zealand rock band Crowded House. It was the second single from the group's debut album \"Crowded House\". Though it was the second single, \"World Where You Live\" was the first internationally released single, as the first single \"Mean to Me\" was only released in Australia. It was released a month after the album \"Crowded House\" was released. The song later appeared on Crowded House's greatest hits compilation \"Recurring Dream\" and was performed at the group's farewell concert \"Farewell","title":"World Where You Live"},{"psg_id":"10523007","text":"March 1987. Track 4 recorded at The Roxy, Los Angeles, CA, 26 February 1987. The \"single Version\" of \"World where you live\" is hard to hear differ from the album Version at 3:07. \"World where you live\" (live) is unique to this release, where both \"Something so strong\" and \"Don't dream it's over\" will see official releases on singles to come. On a general note; there are several mix-ups of dates claiming \"Don't dream it's over\" to be from 24/3/1987 and \"Something so strong\" to be from 26/2/1987. All \"versions\" in the 5:55 range of \"Don't dream it's over\" is","title":"World Where You Live"},{"psg_id":"7577848","text":"Larry Lay. Micheal R. Williams Micheal R. Williams (born February 6, 1955 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a Tennessee politician who formerly served in the Tennessee State Senate and was elected county mayor of Union County in August 2010. A resident of Maynardville, in the Tennessee State Senate Williams represented the 4th district, which encompasses Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins, Jefferson, and Union counties. He attended Lincoln Memorial University and obtained a B.A. in Health and Physical Education in 1985. He currently works in antique automobile restoration. Williams was first elected to the 97th General Assembly as a member of the Tennessee","title":"Micheal R. Williams"},{"psg_id":"7577844","text":"Micheal R. Williams Micheal R. Williams (born February 6, 1955 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a Tennessee politician who formerly served in the Tennessee State Senate and was elected county mayor of Union County in August 2010. A resident of Maynardville, in the Tennessee State Senate Williams represented the 4th district, which encompasses Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins, Jefferson, and Union counties. He attended Lincoln Memorial University and obtained a B.A. in Health and Physical Education in 1985. He currently works in antique automobile restoration. Williams was first elected to the 97th General Assembly as a member of the Tennessee House of","title":"Micheal R. Williams"},{"psg_id":"12911938","text":"of Tennessee, but continues to personally consider himself a Republican. Kent Williams (politician) Kent Williams (born June 23, 1949) was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives, first elected in 2006 to the Tennessee House of Representative as a Republican from the House District 4 (then entirely then Carter County in 2006 and subsequently reelected to the House in 2008. Williams was the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives during the 106th Tennessee General Assembly (2009—2010). During January 2009, Williams, together with all 49 House Democrats (including former Elizabethton resident Rep. Gary Odom), cast the last tie-breaking vote","title":"Kent Williams (politician)"},{"psg_id":"12911929","text":"Kent Williams (politician) Kent Williams (born June 23, 1949) was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives, first elected in 2006 to the Tennessee House of Representative as a Republican from the House District 4 (then entirely then Carter County in 2006 and subsequently reelected to the House in 2008. Williams was the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives during the 106th Tennessee General Assembly (2009—2010). During January 2009, Williams, together with all 49 House Democrats (including former Elizabethton resident Rep. Gary Odom), cast the last tie-breaking vote from the floor of the Tennessee House of Representatives to","title":"Kent Williams (politician)"},{"psg_id":"5153256","text":"became a worldwide hit and launched the group's phenomenal career, with numerous hit singles and albums over the next decade. Williams and Bobby Farrell did not sing on the records since \"their voices weren't suited for this particular kind of music\" as Farian put it in a Bravo interview in 1978. It did not create a scandal – both Williams and Farrell did sing during the group's many live performances during their extensive world tours 1977–1979. Williams remained with the group until the ultimate break-up in 1990. In 1994, she did what her former colleagues Liz Mitchell and Bobby Farrell","title":"Maizie Williams"},{"psg_id":"14286203","text":"the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \"UNKLE Blog\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\", was made","title":"Where Did the Night Fall"},{"psg_id":"14286200","text":"Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \"UNKLE Blog\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\", was made available digitally via Beatport and iTunes. On the download was followed by a remix EP","title":"Where Did the Night Fall"},{"psg_id":"13579887","text":"her 1992 album \"Entre a Mi Mundo\". Where Did the Feeling Go? \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \"Selena\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on","title":"Where Did the Feeling Go?"},{"psg_id":"13579886","text":"Where Did the Feeling Go? \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \"Selena\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on the \"20 Years of Music\" version of","title":"Where Did the Feeling Go?"},{"psg_id":"21004428","text":"senior season. Preston Williams Preston Williams is an American football wide receiver. He played college football at Colorado State. Williams attended Lovejoy High School in Lovejoy, Georgia. He committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football. Williams played at Tennessee for two seasons at Tennessee, recording 16 receptions for 247 yards and two touchdowns over that time. He transferred to Colorado State University in 2017. After sitting out the 2017 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Williams had 96 receptions for 1,345 yards and 14 touchdowns in 2018. After the 2018 season, he entered the 2019 NFL Draft,","title":"Preston Williams"},{"psg_id":"21004427","text":"Preston Williams Preston Williams is an American football wide receiver. He played college football at Colorado State. Williams attended Lovejoy High School in Lovejoy, Georgia. He committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football. Williams played at Tennessee for two seasons at Tennessee, recording 16 receptions for 247 yards and two touchdowns over that time. He transferred to Colorado State University in 2017. After sitting out the 2017 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Williams had 96 receptions for 1,345 yards and 14 touchdowns in 2018. After the 2018 season, he entered the 2019 NFL Draft, foregoing his","title":"Preston Williams"},{"psg_id":"6114568","text":"Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group The Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \"Where Did Our Love Go\", \"Baby Love\", and \"Come See About Me\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", and the singles \"A Breathtaking Guy\" and \"Run, Run, Run\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in","title":"Where Did Our Love Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"1453243","text":"In November 2008, Williams explored a run for the 2012 Republican nomination as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee for the seat held by Bob Corker, though his publicist said Williams \"has talked about it, but no announcement has been made\". Williams did not run. In an October 3, 2011, interview with Fox News Channel's \"Fox & Friends\", Williams referred to a June golf game in which President Barack Obama and Republican House Speaker John Boehner had teamed against Vice President Joe Biden and Ohio Governor John Kasich, saying that match was \"one of the biggest political mistakes ever\". Asked about","title":"Hank Williams Jr."},{"psg_id":"14286202","text":"UNKLE revealed that \"Where Did the Night Fall\" would be re-released as \"Where Did the Night Fall – Another Night Out\". The first disc will contain the same songs that are on the original album but the second disc contains material from two of UNKLE's previous EPs, plus a number of exclusive and rare tracks. It was released on 11 April 2011. The standard edition comes packaged as a double jewel case with a 16-page booklet. The limited edition comes in a gold outer slipcase featuring a fully re-worked 16-page board book and 32-page booklet with new exclusive shots from","title":"Where Did the Night Fall"},{"psg_id":"988509","text":"council covers 46 counties in southwest Virginia, east Tennessee, and north Georgia and has service centers in Johnson City, Tennessee, Knoxville, and Chattanooga. Camps: Former camps: Scouting in Tennessee Scouting in Tennessee has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. The boy scouts were chartered in Tennessee in 1910. Until 1974, some Tennessee councils of the Boy Scouts of America were racially segregated. (The Old Hickory council did not integrate until 1974.) Colored Troops, as they were officially known, were given little support","title":"Scouting in Tennessee"},{"psg_id":"8339157","text":"the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. During his time at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Williams was featured in a children's documentary 'School for Stars' which was broadcast on the children's television channel CBBC. He was offered the part as young Michael Jackson in the West End Musical \"Thriller Live\" where he did a few performances before he outgrew the role. Williams became well known to a TV audience as the character Kylie – acting, dancing, and singing – in the 2008 and 2009 BBC Two comedy \"Beautiful People\", series 1 and 2. From 2012 he played","title":"Layton Williams"},{"psg_id":"6339639","text":"October 2013, Williams signed with Tianjin Ronggang of China. On November 13, 2008, Williams married former University of Tennessee Lady Vols and current Los Angeles Sparks basketball star Candace Parker. They have a daughter named Lailaa. In November 2016, Williams filed for divorce claiming irreconcilable differences. They've been living separate for 3 months prior to the divorce. Shelden Williams Shelden DeMar Williams (born October 21, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League. He played college basketball at Duke University, where his #23 jersey was retired on","title":"Shelden Williams"},{"psg_id":"13620464","text":"in July 2010 in markets like UK and Africa. In the UK, Wendy remains the most watched show on BET where it is shown a total of four times a day. On October 31, 2017, Williams, dressed in a Statue of Liberty costume on the Halloween episode, unexpectedly fainted during the live telecast when about to announce the winners of the show's Halloween contest. The episode then went into an extended commercial break. Williams resumed stating, \"That was not a stunt. I overheated and did pass out, but I'm a champ and I'm back,\". Williams and her spokesperson cited heat","title":"The Wendy Williams Show"},{"psg_id":"19110218","text":"between performer and audience is so much a part of the success of the show. This album brings with it all the atmosphere of a modern cabaret/stage show. Gary is in fine voice throughout and is backed by a really lively orchestra led by musical director & pianist/keyboards Jack Borkofski.\" Musical Theatre commented: \"Williams obviously has what it takes to be a cabaret artist – one of the most difficult occupations for a singer. He has charisma and a great voice.\" Performers Technical Live in Brazil (Gary Williams album) Live in Brazil is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's seventh album, recorded","title":"Live in Brazil (Gary Williams album)"},{"psg_id":"11690819","text":"released as a radio-single in the United States, where the song received airplay but failed to chart due in part to no official release. The video features Liam being interviewed whilst Noel sings whilst reading a newspaper and looking at what is going on in the building opposite where he and the band are. Where Did It All Go Wrong? \"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\" is a song and single by the English rock band Oasis, originally released on their 2000 album, \"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\". Written by guitarist Noel Gallagher, it is one of two songs","title":"Where Did It All Go Wrong?"},{"psg_id":"551647","text":"fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers. According to Hale, the \"brothers found him shy and socially backward, a loner who spent most of his time at the typewriter.\" After he failed a military training course in his junior year, his father pulled him out of school and put him to work at the International Shoe Company factory. Although Williams, then 21, hated the monotony, the job \"forced him out of the pretentious gentility\" of his upbringing, which had, according to Hale, \"tinged him with [his mother's] snobbery and detachment from reality.\" His dislike of","title":"Tennessee Williams"},{"psg_id":"17211345","text":"a result became his father-in-law. Williams served in the Seminole Wars. He served sheriff for Davidson County, Tennessee from 1830 to 1836. He later served as President of the Bank of Tennessee. He was a childhood friend of Sam Houston. Williams married Nancy Nichols (1808–1844), daughter of John Nichols. They lived in her family home in Nashville, Tennessee called Woodlawn, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 21, 1978. Later, they moved to Arkansas. Their two sons, John Henry Williams and Andrew, lived at Woodlawn. Williams died in 1882. Willoughby Williams Jr. Willoughby Williams Jr. (1798–1882) was","title":"Willoughby Williams Jr."},{"psg_id":"13579999","text":"this single did prove popular on the radio. Where Did All the Love Go? \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second official single from their third album \"West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum\". It was released on 10 August 2009. Guitarist Sergio Pizzorno explained the song's meaning to \"New Musical Express\" stating that \"It's sitting at home seeing another kid get stabbed, everyone is scared and going, 'What the fuck is going on?\" The song also speaks about the Internet, with Pizzorno elaborating in an interview with \"The Sun\" that","title":"Where Did All the Love Go?"},{"psg_id":"11690817","text":"Where Did It All Go Wrong? \"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\" is a song and single by the English rock band Oasis, originally released on their 2000 album, \"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\". Written by guitarist Noel Gallagher, it is one of two songs on \"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\" that features him on lead vocals. In explaining why front man Liam Gallagher did not sing the song, Noel claimed that: \"[Vocally] Liam just couldn't get that one. The melody shifts quite a lot... Liam hasn't got that dynamism in his voice.\" Noel stated that the song's","title":"Where Did It All Go Wrong?"},{"psg_id":"20992080","text":"Williams who is a current student at Howard University in Washington, DC. Williams was born and raised in Greenville, North Carolina. Williams is a graduate of Appalachian State University where he earned two degrees, a B.S. in Communication Broadcasting and his M.A. in Educational Media. Additionally, Williams earned his Ed.D. in Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis from East Tennessee State University. In 2017,T MCF announced Williams had been selected by the TMCF board of directors to be the next president and CEO at the 30th Anniversary Awards Gala. Under the leadership of Williams TMCF announced partnerships with the Boeing Company,","title":"Harry L. Williams"},{"psg_id":"1417014","text":"college student, Charles Carr, to drive him to the concerts. Carr called the Charleston auditorium from Knoxville to say that Williams would not arrive on time owing to the ice storm and was ordered to drive Williams to Canton, Ohio, for the New Year's Day concert there. They arrived at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Carr requested a doctor for Williams, as he was feeling the combination of the chloral hydrate and alcohol he had drunk on the way from Montgomery to Knoxville. Dr. P.H. Cardwell injected Williams with two shots of vitamin B12 that also contained","title":"Hank Williams"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230284\",\n \"text\": \"and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. John Williams was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, Tennessee Williams. John Williams (Tennessee) John Williams (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. Williams also served as colonel of the 39th U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551650\",\n \"text\": \"where he graduated with a B.A. in English in August 1938. He later studied at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York City. Speaking of his early days as a playwright and referring to an early collaborative play called \\\"Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay!\\\", produced while he was a part of an amateur summer theater group in Memphis, Tennessee, Williams wrote, \\\"The laughter ... enchanted me. Then and there the theatre and I found each other for better and for worse. I know it's the only thing that saved my life.\\\" Around 1939, he adopted \\\"Tennessee Williams\\\" as his\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551674\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the Poets' Corner at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York. Performers and artists who took part in his induction included Vanessa Redgrave, playwright John Guare, Eli Wallach, Sylvia Miles, Gregory Mosher, and Ben Griessmeyer. The Tennessee Williams Theatre in Key West, Florida, is named for him. The Tennessee Williams Key West Exhibit on Truman Avenue houses rare Williams memorabilia, photographs, and pictures including his famous typewriter. At the time of his death, Williams had been working on a final play, \\\"In Masks Outrageous and Austere\\\", which attempted to reconcile certain forces and facts\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230271\",\n \"text\": \"John Williams (Tennessee) John Williams (January 29, 1778 – August 10, 1837) was an American lawyer, soldier, and statesman, operating primarily out of Knoxville, Tennessee, in the first part of the 19th century. He represented Tennessee in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1823, when he lost reelection to Andrew Jackson. Williams also served as colonel of the 39th U.S. Infantry during the Creek Wars, and played a key role in Jackson's victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. Williams later distanced himself from Jackson, and aligned himself with John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Adams appointed\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551681\",\n \"text\": \"wrote over 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works. Williams' major collections are published by New Directions in New York City. Notes Bibliography Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \\\"Tennessee\\\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \\\"The Glass Menagerie\\\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551673\",\n \"text\": \"Williams estate to The University of the South as well. From February 1 to July 21, 2011, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, the home of Williams' archive, exhibited 250 of his personal items. The exhibit, titled \\\"Becoming Tennessee Williams,\\\" included a collection of Williams manuscripts, correspondence, photographs and artwork. The Ransom Center holds the earliest and largest collections of Williams' papers, including all of his earliest manuscripts, the papers of his mother Edwina Williams, and those of his long-time agent Audrey Wood. In late 2009, Williams\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551640\",\n \"text\": \"Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier \\\"Tennessee\\\" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American playwright. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the three foremost playwrights of 20th-century American drama. After years of obscurity, at age 33 he became suddenly famous with the success of \\\"The Glass Menagerie\\\" (1944) in New York City. This play closely reflected his own unhappy family background. It was the first of a string of successes, including \\\"A Streetcar Named Desire\\\" (1947), \\\"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\\\" (1955), and \\\"Sweet Bird of Youth\\\" (1959). With his\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551670\",\n \"text\": \"the two men broke up in 1979, Williams called Carroll a \\\"twerp\\\", but they remained friends until Williams died four years later. On February 25, 1983, Williams was found dead at age 71 in his suite at the Hotel Elysée in New York. The Chief Medical Examiner of New York City, Elliot M. Gross, reported that Williams had choked to death from inhaling the plastic cap of a bottle of the type that might contain a nasal spray or eye solution. He wrote in his will in 1972: \\\"I, Thomas Lanier (Tennessee) Williams, being in sound mind upon this subject,\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230273\",\n \"text\": \"served as a captain in the 6th U.S. Infantry, from 1799 to 1800. Shortly afterward, he relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was admitted to the bar in 1803. Around 1805, he married Melinda White, daughter of Knoxville's founder, James White. In 1807, Williams was appointed Tennessee's attorney general, and served in this capacity until the following year. In 1811, he led a mass meeting of Knox County citizens that condemned Archibald Roane for resigning from the state legislature to run for circuit court judge. In a letter published in a local newspaper, Williams blasted Roane as too selfish and\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903014\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the track \\\"It's an Attack!\\\" as the B-side. A live recording of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551643\",\n \"text\": \"for much of his early childhood and was close to his grandparents. He had two siblings, older sister Rose Isabel Williams (1909–1996) and younger brother Walter Dakin Williams. (1919–2008). As a young child Williams nearly died from a case of diphtheria that left him weak and virtually confined to his house during a period of recuperation that lasted a year. At least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230272\",\n \"text\": \"him chargé d'affaires to the Central American Federation in 1825. Williams was born in what is now Forsyth County, North Carolina (then part of Surry County), the third of twelve children of Joseph and Rebekah Lanier Williams. His father was of Welsh descent, and his mother was descended from French Huguenots. Two of Williams' brothers, Lewis Williams and Robert Williams, served as U.S. congressmen in the 19th century. Another brother, Thomas Lanier Williams, was a prominent Tennessee judge. Williams was also the cousin of Congressman Marmaduke Williams . Williams studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina, in the late 1790s, and\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230279\",\n \"text\": \"and argued that Williams was assailing his character in private conversations in Washington. In 1821, Williams was one of just four senators to vote against the Adams–Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States. In 1823, Williams made it clear that he was going to support William H. Crawford (another enemy of Jackson) for the presidency, leading Jackson's allies in Tennessee to seek Williams' removal from the Senate. When they were unable to find a candidate with enough support to defeat Williams, Jackson agreed to become a candidate for Williams' seat. Though Williams had the support of\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230277\",\n \"text\": \"the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Williams went to Washington, D.C., to raise money for the 39th, and gradually acquired a sizable cache of weapons. Throughout 1814, Williams and Jackson bickered over these weapons, with Jackson demanding that Williams give them to a militia company in Tennessee, and Williams arguing that federal arms could not be distributed to militia companies. Jackson questioned Williams' loyalty, and Williams questioned Jackson's authority. In 1815, Williams was chosen to fill the Senate seat left vacant by the resignation of Jesse Wharton (who had been appointed to the seat a few months earlier following the resignation\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230281\",\n \"text\": \"Williams thus spent most of 1826 at this post in Guatemala. In 1827, Williams again ran for Knox County's state senate seat. In spite of staunch opposition from Jackson's allies (including Williams' brother-in-law, Hugh Lawson White, who referred to Williams as a \\\"mean politician who can get no man to lye upon him\\\"), Williams won the election, 1,585 to 1,216. During his term, he introduced a bill calling for the construction of a turnpike connecting Anderson County and Kentucky, a bill providing relief for female debtors, and legislation seeking greater oversight of the Bank of Tennessee. He retired from the\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230275\",\n \"text\": \"a large number of horses and other livestock. After reporting that the Seminole country was \\\"completely in waste,\\\" Williams returned to East Tennessee, and his volunteers were mustered out shortly afterward. In June 1813, Williams was commissioned in the U.S. Army as a colonel, and ordered to recruit and organize the 39th U.S. Infantry for the purpose of engaging the hostile Red Stick Creeks. Within a few weeks, Williams had managed to recruit and partially equip 600 troops. In early 1814, Williams and the 39th were placed under the command of Andrew Jackson, who was preparing an expedition against the\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6114571\",\n \"text\": \"on December 29, 1964. It was equivalent to Motown 25 or Live Aid as a pivotal music concert event . When it hit theaters nationwide, it undoubtedly raised and extended the visibility of the \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" album. All tracks written by Holland–Dozier–Holland except as noted. The original album sold a million copies {in 1964-1965} stateside alone. The limited exclusive \\\"40th Anniversary\\\" version is now listed as \\\"sold out\\\". It remains, to date, their third best-selling studio album. Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551680\",\n \"text\": \"when he was 29, and worked on it sporadically throughout his life. A semi-autobiographical depiction of his 1940 romance with Kip Kiernan in Provincetown, Massachusetts, it was produced for the first time on October 1, 2006, in Provincetown by the Shakespeare on the Cape production company. This was part of the First Annual Provincetown Tennessee Williams Festival. His last play went through many drafts as he was trying to reconcile what would be the end of his life. There are many versions of it, but it is referred to as \\\"In Masks Outrageous and Austere\\\". Apprentice plays Major plays Williams\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12604614\",\n \"text\": \"the stock market crash of 1929, ceased operations; students and faculty were moved to Howe Institute, in Memphis (today LeMoyne–Owen College). The site is currently occupied by American Baptist College, a historically black college, and the World Baptist Center. Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee was an historically black college. It was founded in 1866 as the Nashville Normal and Theological Institute by the American Baptist denomination, which established numerous schools and colleges in the South. Renamed for Roger Williams, the founder of the First Baptist Church in America, it became the largest Baptist college\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12604610\",\n \"text\": \"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee was an historically black college. It was founded in 1866 as the Nashville Normal and Theological Institute by the American Baptist denomination, which established numerous schools and colleges in the South. Renamed for Roger Williams, the founder of the First Baptist Church in America, it became the largest Baptist college in the area for educating African Americans. It was founded in a period when Protestant mission groups sponsored numerous educational facilities for freedmen in the South. By 1874, the college occupied a 28-acre site on a knoll near Hillsboro\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14693058\",\n \"text\": \"What We Did Last Summer What We Did Last Summer – Robbie Williams: Live at Knebworth is a live DVD by Robbie Williams, recorded between 1–3 August 2003 at Knebworth, England as part of the Weekends of Mass Distraction Tour, the second last venue on the first leg of the tour. The album is a DVD companion to the live album \\\"Live at Knebworth\\\" (also known as \\\"Live Summer 2003\\\"). The songs \\\"Nan's Song\\\", \\\"Better Man\\\" and \\\"Made Up Song\\\" all feature Robbie Williams on acoustic guitar. The show's opening with Williams making an entrance hanging upside down on a\",\n \"title\": \"What We Did Last Summer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230276\",\n \"text\": \"Red Sticks in Alabama. On March 27, Jackson attacked the Red Stick camp on the Tallapoosa River, initiating the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. At the height of this battle, Williams and the 39th, which comprised Jackson's main line, charged and captured the log barricade with which the Creeks had fortified the riverbend, forcing the Creeks to flee. In his report on the battle, Jackson commended the actions of Williams and several other officers of the 39th. Soldiers who fought under Williams at this battle included future Missouri senator Thomas Hart Benton and future Tennessee and Texas governor, Sam Houston. Following\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3230274\",\n \"text\": \"too much of a drunkard to be a faithful judge. In late 1812, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Williams raised a small company of some 200 to 250 volunteers, primarily from Tennessee and Georgia, with the intention of invading Florida and attacking the Seminole tribe. Williams and other leaders on the frontier suspected that Spain would eventually join the British side in the war, and would encourage the Seminoles to attack frontier settlements in southern Georgia. Williams and his volunteers invaded Florida in early February 1813, and destroyed several Seminole villages, burning over 300 houses, and stealing\",\n \"title\": \"John Williams (Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432631\",\n \"text\": \"longer capable of the physical rigors that Senate service occasionally entailed and did not seek another term in 1992. He died shortly thereafter, in 1994. In honor of his unfailing devotion to the Civil Rights cause, the downtown campus of Tennessee State University (formerly the University of Tennessee at Nashville) has been named for him. Williams' son Avon N. Williams III, was an attorney like his father, but unlike him a Republican. Avon Williams III died suddenly on July 9, 2005. Avon Williams Avon N. Williams, Jr. (1921 – 1994) was a Tennessee State Senator from 1972 to 1992. Avon\",\n \"title\": \"Avon Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551669\",\n \"text\": \"60s, Williams had a lengthy relationship with Robert Carroll, a Vietnam veteran and aspiring writer in his 20s. Williams had deep affection for Carroll and respect for what he saw as the younger man's talents. Along with Williams' sister Rose, Carroll was one of the two people who received a bequest in Williams' will. Williams described Carroll's behavior as a combination of \\\"sweetness\\\" and \\\"beastliness\\\". Because Carroll had a drug problem (as did Williams), friends such as Maria St. Just saw the relationship as \\\"destructive\\\". Williams wrote that Carroll played on his \\\"acute loneliness\\\" as an aging gay man. When\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1417015\",\n \"text\": \"a quarter-grain of morphine. Carr and Williams checked out of the hotel; the porters had to carry Williams to the car, as he was coughing and hiccuping. At around midnight on Thursday January 1, 1953, when they crossed the Tennessee state line and arrived in Bristol, Virginia, Carr stopped at a small all-night restaurant and asked Williams if he wanted to eat. Williams said he did not, and those are believed to be his last words. Carr later drove on until he stopped for fuel at a gas station in Oak Hill, West Virginia, where he realized that Williams was\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12911931\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010 and 2012. He did not stand for re-election to the Speakership. On August 29, 2013, Williams announced he would not run for re-election in 2014. Williams was born in Carter County, Tennessee in 1949. His father worked as a laborer in one of the Elizabethton rayon mills. His family lived in Dale Hollow in the Sadie section of Stoney Creek, at the foot of Holston Mountain. Williams graduated from Unaka High School. He left Carter County to find work in Michigan, where he worked in the kitchen of a large hospital and where he met his future wife,\",\n \"title\": \"Kent Williams (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3994147\",\n \"text\": \"Look What I Did Look What I Did is an American post-hardcore band, formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA. The music combines elements of jazz/fusion, hardcore, metal, and progressive pop punk. The band is known for its intense live show, described by Cincinnati CityBeat as a \\\"live act capable of unleashing a scary, uncontrolled intensity bordering on dangerous,\\\" and oft-satirical eccentric lyrics. Look What I Did was formed in 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee by singer Barry Donegan and guitarist Colby Shea. Miles McPherson (drums, currently drumming for Kelly Clarkson) and Chris Bradley (bass) were added before the band's first\",\n \"title\": \"Look What I Did\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20659311\",\n \"text\": \"Learotha Williams Learotha Williams (born c. 1967) is an American historian. He is a professor of African-American and Public History at Tennessee State University. Williams was born circa 1967 in Tallahassee, Florida. He graduated from Florida State University, where he earned a bachelor's degree followed by a master's degree and a PhD, completed in 2003. Williams taught African-American history at Armstrong State University from 2004 to 2009. He is now a professor of African American and Public History at Tennessee State University. Williams researches the history of African-American slaves in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the American Civil War of 1861-1865,\",\n \"title\": \"Learotha Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16376674\",\n \"text\": \"Blumenthal, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, Dave Brubeck, Gloria Steinem, United States ambassador Robert Ford and others. Where We Live \\\"Where We Live\\\" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. \\\"Where We Live\\\" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as \\\"Best Call-in Show\\\" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) \\\"Where We Live\\\" has included numerous local and national guests such as\",\n \"title\": \"Where We Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16376673\",\n \"text\": \"Where We Live \\\"Where We Live\\\" is the award-winning flagship news and talk program for WNPR (Connecticut Public Radio). The program is hosted by Lucy Nalpathanchil. \\\"Where We Live\\\" was originally created by John Dankosky in 2006. The show format includes live listener participation through phone and social media as well as long form interviews. It has been honored three times nationally as \\\"Best Call-in Show\\\" by PRNDI (Public Radio News Directors Inc.) \\\"Where We Live\\\" has included numerous local and national guests such as Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy, retired NBA player, Jason Collins, Connecticut Senators Chris Murphy and Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Where We Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12183424\",\n \"text\": \"Live at Sir George Williams University Live at Sir George Williams University is a live album by Dave Van Ronk, re-released in 1997. This recording was done live as a joint concert of the folk music societies of McGill and Sir George Williams Universities in 1967, at Sir George Williams University, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and also featured Rev. Gary Davis on the same bill. Writing for Allmusic, critic Lindsay Planer wrote of the album \\\"Van Ronk's amenable nature is also evident in his interaction with the audience as he tells short jokes between numbers — especially notable is his\",\n \"title\": \"Live at Sir George Williams University\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279845\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\\\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279844\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \\\"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\\\". The Allmusic review of \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" by Lindsay Planer said\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939649\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" and \\\"My Sweet Lord,\\\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \\\"Where Did They Go\\\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \\\"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\\\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939648\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \\\"Is That All There Is?\\\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \\\"My Rock And Foundation\\\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" (backed by \\\"All I Want\\\") as a 45\\\" single\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9229548\",\n \"text\": \"her husband's health problems, Williams called from a hotel and told him to be out of their Tennessee house by the time she returned. Replying to Williams with a seemingly prophetic statement, Hank Williams stated, \\\"Audrey I won't live another year without you.\\\" On June 1952, the couple divorced. She was awarded the house and their child as well as half of her ex-husband's future royalties on the condition that she never remarry. In 1953, months after Hank Sr.'s death, Williams paid his second wife Billie Jean Jones $30,000 to relinquish the title of \\\"Hank Williams' Widow\\\". Both women had\",\n \"title\": \"Audrey Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551641\",\n \"text\": \"later work, he attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences. Increasing alcohol and drug dependence inhibited his creative expression. His drama \\\"A Streetcar Named Desire\\\" is often numbered on short lists of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Eugene O'Neill's \\\"Long Day's Journey into Night\\\" and Arthur Miller's \\\"Death of a Salesman\\\". Much of Williams' most acclaimed work has been adapted for the cinema. He also wrote short stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14693059\",\n \"text\": \"bungee rope is identical to him doing the same on the cover of his newly released album \\\"Escapology\\\". Williams entrance was accompanied by \\\"Let Me Entertain You\\\", a song he often uses as the first song. As he often does, Williams dedicated his 12th song \\\"No Regrets\\\" to his former Take That bandmates Gary Barlow, Jason Orange, Mark Owen, and Howard Donald. The performance of \\\"Back for Good\\\" on the third night by Williams and Owen was not included in the main section of the DVD. What We Did Last Summer What We Did Last Summer – Robbie Williams: Live\",\n \"title\": \"What We Did Last Summer\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6114570\",\n \"text\": \"on Billboard's R&B album chart in January 1965. Hip-O Select released a limited run fortieth anniversary deluxe edition of the album in 2004, which included both the mono and stereo versions of the album, as well as several outtakes, non-album tracks and a recorded live show from the Twenty Grand club in Detroit, Michigan. It sold out immediately. (see: Hip-O Select.com) They filmed performances of four of the singles from the album including \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\", \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\", \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" and \\\"Baby Love\\\" for the concert film, \\\"The T.A.M.I. Show\\\" released\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12604612\",\n \"text\": \"the first classes here, including Hardin Smith and Martin Winfield from Haywood County, Tennessee. After they returned to their home communities of Nutbush and Brownsville, respectively, they became ministers and founded several Baptist churches in the area, as well as the first school for freedmen in the county. In 1874, the college, now known as Roger Williams University after Roger Williams, the Baptist founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and one of the first abolitionists, built a campus on a 28-acre site near Hillsboro Pike in Nashville. In 1886 it added a master's degree program. It\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358184\",\n \"text\": \"in Vietnam, and foreseeing the end of the early optimism of the 1960s. Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15358177\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" is a 1964 song recorded by American music group the Supremes for the Motown label. Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\" was the first single by the Supremes to go to the number-one position on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart in the United States, a position it held for two weeks, from August 16 to August 29, 1964. It was also the first of five Supremes songs in a row to reach number one (the others being \\\"Baby Love\\\", \\\"Come\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19757575\",\n \"text\": \"in 1869. James Williams was born in Grainger County, Tennessee in 1796. He later moved to Chattanooga with his brother William Williams where both brothers owned and ran a profitable steamboat business, transporting salt and furs on the Tennessee River from Knoxville to Decatur. The two brothers began their business with only two boats, later purchasing all the boats on the river and thus ruining their competition. In the 1840s, James Williams entered the newspaper business by founding and editing the \\\"Knoxville Post\\\". This weekly Whig newspaper was published by New Jersey native Samuel P. Ivins with Williams acting as\",\n \"title\": \"James Williams (ambassador)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4120320\",\n \"text\": \"his brother, Col. John Williams, in Knoxville, Tennessee, where he died. Williams' brother Lewis Williams was also a congressman from North Carolina. His brother John Williams was a U.S. Senator from Tennessee. Robert Williams (North Carolina politician) Robert Williams (July 12, 1773 – May 27, 1821) was a Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina between 1797 and 1803. Born in Caswell County, North Carolina, he received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. In 1796, Williams was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 5th United States Congress and re-elected to the 6th and 7th Congresses, serving\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Williams (North Carolina politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295773\",\n \"text\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17522304\",\n \"text\": \"Stops\\\" on Mega Records. He was a frequent live performer with many appearances on country music TV and radio shows, and continued to both compose and perform up until very shortly before his death just after his 85th birthday, saying that \\\"As long as country music fans want to hear traditional country music, that's what I'll be writing and recording.\\\" His daughter reported that even on his deathbed, he was still working on lyrics. Lawton Williams Lawton Williams (July 24, 1922, Troy, Tennessee – July 27, 2007, Fort Worth, Texas) was an American country music singer and songwriter. Williams taught\",\n \"title\": \"Lawton Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"988502\",\n \"text\": \"Scouting in Tennessee Scouting in Tennessee has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. The boy scouts were chartered in Tennessee in 1910. Until 1974, some Tennessee councils of the Boy Scouts of America were racially segregated. (The Old Hickory council did not integrate until 1974.) Colored Troops, as they were officially known, were given little support from some Districts and Councils. Some Scouting executives and leaders believed that Colored Scouts and Leaders would be less able to live up to the ideals\",\n \"title\": \"Scouting in Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903018\",\n \"text\": \"video for the Wham! version of the song was directed by George Michael and Andy Morahan. Where Did Your Heart Go? \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is a song written by American musicians David Was and Don Was. The song was first recorded and released by the writers' disco-dance-rock band Was (Not Was) as a single in the UK as a double A-side with \\\"Wheel Me Out\\\" in September 1981. The single did not chart. It was featured as the second track on the band's début album \\\"Was (Not Was)\\\" in August 1981. French editions of the single included the\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5022389\",\n \"text\": \"were combined due to their small sizes into a new XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland.) Williams' division did not reach Chattanooga, but guarded railroads in eastern Tennessee. However, it did join Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman as part of XX Corps in the Atlanta Campaign and fought with distinction in a number of battles, particularly the Battle of Resaca. Williams was wounded in the arm at the Battle of New Hope Church on May 26, 1864. His division followed Sherman through his March to the Sea and the Carolinas Campaign. In these campaigns Williams lead XX Corps until, following\",\n \"title\": \"Alpheus S. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295781\",\n \"text\": \"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551662\",\n \"text\": \"into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Throughout his life Williams remained close to his sister Rose, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia as a young woman. In 1943, as her behavior became increasingly disturbing, she was subjected to a lobotomy. It required her to be institutionalized for the rest of her life. As soon as he was financially able, Williams had her moved to a private institution just north of New York City, where he often visited her. He gave her a percentage interest in several of his most successful plays, the royalties from which were applied toward her care.\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551646\",\n \"text\": \"Williams attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. He was bored by his classes and distracted by unrequited love for a girl. Soon he began entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests, hoping to earn extra income. His first submitted play was \\\"Beauty Is the Word\\\" (1930), followed by \\\"Hot Milk at Three in the Morning\\\" (1932). As recognition for \\\"Beauty,\\\" a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, he became the first freshman to receive honorable mention in a writing competition. At University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11903016\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" was also included on \\\"The Final\\\" and \\\"Music from the Edge of Heaven\\\" albums. George Michael's arrangement of \\\"Where Did Your Heart Go?\\\" is relatively faithful to the original Was (Not Was) version making only subtle changes to the song's instrumentation and structure. Michael alters the song by dropping the opening chorus in favour of an instrumental introduction of the chorus melody. The subdued ending is protracted in the Wham! recording, where the Was (Not Was) original quickly fades out after the completion of the final chorus; Michael's arrangement continues for an additional half a\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Your Heart Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12911932\",\n \"text\": \"Gayle. Williams later returned to Elizabethton, where the couple raised their four sons. Williams is a farmer and owns a restaurant in Elizabethton. He was previously a vice president of Steak Houses of Homestead Inc. and Family Steak Houses of Miami Inc. Early in his career he worked for the Tennessee Department of Transportation, but because he had been hired during a Republican administration, he lost that job in 1975 after Democrat Ray Blanton became governor. Williams first ran for the Tennessee House of Representatives in 2006. He challenged incumbent Republican Jerome Cochran of Tennessee's 4th house district. He chastised\",\n \"title\": \"Kent Williams (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12183425\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"W.C. Fields Routine,\\\" proving yet again that this is no standard folky. Dave Van Ronk comes from a dying breed of entertainers who were adept at weaving a continuity into whatever they doing... Much of this set mirrors both the music he chose for inclusion on his long-players as well as tunes he would continue to perform throughout the remainder of his career. Van Ronk steers the show through a seemingly infinite maze of musical genres and influences.\\\" Live at Sir George Williams University Live at Sir George Williams University is a live album by Dave Van Ronk, re-released in\",\n \"title\": \"Live at Sir George Williams University\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16876905\",\n \"text\": \"Allison Williams (reporter) Allison Williams (born January 18, 1984) is a sportscaster with ESPN and former host for select pregame/postgame shows for Marlins Live. She did field reporting with play-by-play man Rich Waltz and color commentator Tommy Hutton. Williams worked for \\\"Marlins Live\\\" for the Miami Marlins as a sideline reporter and host for pregame and postgame shows. She previously also did reporting for the Florida Panthers on home games with play-by-play man Steve Goldstein, Color Analyst Bill Lindsay, and Sportscaster Frank Forte. In addition, Williams also does sideline reporting for telecasts on college football and basketball for the ESPN\",\n \"title\": \"Allison Williams (reporter)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10023872\",\n \"text\": \"Samuel Cole Williams Samuel Cole Williams (January 15, 1864 – December 14, 1947) was a noted 19th and 20th century Tennessee jurist, historian, educator, and businessman. Samuel C. Williams was born January 15, 1864 near Humboldt, Tennessee. At the urging of family friend Horace Lurton, later a U. S. Supreme Court Justice, Williams pursued law training. He attended Vanderbilt University's School of Law and graduated in June 1884. After a few years of legal practice in Jonesborough, Tennessee Williams moved to Johnson City, Tennessee in 1892. Williams joined politician Walter P. Brownlow in forming Watauga Light and Power Company and\",\n \"title\": \"Samuel Cole Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17211205\",\n \"text\": \"in Woodlawn, a National Register of Historic Places-listed mansion in Nashville, with his wife m. Nancy Nichols (1808-1844). Williams lived in Dobbs County, North Carolina. Williams died on June 6, 1802 in Rutledge, Tennessee on his way to Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1806, his widow married Joseph McMinn, who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1815 to 1821. Willoughby Williams Willoughby Williams was an American war veteran and politician from North Carolina. Williams was born in the 18th century. Williams enlisted in 1776 and fought in the American Revolutionary War as a regimental commissionary officer. He served in the Battle\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8347183\",\n \"text\": \"series was cancelled after only three of them had aired. \\\"George\\\" was subsequently moved to Wednesdays and canceled after airing nine episodes. Reruns of the series, including the unaired episodes, were broadcast on the TV One cable network in 2009. In The Netherlands, the series was aired by RTL 4. Where I Live Where I Live is an American sitcom that premiered in 1993 as part of ABC's \\\"TGIF\\\" lineup. The series was created and executive produced by Michael Jacobs and Ehrich Van Lowe. The series starred Doug E. Doug as Douglas St. Martin, a Trinidadian American teenager living in\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8347181\",\n \"text\": \"Where I Live Where I Live is an American sitcom that premiered in 1993 as part of ABC's \\\"TGIF\\\" lineup. The series was created and executive produced by Michael Jacobs and Ehrich Van Lowe. The series starred Doug E. Doug as Douglas St. Martin, a Trinidadian American teenager living in the Harlem section of New York City. He lived with his caring, hard-working parents and his younger sister. Much of the show focused on Douglas's misadventures with his best friends, Reggie (Flex) and Malcolm (Shaun Baker). The show was based on Doug E. Doug's own childhood. A midseason replacement, the\",\n \"title\": \"Where I Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10523003\",\n \"text\": \"World Where You Live \\\"World Where You Live\\\" is a 1986 song by Australian-New Zealand rock band Crowded House. It was the second single from the group's debut album \\\"Crowded House\\\". Though it was the second single, \\\"World Where You Live\\\" was the first internationally released single, as the first single \\\"Mean to Me\\\" was only released in Australia. It was released a month after the album \\\"Crowded House\\\" was released. The song later appeared on Crowded House's greatest hits compilation \\\"Recurring Dream\\\" and was performed at the group's farewell concert \\\"Farewell to the World\\\". Despite having a broad, international\",\n \"title\": \"World Where You Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15952316\",\n \"text\": \"was present in the recording process for what Martin has said were the \\\"biggest selling records I've ever done.\\\" Williams co-wrote the perennially popular hit \\\"Hold Watcha Got.\\\" Williams departed from Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys in 1962. He married Jimmy Martin's half sister who told him that \\\"he couldn't play bluegrass music and live for the Lord.\\\" He went on to play gospel music with the Northside Trio and later on achieved some success and a Grammy nomination with the Victory Trio, based out of his hometown, Morristown, Tennessee. Paul Williams (bluegrass musician) \\\"Big\\\" Paul Williams (Paul Humphrey)\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Williams (bluegrass musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10523008\",\n \"text\": \"from 26/2/1987 and \\\"Something so strong\\\" from 24/3/1987. World Where You Live \\\"World Where You Live\\\" is a 1986 song by Australian-New Zealand rock band Crowded House. It was the second single from the group's debut album \\\"Crowded House\\\". Though it was the second single, \\\"World Where You Live\\\" was the first internationally released single, as the first single \\\"Mean to Me\\\" was only released in Australia. It was released a month after the album \\\"Crowded House\\\" was released. The song later appeared on Crowded House's greatest hits compilation \\\"Recurring Dream\\\" and was performed at the group's farewell concert \\\"Farewell\",\n \"title\": \"World Where You Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10523007\",\n \"text\": \"March 1987. Track 4 recorded at The Roxy, Los Angeles, CA, 26 February 1987. The \\\"single Version\\\" of \\\"World where you live\\\" is hard to hear differ from the album Version at 3:07. \\\"World where you live\\\" (live) is unique to this release, where both \\\"Something so strong\\\" and \\\"Don't dream it's over\\\" will see official releases on singles to come. On a general note; there are several mix-ups of dates claiming \\\"Don't dream it's over\\\" to be from 24/3/1987 and \\\"Something so strong\\\" to be from 26/2/1987. All \\\"versions\\\" in the 5:55 range of \\\"Don't dream it's over\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"World Where You Live\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7577848\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Lay. Micheal R. Williams Micheal R. Williams (born February 6, 1955 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a Tennessee politician who formerly served in the Tennessee State Senate and was elected county mayor of Union County in August 2010. A resident of Maynardville, in the Tennessee State Senate Williams represented the 4th district, which encompasses Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins, Jefferson, and Union counties. He attended Lincoln Memorial University and obtained a B.A. in Health and Physical Education in 1985. He currently works in antique automobile restoration. Williams was first elected to the 97th General Assembly as a member of the Tennessee\",\n \"title\": \"Micheal R. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7577844\",\n \"text\": \"Micheal R. Williams Micheal R. Williams (born February 6, 1955 in Knoxville, Tennessee) is a Tennessee politician who formerly served in the Tennessee State Senate and was elected county mayor of Union County in August 2010. A resident of Maynardville, in the Tennessee State Senate Williams represented the 4th district, which encompasses Claiborne, Grainger, Hancock, Hawkins, Jefferson, and Union counties. He attended Lincoln Memorial University and obtained a B.A. in Health and Physical Education in 1985. He currently works in antique automobile restoration. Williams was first elected to the 97th General Assembly as a member of the Tennessee House of\",\n \"title\": \"Micheal R. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12911938\",\n \"text\": \"of Tennessee, but continues to personally consider himself a Republican. Kent Williams (politician) Kent Williams (born June 23, 1949) was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives, first elected in 2006 to the Tennessee House of Representative as a Republican from the House District 4 (then entirely then Carter County in 2006 and subsequently reelected to the House in 2008. Williams was the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives during the 106th Tennessee General Assembly (2009—2010). During January 2009, Williams, together with all 49 House Democrats (including former Elizabethton resident Rep. Gary Odom), cast the last tie-breaking vote\",\n \"title\": \"Kent Williams (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12911929\",\n \"text\": \"Kent Williams (politician) Kent Williams (born June 23, 1949) was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives, first elected in 2006 to the Tennessee House of Representative as a Republican from the House District 4 (then entirely then Carter County in 2006 and subsequently reelected to the House in 2008. Williams was the Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives during the 106th Tennessee General Assembly (2009—2010). During January 2009, Williams, together with all 49 House Democrats (including former Elizabethton resident Rep. Gary Odom), cast the last tie-breaking vote from the floor of the Tennessee House of Representatives to\",\n \"title\": \"Kent Williams (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5153256\",\n \"text\": \"became a worldwide hit and launched the group's phenomenal career, with numerous hit singles and albums over the next decade. Williams and Bobby Farrell did not sing on the records since \\\"their voices weren't suited for this particular kind of music\\\" as Farian put it in a Bravo interview in 1978. It did not create a scandal – both Williams and Farrell did sing during the group's many live performances during their extensive world tours 1977–1979. Williams remained with the group until the ultimate break-up in 1990. In 1994, she did what her former colleagues Liz Mitchell and Bobby Farrell\",\n \"title\": \"Maizie Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286203\",\n \"text\": \"the original photo shoot with Warren Du Preez and Nick Thornton Jones. Adapted from AllMusic. Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \\\"UNKLE Blog\\\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \\\"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\\\", was made\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286200\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did the Night Fall Where Did the Night Fall is the fourth regular studio album from British electronic music act Unkle, released on . As a documentation of the work on the album, on 13 April 2009, James Lavelle, Unkle's mastermind, started an official \\\"UNKLE Blog\\\". According to the first post, Lavelle started to work in studio in January 2009 with Pablo Clements, James Griffith, Joel Cadbury, Gavin Clark, Matt Pierce and Mike Lowry. On a single, \\\"Heavy Drug (Surrender Sounds Mix)\\\", was made available digitally via Beatport and iTunes. On the download was followed by a remix EP\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579887\",\n \"text\": \"her 1992 album \\\"Entre a Mi Mundo\\\". Where Did the Feeling Go? \\\"Where Did the Feeling Go?\\\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \\\"Selena\\\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579886\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go? \\\"Where Did the Feeling Go?\\\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Norman Saleet and first recorded by American singer Jill Michaels in 1985, and then by Russell Hitchcock (from the band Air Supply) for his eponymous debut solo album in 1988. The song found renewed interest when Selena recorded the song a year later in 1989; however, it was not released until 1997 when it was featured in the film \\\"Selena\\\" and its soundtrack album, following her death in 1995. The song was later included on the \\\"20 Years of Music\\\" version of\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Feeling Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21004428\",\n \"text\": \"senior season. Preston Williams Preston Williams is an American football wide receiver. He played college football at Colorado State. Williams attended Lovejoy High School in Lovejoy, Georgia. He committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football. Williams played at Tennessee for two seasons at Tennessee, recording 16 receptions for 247 yards and two touchdowns over that time. He transferred to Colorado State University in 2017. After sitting out the 2017 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Williams had 96 receptions for 1,345 yards and 14 touchdowns in 2018. After the 2018 season, he entered the 2019 NFL Draft,\",\n \"title\": \"Preston Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21004427\",\n \"text\": \"Preston Williams Preston Williams is an American football wide receiver. He played college football at Colorado State. Williams attended Lovejoy High School in Lovejoy, Georgia. He committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football. Williams played at Tennessee for two seasons at Tennessee, recording 16 receptions for 247 yards and two touchdowns over that time. He transferred to Colorado State University in 2017. After sitting out the 2017 season due to NCAA transfer rules, Williams had 96 receptions for 1,345 yards and 14 touchdowns in 2018. After the 2018 season, he entered the 2019 NFL Draft, foregoing his\",\n \"title\": \"Preston Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6114568\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album) Where Did Our Love Go is the second studio album by Motown singing group The Supremes, released in 1964. The album includes several of the group's singles and B-sides from 1963 and 1964. Included are the group's first Billboard Pop Singles number-one hits, \\\"Where Did Our Love Go\\\", \\\"Baby Love\\\", and \\\"Come See About Me\\\", as well as their first Top 40 hit, \\\"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\\\", and the singles \\\"A Breathtaking Guy\\\" and \\\"Run, Run, Run\\\". With the release of this album, The Supremes became the first act in\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Our Love Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1453243\",\n \"text\": \"In November 2008, Williams explored a run for the 2012 Republican nomination as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee for the seat held by Bob Corker, though his publicist said Williams \\\"has talked about it, but no announcement has been made\\\". Williams did not run. In an October 3, 2011, interview with Fox News Channel's \\\"Fox & Friends\\\", Williams referred to a June golf game in which President Barack Obama and Republican House Speaker John Boehner had teamed against Vice President Joe Biden and Ohio Governor John Kasich, saying that match was \\\"one of the biggest political mistakes ever\\\". Asked about\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Williams Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14286202\",\n \"text\": \"UNKLE revealed that \\\"Where Did the Night Fall\\\" would be re-released as \\\"Where Did the Night Fall – Another Night Out\\\". The first disc will contain the same songs that are on the original album but the second disc contains material from two of UNKLE's previous EPs, plus a number of exclusive and rare tracks. It was released on 11 April 2011. The standard edition comes packaged as a double jewel case with a 16-page booklet. The limited edition comes in a gold outer slipcase featuring a fully re-worked 16-page board book and 32-page booklet with new exclusive shots from\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did the Night Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"988509\",\n \"text\": \"council covers 46 counties in southwest Virginia, east Tennessee, and north Georgia and has service centers in Johnson City, Tennessee, Knoxville, and Chattanooga. Camps: Former camps: Scouting in Tennessee Scouting in Tennessee has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. The boy scouts were chartered in Tennessee in 1910. Until 1974, some Tennessee councils of the Boy Scouts of America were racially segregated. (The Old Hickory council did not integrate until 1974.) Colored Troops, as they were officially known, were given little support\",\n \"title\": \"Scouting in Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8339157\",\n \"text\": \"the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. During his time at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Williams was featured in a children's documentary 'School for Stars' which was broadcast on the children's television channel CBBC. He was offered the part as young Michael Jackson in the West End Musical \\\"Thriller Live\\\" where he did a few performances before he outgrew the role. Williams became well known to a TV audience as the character Kylie – acting, dancing, and singing – in the 2008 and 2009 BBC Two comedy \\\"Beautiful People\\\", series 1 and 2. From 2012 he played\",\n \"title\": \"Layton Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6339639\",\n \"text\": \"October 2013, Williams signed with Tianjin Ronggang of China. On November 13, 2008, Williams married former University of Tennessee Lady Vols and current Los Angeles Sparks basketball star Candace Parker. They have a daughter named Lailaa. In November 2016, Williams filed for divorce claiming irreconcilable differences. They've been living separate for 3 months prior to the divorce. Shelden Williams Shelden DeMar Williams (born October 21, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach for the Erie BayHawks of the NBA G League. He played college basketball at Duke University, where his #23 jersey was retired on\",\n \"title\": \"Shelden Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13620464\",\n \"text\": \"in July 2010 in markets like UK and Africa. In the UK, Wendy remains the most watched show on BET where it is shown a total of four times a day. On October 31, 2017, Williams, dressed in a Statue of Liberty costume on the Halloween episode, unexpectedly fainted during the live telecast when about to announce the winners of the show's Halloween contest. The episode then went into an extended commercial break. Williams resumed stating, \\\"That was not a stunt. I overheated and did pass out, but I'm a champ and I'm back,\\\". Williams and her spokesperson cited heat\",\n \"title\": \"The Wendy Williams Show\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19110218\",\n \"text\": \"between performer and audience is so much a part of the success of the show. This album brings with it all the atmosphere of a modern cabaret/stage show. Gary is in fine voice throughout and is backed by a really lively orchestra led by musical director & pianist/keyboards Jack Borkofski.\\\" Musical Theatre commented: \\\"Williams obviously has what it takes to be a cabaret artist – one of the most difficult occupations for a singer. He has charisma and a great voice.\\\" Performers Technical Live in Brazil (Gary Williams album) Live in Brazil is jazz vocalist Gary Williams's seventh album, recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Live in Brazil (Gary Williams album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11690819\",\n \"text\": \"released as a radio-single in the United States, where the song received airplay but failed to chart due in part to no official release. The video features Liam being interviewed whilst Noel sings whilst reading a newspaper and looking at what is going on in the building opposite where he and the band are. Where Did It All Go Wrong? \\\"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\\\" is a song and single by the English rock band Oasis, originally released on their 2000 album, \\\"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\\\". Written by guitarist Noel Gallagher, it is one of two songs\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"551647\",\n \"text\": \"fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers. According to Hale, the \\\"brothers found him shy and socially backward, a loner who spent most of his time at the typewriter.\\\" After he failed a military training course in his junior year, his father pulled him out of school and put him to work at the International Shoe Company factory. Although Williams, then 21, hated the monotony, the job \\\"forced him out of the pretentious gentility\\\" of his upbringing, which had, according to Hale, \\\"tinged him with [his mother's] snobbery and detachment from reality.\\\" His dislike of\",\n \"title\": \"Tennessee Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17211345\",\n \"text\": \"a result became his father-in-law. Williams served in the Seminole Wars. He served sheriff for Davidson County, Tennessee from 1830 to 1836. He later served as President of the Bank of Tennessee. He was a childhood friend of Sam Houston. Williams married Nancy Nichols (1808–1844), daughter of John Nichols. They lived in her family home in Nashville, Tennessee called Woodlawn, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 21, 1978. Later, they moved to Arkansas. Their two sons, John Henry Williams and Andrew, lived at Woodlawn. Williams died in 1882. Willoughby Williams Jr. Willoughby Williams Jr. (1798–1882) was\",\n \"title\": \"Willoughby Williams Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13579999\",\n \"text\": \"this single did prove popular on the radio. Where Did All the Love Go? \\\"Where Did All the Love Go?\\\" is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second official single from their third album \\\"West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum\\\". It was released on 10 August 2009. Guitarist Sergio Pizzorno explained the song's meaning to \\\"New Musical Express\\\" stating that \\\"It's sitting at home seeing another kid get stabbed, everyone is scared and going, 'What the fuck is going on?\\\" The song also speaks about the Internet, with Pizzorno elaborating in an interview with \\\"The Sun\\\" that\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did All the Love Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11690817\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did It All Go Wrong? \\\"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\\\" is a song and single by the English rock band Oasis, originally released on their 2000 album, \\\"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\\\". Written by guitarist Noel Gallagher, it is one of two songs on \\\"Standing on the Shoulder of Giants\\\" that features him on lead vocals. In explaining why front man Liam Gallagher did not sing the song, Noel claimed that: \\\"[Vocally] Liam just couldn't get that one. The melody shifts quite a lot... Liam hasn't got that dynamism in his voice.\\\" Noel stated that the song's\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did It All Go Wrong?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20992080\",\n \"text\": \"Williams who is a current student at Howard University in Washington, DC. Williams was born and raised in Greenville, North Carolina. Williams is a graduate of Appalachian State University where he earned two degrees, a B.S. in Communication Broadcasting and his M.A. in Educational Media. Additionally, Williams earned his Ed.D. in Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis from East Tennessee State University. In 2017,T MCF announced Williams had been selected by the TMCF board of directors to be the next president and CEO at the 30th Anniversary Awards Gala. Under the leadership of Williams TMCF announced partnerships with the Boeing Company,\",\n \"title\": \"Harry L. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1417014\",\n \"text\": \"college student, Charles Carr, to drive him to the concerts. Carr called the Charleston auditorium from Knoxville to say that Williams would not arrive on time owing to the ice storm and was ordered to drive Williams to Canton, Ohio, for the New Year's Day concert there. They arrived at the Andrew Johnson Hotel in Knoxville, Tennessee, where Carr requested a doctor for Williams, as he was feeling the combination of the chloral hydrate and alcohol he had drunk on the way from Montgomery to Knoxville. Dr. P.H. Cardwell injected Williams with two shots of vitamin B12 that also contained\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Williams\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["st. louis","columbus","new orleans","clarksdale","mississippi"],"string":"[\n \"st. louis\",\n \"columbus\",\n \"new orleans\",\n \"clarksdale\",\n \"mississippi\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1690,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what was king louis xiv religion?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"564784","text":"by Louis XIV of France. Intolerance remained the norm until Louis XVI, who signed the Edict of Versailles (1787), then the constitutional text of 24 December 1789, granting civilian rights to Protestants. The French Revolution then abolished state religion and confiscated all Church property, turning intolerance against Catholics. In 1558, the Transylvanian Diet's Edict of Torda declared free practice of both Catholicism and Lutheranism. Calvinism, however, was prohibited. Calvinism was included among the accepted religions in 1564. Ten years after the first law, in 1568, the same Diet, under the chairmanship of King of Hungary, and Prince of Transylvania John","title":"Freedom of religion"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"564784\",\n \"text\": \"by Louis XIV of France. Intolerance remained the norm until Louis XVI, who signed the Edict of Versailles (1787), then the constitutional text of 24 December 1789, granting civilian rights to Protestants. The French Revolution then abolished state religion and confiscated all Church property, turning intolerance against Catholics. In 1558, the Transylvanian Diet's Edict of Torda declared free practice of both Catholicism and Lutheranism. Calvinism, however, was prohibited. Calvinism was included among the accepted religions in 1564. Ten years after the first law, in 1568, the same Diet, under the chairmanship of King of Hungary, and Prince of Transylvania John\",\n \"title\": \"Freedom of religion\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"17409896","text":"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini) The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV is a late sculpture designed and partially executed by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini first discussed the project while in France in the mid-1660s, but it did not start until later in the decade, when back in Rome. It was not completed until 1684, and then shipped to Paris in 1685. Louis XIV of France was extremely unhappy with the end result and had it placed in a corner of the gardens of the royal palace at Versailles. Eventually, the sculpture was modified by","title":"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"19475914","text":"the portrait of Louis XV, also in costume sacre. 23 Another copy is present at the Paris Observatory, between portraits of Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Urbain Le Verrier. Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \"official portrait\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November","title":"Portrait of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19475902","text":"Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \"official portrait\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November 1700, Spain was beset by the dynastic ambitions of other European powers, resulting in a succession war. The Spanish king's will ruled out any idea of sharing and","title":"Portrait of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"17409897","text":"François Girardon and altered into an equestrian sculpture of the ancient Roman hero Marcus Curtius A print of the sculpture, mistakenly identified as being by Bernini's father Pietro, exists in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France. Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini) The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV is a late sculpture designed and partially executed by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini first discussed the project while in France in the mid-1660s, but it did not start until later in the decade, when back in Rome. It was not completed until 1684, and then shipped to Paris","title":"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"20515129","text":"Style Louis XIV The Style Louis XIV, also called French classicism, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King Louis XIV and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official style during the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), imposed upon artists by the newly established \"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture\" (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and the \"Académie royale d'architecture\" (Royal Academy of Architecture). It had an important influence upon the architecture of other European monarchs, from Frederick the Great of Prussia to Peter the Great of Russia. Major","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245681","text":"Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralisation of power. Louis","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"19475903","text":"placed Philip, Duke of Anjou, second son of the Grand Dauphin and grand-son of Louis XIV at the forefront of legitimate contenders for the crown. The future king of Spain, eager to take with him the image of his grandfather, convinced Louis XIV to order Hyacinthe Rigaud to paint what would become the absolute image of royal power and the reference picture for generations to come: Spoke Hyacinthe Rigaud, through a friend, in the autobiography he sent to the Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III in 1716. These statements are corroborated by the mention of the corresponding payment in the","title":"Portrait of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515168","text":"the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of the Garden was the sun; the emblem of Louis XIV, illustrated by the statue of Apollo in the central fountain of the garden. \"The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects.\" Style Louis XIV The Style Louis XIV, also called French classicism, was the style","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245818","text":"only to the better-known and legitimised. Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"16701243","text":"Château Louis XIV The Château Louis XIV is a château constructed between 2008 and 2011 in the commune of Louveciennes in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region. The chateau was built by the property developer Emad Khashoggi's property development company COGEMAD using traditional craftsmanship techniques and materials. Located between Versailles and Marly-le-Roi on a 23-hectare (57-acre) walled site, the property is surrounded by moats and has a constructed surface area of 7,000 m (75,350 ft), 5,000 m (53,800 ft) of which are living space. The property pays various tributes to Louis XIV of France, France's Sun King and stands","title":"Château Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19747415","text":"Jonathan Romney, film critic for \"Sight & Sound\", described \"The Death of Louis XIV\" as \"strange, haunting and perhaps the most beautiful film seen in Cannes in [2016]\". The Death of Louis XIV The Death of Louis XIV () is a 2016 historical drama film written and directed by Albert Serra and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud as King Louis XIV. The film was screened out of competition at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. It made its North American premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and its U.S. premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival. \"New York Times\" critic","title":"The Death of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245815","text":"deathbed: \"\" (\"I depart, but the State shall always remain.\") Louis's formal style was \"\"Louis XIV, par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre\"\", or \"Louis XIV, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre\". On 5 April 1693, Louis also founded the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (), a military order of chivalry. He named it after Louis IX and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. It is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the \"Légion d'honneur\", with","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20581095","text":"Louis XIV furniture Louis XIV furniture was massive and lavishly covered with sculpture and ornament of gilded bronze in the earlier part of his personal reign (1660–1690). After about 1690, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based on the use of marquetry, the inlay of piece of ebony and other rare woods, a technique first used in Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for the King. Furniture was inlaid with thin plaques of ebony, copper, mother of","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"20515162","text":"as the Place du Carrousel. The ceremonial entry of the King into Paris also became an occasion for festivities. The return of Louis XIV and Queen Marie-Thérèse to Paris after his coronation in 1660 was celebrated by a grand event on a fairground at the gates of the city, where large thrones were constructed for the new monarchs. After the ceremony the site became known as the Place du Trône, or place of the Throne, until it became the Place de la Nation in 1880. An office existed in the royal household of Louis XIV called Menus-Plaisirs du Roi, which","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19747414","text":"The Death of Louis XIV The Death of Louis XIV () is a 2016 historical drama film written and directed by Albert Serra and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud as King Louis XIV. The film was screened out of competition at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. It made its North American premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and its U.S. premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival. \"New York Times\" critic Manohla Dargis described the film as a \"mesmerizing elegy.\" In \"Screen\", Allan Hunter called Léaud's performance \"easily the actor’s best role and most noteworthy performance in some time.\"","title":"The Death of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245801","text":"after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. The film, \"Le Roi Danse\" (2000; translated: \"The King Dances\"), directed by Gérard Corbiau, reveals Louis through the eyes of Jean-Baptiste Lully, his court musician. Julian Sands portrayed Louis in Roland Jaffe's \"Vatel\" (2000). Alan Rickman directed, co-wrote, and stars as Louis XIV in the film, \"A Little Chaos\", which centers on construction in the gardens of Versaille, at the time immediately before and after the death of Queen Maria Theresa. The 2016 film \"The Death of Louis XIV\", directed by Albert Serra, is set during the last two weeks of Louis XIV's life","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12054300","text":"son of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Louis XIV and Françoise-Athénaïs had seven children in total and she was his most notorious mistress. Two of their children died very young. Their names were Louise Françoise de Bourbon (late March 1669 – 23 February 1672) and Louis-César de Bourbon (20 June 1672 – 10 January 1683). Descendants of Louis XIV of France The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous. Although only one of his children by his wife Maria Theresa of Spain survived past infancy, Louis had many","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12583762","text":"his whole court.\" \"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\" received a DVD release by The Criterion Collection in January 2009. The Taking of Power by Louis XIV The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (), also called The Rise of Louis XIV, is a French television film by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. The film revolves around the French king Louis XIV's rise to power after the death of his powerful advisor, Cardinal Mazarin. To achieve this political autonomy, Louis deals with his mother and the court nobles, all of whom makes the assumption that Mazarin's death will give","title":"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245802","text":"before dying of gangrene, with the monarch played by Jean-Pierre Léaud. The 15-year-old Louis XIV, as played by the Irish actor Robert Sheehan, is a major character of the short-lived historical fantasy series \"Young Blades\" from January to June 2005. George Blagden portrays Louis XIV in the Canal+ series \"Versailles\" which aired for three seasons from 2015. Despite the image of a healthy and virile king that Louis sought to project, evidence exists to suggest that his health was not that good. He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of diabetes, as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678,","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12583760","text":"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (), also called The Rise of Louis XIV, is a French television film by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. The film revolves around the French king Louis XIV's rise to power after the death of his powerful advisor, Cardinal Mazarin. To achieve this political autonomy, Louis deals with his mother and the court nobles, all of whom makes the assumption that Mazarin's death will give them more power. Colin McCabe of the University of Pittsburgh praised the film as \"the most serious attempt by a great","title":"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"12054298","text":"of Spain to the French throne is Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, who is the second cousin of the present king of Spain, Felipe VI. However, if a non-Salic primogeniture is followed, the eldest surviving descendant, in other words, the heir-general of Louis XIV is the present Duke of Calabria. With the death of the Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI, the direct line of the French royal family became extinct. At her death, the heir-general of Louix XIV was also its heir-male — Henri, Count of Chambord (\"Henri V\"), who was the nephew of her husband and first cousin,","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20515144","text":"the King. They often featured military trophies, with helmets, oak leaves symbolizing victory, and masses of weapons, usually made of glided bronze or sculpted wood, in relief surrounded by marble. Other decorative elements celebrated the King personally: the head of the King was often represented as the sun god Apollo, surrounded by palm leaves or gilded rays of light. An eagle usually represented Jupiter. Other ornamental details included gilded numbers, royal batons, and crowns. The Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles (1678-1684) was the summit of the early Louis XIV style. Designed by Charles Le Brun, it combined","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245806","text":"Accordingly, the king created a regency council as Louis XIII had in anticipation of his own minority, with some power vested in his illegitimate son Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine. Orléans, however, had Louis' will annulled by the \"Parlement of Paris\" after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, of the rank of Prince of the Blood, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges. Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Louis XIV's only surviving legitimate","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245799","text":"brother and has spawned numerous film adaptations generally titled \"The Man in the Iron Mask.\" In 1910, the American historical novelist Charles Major wrote \"\"The Little King: A Story of the Childhood of King Louis XIV\"\". Louis is a major character in the 1959 historical novel \"\"Angélique et le Roy\"\" (\"Angélique and the King\"), part of the Angelique Series. The protagonist, a strong-willed lady at Versailles, rejects the King's advances and refuses to become his mistress. A later book, the 1961 \"\"Angélique se révolte\"\" (\"Angélique in Revolt\"), details the dire consequences of her defying this powerful monarch. A character based","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20515130","text":"architects of the period included François Mansart, Jules Hardouin Mansart, Robert de Cotte, Pierre Le Muet, Charles Perrault, and Louis Le Vau. Major monuments included the Palace of Versailles, the Grand Trianon at Versailles, and the Church of Les Invalides (1675–91). The Louis XIV style had three periods. During the first period, which coincided with the youth of the King (1643-1660) and the regency of Anne of Austria, architecture and art were strongly influenced by the earlier style of Louis XIII and by the Baroque style imported from Italy. The early period saw the beginning of French classicism, particularly in","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19491114","text":"on the road to modern history-writing\". The Age of Louis XIV The Age of Louis XIV (\"\"Le Siècle de Louis XIV\"\", also translated The Century of Louis XIV) is a historical work by the French historian, philosopher, and writer Voltaire, first published in 1751. Through it, the French 17th century became identified with Louis XIV of France, who reigned from 1643 to 1715. A letter in May 1732 is the first recorded mention of Voltaire's intent to write a history of the reign of Louis XIV. He stopped and resumed the project multiple times, expressing the fear that he might","title":"The Age of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19491109","text":"The Age of Louis XIV The Age of Louis XIV (\"\"Le Siècle de Louis XIV\"\", also translated The Century of Louis XIV) is a historical work by the French historian, philosopher, and writer Voltaire, first published in 1751. Through it, the French 17th century became identified with Louis XIV of France, who reigned from 1643 to 1715. A letter in May 1732 is the first recorded mention of Voltaire's intent to write a history of the reign of Louis XIV. He stopped and resumed the project multiple times, expressing the fear that he might not live long enough to complete","title":"The Age of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515153","text":"in his private room removed and replaced by a single canvas, \"Saint Sebastien being tended by Saint Irene\" (c. 1649) by Georges de la Tour. The most influential sculptor of the period was the Italian Gian Lorenzo Bernini, whose work in Rome inspired sculptors all over Europe. He traveled to France; his proposal for a new facade of the Louvre was rejected by the King, who wanted a more specifically French style, but the Bernini did make a bust of Louis XIV in 1665 which was greatly admired and imitated in France. One of the most prominent sculptors under Louis","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515140","text":"squares was replaced by the Grand Style of monumental columns, which usually were part of the facade itself, rather than standing separately. All the buildings around the square were connected and built to the same height, in the same style. The ground floor featured a covered arcade for pedestrians. The first such complex of buildings built under Louis XIV was the Collège des Quatre-Nations (now the Institut de France) (1662–68), facing the Louvre. It was designed by Louis Le Vau and François d'Orbay, and combined the headquarters of the academies founded by the King, a chapel, and the library of","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245686","text":"miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, when Louis XIV was four years old. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. He did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis' relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time. Contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"11207891","text":"was decommissioned between 1858 and 1861, and was affected to the École Navale as a gunnery training ship from 1861 to 1865. That year, she was sent to Toulon. In 1870, her crew was sent to Paris to defend the city against the advancing Prussian armies. Training resumed in November 1870. In 1873, \"Louis XIV\" was decommissioned again. She was struck on 3 May 1880, and sold for scrap in 1882. French ship Louis-XIV (1854) Louis XIV was an 118-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. Laid down as \"Tonnant\" in 1811 at Rochefort, she was renamed \"Louis-XIV\"","title":"French ship Louis-XIV (1854)"},{"psg_id":"4693173","text":"Louis XIV (band) Louis XIV is an American rock band from San Diego, California. The band has released four EPs between 2003 and 2007, and three albums between 2003 and 2008, the latter two of which were distributed by Atlantic Records. The band broke up in 2009, but in 2013, in an interview with The Reno Dispatch, Jason Hill confirmed that the band had decided to reunite. Lead singer and guitarist Jason Hill, guitarist Brian Karscig, and drummer Mark Maigaard formed the group in April 2003, while living in Paris, France. Bassist James Armbrust joined soon after. \"Louis XIV\", the","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"11207890","text":"French ship Louis-XIV (1854) Louis XIV was an 118-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. Laid down as \"Tonnant\" in 1811 at Rochefort, she was renamed \"Louis-XIV\" in 1828, still on keel. She was launched only in 1854, and was put in the reserve the next year. On 28 January 1855, she departed Toulon to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol as a transport ship. From September 1856 to 1857, she was converted to combined sail/steam propulsion in Brest harbour, using machinery supplied by Robert Napier of Glasgow, to reenter service on 25 October 1857. \"Louis XIV\"","title":"French ship Louis-XIV (1854)"},{"psg_id":"20515145","text":"a richness of materials (marble, gold, and bronze) which reflected in the mirrors. In the late Louis XIV period, after 1690, new elements began to appear, that were less militaristic and more fantastic; particularly seashells, surrounded by elaborate sinuous lines and curves; and exotic designs, including arabesques and Chinoiserie. During the first period of the reign of Louis XIV, furniture followed the previous style of Louis XIII, and was massive, and profusely decorated with sculpture and gilding. After 1680, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"4693179","text":"events. Also in 2007, two of Louis XIV's tracks, the titular 'Louis XIV' and 'Finding Out True Love Is Blind' were used as backing tracks on Jimmy Carr's stand-up DVD \"Comedian\". The band's next EP, \"The Distances from Everyone to You\", was released through the iTunes Store on September 11, 2007. The EP contains the band's cover version of Queen's \"Flash Gordon\" theme, later used for the Sci Fi Channel's new \"Flash Gordon\" television series. Louis XIV toured with the Killers between February and April 2009. After a show in Manchester at the O2 Apollo Manchester, the Manchester Tribune called","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"20515165","text":"the Style Louis XIV is The \"Jardin à la française\" or French formal garden, a style based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. The most famous example is the Gardens of Versailles designed by André Le Nôtre, which inspired copies all across Europe. The first important garden à la française was the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, created by Nicolas Fouquet, the superintendent of Finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned Louis Le Vau to design the chateau, Charles Le Brun to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create the gardens. For","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515139","text":"begun in Italy, like many architectural ideas of Baroque period. The first such square in Paris was the Place Royal (now Place des Vosges) begun by Henry IV of France, completed with an equestrian statue of Louis XIII; then the Place Dauphine on the Ile de la Cité, which featured an equestrian statue of Henry IV. The initial grand Paris projects of Louis XIV were new facades on the Louvre, one facing the Seine, the other facing to the east. These were showcases of the new monumental style of Louis XIV. The old brick and stone of the Henry IV","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515133","text":"by Louis Le Vau, built for the King's chief of finance Nicolas Fouquet and completed in 1658. Louis XIV charged Fouquet with theft, put him prison, and took the building for himself. The design was strongly influenced by the classicism of François Mansart. It combined a facade dominated and rhymed by colossal classical columns, beneath a dome, imported from the Italian Baroque architecture, along with a number of original features, such as a semicircular salon which looked out on the vast French formal garden created by André Le Nôtre. Based on the success of Vaux le Vicomte, Louis XIV selected","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245721","text":"was never paid and would later play a part persuading Charles II of Spain to leave his empire to Philip, Duke of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the grandson of Louis and Maria Theresa. The War of Devolution did not focus on the payment of the dowry, rather, the lack of payment was what Louis XIV used as a pretext for nullifying Maria Theresa's renunciation of her claims, allowing the land to \"devolve\" to him. In Brabant (the location of the land in dispute), children of first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents’ remarriages and still inherited","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20581110","text":"the Mazarin desk was replaced by a large flat topped writing table with four legs and two drawers. A very elegant version of this desk was made by André-Charles Boulle, for Nicolas Fouquet, the King's minister of finance, for his chateau at Vaux-le-Vicomte. The bedroom was a place of ceremony under Louis XIV. The formal awakening of the King at the Palace of Versaille was a daily event, which any member of the Court or visitor to the Palace could attend. It was common for members of the nobility to receive guests when they were in bed. The beds had","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"20515161","text":"a series of exercises and games on horseback. These events were designed to replace the tournament, which had been banned after 1559 when King Henry II was killed in a jousting accident. In the new, less dangerous version, riders usually had to pass their lance through the interior of a ring, or strike mannequins with the heads of Medusa, Moors and Turks. A grand \"carrousel\" was held on June 5–6, 1662 to celebrate the birth of the \"Dauphin\", the son of Louis XIV. It was held on the square separating the Louvre from the Tuileries Palace, which afterwards became known","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19475907","text":"of the King of Spain he made during the current year, 10,000 livres\". Pierre Drevet was appointed to carry out the engravings and receives \"perfect payment of five thousand livres for the engraving [ \"sic\" ] he made of the portrait at the foot of the King Louis XIV, according to M. Rigaud, during 1714-1715.\" To do this, Drevet been assisted by a drawing executed by the young Jean-Marc Nattier and to who the director of buildings records payment, on August 20, 1713: Drevet owes a great deal to Nattier's work, which has recreated Rigaud's painting to its smallest details,","title":"Portrait of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515141","text":"Cardinal Mazarin. The Hôtel Royal des Invalides - a complex for war veterans consisting of residences, a hospital, and a chapel - was constructed by Libéral Bruant and Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1671-1679). Louis XIV then commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel featuring a striking dome, the Église du Dôme, which was added to complete the complex in 1708. The next major project was the Place des Victoires (1684-1697), a real estate development of seven large buildings in three segments around an oval square, with an equestrian statue of Louis XIV planned for the centerpiece. This was built by","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515151","text":"create the costumes and draperies, and others to paint the backgrounds, ranging from battlefields to gardens to salons, while he concentrated on the composition, colors and especially the faces. George de la Tour (1593-1652) was another important figure in the Louis XIV style; he was given a title, named court painter of the King, and received high payments for his portraits, though he rarely ever came to Paris, preferring to work in his home town of Lunéville. His paintings, with their unusual light and dark effecs, were unusually somber, the figures barely seen in the darkness, lit by torchlight, evoking","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"15881861","text":"considered a success, as the number of reproductions testifies. A mould of the bust was made in 1666; by 1669 at least seven plaster casts had been created. An early bronze version was taken to Quebec, Canada but is now lost. The only other early copy in bronze is in the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini) The Bust of Louis XIV is a marble portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It was created in the year 1665 during Bernini's visit to Paris. This sculptural portrait of Louis XIV of France has been","title":"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"20581111","text":"very high canopies and draperies supported by four posts and a rectangual frame or panel, called a tester, above. The draperies were largely to keep heat in and drafts out. The beds were separated from the rest of the room by a balustrade. Louis XIV furniture Louis XIV furniture was massive and lavishly covered with sculpture and ornament of gilded bronze in the earlier part of his personal reign (1660–1690). After about 1690, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based on the use of marquetry, the","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"20515154","text":"XIV was Antoine Coysevox (pronounced \"qualzevo\") (1640-1720) from Lyon. He studied sculpture under Louis Lerambert and copied in marble ancient Roman works, including the Venus de Medici. In 1776, his bust of the King's official painter Charles Le Brun won him admission to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He was soon producing monumental sculpture to accompany the new buildings constructed by Louis XIV; he made a Charlemagne for the royal chapel at Les Invalides, and then a large number of statues for the new Park at Versailles and then at the Chateau de Marly. He originally made the","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"15881852","text":"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini) The Bust of Louis XIV is a marble portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It was created in the year 1665 during Bernini's visit to Paris. This sculptural portrait of Louis XIV of France has been called the \"grandest piece of portraiture of the baroque age\". The bust is on display at the Versailles Palace, in the Salon de Diane in the King's Grand Apartment. Bernini had been invited to Paris as part of a larger diplomatic exchange between the Papacy and France. The ostensible reason for the visit was to create new","title":"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"11800196","text":"Persian embassy to Louis XIV The Persian embassy to Louis XIV caused a dramatic flurry at the court of Louis XIV in 1715, the year of the Sun King's death. Mohammed Reza Beg, or in French sources , was a high-ranking official to the Persian governor of the Yerevan province (Armenia). He had been chosen by the Safavid Persian emperor Sultan Husayn for the mission and travelled with a grand entourage, as suitable to the diplomat of a mighty empire. The scene of the Persian ambassador's entry into Paris, 7 February 1715, was described by François Pidou de Saint-Olon (1646–1720),","title":"Persian embassy to Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"12054290","text":"in the 15th and 16th centuries. Louis XIV and Maria Theresa also had three other children, though they were unable to survive infancy. Their names were Anne-Élisabeth (18 November 1662 – 30 December 1662), Marie-Anne (16 November 1664 - 26 December 1664) and Louis-François (14 June 1672 – 4 November 1672). \"Louis XVII\" or Louis-Charles, the Duke of Normandy, was the last male heir of the direct line of descent from Louis XIV. After his death in the temple in 1795, the succession rights passed to his uncle (the title of \"Heir-Male\" of Louis XIV would also have passed to","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"4693181","text":"a camaraderie, and in that, the music started to suffer and started feeling uninspired.\" After performing a number of shows on their \"Return of the King\" tour in 2012 supporting The Killers, Jason Hill officially confirmed in an interview in March 2013 that the band has decided to reunite. Louis XIV was known for their sexually provocative lyrics in many of their songs. In 2005 the Hoover, Alabama board of education withdrew an invitation for the band to perform a concert at Hoover High School, The board cited complaints about the lyrics of the band's songs, a recent arrest in","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"19491113","text":"writer Hannah More wrote that Voltaire had \"decorated both the period and the king with so much that is great and brilliant, that they fill a large space in the eye of the reader.\" The American writer Virginia Randolph Cary wrote in 1828 that \"Voltaire's General History, and his Age of Lewis XIV, will always be read with pleasure.\" The publication of new editions of \"The Age of Louis XIV\" in the late 20th century helped to renew interest in Voltaire as a historian. Modern scholars have described it as \"the foundational text of French literary history\" and \"a milestone","title":"The Age of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515163","text":"was responsible the decoration at royal ceremonies and spectacles, including ballets, masques, illuminations, fireworks, theater performances and other entertainments. This office was held from 1674 to 1711 by Jean Bérain the Elder (1640-1711). He was also designer of the King's bedchamber and offices, and had an enormous influence upon what became known as the Style Louis XIV; his studio was located in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, along with those of the royal furniture designer André Charles Boulle. He was particularly responsible for introducing the a modified version of the grotesque style of ornament, originally created in Italy by","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"4693184","text":"the last 20 years, but that we were irresponsible morally, so everyone should avoid it. Its so far from the truth but I've even been called a racist when I used the terms \"Chocolate Girl\" and \"Vanilla Girl\". I was being playful. But in some ways, the most negative press can also be the biggest compliment. Louis XIV (band) Louis XIV is an American rock band from San Diego, California. The band has released four EPs between 2003 and 2007, and three albums between 2003 and 2008, the latter two of which were distributed by Atlantic Records. The band broke","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"4693178","text":"Girls. The video, featuring various models in different stages of undress, was directed by alt-porn pioneer Eon McKai. In 2007 David Bowie and Alicia Keys asked the band to play their BlackBall charity event for Aids in Africa. Bowie cited Louis XIV as one of his favorite new bands in numerous Conde Naste publications. Hill and Karscig also sang on three songs on The Killers 2006 album \"Sam's Town\". In September 2007 violinist Ray Suen joined Louis XIV as a touring member. The band toured Australia, Mexico, and the USA with The Killers and played several AIDS in Africa charity","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"16701245","text":"In the late 17th century, the property where the current Château Louis XIV was built consisted of several plots of land, chestnut groves and woodland. In the early 18th century, the royal regiment was in charge of participating in a major excavation project in Marly-le-Roi. They thus decided to set up camp in an existing clearing on these very plots of land. During this period, Louis XIV decided to build a palace in Marly-le-Roi nestled in a lush green setting; a place where he would regularly go to find the peace and quiet that he lacked in Versailles. Later, the","title":"Château Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515142","text":"an enterprising entrepreneur and nobleman of the court, Jean-Baptiste Prédot, combined with the architect Jules Haroudin-Mansart. The final urban project became the best-known, the Place Vendôme, also by Harouin-Mansart, between 1699 and 1702. In another innovation, this project was partially financed by the sale of lots around the square. All of these projects featured monumental facades in the Louis XIV style, giving a particular harmony to the squares. In the early Louis XIV style, the principle characteristics of decor were a richness of materials and an effort to achieve a monumental effect. The materials used included marble, often combined with","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"16701256","text":"an English-style garden on the lower level, all in keeping with the natural outlines of the property where the château is located. Château Louis XIV The Château Louis XIV is a château constructed between 2008 and 2011 in the commune of Louveciennes in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region. The chateau was built by the property developer Emad Khashoggi's property development company COGEMAD using traditional craftsmanship techniques and materials. Located between Versailles and Marly-le-Roi on a 23-hectare (57-acre) walled site, the property is surrounded by moats and has a constructed surface area of 7,000 m (75,350 ft), 5,000 m","title":"Château Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"12054285","text":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous. Although only one of his children by his wife Maria Theresa of Spain survived past infancy, Louis had many illegitimate children by his mistresses. This article deals with the children of Louis XIV and in turn their senior descendants. She was born as Infanta María Teresa of Spain (also known as María Teresa of Austria, being paternal great-great-granddaughter of an Archduke of Austria), at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. Maria was the daughter of Philip IV","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"15881853","text":"designs for the Louvre Palace, but the young king Louis XIV had declared he also desired a portrait bust. Bernini’s designs for the Louvre did not go down well and were not acted upon; indeed their failure to be accepted was a reflection of the general antagonism between the Italian Bernini and certain members within the French court. However, the portrait bust, which depended upon a more personal relationship between the king and the artist, was completed and largely considered a great success. The creation of the bust is incredibly well documented, thanks to efforts of the French diarist Paul","title":"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"4693180","text":"the band \"criminally overlooked\". They released their third album \"Slick Dogs and Ponies\" on January 29, 2008 to largely negative reviews. In an interview with NME on June 30, 2009, The Killers singer Brandon Flowers mentioned that he thought Louis XIV had broken up. The band confirmed this on July 3, 2009 on their MySpace blog, saying that Brian Karscig had left the band to start \"The Nervous Wreckords\". Karscig did not rule out the possibility of future reunions, but stated that he needed to take an indefinite break, since \"Louis XIV started to feel more like a business than","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"20515150","text":"design. His notable decorative works included the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. The major painters of the later reign of Louis XIV included Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743) who came to Paris in 1681, and attracted the attention of LeBrun. LeBrun oriented him toward portrait painting, and he made a celebrated portrait of Louis XIV in 1701, surrounded by all the attributes of power, from the crown on the table to the red heels of his shoes. Rigaud soon had an elaborate workshop in place for making portraits of the nobility; he employed specialized artists to","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"18639015","text":"The Private Life of Louis XIV The Private Life of Louis XIV or Liselotte of the Palatinate (German: Liselotte von der Pfalz) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Renate Müller, Eugen Klöpfer and Maria Krahn. The film's English language release title is a reference to the hit British film \"The Private Life of Henry VIII\" (1933). The film portrays the life of the Heidelberg-born Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who married into the French royal family during the reign of Louis XIV. She was also the subject of a 1966 biopic in which she was","title":"The Private Life of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245740","text":"until the French Revolution about a century later. In 1648 France was the leading European power, and most of the wars pivoted around its aggressiveness. Only poverty-stricken Russia exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the devastation of the Thirty Years War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial system that was hard-pressed to pay for all the military adventures, and the tendency of most other powers to gang up against it. During the very long reign of King Louis XIV (1643 – 1715), France fought","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"18639016","text":"played by Heidelinde Weis. The Private Life of Louis XIV The Private Life of Louis XIV or Liselotte of the Palatinate (German: Liselotte von der Pfalz) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Renate Müller, Eugen Klöpfer and Maria Krahn. The film's English language release title is a reference to the hit British film \"The Private Life of Henry VIII\" (1933). The film portrays the life of the Heidelberg-born Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who married into the French royal family during the reign of Louis XIV. She was also the subject of a 1966 biopic","title":"The Private Life of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"15881854","text":"Fréart de Chantelou, a steward at the court of Louis XIV, who befriended Bernini during his time in Paris. The bust took just over three months to carve. Once potential blocks of marble had been selected, Bernini began by taking drawings (none of which survive) and small clay models of the king., However, it seems that once he had done this initial work, Bernini chose to work only during sittings with the king. His pupil, Giulio Cartari, began work on carving down the chosen block of marble (and would later do much of the drapery work), and then Bernini took","title":"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)"},{"psg_id":"19028921","text":"chart. During its Japanese release, the game sold 20,655 units. By November 2017 SNK announced that the period of Summer 2016 to Summer 2017 was very profitable for them attributing it to the release of \"The King of Fighters XIV\" and its DLC characters. In 2016, \"The King of Fighters XIV\" was nominated for the \"Best Fighting Game\" Award at the Game Awards but lost to \"Street Fighter V\". Despite initial issues with the online mode and other features from the game, Yasuyuki Oda stated the fan response to \"The King of Fighters XIV\" was positive especially after fixing these","title":"The King of Fighters XIV"},{"psg_id":"12054293","text":"descendants. Therefore, according to primogeniture rules, Henri, Comte de Chambord was the Heir-Male of Louis XIV and also the Legitimist claimant of the throne of France. Henry, Count of Chambord died childless on 24 August 1883. He was the last descendant in the legitimate male line from Louis de France, Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne), eldest grandson of Louis XIV. Burgundy's youngest brother, Charles, Duke of Berry, died without any surviving issue. There remained only the descendants of Philip V of Spain, formerly Philippe de France, Duke of Anjou, who was Louis XIV's second grandson. Some French royalists recognized","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245791","text":"too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no better illustration of this than in Hyacinthe Rigaud's frequently-reproduced \"Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701\", in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs. Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during Louis' reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis' personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12054287","text":"a product of years and generations of royal intermarriage between cousins. In 1659, as the war with France began to wind down, a union between the two royal families, of Spain and of France, was proposed as a means to secure peace. María Teresa and Louis XIV were double first-cousins, and it was proposed that they wed. His father was Louis XIII of France, who was the brother of her mother, while her father was brother to Anne of Austria, his mother. Such a prospect was intensely enticing to Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV and aunt of María","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12054299","text":"Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême. However, with his death, the titles split, with the French succession rights passing to the descendants of Philip V of Spain and the status of heir-general passing to his sister, Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, who married Charles III, Duke of Parma, himself a direct descendant of Philip V of Spain. It is through this descent that the Duke of Calabria holds the designation of heir-general of Louis XIV. The Duke is also a descendant of Louis XIV through another line. Louis XV's eldest daughter, Princess Louise Élisabeth of France married Philip, Duke of Parma, a","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20515132","text":"period was André Charles Boulle. The final period of Louis XIV style, from about 1690 to 1715, is called the period of transition; it was influenced by Hardouin-Mansart and by the King's designer of fetes and ceremonies, Jean Bérain the Elder. The new style was lighter in form, and featured greater fantasy and freedom of line, thanks in part to the use of wrought iron decoration, and greater use of arabesque, grotesque and coquille designs, which continued into the style of Louis XV. The model of civic architecture in the early part of the reign was Vaux le Vicomte (1658),","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"245812","text":"to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it. For his part, Voltaire saw Louis' vanity as the cause for his bellicosity:It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of Franche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself. Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon Napoleon described him not only as \"a great king\", but also as \"the only King of France worthy of the name\". Leibniz, the German Protestant","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245685","text":"concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given) and bore the traditional title of French heirs apparent: \"Dauphin\". At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245743","text":"devout Madame de Maintenon pushed Louis to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which awarded Huguenots political and religious freedom, but her influence in the matter is now being questioned. Louis saw the persistence of Protestantism as a disgraceful reminder of royal powerlessness. After all, the Edict was the pragmatic concession of his grandfather Henry IV to end the longstanding French Wars of Religion. An additional factor in Louis' thinking was the prevailing contemporary European principle to assure socio-political stability, \"cuius regio, eius religio\" (\"whose realm, his religion\"), the idea that the religion of the ruler should","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245800","text":"on Louis plays an important role in \"The Age of Unreason\", a series of four alternate history novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author Gregory Keyes. Louis features significantly in Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle, specifically \"The Confusion\", the greater part of which takes place at Versailles. In the \"39 Clues\" series universe, it has been noted that Louis was part of the Cahill branch, Tomas. He is called the son of Apollo in Rick Riordan's Trials of Apollo series. The film, \"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\" (1966), directed by Roberto Rossellini, shows Louis's rise to power","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"20581104","text":"\"canapé\" which looked like two armchairs joined together. In the later period of the Louis XIV style, the amount of decoration on the frame diminished, and their form became more graceful and curving. The feet 'en console' often ended in the form known as a 'deer's foot', or a gilded bronze shoe. The \"Fauteuil a la Reine\" or Queen's armchair, was introduced, and became a popular form, which continued to be made, with various modifications, throughout the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. The \"fauteuil en confessional\" was another innovation, an armchair with wings with thick cushions on either side","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"20581098","text":"on the walls, and the sculpted ceilings with similar decorations. Cabbinets, tables and chairs were geometric. Armchairs appeared with high backs, made with pieces of \"bois tourné\", cut in a spiral form. The second period, from 1660 to about 1690, was the beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV, Much of the furniture of this period was made for the decoration of the grand new halls of the Palace of Versailles designed by Louis Le Vau and then by Jules Hardouin-Mansart. The characteristics of the first style in decoration and furniture were richness of materials and an effort to","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"12054297","text":"Spanish throne to Xavier, Duke of Parma, who became the Carlist pretender. However, the rights to the throne of France passed to the line of his cousin, Francis, Duke of Cadiz, who was the son of his grandfather's youngest brother. Francis was Isabella II's consort; therefore the claim was inherited by the Spanish Royal Family in the person of King Alfonso XIII. The title was next inherited by the eldest-surviving son of Alfonso, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia and subsequently his grandson and great-grandson. Thus, the current heir-male of Louis XIV and the representative of the rights of Philip V","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"19491110","text":"it. For preparation, he read two hundred volumes of material, plus many unpublished memoirs, as well as historical documents he found in the archives of the Louvre. In common with other Enlightenment philosophers, Voltaire saw the age of Alexander the Great and Pericles, the age of Caesar and Augustus, and the Italian Renaissance as \"great ages\" or \"ages of light\". He presented the age of Louis XIV as the fourth and greatest. The period covered by the history does not correspond either to the 17th century nor to the reign of Louis XIV, but from the last years of Cardinal","title":"The Age of Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"4200677","text":"at the Palace of Versailles. In 1702, at the age of twenty, the Duke of Burgundy was admitted by his grandfather King Louis XIV to the \"Conseil d'en haut\" (High Council), which was in charge of state secrets regarding religion, diplomacy and war. His father had been admitted only at the age of thirty. In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Louis was given command of the army in Flanders, with the experienced soldier Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, serving under him. The uncertainty as to which of the two should truly command the army led to delays","title":"Louis, Duke of Burgundy"},{"psg_id":"3480790","text":"Louis, Grand Dauphin Louis of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France, and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain. As the heir apparent to the French throne, he was styled Dauphin. He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son, \"Le Petit Dauphin\". As he died before his father, he never became king. His grandson became Louis XV of France. Louis was born on 1 November 1661 at the Château de Fontainebleau, the eldest son of the young French King, Louis XIV","title":"Louis, Grand Dauphin"},{"psg_id":"245813","text":"philosopher, commended him as \"one of the greatest kings that ever was\". And Lord Acton admired him as \"by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne\". The historian and philosopher Voltaire wrote: \"His name can never be pronounced without respect and without summoning the image of an eternally memorable age\". Voltaire's history, \"The Age of Louis XIV\", named Louis' reign as not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished, but the greatest ever. In 1848, at Nuneham House, a piece of Louis' mummified heart, taken","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245707","text":"of Louis' foreign policy in the next 50 years would be based on this marriage. Louis XIV was declared to have reached the age of majority on 7 September 1651. On the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis assumed personal control of the reins of government and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: \"Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself. You [he was talking to the secretaries and ministers of state]","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245684","text":"in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis' reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts: the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare defined the foreign policy of Louis XIV, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled \"by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\", Louis sensed that warfare was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime he","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"649466","text":"from 1374 required that the kingdom be governed by a regent until Louis reached the age of thirteen. The title of Regent was given to his nearest relative, his cousin Philippe, the Duke of Orleans. Louis XIV, however, distrusted Philippe, who was a renowned soldier, but was regarded by the King as an atheist and libertine. The King referred privately to Philippe as a \"Fanfaron des crimes\" (\"braggart of crimes\"). Louis XIV wanted France to be ruled by his favorite but illegitimate son, Duke of Maine (illegitimate son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan), who was in the council.","title":"Louis XV of France"},{"psg_id":"20581108","text":"in Los Angeles. The ornate and heavy chests of Louis XIII gradually disappeared were replaced by a new item of furniture, the commode, which had a column of drawers. In the earlier years of Louis XIV the chests were massive an geometric, sometimes with columns and pediments and panels of wood with carved decorative elements in diamond and other geometric shapes. The early chests and commodes were often of dark wood, which made them sombre. André-Charles Boulle lightened the appearance of the commodes with marquetry of ivory, mother of pearl, tin, and brass. He also used different colored woods to","title":"Louis XIV furniture"},{"psg_id":"20515143","text":"multicolor stones, bronze, paintings, and mirrors. These were inserted into an extremely framework of columns, pilasters, niches, which extended up the walls and up upon the ceiling. The doors were surrounded with medallions, frontons and bas-reliefs. The chimneys were smaller than those during the Louis XIII era, but more ornate, with a marble shelf supporting vases, below a carved frame with a painting or mirrors, all surrounded by a thick border of carved leaves or flowers. Decrative elements on the walls of the early Louis XIV style were usually intended to celebrate the military success, majesty and cultural achievements of","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"20515134","text":"Le Vau to construct an immense new palace at Versailles, to augment a smaller palace transformed from a hunting lodge by Louis XIII. This gradually became, over the decades, the master work of the Louis XIV style. Following the death of Le Vau in 1680, Jules Hardouin-Mansart took over the Versailles project; he broke away from the picturesque projections and dome and made a more sober and uniform facade of columns, with a flat roof topped by a balustrade and row of columns (1681). He used the same style to harmonize the other new buildings he created at Versailles, including","title":"Style Louis XIV"},{"psg_id":"19028897","text":"improve the visuals. Critical reception to \"The King of Fighters XIV\" has been generally positive with video game publications praising the appeal of its fighting system to newcomers and experts of fighting games. However, it has also been criticized for its use of a graphic engine that supports real-time 3D rendering at an inferior quality to fighting games released during the 8th generation. The series inspired an ongoing manga while in December 2018, SNK announced they were working on a new sequel, \"The King of Fighters XV\". \"The King of Fighters XIV\" features full 3D models like \"\", but on","title":"The King of Fighters XIV"},{"psg_id":"245814","text":"from his tomb and kept in a silver locket by Lord Harcourt, Archbishop of York, was shown to the Dean of Westminster, William Buckland, who ate it. Numerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend. The well-known \"I am the state\" (\"\"L'état, c'est moi.\"\") was reported from at least the late 18th century. It was widely repeated but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century. He did say, \"Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful.\" Louis is recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245758","text":"in 1697 yielded a fortune of 10,000,000 livres. In July 1695, the city of Namur, occupied for three years by the French, was besieged by an allied army led by William III. Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the attention of these troops. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which 4-5000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city-center. The strategy failed, as Namur fell three weeks later, but harmed Louis XIV's reputation: a century later, Napoleon deemed the bombardment \"as barbarous as it was useless.\" Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690.","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"12054291","text":"him), who eventually became Louis XVIII of France, a younger brother of the Duke's Father, Louis XVI of France, and was as such a member of the senior line of descent from Louis XIV and the Bourbon-Vendôme line of the House of Bourbon. After Louis XVIII's death, the throne went to yet another brother of Louis XVI, Charles, Count of Artois, who ascended the throne as Charles X of France. His son, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, married \"Madame Royale\", daughter of his uncle, Louis XVI of France, in a move to unite both lines of Royal Family. However, the duke","title":"Descendants of Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245773","text":"of Oudenarde, which enabled them to mount an invasion of France. France established contact with Francis II Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. Defeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages. In his desperation, Louis XIV even ordered a disastrous invasion of the English island of Guernsey in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest. By the winter of 1708–1709, Louis was willing to accept","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245701","text":"unpleasant – a fate meted out to many children in all ages – but that Louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin and political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding\". \"The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights\". The royal family was driven out of Paris twice in this manner, and at one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. The Fronde years","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"245688","text":"rule. During his childhood, he was taken care of by the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey. In 1646, Nicolas V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time between the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy. On 14 May 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the \"Parlement de Paris\" (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). This action abolished the regency council and made Anne sole Regent of France. Anne exiled some","title":"Louis XIV of France"},{"psg_id":"4200675","text":"young 21-year-old Dauphin, Louis, who would later be called \"le Grand Dauphin\", and his wife, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. His father was the eldest son of King Louis XIV of France, by then at the height of his powers at age 44. At birth, he received the title of Duke of Burgundy (\"duc de Bourgogne\"). In addition, as the son of the Dauphin and grandson to the king, he was a \"fils de France\" and also second in the line of succession to his grandfather, King Louis XIV after his father. Louis grew up with his younger brothers: Philip,","title":"Louis, Duke of Burgundy"},{"psg_id":"4693183","text":"out about it on CNN, the night before after the VMAs in Miami, we still got paid to play the show so we just hung out in Miami another day, we needed the break anyway. It was really very idiotic, I thought. I've been called a sexist and a male chauvinist. There was a really great article in San Francisco's paper, \"The Guardian\" which was called \"10 Reasons Why You Should Not Like Louis XIV\"; it was one of my favorite articles I've ever read about us. As it was all about the music being some of the best in","title":"Louis XIV (band)"},{"psg_id":"20515136","text":"of the Val-de-Grace hospital. The design was worked on successively by Mansart, Jacques Lemercier and Pierre Le Muet before being completed by Gabriel Leduc. Its picturesque tripartite facade, peristyle, detached columns, statues, and \"tondi\", make it the most Italianate and Baroque of Paris churches. It served as the prototype for the later domes of Les Invalides and the Pantheon. The next major church built under Louis XIV was the church of Les Invalides (1680-1706). The nave of the church, by Libéral Bruant, was comparable to those of other churches of the period, with ionic pilasters and penetratining vaults, and an","title":"Style Louis XIV"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17409896\",\n \"text\": \"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini) The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV is a late sculpture designed and partially executed by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini first discussed the project while in France in the mid-1660s, but it did not start until later in the decade, when back in Rome. It was not completed until 1684, and then shipped to Paris in 1685. Louis XIV of France was extremely unhappy with the end result and had it placed in a corner of the gardens of the royal palace at Versailles. Eventually, the sculpture was modified by\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19475914\",\n \"text\": \"the portrait of Louis XV, also in costume sacre. 23 Another copy is present at the Paris Observatory, between portraits of Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Urbain Le Verrier. Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \\\"official portrait\\\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19475902\",\n \"text\": \"Portrait of Louis XIV Portrait of Louis XIV in Coronation Robes was painted in 1701 by the French painter Hyacinthe Rigaud after being commissioned by the king who wanted to satisfy the desire of his grandson, Philip V, for a portrait of him. Louis XIV kept it hanging at Versailles. This portrait has become the \\\"official portrait\\\" of Louis XIV. On the death of King Charles II of Spain on 18 November 1700, Spain was beset by the dynastic ambitions of other European powers, resulting in a succession war. The Spanish king's will ruled out any idea of sharing and\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17409897\",\n \"text\": \"François Girardon and altered into an equestrian sculpture of the ancient Roman hero Marcus Curtius A print of the sculpture, mistakenly identified as being by Bernini's father Pietro, exists in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France. Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini) The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV is a late sculpture designed and partially executed by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini first discussed the project while in France in the mid-1660s, but it did not start until later in the decade, when back in Rome. It was not completed until 1684, and then shipped to Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515129\",\n \"text\": \"Style Louis XIV The Style Louis XIV, also called French classicism, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King Louis XIV and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official style during the reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715), imposed upon artists by the newly established \\\"Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture\\\" (Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture) and the \\\"Académie royale d'architecture\\\" (Royal Academy of Architecture). It had an important influence upon the architecture of other European monarchs, from Frederick the Great of Prussia to Peter the Great of Russia. Major\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245681\",\n \"text\": \"Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralisation of power. Louis\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19475903\",\n \"text\": \"placed Philip, Duke of Anjou, second son of the Grand Dauphin and grand-son of Louis XIV at the forefront of legitimate contenders for the crown. The future king of Spain, eager to take with him the image of his grandfather, convinced Louis XIV to order Hyacinthe Rigaud to paint what would become the absolute image of royal power and the reference picture for generations to come: Spoke Hyacinthe Rigaud, through a friend, in the autobiography he sent to the Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III in 1716. These statements are corroborated by the mention of the corresponding payment in the\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515168\",\n \"text\": \"the horizon, the garden was full of surprises – fountains, small gardens filled with statuary, which provided a more human scale and intimate spaces. The central symbol of the Garden was the sun; the emblem of Louis XIV, illustrated by the statue of Apollo in the central fountain of the garden. \\\"The views and perspectives, to and from the palace, continued to infinity. The king ruled over nature, recreating in the garden not only his domination of his territories, but over the court and his subjects.\\\" Style Louis XIV The Style Louis XIV, also called French classicism, was the style\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245818\",\n \"text\": \"only to the better-known and legitimised. Louis XIV of France Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (') or the Sun King ('), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting on 14 May 1643 when Louis was 4 years old, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16701243\",\n \"text\": \"Château Louis XIV The Château Louis XIV is a château constructed between 2008 and 2011 in the commune of Louveciennes in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region. The chateau was built by the property developer Emad Khashoggi's property development company COGEMAD using traditional craftsmanship techniques and materials. Located between Versailles and Marly-le-Roi on a 23-hectare (57-acre) walled site, the property is surrounded by moats and has a constructed surface area of 7,000 m (75,350 ft), 5,000 m (53,800 ft) of which are living space. The property pays various tributes to Louis XIV of France, France's Sun King and stands\",\n \"title\": \"Château Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19747415\",\n \"text\": \"Jonathan Romney, film critic for \\\"Sight & Sound\\\", described \\\"The Death of Louis XIV\\\" as \\\"strange, haunting and perhaps the most beautiful film seen in Cannes in [2016]\\\". The Death of Louis XIV The Death of Louis XIV () is a 2016 historical drama film written and directed by Albert Serra and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud as King Louis XIV. The film was screened out of competition at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. It made its North American premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and its U.S. premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival. \\\"New York Times\\\" critic\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245815\",\n \"text\": \"deathbed: \\\"\\\" (\\\"I depart, but the State shall always remain.\\\") Louis's formal style was \\\"\\\"Louis XIV, par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre\\\"\\\", or \\\"Louis XIV, by the Grace of God, King of France and of Navarre\\\". On 5 April 1693, Louis also founded the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis (), a military order of chivalry. He named it after Louis IX and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. It is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the \\\"Légion d'honneur\\\", with\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581095\",\n \"text\": \"Louis XIV furniture Louis XIV furniture was massive and lavishly covered with sculpture and ornament of gilded bronze in the earlier part of his personal reign (1660–1690). After about 1690, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based on the use of marquetry, the inlay of piece of ebony and other rare woods, a technique first used in Florence in the 15th century, which was refined and developed by Boulle and others working for the King. Furniture was inlaid with thin plaques of ebony, copper, mother of\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515162\",\n \"text\": \"as the Place du Carrousel. The ceremonial entry of the King into Paris also became an occasion for festivities. The return of Louis XIV and Queen Marie-Thérèse to Paris after his coronation in 1660 was celebrated by a grand event on a fairground at the gates of the city, where large thrones were constructed for the new monarchs. After the ceremony the site became known as the Place du Trône, or place of the Throne, until it became the Place de la Nation in 1880. An office existed in the royal household of Louis XIV called Menus-Plaisirs du Roi, which\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19747414\",\n \"text\": \"The Death of Louis XIV The Death of Louis XIV () is a 2016 historical drama film written and directed by Albert Serra and starring Jean-Pierre Léaud as King Louis XIV. The film was screened out of competition at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. It made its North American premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and its U.S. premiere at the 54th New York Film Festival. \\\"New York Times\\\" critic Manohla Dargis described the film as a \\\"mesmerizing elegy.\\\" In \\\"Screen\\\", Allan Hunter called Léaud's performance \\\"easily the actor’s best role and most noteworthy performance in some time.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245801\",\n \"text\": \"after the death of Cardinal Mazarin. The film, \\\"Le Roi Danse\\\" (2000; translated: \\\"The King Dances\\\"), directed by Gérard Corbiau, reveals Louis through the eyes of Jean-Baptiste Lully, his court musician. Julian Sands portrayed Louis in Roland Jaffe's \\\"Vatel\\\" (2000). Alan Rickman directed, co-wrote, and stars as Louis XIV in the film, \\\"A Little Chaos\\\", which centers on construction in the gardens of Versaille, at the time immediately before and after the death of Queen Maria Theresa. The 2016 film \\\"The Death of Louis XIV\\\", directed by Albert Serra, is set during the last two weeks of Louis XIV's life\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054300\",\n \"text\": \"son of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese. Louis XIV and Françoise-Athénaïs had seven children in total and she was his most notorious mistress. Two of their children died very young. Their names were Louise Françoise de Bourbon (late March 1669 – 23 February 1672) and Louis-César de Bourbon (20 June 1672 – 10 January 1683). Descendants of Louis XIV of France The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous. Although only one of his children by his wife Maria Theresa of Spain survived past infancy, Louis had many\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583762\",\n \"text\": \"his whole court.\\\" \\\"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\\\" received a DVD release by The Criterion Collection in January 2009. The Taking of Power by Louis XIV The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (), also called The Rise of Louis XIV, is a French television film by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. The film revolves around the French king Louis XIV's rise to power after the death of his powerful advisor, Cardinal Mazarin. To achieve this political autonomy, Louis deals with his mother and the court nobles, all of whom makes the assumption that Mazarin's death will give\",\n \"title\": \"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245802\",\n \"text\": \"before dying of gangrene, with the monarch played by Jean-Pierre Léaud. The 15-year-old Louis XIV, as played by the Irish actor Robert Sheehan, is a major character of the short-lived historical fantasy series \\\"Young Blades\\\" from January to June 2005. George Blagden portrays Louis XIV in the Canal+ series \\\"Versailles\\\" which aired for three seasons from 2015. Despite the image of a healthy and virile king that Louis sought to project, evidence exists to suggest that his health was not that good. He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of diabetes, as confirmed in reports of suppurating periostitis in 1678,\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583760\",\n \"text\": \"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV The Taking of Power by Louis XIV (), also called The Rise of Louis XIV, is a French television film by Italian film director Roberto Rossellini. The film revolves around the French king Louis XIV's rise to power after the death of his powerful advisor, Cardinal Mazarin. To achieve this political autonomy, Louis deals with his mother and the court nobles, all of whom makes the assumption that Mazarin's death will give them more power. Colin McCabe of the University of Pittsburgh praised the film as \\\"the most serious attempt by a great\",\n \"title\": \"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054298\",\n \"text\": \"of Spain to the French throne is Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou, who is the second cousin of the present king of Spain, Felipe VI. However, if a non-Salic primogeniture is followed, the eldest surviving descendant, in other words, the heir-general of Louis XIV is the present Duke of Calabria. With the death of the Madame Royale, daughter of Louis XVI, the direct line of the French royal family became extinct. At her death, the heir-general of Louix XIV was also its heir-male — Henri, Count of Chambord (\\\"Henri V\\\"), who was the nephew of her husband and first cousin,\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515144\",\n \"text\": \"the King. They often featured military trophies, with helmets, oak leaves symbolizing victory, and masses of weapons, usually made of glided bronze or sculpted wood, in relief surrounded by marble. Other decorative elements celebrated the King personally: the head of the King was often represented as the sun god Apollo, surrounded by palm leaves or gilded rays of light. An eagle usually represented Jupiter. Other ornamental details included gilded numbers, royal batons, and crowns. The Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles (1678-1684) was the summit of the early Louis XIV style. Designed by Charles Le Brun, it combined\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245806\",\n \"text\": \"Accordingly, the king created a regency council as Louis XIII had in anticipation of his own minority, with some power vested in his illegitimate son Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine. Orléans, however, had Louis' will annulled by the \\\"Parlement of Paris\\\" after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, of the rank of Prince of the Blood, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges. Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. Louis XIV's only surviving legitimate\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245799\",\n \"text\": \"brother and has spawned numerous film adaptations generally titled \\\"The Man in the Iron Mask.\\\" In 1910, the American historical novelist Charles Major wrote \\\"\\\"The Little King: A Story of the Childhood of King Louis XIV\\\"\\\". Louis is a major character in the 1959 historical novel \\\"\\\"Angélique et le Roy\\\"\\\" (\\\"Angélique and the King\\\"), part of the Angelique Series. The protagonist, a strong-willed lady at Versailles, rejects the King's advances and refuses to become his mistress. A later book, the 1961 \\\"\\\"Angélique se révolte\\\"\\\" (\\\"Angélique in Revolt\\\"), details the dire consequences of her defying this powerful monarch. A character based\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515130\",\n \"text\": \"architects of the period included François Mansart, Jules Hardouin Mansart, Robert de Cotte, Pierre Le Muet, Charles Perrault, and Louis Le Vau. Major monuments included the Palace of Versailles, the Grand Trianon at Versailles, and the Church of Les Invalides (1675–91). The Louis XIV style had three periods. During the first period, which coincided with the youth of the King (1643-1660) and the regency of Anne of Austria, architecture and art were strongly influenced by the earlier style of Louis XIII and by the Baroque style imported from Italy. The early period saw the beginning of French classicism, particularly in\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19491114\",\n \"text\": \"on the road to modern history-writing\\\". The Age of Louis XIV The Age of Louis XIV (\\\"\\\"Le Siècle de Louis XIV\\\"\\\", also translated The Century of Louis XIV) is a historical work by the French historian, philosopher, and writer Voltaire, first published in 1751. Through it, the French 17th century became identified with Louis XIV of France, who reigned from 1643 to 1715. A letter in May 1732 is the first recorded mention of Voltaire's intent to write a history of the reign of Louis XIV. He stopped and resumed the project multiple times, expressing the fear that he might\",\n \"title\": \"The Age of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19491109\",\n \"text\": \"The Age of Louis XIV The Age of Louis XIV (\\\"\\\"Le Siècle de Louis XIV\\\"\\\", also translated The Century of Louis XIV) is a historical work by the French historian, philosopher, and writer Voltaire, first published in 1751. Through it, the French 17th century became identified with Louis XIV of France, who reigned from 1643 to 1715. A letter in May 1732 is the first recorded mention of Voltaire's intent to write a history of the reign of Louis XIV. He stopped and resumed the project multiple times, expressing the fear that he might not live long enough to complete\",\n \"title\": \"The Age of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515153\",\n \"text\": \"in his private room removed and replaced by a single canvas, \\\"Saint Sebastien being tended by Saint Irene\\\" (c. 1649) by Georges de la Tour. The most influential sculptor of the period was the Italian Gian Lorenzo Bernini, whose work in Rome inspired sculptors all over Europe. He traveled to France; his proposal for a new facade of the Louvre was rejected by the King, who wanted a more specifically French style, but the Bernini did make a bust of Louis XIV in 1665 which was greatly admired and imitated in France. One of the most prominent sculptors under Louis\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515140\",\n \"text\": \"squares was replaced by the Grand Style of monumental columns, which usually were part of the facade itself, rather than standing separately. All the buildings around the square were connected and built to the same height, in the same style. The ground floor featured a covered arcade for pedestrians. The first such complex of buildings built under Louis XIV was the Collège des Quatre-Nations (now the Institut de France) (1662–68), facing the Louvre. It was designed by Louis Le Vau and François d'Orbay, and combined the headquarters of the academies founded by the King, a chapel, and the library of\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245686\",\n \"text\": \"miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, when Louis XIV was four years old. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. He did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis' relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time. Contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11207891\",\n \"text\": \"was decommissioned between 1858 and 1861, and was affected to the École Navale as a gunnery training ship from 1861 to 1865. That year, she was sent to Toulon. In 1870, her crew was sent to Paris to defend the city against the advancing Prussian armies. Training resumed in November 1870. In 1873, \\\"Louis XIV\\\" was decommissioned again. She was struck on 3 May 1880, and sold for scrap in 1882. French ship Louis-XIV (1854) Louis XIV was an 118-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. Laid down as \\\"Tonnant\\\" in 1811 at Rochefort, she was renamed \\\"Louis-XIV\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"French ship Louis-XIV (1854)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693173\",\n \"text\": \"Louis XIV (band) Louis XIV is an American rock band from San Diego, California. The band has released four EPs between 2003 and 2007, and three albums between 2003 and 2008, the latter two of which were distributed by Atlantic Records. The band broke up in 2009, but in 2013, in an interview with The Reno Dispatch, Jason Hill confirmed that the band had decided to reunite. Lead singer and guitarist Jason Hill, guitarist Brian Karscig, and drummer Mark Maigaard formed the group in April 2003, while living in Paris, France. Bassist James Armbrust joined soon after. \\\"Louis XIV\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11207890\",\n \"text\": \"French ship Louis-XIV (1854) Louis XIV was an 118-gun ship of the line of the French Navy. Laid down as \\\"Tonnant\\\" in 1811 at Rochefort, she was renamed \\\"Louis-XIV\\\" in 1828, still on keel. She was launched only in 1854, and was put in the reserve the next year. On 28 January 1855, she departed Toulon to take part in the Siege of Sevastopol as a transport ship. From September 1856 to 1857, she was converted to combined sail/steam propulsion in Brest harbour, using machinery supplied by Robert Napier of Glasgow, to reenter service on 25 October 1857. \\\"Louis XIV\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"French ship Louis-XIV (1854)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515145\",\n \"text\": \"a richness of materials (marble, gold, and bronze) which reflected in the mirrors. In the late Louis XIV period, after 1690, new elements began to appear, that were less militaristic and more fantastic; particularly seashells, surrounded by elaborate sinuous lines and curves; and exotic designs, including arabesques and Chinoiserie. During the first period of the reign of Louis XIV, furniture followed the previous style of Louis XIII, and was massive, and profusely decorated with sculpture and gilding. After 1680, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693179\",\n \"text\": \"events. Also in 2007, two of Louis XIV's tracks, the titular 'Louis XIV' and 'Finding Out True Love Is Blind' were used as backing tracks on Jimmy Carr's stand-up DVD \\\"Comedian\\\". The band's next EP, \\\"The Distances from Everyone to You\\\", was released through the iTunes Store on September 11, 2007. The EP contains the band's cover version of Queen's \\\"Flash Gordon\\\" theme, later used for the Sci Fi Channel's new \\\"Flash Gordon\\\" television series. Louis XIV toured with the Killers between February and April 2009. After a show in Manchester at the O2 Apollo Manchester, the Manchester Tribune called\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515165\",\n \"text\": \"the Style Louis XIV is The \\\"Jardin à la française\\\" or French formal garden, a style based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. The most famous example is the Gardens of Versailles designed by André Le Nôtre, which inspired copies all across Europe. The first important garden à la française was the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, created by Nicolas Fouquet, the superintendent of Finances to Louis XIV, beginning in 1656. Fouquet commissioned Louis Le Vau to design the chateau, Charles Le Brun to design statues for the garden, and André Le Nôtre to create the gardens. For\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515139\",\n \"text\": \"begun in Italy, like many architectural ideas of Baroque period. The first such square in Paris was the Place Royal (now Place des Vosges) begun by Henry IV of France, completed with an equestrian statue of Louis XIII; then the Place Dauphine on the Ile de la Cité, which featured an equestrian statue of Henry IV. The initial grand Paris projects of Louis XIV were new facades on the Louvre, one facing the Seine, the other facing to the east. These were showcases of the new monumental style of Louis XIV. The old brick and stone of the Henry IV\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515133\",\n \"text\": \"by Louis Le Vau, built for the King's chief of finance Nicolas Fouquet and completed in 1658. Louis XIV charged Fouquet with theft, put him prison, and took the building for himself. The design was strongly influenced by the classicism of François Mansart. It combined a facade dominated and rhymed by colossal classical columns, beneath a dome, imported from the Italian Baroque architecture, along with a number of original features, such as a semicircular salon which looked out on the vast French formal garden created by André Le Nôtre. Based on the success of Vaux le Vicomte, Louis XIV selected\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245721\",\n \"text\": \"was never paid and would later play a part persuading Charles II of Spain to leave his empire to Philip, Duke of Anjou (later Philip V of Spain), the grandson of Louis and Maria Theresa. The War of Devolution did not focus on the payment of the dowry, rather, the lack of payment was what Louis XIV used as a pretext for nullifying Maria Theresa's renunciation of her claims, allowing the land to \\\"devolve\\\" to him. In Brabant (the location of the land in dispute), children of first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents’ remarriages and still inherited\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581110\",\n \"text\": \"the Mazarin desk was replaced by a large flat topped writing table with four legs and two drawers. A very elegant version of this desk was made by André-Charles Boulle, for Nicolas Fouquet, the King's minister of finance, for his chateau at Vaux-le-Vicomte. The bedroom was a place of ceremony under Louis XIV. The formal awakening of the King at the Palace of Versaille was a daily event, which any member of the Court or visitor to the Palace could attend. It was common for members of the nobility to receive guests when they were in bed. The beds had\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515161\",\n \"text\": \"a series of exercises and games on horseback. These events were designed to replace the tournament, which had been banned after 1559 when King Henry II was killed in a jousting accident. In the new, less dangerous version, riders usually had to pass their lance through the interior of a ring, or strike mannequins with the heads of Medusa, Moors and Turks. A grand \\\"carrousel\\\" was held on June 5–6, 1662 to celebrate the birth of the \\\"Dauphin\\\", the son of Louis XIV. It was held on the square separating the Louvre from the Tuileries Palace, which afterwards became known\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19475907\",\n \"text\": \"of the King of Spain he made during the current year, 10,000 livres\\\". Pierre Drevet was appointed to carry out the engravings and receives \\\"perfect payment of five thousand livres for the engraving [ \\\"sic\\\" ] he made of the portrait at the foot of the King Louis XIV, according to M. Rigaud, during 1714-1715.\\\" To do this, Drevet been assisted by a drawing executed by the young Jean-Marc Nattier and to who the director of buildings records payment, on August 20, 1713: Drevet owes a great deal to Nattier's work, which has recreated Rigaud's painting to its smallest details,\",\n \"title\": \"Portrait of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515141\",\n \"text\": \"Cardinal Mazarin. The Hôtel Royal des Invalides - a complex for war veterans consisting of residences, a hospital, and a chapel - was constructed by Libéral Bruant and Jules Hardouin-Mansart (1671-1679). Louis XIV then commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel featuring a striking dome, the Église du Dôme, which was added to complete the complex in 1708. The next major project was the Place des Victoires (1684-1697), a real estate development of seven large buildings in three segments around an oval square, with an equestrian statue of Louis XIV planned for the centerpiece. This was built by\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515151\",\n \"text\": \"create the costumes and draperies, and others to paint the backgrounds, ranging from battlefields to gardens to salons, while he concentrated on the composition, colors and especially the faces. George de la Tour (1593-1652) was another important figure in the Louis XIV style; he was given a title, named court painter of the King, and received high payments for his portraits, though he rarely ever came to Paris, preferring to work in his home town of Lunéville. His paintings, with their unusual light and dark effecs, were unusually somber, the figures barely seen in the darkness, lit by torchlight, evoking\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15881861\",\n \"text\": \"considered a success, as the number of reproductions testifies. A mould of the bust was made in 1666; by 1669 at least seven plaster casts had been created. An early bronze version was taken to Quebec, Canada but is now lost. The only other early copy in bronze is in the National Gallery of Art in Washington. Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini) The Bust of Louis XIV is a marble portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It was created in the year 1665 during Bernini's visit to Paris. This sculptural portrait of Louis XIV of France has been\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581111\",\n \"text\": \"very high canopies and draperies supported by four posts and a rectangual frame or panel, called a tester, above. The draperies were largely to keep heat in and drafts out. The beds were separated from the rest of the room by a balustrade. Louis XIV furniture Louis XIV furniture was massive and lavishly covered with sculpture and ornament of gilded bronze in the earlier part of his personal reign (1660–1690). After about 1690, thanks in large part to the furniture designer André Charles Boulle, a more original and delicate style appeared. It was based on the use of marquetry, the\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515154\",\n \"text\": \"XIV was Antoine Coysevox (pronounced \\\"qualzevo\\\") (1640-1720) from Lyon. He studied sculpture under Louis Lerambert and copied in marble ancient Roman works, including the Venus de Medici. In 1776, his bust of the King's official painter Charles Le Brun won him admission to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He was soon producing monumental sculpture to accompany the new buildings constructed by Louis XIV; he made a Charlemagne for the royal chapel at Les Invalides, and then a large number of statues for the new Park at Versailles and then at the Chateau de Marly. He originally made the\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15881852\",\n \"text\": \"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini) The Bust of Louis XIV is a marble portrait by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. It was created in the year 1665 during Bernini's visit to Paris. This sculptural portrait of Louis XIV of France has been called the \\\"grandest piece of portraiture of the baroque age\\\". The bust is on display at the Versailles Palace, in the Salon de Diane in the King's Grand Apartment. Bernini had been invited to Paris as part of a larger diplomatic exchange between the Papacy and France. The ostensible reason for the visit was to create new\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11800196\",\n \"text\": \"Persian embassy to Louis XIV The Persian embassy to Louis XIV caused a dramatic flurry at the court of Louis XIV in 1715, the year of the Sun King's death. Mohammed Reza Beg, or in French sources , was a high-ranking official to the Persian governor of the Yerevan province (Armenia). He had been chosen by the Safavid Persian emperor Sultan Husayn for the mission and travelled with a grand entourage, as suitable to the diplomat of a mighty empire. The scene of the Persian ambassador's entry into Paris, 7 February 1715, was described by François Pidou de Saint-Olon (1646–1720),\",\n \"title\": \"Persian embassy to Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054290\",\n \"text\": \"in the 15th and 16th centuries. Louis XIV and Maria Theresa also had three other children, though they were unable to survive infancy. Their names were Anne-Élisabeth (18 November 1662 – 30 December 1662), Marie-Anne (16 November 1664 - 26 December 1664) and Louis-François (14 June 1672 – 4 November 1672). \\\"Louis XVII\\\" or Louis-Charles, the Duke of Normandy, was the last male heir of the direct line of descent from Louis XIV. After his death in the temple in 1795, the succession rights passed to his uncle (the title of \\\"Heir-Male\\\" of Louis XIV would also have passed to\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693181\",\n \"text\": \"a camaraderie, and in that, the music started to suffer and started feeling uninspired.\\\" After performing a number of shows on their \\\"Return of the King\\\" tour in 2012 supporting The Killers, Jason Hill officially confirmed in an interview in March 2013 that the band has decided to reunite. Louis XIV was known for their sexually provocative lyrics in many of their songs. In 2005 the Hoover, Alabama board of education withdrew an invitation for the band to perform a concert at Hoover High School, The board cited complaints about the lyrics of the band's songs, a recent arrest in\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19491113\",\n \"text\": \"writer Hannah More wrote that Voltaire had \\\"decorated both the period and the king with so much that is great and brilliant, that they fill a large space in the eye of the reader.\\\" The American writer Virginia Randolph Cary wrote in 1828 that \\\"Voltaire's General History, and his Age of Lewis XIV, will always be read with pleasure.\\\" The publication of new editions of \\\"The Age of Louis XIV\\\" in the late 20th century helped to renew interest in Voltaire as a historian. Modern scholars have described it as \\\"the foundational text of French literary history\\\" and \\\"a milestone\",\n \"title\": \"The Age of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515163\",\n \"text\": \"was responsible the decoration at royal ceremonies and spectacles, including ballets, masques, illuminations, fireworks, theater performances and other entertainments. This office was held from 1674 to 1711 by Jean Bérain the Elder (1640-1711). He was also designer of the King's bedchamber and offices, and had an enormous influence upon what became known as the Style Louis XIV; his studio was located in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, along with those of the royal furniture designer André Charles Boulle. He was particularly responsible for introducing the a modified version of the grotesque style of ornament, originally created in Italy by\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693184\",\n \"text\": \"the last 20 years, but that we were irresponsible morally, so everyone should avoid it. Its so far from the truth but I've even been called a racist when I used the terms \\\"Chocolate Girl\\\" and \\\"Vanilla Girl\\\". I was being playful. But in some ways, the most negative press can also be the biggest compliment. Louis XIV (band) Louis XIV is an American rock band from San Diego, California. The band has released four EPs between 2003 and 2007, and three albums between 2003 and 2008, the latter two of which were distributed by Atlantic Records. The band broke\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693178\",\n \"text\": \"Girls. The video, featuring various models in different stages of undress, was directed by alt-porn pioneer Eon McKai. In 2007 David Bowie and Alicia Keys asked the band to play their BlackBall charity event for Aids in Africa. Bowie cited Louis XIV as one of his favorite new bands in numerous Conde Naste publications. Hill and Karscig also sang on three songs on The Killers 2006 album \\\"Sam's Town\\\". In September 2007 violinist Ray Suen joined Louis XIV as a touring member. The band toured Australia, Mexico, and the USA with The Killers and played several AIDS in Africa charity\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16701245\",\n \"text\": \"In the late 17th century, the property where the current Château Louis XIV was built consisted of several plots of land, chestnut groves and woodland. In the early 18th century, the royal regiment was in charge of participating in a major excavation project in Marly-le-Roi. They thus decided to set up camp in an existing clearing on these very plots of land. During this period, Louis XIV decided to build a palace in Marly-le-Roi nestled in a lush green setting; a place where he would regularly go to find the peace and quiet that he lacked in Versailles. Later, the\",\n \"title\": \"Château Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515142\",\n \"text\": \"an enterprising entrepreneur and nobleman of the court, Jean-Baptiste Prédot, combined with the architect Jules Haroudin-Mansart. The final urban project became the best-known, the Place Vendôme, also by Harouin-Mansart, between 1699 and 1702. In another innovation, this project was partially financed by the sale of lots around the square. All of these projects featured monumental facades in the Louis XIV style, giving a particular harmony to the squares. In the early Louis XIV style, the principle characteristics of decor were a richness of materials and an effort to achieve a monumental effect. The materials used included marble, often combined with\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16701256\",\n \"text\": \"an English-style garden on the lower level, all in keeping with the natural outlines of the property where the château is located. Château Louis XIV The Château Louis XIV is a château constructed between 2008 and 2011 in the commune of Louveciennes in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region. The chateau was built by the property developer Emad Khashoggi's property development company COGEMAD using traditional craftsmanship techniques and materials. Located between Versailles and Marly-le-Roi on a 23-hectare (57-acre) walled site, the property is surrounded by moats and has a constructed surface area of 7,000 m (75,350 ft), 5,000 m\",\n \"title\": \"Château Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054285\",\n \"text\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France The descendants of Louis XIV of France (1638–1715), Bourbon monarch of the Kingdom of France, are numerous. Although only one of his children by his wife Maria Theresa of Spain survived past infancy, Louis had many illegitimate children by his mistresses. This article deals with the children of Louis XIV and in turn their senior descendants. She was born as Infanta María Teresa of Spain (also known as María Teresa of Austria, being paternal great-great-granddaughter of an Archduke of Austria), at the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. Maria was the daughter of Philip IV\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15881853\",\n \"text\": \"designs for the Louvre Palace, but the young king Louis XIV had declared he also desired a portrait bust. Bernini’s designs for the Louvre did not go down well and were not acted upon; indeed their failure to be accepted was a reflection of the general antagonism between the Italian Bernini and certain members within the French court. However, the portrait bust, which depended upon a more personal relationship between the king and the artist, was completed and largely considered a great success. The creation of the bust is incredibly well documented, thanks to efforts of the French diarist Paul\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693180\",\n \"text\": \"the band \\\"criminally overlooked\\\". They released their third album \\\"Slick Dogs and Ponies\\\" on January 29, 2008 to largely negative reviews. In an interview with NME on June 30, 2009, The Killers singer Brandon Flowers mentioned that he thought Louis XIV had broken up. The band confirmed this on July 3, 2009 on their MySpace blog, saying that Brian Karscig had left the band to start \\\"The Nervous Wreckords\\\". Karscig did not rule out the possibility of future reunions, but stated that he needed to take an indefinite break, since \\\"Louis XIV started to feel more like a business than\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515150\",\n \"text\": \"design. His notable decorative works included the ceiling of the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. The major painters of the later reign of Louis XIV included Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743) who came to Paris in 1681, and attracted the attention of LeBrun. LeBrun oriented him toward portrait painting, and he made a celebrated portrait of Louis XIV in 1701, surrounded by all the attributes of power, from the crown on the table to the red heels of his shoes. Rigaud soon had an elaborate workshop in place for making portraits of the nobility; he employed specialized artists to\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18639015\",\n \"text\": \"The Private Life of Louis XIV The Private Life of Louis XIV or Liselotte of the Palatinate (German: Liselotte von der Pfalz) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Renate Müller, Eugen Klöpfer and Maria Krahn. The film's English language release title is a reference to the hit British film \\\"The Private Life of Henry VIII\\\" (1933). The film portrays the life of the Heidelberg-born Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who married into the French royal family during the reign of Louis XIV. She was also the subject of a 1966 biopic in which she was\",\n \"title\": \"The Private Life of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245740\",\n \"text\": \"until the French Revolution about a century later. In 1648 France was the leading European power, and most of the wars pivoted around its aggressiveness. Only poverty-stricken Russia exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the devastation of the Thirty Years War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial system that was hard-pressed to pay for all the military adventures, and the tendency of most other powers to gang up against it. During the very long reign of King Louis XIV (1643 – 1715), France fought\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18639016\",\n \"text\": \"played by Heidelinde Weis. The Private Life of Louis XIV The Private Life of Louis XIV or Liselotte of the Palatinate (German: Liselotte von der Pfalz) is a 1935 German historical film directed by Carl Froelich and starring Renate Müller, Eugen Klöpfer and Maria Krahn. The film's English language release title is a reference to the hit British film \\\"The Private Life of Henry VIII\\\" (1933). The film portrays the life of the Heidelberg-born Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, who married into the French royal family during the reign of Louis XIV. She was also the subject of a 1966 biopic\",\n \"title\": \"The Private Life of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15881854\",\n \"text\": \"Fréart de Chantelou, a steward at the court of Louis XIV, who befriended Bernini during his time in Paris. The bust took just over three months to carve. Once potential blocks of marble had been selected, Bernini began by taking drawings (none of which survive) and small clay models of the king., However, it seems that once he had done this initial work, Bernini chose to work only during sittings with the king. His pupil, Giulio Cartari, began work on carving down the chosen block of marble (and would later do much of the drapery work), and then Bernini took\",\n \"title\": \"Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19028921\",\n \"text\": \"chart. During its Japanese release, the game sold 20,655 units. By November 2017 SNK announced that the period of Summer 2016 to Summer 2017 was very profitable for them attributing it to the release of \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\" and its DLC characters. In 2016, \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\" was nominated for the \\\"Best Fighting Game\\\" Award at the Game Awards but lost to \\\"Street Fighter V\\\". Despite initial issues with the online mode and other features from the game, Yasuyuki Oda stated the fan response to \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\" was positive especially after fixing these\",\n \"title\": \"The King of Fighters XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054293\",\n \"text\": \"descendants. Therefore, according to primogeniture rules, Henri, Comte de Chambord was the Heir-Male of Louis XIV and also the Legitimist claimant of the throne of France. Henry, Count of Chambord died childless on 24 August 1883. He was the last descendant in the legitimate male line from Louis de France, Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne), eldest grandson of Louis XIV. Burgundy's youngest brother, Charles, Duke of Berry, died without any surviving issue. There remained only the descendants of Philip V of Spain, formerly Philippe de France, Duke of Anjou, who was Louis XIV's second grandson. Some French royalists recognized\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245791\",\n \"text\": \"too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no better illustration of this than in Hyacinthe Rigaud's frequently-reproduced \\\"Portrait of Louis XIV of 1701\\\", in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs. Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during Louis' reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis' personal character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054287\",\n \"text\": \"a product of years and generations of royal intermarriage between cousins. In 1659, as the war with France began to wind down, a union between the two royal families, of Spain and of France, was proposed as a means to secure peace. María Teresa and Louis XIV were double first-cousins, and it was proposed that they wed. His father was Louis XIII of France, who was the brother of her mother, while her father was brother to Anne of Austria, his mother. Such a prospect was intensely enticing to Anne of Austria, mother of Louis XIV and aunt of María\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054299\",\n \"text\": \"Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême. However, with his death, the titles split, with the French succession rights passing to the descendants of Philip V of Spain and the status of heir-general passing to his sister, Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, who married Charles III, Duke of Parma, himself a direct descendant of Philip V of Spain. It is through this descent that the Duke of Calabria holds the designation of heir-general of Louis XIV. The Duke is also a descendant of Louis XIV through another line. Louis XV's eldest daughter, Princess Louise Élisabeth of France married Philip, Duke of Parma, a\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515132\",\n \"text\": \"period was André Charles Boulle. The final period of Louis XIV style, from about 1690 to 1715, is called the period of transition; it was influenced by Hardouin-Mansart and by the King's designer of fetes and ceremonies, Jean Bérain the Elder. The new style was lighter in form, and featured greater fantasy and freedom of line, thanks in part to the use of wrought iron decoration, and greater use of arabesque, grotesque and coquille designs, which continued into the style of Louis XV. The model of civic architecture in the early part of the reign was Vaux le Vicomte (1658),\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245812\",\n \"text\": \"to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it. For his part, Voltaire saw Louis' vanity as the cause for his bellicosity:It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of Franche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself. Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon Napoleon described him not only as \\\"a great king\\\", but also as \\\"the only King of France worthy of the name\\\". Leibniz, the German Protestant\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245685\",\n \"text\": \"concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military. Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given) and bore the traditional title of French heirs apparent: \\\"Dauphin\\\". At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245743\",\n \"text\": \"devout Madame de Maintenon pushed Louis to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which awarded Huguenots political and religious freedom, but her influence in the matter is now being questioned. Louis saw the persistence of Protestantism as a disgraceful reminder of royal powerlessness. After all, the Edict was the pragmatic concession of his grandfather Henry IV to end the longstanding French Wars of Religion. An additional factor in Louis' thinking was the prevailing contemporary European principle to assure socio-political stability, \\\"cuius regio, eius religio\\\" (\\\"whose realm, his religion\\\"), the idea that the religion of the ruler should\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245800\",\n \"text\": \"on Louis plays an important role in \\\"The Age of Unreason\\\", a series of four alternate history novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author Gregory Keyes. Louis features significantly in Neal Stephenson's Baroque Cycle, specifically \\\"The Confusion\\\", the greater part of which takes place at Versailles. In the \\\"39 Clues\\\" series universe, it has been noted that Louis was part of the Cahill branch, Tomas. He is called the son of Apollo in Rick Riordan's Trials of Apollo series. The film, \\\"The Taking of Power by Louis XIV\\\" (1966), directed by Roberto Rossellini, shows Louis's rise to power\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581104\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"canapé\\\" which looked like two armchairs joined together. In the later period of the Louis XIV style, the amount of decoration on the frame diminished, and their form became more graceful and curving. The feet 'en console' often ended in the form known as a 'deer's foot', or a gilded bronze shoe. The \\\"Fauteuil a la Reine\\\" or Queen's armchair, was introduced, and became a popular form, which continued to be made, with various modifications, throughout the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. The \\\"fauteuil en confessional\\\" was another innovation, an armchair with wings with thick cushions on either side\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581098\",\n \"text\": \"on the walls, and the sculpted ceilings with similar decorations. Cabbinets, tables and chairs were geometric. Armchairs appeared with high backs, made with pieces of \\\"bois tourné\\\", cut in a spiral form. The second period, from 1660 to about 1690, was the beginning of the personal reign of Louis XIV, Much of the furniture of this period was made for the decoration of the grand new halls of the Palace of Versailles designed by Louis Le Vau and then by Jules Hardouin-Mansart. The characteristics of the first style in decoration and furniture were richness of materials and an effort to\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054297\",\n \"text\": \"Spanish throne to Xavier, Duke of Parma, who became the Carlist pretender. However, the rights to the throne of France passed to the line of his cousin, Francis, Duke of Cadiz, who was the son of his grandfather's youngest brother. Francis was Isabella II's consort; therefore the claim was inherited by the Spanish Royal Family in the person of King Alfonso XIII. The title was next inherited by the eldest-surviving son of Alfonso, Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia and subsequently his grandson and great-grandson. Thus, the current heir-male of Louis XIV and the representative of the rights of Philip V\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19491110\",\n \"text\": \"it. For preparation, he read two hundred volumes of material, plus many unpublished memoirs, as well as historical documents he found in the archives of the Louvre. In common with other Enlightenment philosophers, Voltaire saw the age of Alexander the Great and Pericles, the age of Caesar and Augustus, and the Italian Renaissance as \\\"great ages\\\" or \\\"ages of light\\\". He presented the age of Louis XIV as the fourth and greatest. The period covered by the history does not correspond either to the 17th century nor to the reign of Louis XIV, but from the last years of Cardinal\",\n \"title\": \"The Age of Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4200677\",\n \"text\": \"at the Palace of Versailles. In 1702, at the age of twenty, the Duke of Burgundy was admitted by his grandfather King Louis XIV to the \\\"Conseil d'en haut\\\" (High Council), which was in charge of state secrets regarding religion, diplomacy and war. His father had been admitted only at the age of thirty. In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Louis was given command of the army in Flanders, with the experienced soldier Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, serving under him. The uncertainty as to which of the two should truly command the army led to delays\",\n \"title\": \"Louis, Duke of Burgundy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3480790\",\n \"text\": \"Louis, Grand Dauphin Louis of France (1 November 1661 – 14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France, and his spouse, Maria Theresa of Spain. As the heir apparent to the French throne, he was styled Dauphin. He became known as Le Grand Dauphin after the birth of his own son, \\\"Le Petit Dauphin\\\". As he died before his father, he never became king. His grandson became Louis XV of France. Louis was born on 1 November 1661 at the Château de Fontainebleau, the eldest son of the young French King, Louis XIV\",\n \"title\": \"Louis, Grand Dauphin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245813\",\n \"text\": \"philosopher, commended him as \\\"one of the greatest kings that ever was\\\". And Lord Acton admired him as \\\"by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne\\\". The historian and philosopher Voltaire wrote: \\\"His name can never be pronounced without respect and without summoning the image of an eternally memorable age\\\". Voltaire's history, \\\"The Age of Louis XIV\\\", named Louis' reign as not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished, but the greatest ever. In 1848, at Nuneham House, a piece of Louis' mummified heart, taken\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245707\",\n \"text\": \"of Louis' foreign policy in the next 50 years would be based on this marriage. Louis XIV was declared to have reached the age of majority on 7 September 1651. On the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis assumed personal control of the reins of government and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: \\\"Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself. You [he was talking to the secretaries and ministers of state]\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245684\",\n \"text\": \"in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis' reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts: the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions. Warfare defined the foreign policy of Louis XIV, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled \\\"by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\\\", Louis sensed that warfare was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime he\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"649466\",\n \"text\": \"from 1374 required that the kingdom be governed by a regent until Louis reached the age of thirteen. The title of Regent was given to his nearest relative, his cousin Philippe, the Duke of Orleans. Louis XIV, however, distrusted Philippe, who was a renowned soldier, but was regarded by the King as an atheist and libertine. The King referred privately to Philippe as a \\\"Fanfaron des crimes\\\" (\\\"braggart of crimes\\\"). Louis XIV wanted France to be ruled by his favorite but illegitimate son, Duke of Maine (illegitimate son of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan), who was in the council.\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20581108\",\n \"text\": \"in Los Angeles. The ornate and heavy chests of Louis XIII gradually disappeared were replaced by a new item of furniture, the commode, which had a column of drawers. In the earlier years of Louis XIV the chests were massive an geometric, sometimes with columns and pediments and panels of wood with carved decorative elements in diamond and other geometric shapes. The early chests and commodes were often of dark wood, which made them sombre. André-Charles Boulle lightened the appearance of the commodes with marquetry of ivory, mother of pearl, tin, and brass. He also used different colored woods to\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV furniture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515143\",\n \"text\": \"multicolor stones, bronze, paintings, and mirrors. These were inserted into an extremely framework of columns, pilasters, niches, which extended up the walls and up upon the ceiling. The doors were surrounded with medallions, frontons and bas-reliefs. The chimneys were smaller than those during the Louis XIII era, but more ornate, with a marble shelf supporting vases, below a carved frame with a painting or mirrors, all surrounded by a thick border of carved leaves or flowers. Decrative elements on the walls of the early Louis XIV style were usually intended to celebrate the military success, majesty and cultural achievements of\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515134\",\n \"text\": \"Le Vau to construct an immense new palace at Versailles, to augment a smaller palace transformed from a hunting lodge by Louis XIII. This gradually became, over the decades, the master work of the Louis XIV style. Following the death of Le Vau in 1680, Jules Hardouin-Mansart took over the Versailles project; he broke away from the picturesque projections and dome and made a more sober and uniform facade of columns, with a flat roof topped by a balustrade and row of columns (1681). He used the same style to harmonize the other new buildings he created at Versailles, including\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19028897\",\n \"text\": \"improve the visuals. Critical reception to \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\" has been generally positive with video game publications praising the appeal of its fighting system to newcomers and experts of fighting games. However, it has also been criticized for its use of a graphic engine that supports real-time 3D rendering at an inferior quality to fighting games released during the 8th generation. The series inspired an ongoing manga while in December 2018, SNK announced they were working on a new sequel, \\\"The King of Fighters XV\\\". \\\"The King of Fighters XIV\\\" features full 3D models like \\\"\\\", but on\",\n \"title\": \"The King of Fighters XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245814\",\n \"text\": \"from his tomb and kept in a silver locket by Lord Harcourt, Archbishop of York, was shown to the Dean of Westminster, William Buckland, who ate it. Numerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend. The well-known \\\"I am the state\\\" (\\\"\\\"L'état, c'est moi.\\\"\\\") was reported from at least the late 18th century. It was widely repeated but also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century. He did say, \\\"Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful.\\\" Louis is recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245758\",\n \"text\": \"in 1697 yielded a fortune of 10,000,000 livres. In July 1695, the city of Namur, occupied for three years by the French, was besieged by an allied army led by William III. Louis XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the attention of these troops. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which 4-5000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city-center. The strategy failed, as Namur fell three weeks later, but harmed Louis XIV's reputation: a century later, Napoleon deemed the bombardment \\\"as barbarous as it was useless.\\\" Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690.\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12054291\",\n \"text\": \"him), who eventually became Louis XVIII of France, a younger brother of the Duke's Father, Louis XVI of France, and was as such a member of the senior line of descent from Louis XIV and the Bourbon-Vendôme line of the House of Bourbon. After Louis XVIII's death, the throne went to yet another brother of Louis XVI, Charles, Count of Artois, who ascended the throne as Charles X of France. His son, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, married \\\"Madame Royale\\\", daughter of his uncle, Louis XVI of France, in a move to unite both lines of Royal Family. However, the duke\",\n \"title\": \"Descendants of Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245773\",\n \"text\": \"of Oudenarde, which enabled them to mount an invasion of France. France established contact with Francis II Rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of Hungarian independence. Defeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages. In his desperation, Louis XIV even ordered a disastrous invasion of the English island of Guernsey in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest. By the winter of 1708–1709, Louis was willing to accept\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245701\",\n \"text\": \"unpleasant – a fate meted out to many children in all ages – but that Louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin and political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding\\\". \\\"The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights\\\". The royal family was driven out of Paris twice in this manner, and at one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. The Fronde years\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"245688\",\n \"text\": \"rule. During his childhood, he was taken care of by the governesses Françoise de Lansac and Marie-Catherine de Senecey. In 1646, Nicolas V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time between the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy. On 14 May 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the \\\"Parlement de Paris\\\" (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). This action abolished the regency council and made Anne sole Regent of France. Anne exiled some\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV of France\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4200675\",\n \"text\": \"young 21-year-old Dauphin, Louis, who would later be called \\\"le Grand Dauphin\\\", and his wife, Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. His father was the eldest son of King Louis XIV of France, by then at the height of his powers at age 44. At birth, he received the title of Duke of Burgundy (\\\"duc de Bourgogne\\\"). In addition, as the son of the Dauphin and grandson to the king, he was a \\\"fils de France\\\" and also second in the line of succession to his grandfather, King Louis XIV after his father. Louis grew up with his younger brothers: Philip,\",\n \"title\": \"Louis, Duke of Burgundy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4693183\",\n \"text\": \"out about it on CNN, the night before after the VMAs in Miami, we still got paid to play the show so we just hung out in Miami another day, we needed the break anyway. It was really very idiotic, I thought. I've been called a sexist and a male chauvinist. There was a really great article in San Francisco's paper, \\\"The Guardian\\\" which was called \\\"10 Reasons Why You Should Not Like Louis XIV\\\"; it was one of my favorite articles I've ever read about us. As it was all about the music being some of the best in\",\n \"title\": \"Louis XIV (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20515136\",\n \"text\": \"of the Val-de-Grace hospital. The design was worked on successively by Mansart, Jacques Lemercier and Pierre Le Muet before being completed by Gabriel Leduc. Its picturesque tripartite facade, peristyle, detached columns, statues, and \\\"tondi\\\", make it the most Italianate and Baroque of Paris churches. It served as the prototype for the later domes of Les Invalides and the Pantheon. The next major church built under Louis XIV was the church of Les Invalides (1680-1706). The nave of the church, by Libéral Bruant, was comparable to those of other churches of the period, with ionic pilasters and penetratining vaults, and an\",\n \"title\": \"Style Louis XIV\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["catholicism"],"string":"[\n \"catholicism\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1691,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what language do they in belgium?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"10605450","text":"Disagreement over the country's language policy continued. Some segments of French-speaking Wallonia were concerned that current practices could result in Belgium becoming a bilingual country, with French and Dutch being recognised as official languages everywhere. This led to a proposal to split the administration in Belgium to preserve the French-speaking nature of Wallonia and to avoid the possibility that French-speaking civil servants there might have to pass a Dutch language examination. This implied a choice: should Belgium become a bilingual country or a country with two language regions? This was expressed in two alternatives: In 1921, the principle of territoriality","title":"Language legislation in Belgium"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10605450\",\n \"text\": \"Disagreement over the country's language policy continued. Some segments of French-speaking Wallonia were concerned that current practices could result in Belgium becoming a bilingual country, with French and Dutch being recognised as official languages everywhere. This led to a proposal to split the administration in Belgium to preserve the French-speaking nature of Wallonia and to avoid the possibility that French-speaking civil servants there might have to pass a Dutch language examination. This implied a choice: should Belgium become a bilingual country or a country with two language regions? This was expressed in two alternatives: In 1921, the principle of territoriality\",\n \"title\": \"Language legislation in Belgium\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7657272","text":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"7657281","text":"2002 DVD \"Pull Over\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \"The Facts of Life\", \"Working\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \"Read No Evil\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\"","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"19109445","text":"families now living across the language border because it is cheaper to build, buy or rent. These developments do not yet lead to legal facilities for Dutch speakers. Dutch is the majority language in northern Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national languages of Belgium, together with French and German, and is the only official language of the Flemish Region. The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard Dutch. As in the Netherlands, the","title":"Dutch in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"19334529","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"19334526","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"7657279","text":"for people who do commercials\") and football coach George Allen (\"You have to put a priority on everything you do each day\"). As the foreword to the book points out, \"Mr. Terkel found, work was a search, sometimes successful, sometimes not, 'for daily meaning as well as daily bread'... The oral histories in \"Working\" are wistful dispatches from a distant era...when management practices and computers were just beginning to transform the American workplace. In the last thirty years, productivity has soared but job satisfaction has plummeted. It is hard to read \"Working\" without wondering what has gone wrong.\" A bestseller","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"7818134","text":"S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: \"What do you do if there's a fire?\", and the friends answer, \"Let it burn!\" The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language. What to Do in Case of Fire? What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in","title":"What to Do in Case of Fire?"},{"psg_id":"18870137","text":"positive slogan talking about games that the vocalist is not \"forced to endure\". What You Don't Do \"What You Don't Do\" is a single by British recording artist Lianne La Havas. Released on 7 August 2015, the song peaked at No.69 on the Ultratip Belgium Flanders charts. Following the touring La Havas embarked on in order to promote her debut album \"Your Love Big Enough?\", she traveled to Jamaica along with her mother in order to regain connections with her roots. During her time in Jamaica La Havas played music for her family alongside dancehall and reggae producer Stephen McGregor","title":"What You Don't Do"},{"psg_id":"18870135","text":"What You Don't Do \"What You Don't Do\" is a single by British recording artist Lianne La Havas. Released on 7 August 2015, the song peaked at No.69 on the Ultratip Belgium Flanders charts. Following the touring La Havas embarked on in order to promote her debut album \"Your Love Big Enough?\", she traveled to Jamaica along with her mother in order to regain connections with her roots. During her time in Jamaica La Havas played music for her family alongside dancehall and reggae producer Stephen McGregor (known under his production name Di Genius), who would later go on to","title":"What You Don't Do"},{"psg_id":"17579980","text":"to unknown circumstances. \"Do What U Want\" reached number one in Hungary while peaking within the top 10 in Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Norway, Scotland, South Korea, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Live performances of the song were televised on the 2013 American Music Awards, \"\", \"Saturday Night Live\", America's \"The Voice\", and Britain's \"The X Factor\". Several remixes of the song were released, including ones with vocals from Christina Aguilera and Rick Ross. \"Do What U","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"17551281","text":"number seven on the UK Singles Chart. It has also charted in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. After its charting in September 2013, the single was re-released alongside new remixes on 14 October 2013. The original official music video, directed by You Ness and produced by Faye Adams, was shot around London in September 2012 and released in November 2012. It stars Rhian Chambers and Sean McPherson. A second video was released in October 2013 to coincide with the re-release of the single. What I Might Do \"What I Might Do\" is the debut single of Manchester-based English DJ/producer Ben","title":"What I Might Do"},{"psg_id":"20760415","text":"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"20760417","text":"eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds.\" In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"20760416","text":"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"15995714","text":"What Will They Learn? What Will They Learn? is the annual rating system of American colleges and universities published by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, a Washington, D.C.-based higher education non-profit. The report, which evaluates the core academic requirements at over 1,100 public and private universities, has been published annually since 2009. \"What Will They Learn?\" was first published in 2009. The report assigns a letter grade to over 1,100 universities based on how many of the following seven core subjects are required: composition, literature, foreign language, American history, economics, mathematics and science. ACTA concludes that most of","title":"What Will They Learn?"},{"psg_id":"1339924","text":"to minimize linguistic, cultural, social, and economic tensions. This is a schematic overview of the basic federal structure of Belgium as defined by Title I of the Belgian Constitution. Each of the entities either have their own parliament and government (for the federal state, the communities and the regions) or their own council and executive college (for provinces and municipalities). The entities in \"italics\" do not have their own institutions — arrondissements because they are purely administrative; language areas because they merely define the linguistic regime of a municipality; and the Flemish Region because its powers are exercised by the","title":"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium"},{"psg_id":"2874463","text":"ever for a Flemish entrant, since Belgum's all top 5 placings have been achieved by the representantives of the French-language broadcaster RTBF. In 2011, the entry for Belgium was Witloof Bay. They didn't qualify for the finals, finishing 11th only one point behind Moldova, and thus 1 point behind the qualification. Due to the good results and the Flemish population's choice, the VRT cancelled 'Eurosong' selection procedure and chose internally for 2012. For the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, they choose 17-year-old singer Iris but decided to let the public choose what song she would sing to represent Belgium. However, she","title":"Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest"},{"psg_id":"9930755","text":"vocalists on \"If Love Was a River\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \"Strong Enough\". Giving the album all four stars, \"People\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\" \"What I Do\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"18442039","text":"knows exactly what she needs to do and can get the job done based on her own opinions and with Agent 33, not only is she disfigured, not only doesn’t she have her face anymore, she doesn’t have her identity anymore. ... I think it’ll be interesting to see how her character gets resolved or how her character evolves down the line.\" About the introduction of Jamie Harris as \"man\" at the end of the episode, Tancharoen said \"you will learn his character’s name pretty soon.\" \"What They Become\" reveals that Skye and Raina are Inhumans, thus introducing that species","title":"What They Become"},{"psg_id":"11612194","text":"Television in Belgium Television in Belgium was introduced in 1953 and began with one channel each in Dutch and French. The three Belgian Communities – Dutch, French and German-speaking – have legal responsibility for audiovisual communication. They constitute separate markets, the common feature of which is the fact that they have been extensively cabled for three decades and are thus able to receive neighbouring countries' channels. Until 1978, Radio-Television Belgium (; ) was Belgium's national public television broadcaster. When broadcasting was devolved to the language communities in 1977, the old organization split into three separate organisations now known as VRT,","title":"Television in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"16440672","text":"and the song \"Robinson Crusoe\" (\"What did R.Crusoe do on Friday with Saturday night?\"). Goffin played music with some classmates of the Brussels law school in the local bars and dance halls. During that time jazz was also synonymous with dance music. According to Faecq it was only when she saw the original black bands that he and his friend Goffin realized that jazz was more than just dance music. Together they discovered jazz music through listening to the Mitchell's Jazz Kings and other black bands in the Alhambra theater. In that period Belgium was in fact the 'jazz capital'","title":"Jazz in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"10605452","text":"to what language area. Each Belgian municipality is restricted to one language area, of which there are four: Dutch, French, German, and the bilingual area Brussels-Capital that includes the Belgian capital city and eighteen surrounding municipalities. From then on, modifications of the linguistic regime would be possible only after changing the law, which required a majority of each language community. In that same year, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons) went to the Dutch-speaking province of Limburg, and Comines (Komen) and Mouscron (Moeskroen) to the French-speaking province of Hainaut. These and several other municipalities obtained facilities for the minority language group.","title":"Language legislation in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"17742879","text":"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\" \"What We Do in the Shadows\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \"What We Do in the Shadows\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \"What We Do in the Shadows\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \"What We Do in the Moonlight\", the working","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"6988633","text":"Amazon.co.uk, \"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \"What Do I Have to Do?\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"What Do I Have to Do\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\"","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"15995715","text":"the country's leading universities do not have rigorous general education requirements. The first edition of the study looked at 100 schools across the nation. Only 5 institutions garnered an \"A\" rating, whereas 25 earned an \"F.\" Among the \"F\" institutions were several schools traditionally considered elite, including Yale University. In the 2010-2011 edition, ACTA expanded \"What Will They Learn?\" to include 718 institutions. The grades broke down to 17 \"A's\" (2%), 252 \"B's\" (35%), 209 \"C's\" (29%), 136 \"D's\" (19%) and 104 \"F's\" (14%). The 2011-2012 edition of \"What Will They Learn?\" was released on August 30, 2011. The study","title":"What Will They Learn?"},{"psg_id":"1793157","text":"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \"What Would Jesus Buy?\", \"What Would Lincoln Do?\", \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", \"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\", \"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\", and \"What would Tintin do?\". The term \"What Would Jesus Do?\" or \"WWJD\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \"What would Jesus do?\"","title":"What would Jesus do?"},{"psg_id":"19178484","text":"Visibility: Intergenerational Transfer of Identity and Social Position of Chinese Women in Belgium,\" stated that therefore there is a lack of records specifically tracking Chinese people, and therefore there is an element of invisibility. There are multiple Chinese organisations in Belgium, but they do not regularly cooperate with one another. They sometimes cooperate during some political events supported by the Mainland Chinese government and during the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Chinese New Year. Chinese people in Belgium There is a small ethnic Chinese community in Belgium, compared to neighbouring Netherlands and France. The population is still small in size due","title":"Chinese people in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"9854128","text":"Joey after all the help he had given her. Joey experienced his first kiss with Olivia before they departed and they promised to keep in touch. Later, Joey went back to study normally in his old school, and he stated that he was 'where he belonged'. While his dad 'went in circles' and his mom was 'up in down', Joey decided that it was time he moved in his own direction; forward. What Would Joey Do? What Would Joey Do? is a 2003 novel in a series by Jack Gantos about the character, Joey Pigza. The title is a play","title":"What Would Joey Do?"},{"psg_id":"8557193","text":"including Rebecca Hagelin, Edwin Meese, Kate O'Beirne and James Pethokoukis. The phrase on occasion has been used by iconoclastic conservatives to claim the mantle of Reagan as they criticize mainline conservatives, by some liberal commentators as a way of chastising Republicans whom also they believe fall short of Reagan's ideals and also by non-partisan public policy organizations that seek to emulate aspects of Reagan's leadership. What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United","title":"What would Reagan do?"},{"psg_id":"6695713","text":"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \"Read My Mind.\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"6695712","text":"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\" at number four. The track \"Everything That You Want\" was later","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"1793154","text":"mean, die in tenements, and walk the streets for jobs, and never have a piano or a picture in the house, and grow up in misery and drunkenness and sin.\"</poem> This leads to many of the novel's characters asking, \"What would Jesus do?\" when faced with decisions of some importance. This has the effect of making the characters embrace Christianity more seriously and to focus on what they see as its core — the life of Christ. In 1993, Garrett W. Sheldon (great-grandson of the original author) and Deborah Morris published \"What Would Jesus Do? : a contemporary retelling of","title":"What would Jesus do?"},{"psg_id":"20334753","text":"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with","title":"I Do What I Do"},{"psg_id":"15814084","text":"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\"","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"15814082","text":"Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"20608311","text":"1981. The classic Burgess, Ford, Keays and Wheatley line-up reformed in August 1987 for a \"Back to the 1960s\" special on the popular TV variety show \"Hey Hey It's Saturday\". It marked the first time all four had played together since Wheatley had left in late 1971. They undertook a reunion tour during 1988 and released an album, \"Do What You Wanna Do\", featuring new material and new versions of their earlier songs, from which they lifted the single \"Birth of the Beat\". The album's first side contains new recordings of original material and two re-recordings of \"Turn Up Your","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"20334751","text":"I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time. The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart. The book has","title":"I Do What I Do"},{"psg_id":"18442032","text":"shaking the entire island, but she watches in horror as Triplett's petrified body crumbles in front of her. In an end tag, another Obelisk glows and pulses; apparently alerting a man with no eyes. He calls an unknown person to say that there is someone new. In November 2014, Marvel announced that the tenth episode of the season would be titled \"What They Become\", to be written by executive producer Jeffrey Bell, with Michael Zinberg directing. Talking about the revealing of Calvin Zabo and Daisy Johnson in the episode, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said, \"As we always do, we pulled","title":"What They Become"},{"psg_id":"11786956","text":"that it would stand out in any season, as one of the best plays ever written by an American author. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" treats a difficult and delicate theme with rare human insight and even rarer philosophical profundity.\" The 1976 Broadway revival received nominations: They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (play)"},{"psg_id":"3471467","text":"which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation. On the other hand, I'm sure it's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine.\" The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western-centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa. Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing \"Do They Know It's Christmas\" with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak, stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is. He cited lyrics such as \"There is no peace and joy in west Africa","title":"Do They Know It's Christmas?"},{"psg_id":"9870991","text":"by Esther McVey. At its height, How Do They Do That? had 12 million viewers watching on Wednesday nights. How Do They Do That? How Do They Do That? is a British television show, produced by Telepictures and Reg Grundy Productions in and broadcast on BBC1 from 25 January 1994 to 23 April 1997. Originally presented by Jenny Hull and Des Lynam, the show explored feats of engineering, organization, and special effects. Each season opened with a stunt apparently performed by one of the presenters, such as a skydiver crash-landing into the studio, a car chase, or the entire studio","title":"How Do They Do That?"},{"psg_id":"10038255","text":"Ain't What You Do \"Ain't What You Do\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \"Nu-Flow\". \"Ain't What You Do\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \"Ain't What You Do\" is based on Fun Boy Three and Bananarama's collaboration \"It Ain't What You Do (It's the","title":"Ain't What You Do"},{"psg_id":"17580008","text":"It was first announced that Gaga would perform on the fifth-season finale of \"The Voice\" on December 12, 2013, with the assumption that R. Kelly would accompany her during a performance of \"Do What U Want\". However, a television commercial aired on December 17, the evening of the finale, teased that \"Christina joins Lady Gaga for one epic performance\"; they sang \"Do What U Want\" as the final performance of the evening. Both appeared in \"matching clothes\" with few differences, Gaga wore a \"jumpsuit all sharp, off-kilter angles\", while Aguilera was dressed in a \"slinky-sexy gown emphasizing her smooth curves\".","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"17514848","text":"1972 studio album \"See All Her Faces\". Yellowman covered it for \"King Yellowman\" (1984). \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is sampled in \"Upgrade U\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \"B'Day\" (2006) and in \"No Homo Outro\", a track from \"Turtleneck & Chain\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"17514846","text":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"18988035","text":"in a wide variety of styles, including gospel and bluegrass; sometimes attributed to Phillips or to \"anonymous\" or to \"traditional\". What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of","title":"What Are They Doing in Heaven?"},{"psg_id":"18988033","text":"What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of friends whom I used to know\". The song consists of four verses and a refrain, each four lines long. In","title":"What Are They Doing in Heaven?"},{"psg_id":"16345967","text":"In the \"What Ya Wanna Do\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \"Do You Wanna Go Party\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \"Do You Wanna Go Party\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \"What Ya Wanna Do?\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\". It was released in 1989 via Sire","title":"What Ya Wanna Do"},{"psg_id":"12138900","text":"the past: \"Why don't you do what you do / when you did what you did to me?\" Its B-side is \"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)\", a duet with Michael Jackson. The song was sampled by Lil Wayne for \"How Could Something\" and by Chamillionaire for \"Void In My Life\". The music video was an imitation of \"The Godfather\" and supermodel Iman played Jackson's love interest who eventually betrays him by trying to shoot him. After his henchmen take her away, it is not revealed what happened to her. Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson","title":"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)"},{"psg_id":"9930754","text":"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"Too Much of a Good Thing\" and \"Monday Morning Church\" both reached #5, while \"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\" and \"USA Today\" both reached #18. \"What I Do\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"10038256","text":"Way That You Do It)\". UK CD 1 UK CD 2 Ain't What You Do \"Ain't What You Do\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \"Nu-Flow\". \"Ain't What You Do\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \"Ain't What You Do\" is based on Fun Boy","title":"Ain't What You Do"},{"psg_id":"11234567","text":"State reform in Belgium The term State reform in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas. The tensions between the communities of Belgium arose around a struggle between the two main language communities of the country, Dutch and French. This resulted in extensive language legislation, but which did not solve the conflicts between Flanders and Wallonia,","title":"State reform in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"12815623","text":"finds out through his phone records that there is a number that he calls repeatedly every month. They discover that particular number belongs to Dr. Heller, a criminal psychologist. They attempt to call Dr. Heller posing as an insurance company, planning to get any information from Dr. Heller but failed. However, Dr. Heller is shocked to learn that Dave is currently in Fairview, and decides to book a plane there in the end of the episode. What More Do I Need? \"What More Do I Need?\" is the 94th episode of the ABC television series, \"Desperate Housewives\". It is the","title":"What More Do I Need?"},{"psg_id":"1339923","text":"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium Belgium is a federal state comprising three communities, three regions, and four language areas. For each of these subdivision types, the subdivisions together make up the entire country; in other words, the types overlap. The language areas were established by the Second Gilson Act, which entered into force on August 2, 1963. The division into language areas was included in the Belgian Constitution in 1970. Through constitutional reforms in the 1970s and 1980s, regionalisation of the unitary state led to a three-tiered federation: federal, regional, and community governments were created, a compromise designed","title":"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium"},{"psg_id":"12549533","text":"language. Hasan Alkhayer might have been an Alawite <poem>What do I say? if saying the truth is followed by lashing whips and humid dark prison, But I can not keep silent as silence is a vice that leads to hiding the light of truth. And I can not lie as lying is evil, God forbid, I will not lie! There are two gangs: one is ruling with the name of patriotism and have none of it! And another gang claims good faith; and religion forbids their sayings and acts! Two gangs, my people be aware of, both drank from the","title":"What Do I Say?"},{"psg_id":"4395758","text":"in the role. Years later, in 1956, Frank Loesser turned the play into a semi-operatic musical entitled \"The Most Happy Fella\". This was not filmed, but was videotaped in 1980 and shown on PBS. They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \"They Knew What They Wanted\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (film)"},{"psg_id":"11786952","text":"They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California Napa Valley, who proposes by letter to Amy, a San Francisco waitress who waited on him once. Fearing that she will find him too old and ugly, Tony sends her a photograph of Joe, his young hired hand, instead of himself. When Amy comes to the","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (play)"},{"psg_id":"17579986","text":"\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \"Do What U Want\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"4395755","text":"They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \"They Knew What They Wanted\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting San Francisco, Tony Patucci, an ageing illiterate winegrower from the Napa Valley, sees waitress Amy Peters and falls in love. Returning home, he persuades his foreman Joe, an incorrigible womanizer, to write her a","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (film)"},{"psg_id":"20608310","text":"Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the Masters Apprentices, released in November 1988 on Virgin Records. It was the group's first album in 17 years since \"A Toast To Panama Red\". In the early 1980s there was a revival of interest in the Masters Apprentices due partly to rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who featured the band for his \"Rock & Roll Trivia Show\" on Sydney radio's Triple J, which in turn led to the release of a definitive compilation LP, \"Hands of Time\" by Baker's Raven Records in","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"17742868","text":"What We Do in the Shadows A documentary crew (who are wearing crucifixes) follows four vampire roommates—Viago, Vladislav, Deacon, and Petyr—who share a flat in the Wellington suburb of Te Aro. Although Viago, Vladislav and Deacon are all several centuries old, they have retained normal human appearances, but the 8,000-year-old Petyr resembles Count Orlok and acts more savagely than the younger vampires. Each night, Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon prowl the streets of Wellington searching for people to kill, but they must stay in the flat during the day to avoid sunlight—which is lethal to vampires—and thus have not adapted to","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"8557191","text":"What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United States President Ronald Reagan as a model conservative leader whose philosophy and policies provide guidance and a good example for modern politicians. The phrase derives by analogy from the earlier phrase What would Jesus do? and its related initialism WWJD, coined in the 1890s and repopularized during the 1990s. While the phrase \"What would Reagan do?\" has existed since at least the early 2000s, it","title":"What would Reagan do?"},{"psg_id":"6988625","text":"What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \"Rhythm of Love\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \"Better the Devil You Know\", but instead \"Step Back in Time\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"20608312","text":"Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \"Because I Love You\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \"Because I Love You\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"14121335","text":"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\" The music video for the single \"What Faith Can Do\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \"What Faith Can Do\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from","title":"What Faith Can Do"},{"psg_id":"13390309","text":"last albums featuring lead vocalist Chaka Khan before fully going solo. Do You Love What You Feel \"Do You Love What You Feel\" is a well-known soul/disco song by Rufus and Chaka. Released in late 1979 from the Quincy Jones produced album, \"Masterjam\", it spent three weeks at the top of the Hot Soul Singles chart, becoming the fourth of five songs that they would send to the top of that chart. It also peaked at number thirty on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. Along with the track, \"Any Love\", \"Do You Love What You Feel\" peaked at number","title":"Do You Love What You Feel"},{"psg_id":"13390308","text":"Do You Love What You Feel \"Do You Love What You Feel\" is a well-known soul/disco song by Rufus and Chaka. Released in late 1979 from the Quincy Jones produced album, \"Masterjam\", it spent three weeks at the top of the Hot Soul Singles chart, becoming the fourth of five songs that they would send to the top of that chart. It also peaked at number thirty on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. Along with the track, \"Any Love\", \"Do You Love What You Feel\" peaked at number five on the disco/dance charts. It would be one of the","title":"Do You Love What You Feel"},{"psg_id":"12306939","text":"What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \"What They Like, Inc.\", other sites featuring books, movies and music followed. The site was launched in 2007 by two former Ziff Davis members Ira Becker, executive vice-president of the Game Group, and ex-1UP.com writer and Senior vice-president of the Game Group John Davison. Davison announced his departure from Ziff in August 2007, with Becker's announcement soon following. The two","title":"What They Play"},{"psg_id":"9870990","text":"How Do They Do That? How Do They Do That? is a British television show, produced by Telepictures and Reg Grundy Productions in and broadcast on BBC1 from 25 January 1994 to 23 April 1997. Originally presented by Jenny Hull and Des Lynam, the show explored feats of engineering, organization, and special effects. Each season opened with a stunt apparently performed by one of the presenters, such as a skydiver crash-landing into the studio, a car chase, or the entire studio being washed away. After two series, Eamonn Holmes took over as male presenter, and from Series 5, was joined","title":"How Do They Do That?"},{"psg_id":"9413392","text":"Robert between the items. This series was not made available on Five's online video site. Episodes in this group aired with 30-minute runtimes (including commercials). On hiatus as of February 2014. How Do They Do It? How Do They Do It? is a television series produced by Wag TV for Discovery Channel. Each programme explores how 2 or 3 ordinary objects are made and used. The show's slogan is \"Behind the ordinary is the extraordinary.\" The series is broadcast throughout the world on various Discovery-owned networks including: Series 1 and 2, which were co-produced with Rocket Surgery Productions, were narrated","title":"How Do They Do It?"},{"psg_id":"9413389","text":"How Do They Do It? How Do They Do It? is a television series produced by Wag TV for Discovery Channel. Each programme explores how 2 or 3 ordinary objects are made and used. The show's slogan is \"Behind the ordinary is the extraordinary.\" The series is broadcast throughout the world on various Discovery-owned networks including: Series 1 and 2, which were co-produced with Rocket Surgery Productions, were narrated by Rupert Degas; series 3 and 4 were narrated by Iain Lee; and series 5 and 6 were narrated by Dominic Frisby. In 2008, the UK's Channel 5 began airing the","title":"How Do They Do It?"},{"psg_id":"17742876","text":"New York City and Los Angeles, followed by a screening in San Francisco, Irvine, Philadelphia, Boston, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015, by Unison Films, The Orchard, and Paramount Pictures in association with Funny or Die and Paladin Pictures. The film was heavily pirated. After the shutting down of a piracy website based in Mount Wellington, Auckland, the website revealed that, at 277,000 downloads, 'What We Do in the Shadows' was one of its most heavily pirated films. \"What We Do in the Shadows\" received critical acclaim and has an","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"8265516","text":"of the songs that leaked prior to the album's release, as her first single. The record label didn't agree with Kim and insisted on releasing \"No Matter What They Say\". With time running out and not wanting her first week album sales to suffer, Kim agreed with her label to release the song. \"The Queen\" never made it on the album's final track listing. This song sampled many other songs, including: The song also samples the line 'I'm just tryna be me, doing what I gotta do' from \"Top of the World\" by Brandy as well as \"This is how","title":"No Matter What They Say"},{"psg_id":"12306941","text":"a small editorial staff of seven to play and review games based on their content, but also allowed parents to leave comments and reviews under each game describing their thoughts on the game's content and/or their child's reaction to the game. Parents could also submit an age-appropriateness rating, assigned on a scale from 1-17. What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \"What They Like, Inc.\", other sites","title":"What They Play"},{"psg_id":"11234570","text":"French-language trade unions went on strike against the cuts and against the government. They felt that a more regionalized system was needed to take the measures that Wallonia needed. They felt that the Walloon interests were hurt by a Flemish majority in Belgium; they spoke of \"un état belgo-flamand\", a Belgian-Flemish state. In response to the strikes, the government announced a regionalization of socio-economic policies. Another tension between the language communities involved the Catholic University of Leuven. The university had for long been French-speaking, but Dutch played an increasingly important role in the twentieth century. The tensions caused by the","title":"State reform in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"10605454","text":"inhabitants of such municipalities must request such facilities in their chosen language on each and every occasion they want to enjoy that right. This led to a crisis in Voeren surrounding the mayor, José Happart. Protests raised by French-speakers before the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR were mostly unsuccessful (e.g.Belgian Linguistics Case), a number of institutions such as the Catholic University of Leuven obtained authorisation to become bilingual. In 1970, on the completion of the first state reform, four language areas were established by Article 4 of the Constitution. Since then the language affiliation of municipalities can be changed","title":"Language legislation in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"12437720","text":"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices is the eighth album released by Michael Nyman and the fifth featuring the Michael Nyman Band. \"And Do They Do\" is a modern dance work commission by Siobhan Davies and The London Contemporary Dance Theatre, which premiered at Sadler's Wells Theatre on 25 November 1986. \"Zoo Caprices\" is a multi-stop violin solo for Alexander Balanescu based on the score for Peter Greenaway's film, \"A Zed & Two Noughts\". The album was issued on LP in 1986 by Ter Records under license from Jay Records. It was issued on compact disc","title":"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices"},{"psg_id":"33924","text":"only speak Dutch were effectively second-class citizens. Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation. While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French, and most Brusselers adopted French as their first language, the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system. Following World War II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities. Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimise the potential for conflict. Based on the four language","title":"Belgium"},{"psg_id":"18937858","text":"Do You Mean?\" was performed at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on October 25. Moreover, the song was also included on the set list for the Purpose World Tour. What Do You Mean? \"What Do You Mean?\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album \"Purpose\" (2015). The song was released on August 28, 2015, as the album's lead single by Def Jam. Written by Bieber, Jason \"Poo Bear\" Boyd and Mason Levy, the song was produced by MdL and co-produced by Bieber. \"What Do You Mean?\" is a pop and tropical house","title":"What Do You Mean?"},{"psg_id":"12437723","text":"on a single instrument through multiple stops. The order is significantly altered from the original album, and \"Vermeer's Wife\" and \"Prawn Watching\" are combined into a single section. Performed by the Michael Nyman Band And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices is the eighth album released by Michael Nyman and the fifth featuring the Michael Nyman Band. \"And Do They Do\" is a modern dance work commission by Siobhan Davies and The London Contemporary Dance Theatre, which premiered at Sadler's Wells Theatre on 25 November 1986. \"Zoo Caprices\" is a multi-stop violin solo for Alexander Balanescu based","title":"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices"},{"psg_id":"11234578","text":"among other things in a guaranteed representation of the Flemish inhabitants of Brussels in the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. State reform in Belgium The term State reform in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas. The tensions between the communities of Belgium arose around a struggle between the two main language communities of the country,","title":"State reform in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"6394812","text":"sped up, to raise its key to E minor, with re-recorded vocals and guitar. The members of Pink Floyd have contributed to the confusion regarding the identity of this track, misidentifying \"What Shall We Do Now?\" as \"Empty Spaces\" on multiple occasions, such as in the track listing for the film version of \"The Wall\", and on Waters' \"The Wall Live in Berlin\". On other occasions (such as the officially released live version), the first and second parts of the track are divided and identified as \"Empty Spaces\" and \"What Shall We Do Now?\" respectively, even though they are in","title":"What Shall We Do Now?"},{"psg_id":"15458069","text":"story in so fascinating a way.\" What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian","title":"What Would the Founders Do?"},{"psg_id":"4934998","text":"refrain from using the term Abbey beer in their branding. What connoisseurs now recognize as Trappist breweries began operations in 1838. Several monasteries, however, maintained \"working\" breweries for 500+ years before the French regime disrupted religious life (1795–1799). Even then, some Abbey beers such as Affligem Abbey, whose name now appears on beers made by the Heineken-owned Affligem Brewery, resumed brewing from \"working\" monasteries until the occupation of most of Belgium in World War I. Commercial Abbey beers first appeared during Belgium's World War I recovery. Although Abbey beers do not conform to rigid brewing styles, most tend to include","title":"Beer in Belgium"},{"psg_id":"12138899","text":"the same level of solo success as sister Janet or brother Michael, \"Do What You Do\" was one of six top 20 solo hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for the singer. The song peaked at No. 13 on the Hot 100, No. 14 on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart, and spent three weeks atop the \"Billboard\" adult contemporary chart. The song was one of Jackson's biggest hits in the UK, where it reached No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart. In the ballad, Jackson is requesting that his lover continue with certain enjoyable events they have both experienced in","title":"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)"},{"psg_id":"12668159","text":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\". Various endangered animals answer the question \"What do you see?\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping","title":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?"},{"psg_id":"17742873","text":"a vampire and ensuring they can be together forever. Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline and Jackie has made her husband her new familiar. A post-credits scene shows Deacon attempting to hypnotize the audience to forget the events of the film. The film is based on a 2005 short film—\"What We Do In The Shadows: Interviews With Some Vampires\"—written and directed by Waititi and Clement, and starring Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively. The feature film adaptation was shot in Wellington in September","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"15458067","text":"What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian casinos, campaign finance reform, and term","title":"What Would the Founders Do?"},{"psg_id":"12815618","text":"What More Do I Need? \"What More Do I Need?\" is the 94th episode of the ABC television series, \"Desperate Housewives\". It is the seventh episode of the show's fifth season and aired on November 9, 2008. The story continues from the previous episode, when Lynette confronted Tom after she thought he is having an affair. They both misunderstood each other, but the situation is immediately resolved when Lynette realizes that Porter is the one who is having sex with Anne. Lynette and Tom ask Porter to end the relationship via the phone, but Porter refuses, fearing that Mr. Schilling","title":"What More Do I Need?"},{"psg_id":"16774477","text":"the 2010 election. A majority of those he spoke with and listened to were Republicans, especially among the 87 new legislators. The title of the book, \"Do Not Ask What Good We Do\", is taken from a sentence in a letter from Fisher Ames to Thomas Dwight, dated May 30, 1796: \"Do not ask what good we do : that is not a fair question, in these days of faction.\" The prologue to the book details how, on the night of Obama's inauguration, a group of around 15 Republican Representatives and Senators met in the Caucus Room, a \"high-end D.C.","title":"Do Not Ask What Good We Do"},{"psg_id":"16774476","text":"Do Not Ask What Good We Do Do Not Ask What Good We Do: Inside the U.S. House of Representatives is a 2012 book by the author Robert Draper and published by Free Press. It details the activities of Republicans and Democrats in the United States House of Representatives and the Senate during the first term of Barack Obama's presidency. The book was republished under the title When the Tea Party Came to Town. In order to research the activities and politics within the House of Representatives, Draper \"embedded with new and senior House members\" that had been elected in","title":"Do Not Ask What Good We Do"},{"psg_id":"14853338","text":"also stated that \"Jon's voice is crisp and clear, up in front in the mix; and Richie Sambora's guitar work is neat, clean, and growing more minimal by the minute\". Describing the composition, Osrin said that song \"continues the band's trend of recording music that tries to be more socially conscious than rollicking\". Songwriting and production Musicians \"What Do You Got?\" was used in a promotional video for \"Grey's Anatomy\" in Canada. What Do You Got? \"What Do You Got?\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \"Greatest","title":"What Do You Got?"},{"psg_id":"12138898","text":"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song) \"Do What You Do\" is a single by American R&B singer Jermaine Jackson, sibling of singers Michael and Janet Jackson and former member of The Jackson 5. It was released as the second single from his 1984 album, entitled \"Jermaine Jackson\" in the United States but marketed as \"Dynamite\" in the United Kingdom and other countries. This was one of Jermaine's first releases with Arista Records after a long recording career with Motown Records, first as a member of The Jackson 5, then later as a solo artist. Although Jermaine Jackson never achieved","title":"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657272\",\n \"text\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657281\",\n \"text\": \"2002 DVD \\\"Pull Over\\\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Working\\\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \\\"Read No Evil\\\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19109445\",\n \"text\": \"families now living across the language border because it is cheaper to build, buy or rent. These developments do not yet lead to legal facilities for Dutch speakers. Dutch is the majority language in northern Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population of Belgium. It is one of the three national languages of Belgium, together with French and German, and is the only official language of the Flemish Region. The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard Dutch. As in the Netherlands, the\",\n \"title\": \"Dutch in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334529\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334526\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657279\",\n \"text\": \"for people who do commercials\\\") and football coach George Allen (\\\"You have to put a priority on everything you do each day\\\"). As the foreword to the book points out, \\\"Mr. Terkel found, work was a search, sometimes successful, sometimes not, 'for daily meaning as well as daily bread'... The oral histories in \\\"Working\\\" are wistful dispatches from a distant era...when management practices and computers were just beginning to transform the American workplace. In the last thirty years, productivity has soared but job satisfaction has plummeted. It is hard to read \\\"Working\\\" without wondering what has gone wrong.\\\" A bestseller\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7818134\",\n \"text\": \"S-Bahn car. Tim then pulls the incriminating film out of his bag, holds a lighter to it, and asks aloud: \\\"What do you do if there's a fire?\\\", and the friends answer, \\\"Let it burn!\\\" The film contains mild nudity, mild drug use, and mature language. What to Do in Case of Fire? What to Do in Case of Fire? () is a German film directed by Gregor Schnitzler. It premiered in November 2001 at the German film festival Kinofest Lünen and was released to theaters in 2002. Part comedy, part action and part drama, the movie is set in\",\n \"title\": \"What to Do in Case of Fire?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18870137\",\n \"text\": \"positive slogan talking about games that the vocalist is not \\\"forced to endure\\\". What You Don't Do \\\"What You Don't Do\\\" is a single by British recording artist Lianne La Havas. Released on 7 August 2015, the song peaked at No.69 on the Ultratip Belgium Flanders charts. Following the touring La Havas embarked on in order to promote her debut album \\\"Your Love Big Enough?\\\", she traveled to Jamaica along with her mother in order to regain connections with her roots. During her time in Jamaica La Havas played music for her family alongside dancehall and reggae producer Stephen McGregor\",\n \"title\": \"What You Don't Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18870135\",\n \"text\": \"What You Don't Do \\\"What You Don't Do\\\" is a single by British recording artist Lianne La Havas. Released on 7 August 2015, the song peaked at No.69 on the Ultratip Belgium Flanders charts. Following the touring La Havas embarked on in order to promote her debut album \\\"Your Love Big Enough?\\\", she traveled to Jamaica along with her mother in order to regain connections with her roots. During her time in Jamaica La Havas played music for her family alongside dancehall and reggae producer Stephen McGregor (known under his production name Di Genius), who would later go on to\",\n \"title\": \"What You Don't Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17579980\",\n \"text\": \"to unknown circumstances. \\\"Do What U Want\\\" reached number one in Hungary while peaking within the top 10 in Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Norway, Scotland, South Korea, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Live performances of the song were televised on the 2013 American Music Awards, \\\"\\\", \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", America's \\\"The Voice\\\", and Britain's \\\"The X Factor\\\". Several remixes of the song were released, including ones with vocals from Christina Aguilera and Rick Ross. \\\"Do What U\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17551281\",\n \"text\": \"number seven on the UK Singles Chart. It has also charted in Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. After its charting in September 2013, the single was re-released alongside new remixes on 14 October 2013. The original official music video, directed by You Ness and produced by Faye Adams, was shot around London in September 2012 and released in November 2012. It stars Rhian Chambers and Sean McPherson. A second video was released in October 2013 to coincide with the re-release of the single. What I Might Do \\\"What I Might Do\\\" is the debut single of Manchester-based English DJ/producer Ben\",\n \"title\": \"What I Might Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760415\",\n \"text\": \"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \\\"Piitchfork\\\" mentioned \\\"What might make \\\"In What Language?\\\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760417\",\n \"text\": \"eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds.\\\" In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \\\"Piitchfork\\\" mentioned \\\"What might make \\\"In What Language?\\\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760416\",\n \"text\": \"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\\\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \\\"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \\\"In What Language?\\\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15995714\",\n \"text\": \"What Will They Learn? What Will They Learn? is the annual rating system of American colleges and universities published by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, a Washington, D.C.-based higher education non-profit. The report, which evaluates the core academic requirements at over 1,100 public and private universities, has been published annually since 2009. \\\"What Will They Learn?\\\" was first published in 2009. The report assigns a letter grade to over 1,100 universities based on how many of the following seven core subjects are required: composition, literature, foreign language, American history, economics, mathematics and science. ACTA concludes that most of\",\n \"title\": \"What Will They Learn?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1339924\",\n \"text\": \"to minimize linguistic, cultural, social, and economic tensions. This is a schematic overview of the basic federal structure of Belgium as defined by Title I of the Belgian Constitution. Each of the entities either have their own parliament and government (for the federal state, the communities and the regions) or their own council and executive college (for provinces and municipalities). The entities in \\\"italics\\\" do not have their own institutions — arrondissements because they are purely administrative; language areas because they merely define the linguistic regime of a municipality; and the Flemish Region because its powers are exercised by the\",\n \"title\": \"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2874463\",\n \"text\": \"ever for a Flemish entrant, since Belgum's all top 5 placings have been achieved by the representantives of the French-language broadcaster RTBF. In 2011, the entry for Belgium was Witloof Bay. They didn't qualify for the finals, finishing 11th only one point behind Moldova, and thus 1 point behind the qualification. Due to the good results and the Flemish population's choice, the VRT cancelled 'Eurosong' selection procedure and chose internally for 2012. For the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, they choose 17-year-old singer Iris but decided to let the public choose what song she would sing to represent Belgium. However, she\",\n \"title\": \"Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930755\",\n \"text\": \"vocalists on \\\"If Love Was a River\\\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \\\"Strong Enough\\\". Giving the album all four stars, \\\"People\\\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \\\"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\\\" \\\"What I Do\\\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18442039\",\n \"text\": \"knows exactly what she needs to do and can get the job done based on her own opinions and with Agent 33, not only is she disfigured, not only doesn’t she have her face anymore, she doesn’t have her identity anymore. ... I think it’ll be interesting to see how her character gets resolved or how her character evolves down the line.\\\" About the introduction of Jamie Harris as \\\"man\\\" at the end of the episode, Tancharoen said \\\"you will learn his character’s name pretty soon.\\\" \\\"What They Become\\\" reveals that Skye and Raina are Inhumans, thus introducing that species\",\n \"title\": \"What They Become\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11612194\",\n \"text\": \"Television in Belgium Television in Belgium was introduced in 1953 and began with one channel each in Dutch and French. The three Belgian Communities – Dutch, French and German-speaking – have legal responsibility for audiovisual communication. They constitute separate markets, the common feature of which is the fact that they have been extensively cabled for three decades and are thus able to receive neighbouring countries' channels. Until 1978, Radio-Television Belgium (; ) was Belgium's national public television broadcaster. When broadcasting was devolved to the language communities in 1977, the old organization split into three separate organisations now known as VRT,\",\n \"title\": \"Television in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16440672\",\n \"text\": \"and the song \\\"Robinson Crusoe\\\" (\\\"What did R.Crusoe do on Friday with Saturday night?\\\"). Goffin played music with some classmates of the Brussels law school in the local bars and dance halls. During that time jazz was also synonymous with dance music. According to Faecq it was only when she saw the original black bands that he and his friend Goffin realized that jazz was more than just dance music. Together they discovered jazz music through listening to the Mitchell's Jazz Kings and other black bands in the Alhambra theater. In that period Belgium was in fact the 'jazz capital'\",\n \"title\": \"Jazz in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10605452\",\n \"text\": \"to what language area. Each Belgian municipality is restricted to one language area, of which there are four: Dutch, French, German, and the bilingual area Brussels-Capital that includes the Belgian capital city and eighteen surrounding municipalities. From then on, modifications of the linguistic regime would be possible only after changing the law, which required a majority of each language community. In that same year, the municipality of Voeren (Fourons) went to the Dutch-speaking province of Limburg, and Comines (Komen) and Mouscron (Moeskroen) to the French-speaking province of Hainaut. These and several other municipalities obtained facilities for the minority language group.\",\n \"title\": \"Language legislation in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742879\",\n \"text\": \"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\\\" \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \\\"What We Do in the Moonlight\\\", the working\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988633\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon.co.uk, \\\"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \\\"What Do I Have to Do?\\\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\\\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15995715\",\n \"text\": \"the country's leading universities do not have rigorous general education requirements. The first edition of the study looked at 100 schools across the nation. Only 5 institutions garnered an \\\"A\\\" rating, whereas 25 earned an \\\"F.\\\" Among the \\\"F\\\" institutions were several schools traditionally considered elite, including Yale University. In the 2010-2011 edition, ACTA expanded \\\"What Will They Learn?\\\" to include 718 institutions. The grades broke down to 17 \\\"A's\\\" (2%), 252 \\\"B's\\\" (35%), 209 \\\"C's\\\" (29%), 136 \\\"D's\\\" (19%) and 104 \\\"F's\\\" (14%). The 2011-2012 edition of \\\"What Will They Learn?\\\" was released on August 30, 2011. The study\",\n \"title\": \"What Will They Learn?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1793157\",\n \"text\": \"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \\\"What Would Jesus Buy?\\\", \\\"What Would Lincoln Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\\\", and \\\"What would Tintin do?\\\". The term \\\"What Would Jesus Do?\\\" or \\\"WWJD\\\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \\\"What would Jesus do?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What would Jesus do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19178484\",\n \"text\": \"Visibility: Intergenerational Transfer of Identity and Social Position of Chinese Women in Belgium,\\\" stated that therefore there is a lack of records specifically tracking Chinese people, and therefore there is an element of invisibility. There are multiple Chinese organisations in Belgium, but they do not regularly cooperate with one another. They sometimes cooperate during some political events supported by the Mainland Chinese government and during the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Chinese New Year. Chinese people in Belgium There is a small ethnic Chinese community in Belgium, compared to neighbouring Netherlands and France. The population is still small in size due\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese people in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9854128\",\n \"text\": \"Joey after all the help he had given her. Joey experienced his first kiss with Olivia before they departed and they promised to keep in touch. Later, Joey went back to study normally in his old school, and he stated that he was 'where he belonged'. While his dad 'went in circles' and his mom was 'up in down', Joey decided that it was time he moved in his own direction; forward. What Would Joey Do? What Would Joey Do? is a 2003 novel in a series by Jack Gantos about the character, Joey Pigza. The title is a play\",\n \"title\": \"What Would Joey Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8557193\",\n \"text\": \"including Rebecca Hagelin, Edwin Meese, Kate O'Beirne and James Pethokoukis. The phrase on occasion has been used by iconoclastic conservatives to claim the mantle of Reagan as they criticize mainline conservatives, by some liberal commentators as a way of chastising Republicans whom also they believe fall short of Reagan's ideals and also by non-partisan public policy organizations that seek to emulate aspects of Reagan's leadership. What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United\",\n \"title\": \"What would Reagan do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695713\",\n \"text\": \"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \\\"Read My Mind.\\\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695712\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\\\" at number four. The track \\\"Everything That You Want\\\" was later\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1793154\",\n \"text\": \"mean, die in tenements, and walk the streets for jobs, and never have a piano or a picture in the house, and grow up in misery and drunkenness and sin.\\\"</poem> This leads to many of the novel's characters asking, \\\"What would Jesus do?\\\" when faced with decisions of some importance. This has the effect of making the characters embrace Christianity more seriously and to focus on what they see as its core — the life of Christ. In 1993, Garrett W. Sheldon (great-grandson of the original author) and Deborah Morris published \\\"What Would Jesus Do? : a contemporary retelling of\",\n \"title\": \"What would Jesus do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20334753\",\n \"text\": \"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with\",\n \"title\": \"I Do What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814084\",\n \"text\": \"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814082\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608311\",\n \"text\": \"1981. The classic Burgess, Ford, Keays and Wheatley line-up reformed in August 1987 for a \\\"Back to the 1960s\\\" special on the popular TV variety show \\\"Hey Hey It's Saturday\\\". It marked the first time all four had played together since Wheatley had left in late 1971. They undertook a reunion tour during 1988 and released an album, \\\"Do What You Wanna Do\\\", featuring new material and new versions of their earlier songs, from which they lifted the single \\\"Birth of the Beat\\\". The album's first side contains new recordings of original material and two re-recordings of \\\"Turn Up Your\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20334751\",\n \"text\": \"I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time. The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart. The book has\",\n \"title\": \"I Do What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18442032\",\n \"text\": \"shaking the entire island, but she watches in horror as Triplett's petrified body crumbles in front of her. In an end tag, another Obelisk glows and pulses; apparently alerting a man with no eyes. He calls an unknown person to say that there is someone new. In November 2014, Marvel announced that the tenth episode of the season would be titled \\\"What They Become\\\", to be written by executive producer Jeffrey Bell, with Michael Zinberg directing. Talking about the revealing of Calvin Zabo and Daisy Johnson in the episode, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said, \\\"As we always do, we pulled\",\n \"title\": \"What They Become\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11786956\",\n \"text\": \"that it would stand out in any season, as one of the best plays ever written by an American author. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" treats a difficult and delicate theme with rare human insight and even rarer philosophical profundity.\\\" The 1976 Broadway revival received nominations: They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3471467\",\n \"text\": \"which threatens to turn righteous pleading into pompous indignation. On the other hand, I'm sure it's impossible to write flippantly about something as fundamentally dreadful as the Ethiopia famine.\\\" The song has received criticism for what has been described as a colonial western-centric viewpoint and condescending stereotypical descriptions of Africa. Musician Fuse ODG turned down a request to sing \\\"Do They Know It's Christmas\\\" with the group during the 2014 Ebola outbreak, stating that the lyrics of the song do not reflect what Africa truly is. He cited lyrics such as \\\"There is no peace and joy in west Africa\",\n \"title\": \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9870991\",\n \"text\": \"by Esther McVey. At its height, How Do They Do That? had 12 million viewers watching on Wednesday nights. How Do They Do That? How Do They Do That? is a British television show, produced by Telepictures and Reg Grundy Productions in and broadcast on BBC1 from 25 January 1994 to 23 April 1997. Originally presented by Jenny Hull and Des Lynam, the show explored feats of engineering, organization, and special effects. Each season opened with a stunt apparently performed by one of the presenters, such as a skydiver crash-landing into the studio, a car chase, or the entire studio\",\n \"title\": \"How Do They Do That?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10038255\",\n \"text\": \"Ain't What You Do \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \\\"Nu-Flow\\\". \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is based on Fun Boy Three and Bananarama's collaboration \\\"It Ain't What You Do (It's the\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't What You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17580008\",\n \"text\": \"It was first announced that Gaga would perform on the fifth-season finale of \\\"The Voice\\\" on December 12, 2013, with the assumption that R. Kelly would accompany her during a performance of \\\"Do What U Want\\\". However, a television commercial aired on December 17, the evening of the finale, teased that \\\"Christina joins Lady Gaga for one epic performance\\\"; they sang \\\"Do What U Want\\\" as the final performance of the evening. Both appeared in \\\"matching clothes\\\" with few differences, Gaga wore a \\\"jumpsuit all sharp, off-kilter angles\\\", while Aguilera was dressed in a \\\"slinky-sexy gown emphasizing her smooth curves\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514848\",\n \"text\": \"1972 studio album \\\"See All Her Faces\\\". Yellowman covered it for \\\"King Yellowman\\\" (1984). \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is sampled in \\\"Upgrade U\\\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \\\"B'Day\\\" (2006) and in \\\"No Homo Outro\\\", a track from \\\"Turtleneck & Chain\\\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514846\",\n \"text\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18988035\",\n \"text\": \"in a wide variety of styles, including gospel and bluegrass; sometimes attributed to Phillips or to \\\"anonymous\\\" or to \\\"traditional\\\". What Are They Doing in Heaven? \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\\\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \\\"What Are They Doing?\\\" and \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\\\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \\\"I am thinking of\",\n \"title\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18988033\",\n \"text\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven? \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\\\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \\\"What Are They Doing?\\\" and \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\\\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \\\"I am thinking of friends whom I used to know\\\". The song consists of four verses and a refrain, each four lines long. In\",\n \"title\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16345967\",\n \"text\": \"In the \\\"What Ya Wanna Do\\\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \\\"What Ya Wanna Do?\\\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \\\"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\\\". It was released in 1989 via Sire\",\n \"title\": \"What Ya Wanna Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12138900\",\n \"text\": \"the past: \\\"Why don't you do what you do / when you did what you did to me?\\\" Its B-side is \\\"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)\\\", a duet with Michael Jackson. The song was sampled by Lil Wayne for \\\"How Could Something\\\" and by Chamillionaire for \\\"Void In My Life\\\". The music video was an imitation of \\\"The Godfather\\\" and supermodel Iman played Jackson's love interest who eventually betrays him by trying to shoot him. After his henchmen take her away, it is not revealed what happened to her. Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930754\",\n \"text\": \"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"Too Much of a Good Thing\\\" and \\\"Monday Morning Church\\\" both reached #5, while \\\"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\\\" and \\\"USA Today\\\" both reached #18. \\\"What I Do\\\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10038256\",\n \"text\": \"Way That You Do It)\\\". UK CD 1 UK CD 2 Ain't What You Do \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \\\"Nu-Flow\\\". \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is based on Fun Boy\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't What You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11234567\",\n \"text\": \"State reform in Belgium The term State reform in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas. The tensions between the communities of Belgium arose around a struggle between the two main language communities of the country, Dutch and French. This resulted in extensive language legislation, but which did not solve the conflicts between Flanders and Wallonia,\",\n \"title\": \"State reform in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12815623\",\n \"text\": \"finds out through his phone records that there is a number that he calls repeatedly every month. They discover that particular number belongs to Dr. Heller, a criminal psychologist. They attempt to call Dr. Heller posing as an insurance company, planning to get any information from Dr. Heller but failed. However, Dr. Heller is shocked to learn that Dave is currently in Fairview, and decides to book a plane there in the end of the episode. What More Do I Need? \\\"What More Do I Need?\\\" is the 94th episode of the ABC television series, \\\"Desperate Housewives\\\". It is the\",\n \"title\": \"What More Do I Need?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1339923\",\n \"text\": \"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium Belgium is a federal state comprising three communities, three regions, and four language areas. For each of these subdivision types, the subdivisions together make up the entire country; in other words, the types overlap. The language areas were established by the Second Gilson Act, which entered into force on August 2, 1963. The division into language areas was included in the Belgian Constitution in 1970. Through constitutional reforms in the 1970s and 1980s, regionalisation of the unitary state led to a three-tiered federation: federal, regional, and community governments were created, a compromise designed\",\n \"title\": \"Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12549533\",\n \"text\": \"language. Hasan Alkhayer might have been an Alawite <poem>What do I say? if saying the truth is followed by lashing whips and humid dark prison, But I can not keep silent as silence is a vice that leads to hiding the light of truth. And I can not lie as lying is evil, God forbid, I will not lie! There are two gangs: one is ruling with the name of patriotism and have none of it! And another gang claims good faith; and religion forbids their sayings and acts! Two gangs, my people be aware of, both drank from the\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Say?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4395758\",\n \"text\": \"in the role. Years later, in 1956, Frank Loesser turned the play into a semi-operatic musical entitled \\\"The Most Happy Fella\\\". This was not filmed, but was videotaped in 1980 and shown on PBS. They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11786952\",\n \"text\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California Napa Valley, who proposes by letter to Amy, a San Francisco waitress who waited on him once. Fearing that she will find him too old and ugly, Tony sends her a photograph of Joe, his young hired hand, instead of himself. When Amy comes to the\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17579986\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\\\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \\\"Do What U Want\\\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4395755\",\n \"text\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting San Francisco, Tony Patucci, an ageing illiterate winegrower from the Napa Valley, sees waitress Amy Peters and falls in love. Returning home, he persuades his foreman Joe, an incorrigible womanizer, to write her a\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608310\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the Masters Apprentices, released in November 1988 on Virgin Records. It was the group's first album in 17 years since \\\"A Toast To Panama Red\\\". In the early 1980s there was a revival of interest in the Masters Apprentices due partly to rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who featured the band for his \\\"Rock & Roll Trivia Show\\\" on Sydney radio's Triple J, which in turn led to the release of a definitive compilation LP, \\\"Hands of Time\\\" by Baker's Raven Records in\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742868\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in the Shadows A documentary crew (who are wearing crucifixes) follows four vampire roommates—Viago, Vladislav, Deacon, and Petyr—who share a flat in the Wellington suburb of Te Aro. Although Viago, Vladislav and Deacon are all several centuries old, they have retained normal human appearances, but the 8,000-year-old Petyr resembles Count Orlok and acts more savagely than the younger vampires. Each night, Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon prowl the streets of Wellington searching for people to kill, but they must stay in the flat during the day to avoid sunlight—which is lethal to vampires—and thus have not adapted to\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8557191\",\n \"text\": \"What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United States President Ronald Reagan as a model conservative leader whose philosophy and policies provide guidance and a good example for modern politicians. The phrase derives by analogy from the earlier phrase What would Jesus do? and its related initialism WWJD, coined in the 1890s and repopularized during the 1990s. While the phrase \\\"What would Reagan do?\\\" has existed since at least the early 2000s, it\",\n \"title\": \"What would Reagan do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988625\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \\\"Rhythm of Love\\\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \\\"Better the Devil You Know\\\", but instead \\\"Step Back in Time\\\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608312\",\n \"text\": \"Radio\\\" and \\\"Because I Love You\\\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \\\"Because I Love You\\\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \\\"Because I Love You\\\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14121335\",\n \"text\": \"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\\\" The music video for the single \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from\",\n \"title\": \"What Faith Can Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13390309\",\n \"text\": \"last albums featuring lead vocalist Chaka Khan before fully going solo. Do You Love What You Feel \\\"Do You Love What You Feel\\\" is a well-known soul/disco song by Rufus and Chaka. Released in late 1979 from the Quincy Jones produced album, \\\"Masterjam\\\", it spent three weeks at the top of the Hot Soul Singles chart, becoming the fourth of five songs that they would send to the top of that chart. It also peaked at number thirty on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart. Along with the track, \\\"Any Love\\\", \\\"Do You Love What You Feel\\\" peaked at number\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Love What You Feel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13390308\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Love What You Feel \\\"Do You Love What You Feel\\\" is a well-known soul/disco song by Rufus and Chaka. Released in late 1979 from the Quincy Jones produced album, \\\"Masterjam\\\", it spent three weeks at the top of the Hot Soul Singles chart, becoming the fourth of five songs that they would send to the top of that chart. It also peaked at number thirty on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart. Along with the track, \\\"Any Love\\\", \\\"Do You Love What You Feel\\\" peaked at number five on the disco/dance charts. It would be one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Love What You Feel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12306939\",\n \"text\": \"What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \\\"What They Like, Inc.\\\", other sites featuring books, movies and music followed. The site was launched in 2007 by two former Ziff Davis members Ira Becker, executive vice-president of the Game Group, and ex-1UP.com writer and Senior vice-president of the Game Group John Davison. Davison announced his departure from Ziff in August 2007, with Becker's announcement soon following. The two\",\n \"title\": \"What They Play\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9870990\",\n \"text\": \"How Do They Do That? How Do They Do That? is a British television show, produced by Telepictures and Reg Grundy Productions in and broadcast on BBC1 from 25 January 1994 to 23 April 1997. Originally presented by Jenny Hull and Des Lynam, the show explored feats of engineering, organization, and special effects. Each season opened with a stunt apparently performed by one of the presenters, such as a skydiver crash-landing into the studio, a car chase, or the entire studio being washed away. After two series, Eamonn Holmes took over as male presenter, and from Series 5, was joined\",\n \"title\": \"How Do They Do That?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9413392\",\n \"text\": \"Robert between the items. This series was not made available on Five's online video site. Episodes in this group aired with 30-minute runtimes (including commercials). On hiatus as of February 2014. How Do They Do It? How Do They Do It? is a television series produced by Wag TV for Discovery Channel. Each programme explores how 2 or 3 ordinary objects are made and used. The show's slogan is \\\"Behind the ordinary is the extraordinary.\\\" The series is broadcast throughout the world on various Discovery-owned networks including: Series 1 and 2, which were co-produced with Rocket Surgery Productions, were narrated\",\n \"title\": \"How Do They Do It?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9413389\",\n \"text\": \"How Do They Do It? How Do They Do It? is a television series produced by Wag TV for Discovery Channel. Each programme explores how 2 or 3 ordinary objects are made and used. The show's slogan is \\\"Behind the ordinary is the extraordinary.\\\" The series is broadcast throughout the world on various Discovery-owned networks including: Series 1 and 2, which were co-produced with Rocket Surgery Productions, were narrated by Rupert Degas; series 3 and 4 were narrated by Iain Lee; and series 5 and 6 were narrated by Dominic Frisby. In 2008, the UK's Channel 5 began airing the\",\n \"title\": \"How Do They Do It?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742876\",\n \"text\": \"New York City and Los Angeles, followed by a screening in San Francisco, Irvine, Philadelphia, Boston, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015, by Unison Films, The Orchard, and Paramount Pictures in association with Funny or Die and Paladin Pictures. The film was heavily pirated. After the shutting down of a piracy website based in Mount Wellington, Auckland, the website revealed that, at 277,000 downloads, 'What We Do in the Shadows' was one of its most heavily pirated films. \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" received critical acclaim and has an\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8265516\",\n \"text\": \"of the songs that leaked prior to the album's release, as her first single. The record label didn't agree with Kim and insisted on releasing \\\"No Matter What They Say\\\". With time running out and not wanting her first week album sales to suffer, Kim agreed with her label to release the song. \\\"The Queen\\\" never made it on the album's final track listing. This song sampled many other songs, including: The song also samples the line 'I'm just tryna be me, doing what I gotta do' from \\\"Top of the World\\\" by Brandy as well as \\\"This is how\",\n \"title\": \"No Matter What They Say\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12306941\",\n \"text\": \"a small editorial staff of seven to play and review games based on their content, but also allowed parents to leave comments and reviews under each game describing their thoughts on the game's content and/or their child's reaction to the game. Parents could also submit an age-appropriateness rating, assigned on a scale from 1-17. What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \\\"What They Like, Inc.\\\", other sites\",\n \"title\": \"What They Play\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11234570\",\n \"text\": \"French-language trade unions went on strike against the cuts and against the government. They felt that a more regionalized system was needed to take the measures that Wallonia needed. They felt that the Walloon interests were hurt by a Flemish majority in Belgium; they spoke of \\\"un état belgo-flamand\\\", a Belgian-Flemish state. In response to the strikes, the government announced a regionalization of socio-economic policies. Another tension between the language communities involved the Catholic University of Leuven. The university had for long been French-speaking, but Dutch played an increasingly important role in the twentieth century. The tensions caused by the\",\n \"title\": \"State reform in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10605454\",\n \"text\": \"inhabitants of such municipalities must request such facilities in their chosen language on each and every occasion they want to enjoy that right. This led to a crisis in Voeren surrounding the mayor, José Happart. Protests raised by French-speakers before the European Court of Human Rights ECtHR were mostly unsuccessful (e.g.Belgian Linguistics Case), a number of institutions such as the Catholic University of Leuven obtained authorisation to become bilingual. In 1970, on the completion of the first state reform, four language areas were established by Article 4 of the Constitution. Since then the language affiliation of municipalities can be changed\",\n \"title\": \"Language legislation in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12437720\",\n \"text\": \"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices is the eighth album released by Michael Nyman and the fifth featuring the Michael Nyman Band. \\\"And Do They Do\\\" is a modern dance work commission by Siobhan Davies and The London Contemporary Dance Theatre, which premiered at Sadler's Wells Theatre on 25 November 1986. \\\"Zoo Caprices\\\" is a multi-stop violin solo for Alexander Balanescu based on the score for Peter Greenaway's film, \\\"A Zed & Two Noughts\\\". The album was issued on LP in 1986 by Ter Records under license from Jay Records. It was issued on compact disc\",\n \"title\": \"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"33924\",\n \"text\": \"only speak Dutch were effectively second-class citizens. Late that century, and continuing into the 20th century, Flemish movements evolved to counter this situation. While the people in Southern Belgium spoke French or dialects of French, and most Brusselers adopted French as their first language, the Flemings refused to do so and succeeded progressively in making Dutch an equal language in the education system. Following World War II, Belgian politics became increasingly dominated by the autonomy of its two main linguistic communities. Intercommunal tensions rose and the constitution was amended to minimise the potential for conflict. Based on the four language\",\n \"title\": \"Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937858\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Mean?\\\" was performed at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards on October 25. Moreover, the song was also included on the set list for the Purpose World Tour. What Do You Mean? \\\"What Do You Mean?\\\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album \\\"Purpose\\\" (2015). The song was released on August 28, 2015, as the album's lead single by Def Jam. Written by Bieber, Jason \\\"Poo Bear\\\" Boyd and Mason Levy, the song was produced by MdL and co-produced by Bieber. \\\"What Do You Mean?\\\" is a pop and tropical house\",\n \"title\": \"What Do You Mean?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12437723\",\n \"text\": \"on a single instrument through multiple stops. The order is significantly altered from the original album, and \\\"Vermeer's Wife\\\" and \\\"Prawn Watching\\\" are combined into a single section. Performed by the Michael Nyman Band And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices is the eighth album released by Michael Nyman and the fifth featuring the Michael Nyman Band. \\\"And Do They Do\\\" is a modern dance work commission by Siobhan Davies and The London Contemporary Dance Theatre, which premiered at Sadler's Wells Theatre on 25 November 1986. \\\"Zoo Caprices\\\" is a multi-stop violin solo for Alexander Balanescu based\",\n \"title\": \"And Do They Do/Zoo Caprices\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11234578\",\n \"text\": \"among other things in a guaranteed representation of the Flemish inhabitants of Brussels in the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region. State reform in Belgium The term State reform in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia. In general, Belgium evolved from a unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas. The tensions between the communities of Belgium arose around a struggle between the two main language communities of the country,\",\n \"title\": \"State reform in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6394812\",\n \"text\": \"sped up, to raise its key to E minor, with re-recorded vocals and guitar. The members of Pink Floyd have contributed to the confusion regarding the identity of this track, misidentifying \\\"What Shall We Do Now?\\\" as \\\"Empty Spaces\\\" on multiple occasions, such as in the track listing for the film version of \\\"The Wall\\\", and on Waters' \\\"The Wall Live in Berlin\\\". On other occasions (such as the officially released live version), the first and second parts of the track are divided and identified as \\\"Empty Spaces\\\" and \\\"What Shall We Do Now?\\\" respectively, even though they are in\",\n \"title\": \"What Shall We Do Now?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15458069\",\n \"text\": \"story in so fascinating a way.\\\" What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \\\"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\\\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian\",\n \"title\": \"What Would the Founders Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4934998\",\n \"text\": \"refrain from using the term Abbey beer in their branding. What connoisseurs now recognize as Trappist breweries began operations in 1838. Several monasteries, however, maintained \\\"working\\\" breweries for 500+ years before the French regime disrupted religious life (1795–1799). Even then, some Abbey beers such as Affligem Abbey, whose name now appears on beers made by the Heineken-owned Affligem Brewery, resumed brewing from \\\"working\\\" monasteries until the occupation of most of Belgium in World War I. Commercial Abbey beers first appeared during Belgium's World War I recovery. Although Abbey beers do not conform to rigid brewing styles, most tend to include\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Belgium\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12138899\",\n \"text\": \"the same level of solo success as sister Janet or brother Michael, \\\"Do What You Do\\\" was one of six top 20 solo hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart for the singer. The song peaked at No. 13 on the Hot 100, No. 14 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart, and spent three weeks atop the \\\"Billboard\\\" adult contemporary chart. The song was one of Jackson's biggest hits in the UK, where it reached No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart. In the ballad, Jackson is requesting that his lover continue with certain enjoyable events they have both experienced in\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12668159\",\n \"text\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\". Various endangered animals answer the question \\\"What do you see?\\\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping\",\n \"title\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742873\",\n \"text\": \"a vampire and ensuring they can be together forever. Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline and Jackie has made her husband her new familiar. A post-credits scene shows Deacon attempting to hypnotize the audience to forget the events of the film. The film is based on a 2005 short film—\\\"What We Do In The Shadows: Interviews With Some Vampires\\\"—written and directed by Waititi and Clement, and starring Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively. The feature film adaptation was shot in Wellington in September\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15458067\",\n \"text\": \"What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \\\"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\\\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian casinos, campaign finance reform, and term\",\n \"title\": \"What Would the Founders Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12815618\",\n \"text\": \"What More Do I Need? \\\"What More Do I Need?\\\" is the 94th episode of the ABC television series, \\\"Desperate Housewives\\\". It is the seventh episode of the show's fifth season and aired on November 9, 2008. The story continues from the previous episode, when Lynette confronted Tom after she thought he is having an affair. They both misunderstood each other, but the situation is immediately resolved when Lynette realizes that Porter is the one who is having sex with Anne. Lynette and Tom ask Porter to end the relationship via the phone, but Porter refuses, fearing that Mr. Schilling\",\n \"title\": \"What More Do I Need?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16774477\",\n \"text\": \"the 2010 election. A majority of those he spoke with and listened to were Republicans, especially among the 87 new legislators. The title of the book, \\\"Do Not Ask What Good We Do\\\", is taken from a sentence in a letter from Fisher Ames to Thomas Dwight, dated May 30, 1796: \\\"Do not ask what good we do : that is not a fair question, in these days of faction.\\\" The prologue to the book details how, on the night of Obama's inauguration, a group of around 15 Republican Representatives and Senators met in the Caucus Room, a \\\"high-end D.C.\",\n \"title\": \"Do Not Ask What Good We Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16774476\",\n \"text\": \"Do Not Ask What Good We Do Do Not Ask What Good We Do: Inside the U.S. House of Representatives is a 2012 book by the author Robert Draper and published by Free Press. It details the activities of Republicans and Democrats in the United States House of Representatives and the Senate during the first term of Barack Obama's presidency. The book was republished under the title When the Tea Party Came to Town. In order to research the activities and politics within the House of Representatives, Draper \\\"embedded with new and senior House members\\\" that had been elected in\",\n \"title\": \"Do Not Ask What Good We Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14853338\",\n \"text\": \"also stated that \\\"Jon's voice is crisp and clear, up in front in the mix; and Richie Sambora's guitar work is neat, clean, and growing more minimal by the minute\\\". Describing the composition, Osrin said that song \\\"continues the band's trend of recording music that tries to be more socially conscious than rollicking\\\". Songwriting and production Musicians \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" was used in a promotional video for \\\"Grey's Anatomy\\\" in Canada. What Do You Got? \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \\\"Greatest\",\n \"title\": \"What Do You Got?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12138898\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song) \\\"Do What You Do\\\" is a single by American R&B singer Jermaine Jackson, sibling of singers Michael and Janet Jackson and former member of The Jackson 5. It was released as the second single from his 1984 album, entitled \\\"Jermaine Jackson\\\" in the United States but marketed as \\\"Dynamite\\\" in the United Kingdom and other countries. This was one of Jermaine's first releases with Arista Records after a long recording career with Motown Records, first as a member of The Jackson 5, then later as a solo artist. Although Jermaine Jackson never achieved\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["french language","german language","dutch language"],"string":"[\n \"french language\",\n \"german language\",\n \"dutch language\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1692,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays walter in fringe?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12583521","text":"Walter Bishop (Fringe) Walter Harold Bishop, Ph.D. is a fictional character on the Fox television series \"Fringe\". He is portrayed by John Noble. Noble also plays Walter's counterpart in the show's parallel universe, who is referred to in the show as Walternate. Walter Bishop is the son of former allied spy, Doctor Robert Bischoff (Aug. 21, 1912 - Dec. 11, 1944) (Anglicized to Bishop following World War II). His father, a scientific pioneer at the University of Berlin, conducted espionage for the Allies within the Nazi government, sabotaged German research and smuggled scientific information to the Americans. Walter grew up","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583521\",\n \"text\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe) Walter Harold Bishop, Ph.D. is a fictional character on the Fox television series \\\"Fringe\\\". He is portrayed by John Noble. Noble also plays Walter's counterpart in the show's parallel universe, who is referred to in the show as Walternate. Walter Bishop is the son of former allied spy, Doctor Robert Bischoff (Aug. 21, 1912 - Dec. 11, 1944) (Anglicized to Bishop following World War II). His father, a scientific pioneer at the University of Berlin, conducted espionage for the Allies within the Nazi government, sabotaged German research and smuggled scientific information to the Americans. Walter grew up\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12583533","text":"he had begun to look to Olivia like his own daughter. Thankfully, she regained consciousness, and Walter learned that the person who tried to kill her was a shape-shifting assassin from the Other Side. By now, Fringe Division is aware of the alternate universe, and just as the ZFT manifesto predicted, they had intentions to destroy us. In the episode \"August\", an Observer called August contacted Walter to help correct a mistake, which Walter initially believed was to send Peter back to the alternate universe, but, it was in fact a method on how to \"cheat death\", which he had","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583549","text":"invasion, William Bell and Walter reconnected. Bell claimed he wanted to help Walter defeat the Observers. However, William betrayed Fringe Division and led the Observers to them. Walter ambered his Harvard Lab and all of the videotapes. He also ambered Astrid, Peter, William, and himself, at an unknown location in New York City to prevent the Observers from reaching them. In 2036, Walter was discovered in amber by an associate of Henrietta Bishop, his granddaughter. Etta and Simon Foster went to the former Massive Dynamic building to locate pieces of Walter's brain. Restoring Walter to a new form of sanity,","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583531","text":"a self-published, anonymous manifesto under the same title. Walter discovered that the ZFT manifesto was written in his very lab, by William Bell, years ago, after they discovered the alternate universe. In episode 1x20, \"There's More Than One of Everything\", Walter reveals the existence of the Other Side to Peter, without telling him he was in fact from there. Walter and Peter helped Olivia and Fringe Division stop Jones from crossing over to the Other Side to kill William Bell, and carried on with their lives, now happy as father-and-son. A subplot in the first season was Walter and Bell's","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583571","text":"mad scientist who has had parts of his brain removed by his partner, William Bell, and who spent more than 17 years in a psychiatric hospital for the criminally insane, Walter Bishop can best be described as an eccentric man. Once a brilliant scientist in the realm of fringe science, his trials in life have left him with gaps in his memory and with traits that can best be described as child like. While many parts of his intellect remain intact, he suffers from some degree of agoraphobia and has difficulty properly looking after himself, such that in both timelines","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583522","text":"with a love for science, and by the 1970s, became a head developer for a U.S. Government experimental research program called \"Kelvin Genetics\", alongside his long-time friend William Bell. He married Elizabeth Bishop in an undisclosed year, and their son, Peter Bishop was born in 1978. Walter and his friend William Bell conducted numerous experiments in the area of fringe science, including developing highly advanced weapons for the Army. At some point during the 1970s, Walter and Bell discovered the existence of another universe, through the heightened use of LSD, among other drugs. They constructed a \"trans-dimensional window\", a portal","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583541","text":"the season two finale, \"Over There\", Walter begins to readjust to life with Peter, but his son still shows a hint of resentment towards his father. Unbeknownst to either of them, the Olivia Dunham they returned to our universe with was in fact her doppelganger, \"Fauxlivia\", while the prime-Olivia was held captive in the other universe. Fauxlivia was under orders from Walternate to locate the pieces of the doomsday machine constructed by \"The First People\". Massive Dynamic and Fringe Division begin collecting the pieces and rebuilding the machine in a secure bunker, and Olivia is able to cross over momentarily","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583567","text":"role.' And they said, 'No, no, no, it's not for you, you're too young for it.' I said, 'Oh, okay, glad I asked.' So I went back to Australia and we were back there over the Christmas break, and she was there as well. I got a phone call\", asking him to tape his audition. He taped it with his daughter and sent it; Noble commented \"And that was it, off that tape. This is so unusual. Off that tape, I was cast as Walter Bishop. Just unheard of.\" Noble has closely worked with the \"Fringe\" writers to develop his","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15278085","text":"Grey Matters (Fringe) \"Grey Matters\" is the 10th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\". The episode was written by Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, and directed by Jeannot Szwarc. It centered on three mental patients who mysteriously became sane again after shapeshifters from the parallel universe removed a piece of foreign tissue from each of their brains; this tissue is later revealed to have been taken from the brain of Walter Bishop years before. The fringe team of Olivia Dunham, Peter Bishop, and Walter investigate and face a new enemy, Thomas","title":"Grey Matters (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"11018079","text":"Astrid Farnsworth (Jasika Nicole), who assists Walter in laboratory research. The Fringe Division investigates cases relating to fringe science, ranging from transhumanist experiments gone wrong to the prospect of a destructive technological singularity to a possible collision of two parallel universes. The Fringe Division's work often intersects with advanced biotechnology developed by a company called Massive Dynamic, founded by Walter's former partner, Dr. William Bell (Leonard Nimoy), and run by their common friend, Nina Sharp (Blair Brown). The team is also watched silently by a group of bald, pale men who are called \"Observers\". Season 1 introduces the Fringe Division","title":"Fringe (TV series)"},{"psg_id":"15268023","text":"her and Nick to ashes and severely burns the Other Side Fringe Division's principal investigator Lincoln Lee (Seth Gabel). Walter is shot and walks to the hospital. Olivia follows her alternate counterpart and encounters Bell, who insists he did not betray their location to the Fringe Division and tells her that Walter is in trouble. Walternate is seen in the room housing the doomsday device Peter will be a part of, and leaves with its final component. Walternate learns of Walter's presence in the hospital and dispatches \"Fauxlivia\" (Torv) and \"Alt-Charlie\" (Kirk Acevedo) to apprehend him, but before their arrival","title":"Over There (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16479096","text":"a thought unifier, a piece of Observer technology. Walter, Peter, Olivia, Astrid, and William Bell purposely ambered themselves soon afterward. They are recovered by Etta Bishop, revealed to be Peter and Olivia's adult child that had gone missing during the Observer invasion, and while a Fringe division member, also working with the underground along with Broyles. Walter is soon captured by the lead Observer, Captain Windmark, who puts him under a vigorous memory scan that destroys Walter's memories of the plan, before he can be rescued. Despite this loss, the Fringe team consider clues left in the lab, and come","title":"Fringe (season 5)"},{"psg_id":"15970083","text":"morgue, and which continue growing towards the drains in the room. The Fringe team is able to kill the spores using ultraviolet light. They subsequently discover a much larger fungal network in the service tunnel. When they try to expose this network to ultraviolet light and high temperatures, Walter observes Aaron suffering from a high fever. Walter quickly surmises that the fungal network (which he refers to as \"Gus\") is actually part of a single organism that functions like a giant brain. \"Gus\" has been able to make a psychic link with Aaron, who had spent several days previously in","title":"Alone in the World (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"17040522","text":"over. Walter administers four doses—one for each expected crossing—despite the harm it does to her medical condition. As the drug takes effect, Peter and Walter have a discussion about the nature of sacrifice. When Olivia recovers from the injections, Walter warns her of how long she has and that jumping too fast will cause rapid withdrawal symptoms. Olivia jumps over near the site of the parallel-universe Fringe Division building, where she is met by her doppelganger and current leader of Fringe Division, Fauxlivia, and her former partner from the prime universe, Lincoln Lee; the two have since married and have","title":"Liberty (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15970085","text":"Torv) and Lincoln (Seth Gabel) prepare to destroy the fungus network by injecting a toxin (provided by Massive Dynamic) into its heart, Walter finds that Aaron has become emotional, fearing that there is no one that cares for him. Realizing that Aaron's emotions are feeding the organism, Walter comforts the boy. Aaron becomes tranquil at Walter's display of affection, and the organism starts to die out. The Fringe team is able to destroy the remaining organism without harming Aaron. Walter gives Aaron one of Peter's old toys as Aaron is taken off to a hospital. In the epilogue, Walter determines","title":"Alone in the World (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583524","text":"a rare and savage disease. Walter attempted numerous methods to cure him, ranging from trying to build a time machine to bring a researcher who specialized in these cases from the 1930s to the present, to watching his alternate self, dubbed \"Walternate\", work with advanced medicine to cure his own Peter in the alternate universe, who was also ill. But Walter could not save his son, and he died in his arms. Following the funeral, which Bell never attended, Walter became consumed with watching Walternate work to save the other Peter. Through the trans-dimensional window, Walter discovered that Walternate had","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"13606902","text":"experience with The Observer has caused him to start to believe in The Pattern. Peter decides that he wants to stay with the Fringe team until he gets some explanations. Walter apologizes to Astrid, who doesn't yet forgive him. Walter admits to Peter that, during an accident many years ago, a mysterious third party saved both their lives. The man was bald and had no eyebrows, who \"knew my [Walter's] thoughts before I did.\" Walter admits that his behaviour regarding the capsule, and his desire to protect it, was motivated by his debt to this bald man, and that the","title":"The Arrival (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16407669","text":"he feels at home, reflecting a previous conversation Peter had with Lee about staying with Olivia in the prime universe. Walter and Walternate have a heartfelt discussion over Peter, and Walter expresses concern that if the bridge disappears, so will Peter. The other Fringe members say their goodbyes to their counterparts. Eventually, the Machine is overloaded and deactivated, and the parallel universe aspects of the room disappear; Walter is pleased to see Peter remains. \"Fringe\" story editor Matt Pitts and DC Comics' Nicole Phillips co-wrote the teleplay, based on a story by co-producer Graham Roland. English director Charles Beeson, known","title":"Worlds Apart (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"13881799","text":"the prime universe, and the two launch a rescue attempt. In the parallel universe, they find that it suffers from singularities caused by Walter's crossing in 1985, forcing Walternate's Fringe team to use an amber-like substance to surround and quarantine such areas, regardless of innocent lives trapped within. They meet with William Bell, and Walter and Bell resolve their past differences. Olivia faces off against her doppelgänger, \"Fauxlivia\", who works for Walternate in the Fringe Division under the U.S. Secretary of Defense; she is able to recover Peter, who has seen the device and recognized that it reacted only to","title":"Fringe (season 2)"},{"psg_id":"12583556","text":"love you, Dad\" to Walter. Time flashes back to 2015, where Peter, Olivia, and their young daughter Etta are enjoying a day in the park. The Observer invasion does not occur, and the family returns home. When Peter checks the mail, he finds an envelope addressed to him from W. Bishop, containing only a piece of paper with a drawn white tulip on it. In the first season Walter describes God as the only other individual who had access to all his research. In the second season Walter describes himself as a former atheist who realized he had committed a","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583574","text":"institutionalized nor had parts of his brain removed, there is evidence to suggest that the personalities of the two Walters began to diverge long before the death of Peter Bishop the boy, from the primary universe. In the primary universe, Walter chose to come home the night his son would die, and it was Walter who showed his son how to do the coin trick. In the parallel universe, Walternate chose to remain at his lab, and it was his wife who showed their son the coin trick. Additionally, when Walter crossed over and kidnapped Walternate's Peter by impersonating him,","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583527","text":"as their own. In 1991, Walter's lab assistant, Dr. Carla Warren, was killed in a fire, and Walter was charged with manslaughter, but was deemed mentally unfit to be tried, so he was locked away inside the St. Claire's Mental Institution. Walter would spend 17 years inside St. Claire's, and was never visited by Peter. Bell, under the alias of Dr. Simon Paris, performed several brain surgeries on Walter, extracting pieces of Walter's brain tissue, which contained the memories of how he crossed universes, per the request of Walter himself, who was frightened of what he was becoming. With the","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"11565107","text":"Camden Fringe The Camden Fringe takes place over 4 weeks in the summer to provide an alternative to the Edinburgh Fringe in one of London's most vibrant and exciting areas. The first Camden Fringe took place in 2006 at the Etcetera Theatre and has grown steadily since its humble beginnings. In 2017 The Camden Fringe sold 30000 tickets for 1000 performances across 25 venues. All sorts of performers and performances take place at the Camden Fringe – from stand-up, to revivals of classical plays; from new writing to musical comedy - in a number of very different venues. The Camden","title":"Camden Fringe"},{"psg_id":"2565366","text":"Toronto Fringe Festival The Toronto Fringe Festival is an annual theatre festival, featuring un-juried plays by unknown or well-known artists, taking place in the theatres of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Several productions originally mounted at the Fringe have later been remounted for larger audiences, including the Tony Award-winning musical \"The Drowsy Chaperone\". The Toronto Fringe Festival started in 1989. Today the festival presents over 150 individual productions from Canada and around the world. It is well known for not having a jury to judge which plays will be presented. Instead it uses a lottery system which gives each play an equal","title":"Toronto Fringe Festival"},{"psg_id":"12583570","text":"called the character of Walter \"incredibly fun to write for because he can say and do anything, which is a blast for a writer. He's incredibly brilliant and he's forgotten just how brilliant he is. He's scared of his own shadow, and he's scared of the things he's done in the past, and he's incredibly childlike.\" Pinkner continued that he, the other writers, and Noble himself have striven to focus on Walter's humanity, \"[Noble] plays it from a believable place and doesn't play him from a goofball, cuddly cute place. That's our prime directive: Keep it real and honest.\" A","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583550","text":"the team was ready to begin constructing the plan Walter had designed decades prior to defeat the Observers. Walter also led him to the place where he had been ambered and removed Astrid and Peter. Walter, knowing he would need Bell's handprint to access the beacons located in Bell's storage facility, cut off his hand before heading off to find Olivia. The reunited team began to seek out Olivia, who had been ambered while retrieving a vital component of Walter's plan, the Transilience Thought Unifier that could make sense of the pieces inside his brain. However, by the time Olivia","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16407635","text":"postulates that Jones is trying to synchronize both universes. Fauxlivia, Lee, and Agent Astrid Farnsworth (Jasika Nicole) begin to suspect their work is being hampered by a mole within Fringe. Walter stays with Fauxlivia during the evening, the two having happily reconciled their past hatred from before when she had infiltrated the prime universe's Fringe team for nefarious purposes. Walter, in recounting the Sherlock Holmes case of \"The Adventure of Silver Blaze\", gives Fauxlivia the idea that Broyles may be their mole because of a conspicuous lack of evidence. She approaches Nina the next day, and tricks her into revealing","title":"The Consultant (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15318007","text":"gangsters for miracle cures appeared to be a ripped-from-the-headlines commentary on hot-button issues like human trafficking and illegal immigration, but the execution just seemed silly.\" Conversely, Noel Murray of \"The Onion\"s The A.V. Club graded \"Snakehead\" with a B+, explaining the focus on Walter was a \"smart choice by the \"Fringe\" team thematically\". Murray continued, \"Ordinarily I'd be griping that this episode was yet another mythology-free time-waster, with a plot that—two-foot-long parasites aside—could be passed along to any other procedural show currently on the air. But I really enjoyed 'Snakehead,' both because of the way the story reflected who Walter","title":"Snakehead (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583551","text":"was rescued, Walter had been kidnapped by the Observers. He was tortured by Windmark, who was trying to discover what Walter's plan was to bring down the Observers. The torture took such a toll on Walter that even after he was rescued, he could not get the device to unify his thoughts. Henrietta believed that his ability to recall the information was destroyed and irrecoverable. Walter discovered the videotapes once the team returned to Harvard and began the lengthy process of removing them from amber. Each tape led the team to a different piece of the puzzle. he lengthy process","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"20112330","text":"absence of Radical fringe. Radical, Manic, and lunatic fringe genes make up a group of enzymes known as 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases. They elongate O-linked fucose residues on notch receptors, which effects neurogenesis through the notch signaling pathway. While Radical fringe may not be vital for limb formation in all species, current research suggests it plays an integral role in establishing the pattern of the developing limb when expressed. Radical Fringe gene Radical fringe (RFNG) is a signaling enzyme involved in the arrangement of the embryonic limb buds. It is a member of the fringe gene family, which also includes manic fringe and","title":"Radical Fringe gene"},{"psg_id":"12583542","text":"to alert Peter of Fauxlivia's deception, who he had been romantically involved with. In 3x02, \"The Box\", Walter discovers that William Bell (who sacrificed himself in the season two finale to allow the others to return to their universe) left him a controlling interest in Massive Dynamic, making him CEO of the company. The science team captures Fauxlivia, but she is able to flee back to her own universe. Olivia manages to cross back onto our side, and reunites with the team. Following this, September reappears and orchestrates a series of events just to see if Walter is finally able","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583539","text":"lie.\"). At the end of the episode, Olivia notifies a crushed Walter that Peter has checked out of the hospital and is now on the run. In \"Northwest Passage\", Peter is subdued by Newton and meets the man from the other side, who reveals himself to be Walter from the other universe (Walternate). Recognizing him as his biological father, Peter agrees to accompany him back to the alternate universe, where \"Walternate\"—who is in full command of his faculties, and holds the position of U.S. Secretary of Defense—tasks him with working on a mysterious machine which Peter eventually discovers ominously requires","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15970084","text":"the service tunnel, and if the organism is killed, Aaron will likely die. The Fringe team finds that the organism is growing rapidly, spreading out over several city blocks and to public places, and give Walter limited time to find a solution before they will be forced to kill the organism regardless of Aaron's health. Walter races to find non-invasive ways to break the link between Aaron and the organism, ultimately concluding with reluctance that lobotomy may be the only answer. However, with the organism having breached a subway station, Broyles (Lance Reddick) orders its immediate destruction. As Olivia (Anna","title":"Alone in the World (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"3344421","text":"Arts Court to provide refreshment and a location for mingling with the artists. Most Fringe performances are plays, and most last an hour or less. Since 2009, a limited number of 90-minute spots have been available. The content of the plays varies since acceptance to the festival is by lottery, and the shows are not juried. Because Ottawa is a bilingual city, both English and French productions are presented at the Fringe, though a small number of productions in past years have been bilingual. Each patron must purchase a $3 Fringe Pin, which grants entry for the duration of the","title":"Ottawa Fringe Festival"},{"psg_id":"12583560","text":"crosses over from the prime universe. Receiving her sketchbook, Walternate discovers that Peter is in the prime universe and resolves to get him back. Leading into the show's present, Walternate has become the U.S. Secretary of Defense, overseeing a more militant Fringe division from his base on Liberty Island, though he has since separated from Elizabeth. He is also good friends with the second-in command of the Fringe Division, Colonel Phillip Broyles. He identified means of stopping the singularities caused by Walter's crossing in 1985 by using an amber-like substance to seal the area around these, regardless of the innocent","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15698764","text":"action is to disable the bridge created by the Wave Form Device, believing this enables the simultaneous events, but this proves ineffective. The prime universe Fringe team continues to track Jones' actions, and discover that he is in the employ of William Bell, still alive in this timeline, who seeks to destroy both universes as to create a void for a third one to be made, with Olivia's Cortexiphan abilities enabling this event to occur. In a stalemate, Walter shoots Olivia in the head with a bullet, disrupting Bell's plan, and as Bell escapes, Walter helps to extract the bullet","title":"Fringe (season 4)"},{"psg_id":"16813902","text":"flees, Manfretti notes he now plans to fight for the resistance, having seen the hope and determination in Olivia's eyes; Etta also said that her change of heart was from seeing pity for the world from Olivia. Back at Harvard, the Fringe team successfully retrieves the camera and watches the tape. On it, Walter has instructed the viewer to find and follow the instructions on a series of tapes he has hidden to reveal the plan to rid the world of the Observers, before he ambers the lab. \"In Absentia\" was co-written by co-executive producer David Fury and executive producer","title":"In Absentia (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16813898","text":"Fringe team considers breaking into Walter's old lab at Harvard, which has been taken over as an Observer base. Using old service tunnels to avoid detection, they arrive at the lab, finding half of it encased in amber. Walter spots a video camera embedded at the epicenter of the amber encasement, and suspects that he has recorded the plan on it. They work to assemble a laser to cut out the camera from spare lab parts, but know they will likely need power from the science building. Etta (Georgina Haig) captures a passing human Loyalist guard, Gael Manfretti (Eric Lange),","title":"In Absentia (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"20112329","text":"fringe, though further evidence is needed to confirm. Grafting experiments have shown that formation of the AER comes from signals in the limb bud mesoderm. However, radical fringe acts as a permissive signal to create a boundary for the AER to form. The knockout experiments done in chicken models suggest Radical fringe plays an integral role in wing development. Conversely, knockout experiments in mice have shown that if Radical fringe is absent no phenotypic differences occur. Further study revealed the absence of mutation is most likely due to redundancy of Manic and Lunatic fringe, which likely take over in the","title":"Radical Fringe gene"},{"psg_id":"13703403","text":"Halifax Fringe Festival The Halifax Fringe Festival, formerly known as the Atlantic Fringe Festival, is held annually in late August and early September in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Since 1991, the festival has been a showcase for non-mainstream theatre. A wide variety of original plays, shows, and presentations are performed. Atlantic Fringe Festival Society was incorporated in 1990 and the first Atlantic Fringe Festival took place in 1991. Ken Pinto ran the festival from its inception for twenty years. After an open letter of complaint by performer Mikaela Dyke, Pinto stepped down amidst controversy about the future of the festival","title":"Halifax Fringe Festival"},{"psg_id":"16479116","text":"the primacy of family, the sacredness of trust, the joy of a good joke, the exhilaration of intellectual inquiry, and the jolting power of love\", and concluded with a thought: \"This is the legacy of \"Fringe\". (That, and a Gene forever preserved in amber.) Now it’s up to us to carry that into our futures, and to be on the look-out for whatever television (of any kind, in any genre) can pick up on \"Fringe\"‘s ever-reverberating vibe. Why? I quote Walter from the final hour and one last time: \"Because it's cool.\" \"Fringe\" remained in its Friday night slot during","title":"Fringe (season 5)"},{"psg_id":"15698761","text":"Reiden Lake in 1985 after Walter's crossing, is set in motion. Despite the absence of Peter, the bridge has created a healing effect on the parallel universe, and both Fringe teams resolve their former differences and begin to work together. Olivia and (now more sheltered and reclusive) Walter continue to explore Fringe events, but are aware of a memory of Peter that haunts them. Due to their actions, Peter suddenly materializes in this timeline, though his identity is not initially known nor is he trusted. However, as he spends time with the Fringe team, Olivia starts to gain memories of","title":"Fringe (season 4)"},{"psg_id":"13881751","text":"Kelly, Randall Duk Kim, Spencer List, Jefferson Mays, Susan Misner, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Keith Nobbs, Zak Orth, Peter Outerbridge, Al Sapienza, Felix Solis, Kenneth Tigar, Yul Vazquez, Kiersten Warren The first season of \"Fringe\" begins with the introduction of the main characters, as Olivia is brought aboard the Fringe division following the death of her partner, John Scott, in an event tied to the Fringe division. As part of her investigation, she finds she needs the knowledge and experience of Walter Bishop, currently institutionalized in a mental hospital. Olivia blackmails Walter's estranged son, Peter, to be Walter's legal guardian, allowing his","title":"Fringe (season 1)"},{"psg_id":"2382620","text":"proper, being officially known as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Where there is no pre-existing Festival to be added to – such as New York (est. 1997) – or where the festival is more \"fringe\" than anything else, the word comes before the word \"festival\", thus the \"Adelaide Fringe Festival.\" (est. 1979). In the field of drama, the Edinburgh Fringe has premièred several plays, most notably \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\" by Tom Stoppard (1966) and \"Moscow Stations\" (1994), which starred Tom Courtenay. Over the years, it has attracted a number of companies that have made repeated visits to the Fringe,","title":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe"},{"psg_id":"15279534","text":"The Box (Fringe) \"The Box\" is the second episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\". The episode was co-written by Josh Singer and Graham Roland, and directed by Jeffrey Hunt. The third season spent its time alternating between the prime and parallel universes, and \"The Box\" was set in the former. It followed a mysterious box that when opened, killed whomever heard it. The fringe team of Fauxlivia (a doppelgänger of Olivia Dunham), Peter, and Walter investigate, with unknown consequences to the creation of a doomsday device. It first aired on September 30,","title":"The Box (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15243980","text":"Johari Window (Fringe) \"Johari Window\" is the 12th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\". The episode, written by co-executive producer Josh Singer and directed by filmmaker Joe Chappelle, is set in a fictional upstate New York town and begins with the discovery of a seemingly deformed child by a state trooper. The Fringe investigative team of Olivia Dunham, Walter Bishop, and Peter Bishop arrives on the scene, only to discover a secret government experiment gone awry, with signs from Walter's past. Originally called \"Edina City Limits\", the episode's title was changed shortly","title":"Johari Window (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12476636","text":"Noble), whose top-secret work at Harvard in \"fringe science\" resulted in him being sent to a mental institution. Dunham manages to release Walter from the institution; however, he becomes enraged when he discovers his laboratory in Harvard has been shut down. Broyles reopens the laboratory, where Dunham transfers Scott's body. To identify the man from the storage facility, Walter synchronizes Dunham's brainwaves with the comatose Scott's so that she can read his mind. Walter claims that syncing brainwaves, and even reanimating the dead, can be accomplished up to six hours after death. With the help of Dunham's assistant, federal agent","title":"Pilot (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583540","text":"him to serve as a component. Informed by the Observers that Peter is in danger, Walter and Olivia cross to the alternate universe to recover him, with Walter sustaining a gunshot wound in the process. On their return to our universe, Peter tells Walter that he still hasn't forgiven Walter for taking him from his family as a child, saying, \"I've been trying to see this your way Walter... and I can't. But you did cross universes twice to save my life. That's got to count for something.\" This gives Walter the promise of eventual reconciliation. Following the events of","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583528","text":"pieces of his brain gone, Walter's intellect was diminished, and he was driven insane. In the beginning of the first season, Olivia Dunham blackmailed the adult Peter Bishop to release his father from St. Claire's, in hopes of curing her lover, John Scott. Peter became Walter's legal guardian. After they saved John (who was thought to be a traitor, but later revealed to be an undercover NSA agent), Olivia requested that Walter and Peter remain in Boston, to which Peter reluctantly agreed. In episode 1x04, \"The Arrival\", September returned and asked Walter to hide a mysterious cylinder for him. Peter","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583576","text":"neck, so that he could sneak away from the lab, and in the future when he coldly responds to a compliment with an insult. Though the latter situation occurred after cells from the removed portions of his brain were used to repair brain damage he had sustained. Other similarities shared by the two Walters include a tendency to engage in what most would call scientifically unethical behavior, and a stubborn hatred of one another. Prior to the pilot, Walter was estranged from his son, Peter, who was largely raised by his mother Elizabeth. Elizabeth committed suicide while Walter was in","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583554","text":"with Michael and prevented scientists from creating the emotionless Observers The final step of the plan, which would send Michael forward in time, required Walter. Michael would be incapable of communicating with the scientists, so he needed an escort who will be forced to live out their lives there as to ensure that a paradox is not created and that the Observers are wiped out. However, in order to safely travel through time, an inoculation was required. Walter was inoculated in 2015, believing it would redeem him for his hubris and breaking the universe many years before. He also left","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583532","text":"experiments with a nootropic drug called \"Cortexiphan\", which they used on children. Olivia was among the children who were treated with it, and was able to see into the Other Side because of it. But, this left her emotionally scarred, and she is always defensive when it is brought up. In the season two premiere, \"A New Day in the Old Town\", Walter and Peter learned that Olivia had returned to our side after visiting William Bell in the other universe, but, her return voyage left her gravely wounded and comatose. Walter seemed to be greatly affected by this, as","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583526","text":"the wormhole, but Nina's arm was caught in-between both universes, and she needed to have a cybernetic arm put in its place. On the journey to the Other Side, the vial holding the cure was destroyed, forcing Walter to kidnap Peter, cure him back in our universe, and then return him. On the way back, they fell through an icy lake, but were rescued by September, who warned Walter that Peter could never return to the alternate universe. After he cured Peter, he and Elizabeth could not find themselves able to send Peter back, so they decided to raise him","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15281828","text":"the circled names of the shapeshifters, those that Olivia just identified. Walter arrives at the home of the final shapeshifter just as Peter finishes killing him. Peter tries to justify his actions as no longer wanting to be just reactive to the situation and to learn of the shapeshifters' goal. Peter and Walter depart before the Fringe team arrives; Walter postulates that the device, when it activated, may have \"weaponized\" Peter to take these steps and fears what else Peter may attempt to do. Co-executive producer Josh Singer was responsible for writing \"Reciprocity\", his seventh such credit for the series.","title":"Reciprocity (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583529","text":"became fed up with his father and decided to leave Boston, but was kidnapped by a man who wanted the cylinder for himself. September encountered Peter, and appeared to read his mind, making Peter realize \"The Pattern\" was far more than just plain coincidence. He also began to see that Walter was not as insane as he originally thought, and a father-son relationship started to blossom. And, Walter and Peter became civilian consultants to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, under the supervision of Phillip Broyles. During the episode, \"Safe\", Mitchell Loeb and a team of bank robbers used a","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16421725","text":"access to Radio Fringe. The categories for Radio Fringe include radio plays, storytelling and sound art. The artists were selected on a first-come, first-served basis. On March 31, 2012 the Atlanta Fringe Festival hosted its inaugural Easter Art Hunt in Grant Park, the fourth largest park in Atlanta. At this event, participants searched for and kept free artwork from Atlanta-area artists. Hundreds of people found over 100 art pieces hidden throughout Grant Park. Early in 2012, the Atlanta Fringe offered five business workshops for artists. The workshop facilitators were professionals in their respective areas. The topics discussed at the workshops","title":"Atlanta Fringe Festival"},{"psg_id":"15251007","text":"Torv has made \"the most progress\" in her performance, evolving from \"downright wooden in the first year\" to \"carrying the role with grace and strength.\" Website blogger io9 listed \"Jacksonville\" as one of the \"crucial\" episodes new viewers must watch to get into the show. Jacksonville (Fringe) \"Jacksonville\" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\", and the 35th episode overall. In the episode, Olivia is forced to recount her time spent as a child in tests conducted by Walter to regain the ability to see objects that have been influenced","title":"Jacksonville (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15250995","text":"Jacksonville (Fringe) \"Jacksonville\" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\", and the 35th episode overall. In the episode, Olivia is forced to recount her time spent as a child in tests conducted by Walter to regain the ability to see objects that have been influenced by the parallel universe and prevent the deaths of innocents. Though successful, Olivia comes to learn the truth about Peter, that he is from the parallel universe. The episode was a mid-season finale. It was written by Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, and directed","title":"Jacksonville (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16043041","text":"produced a video using \"Fringe\" episode clips to mock the week delay. \"Novation\" had 3.28 million viewers, up a tenth with adults 18-49 to a 1.3 rating from the previous episode. Among the night's three science fiction genre shows, \"Fringe\" place second in the 18-49 demographic behind NBC's \"Grimm\" but ahead of The CW's \"Supernatural\". \"Entertainment Weekly\" writer Jeff Jensen praised Noble and Jackson's performances, explaining \"The reunion of the Bishop boys was a great, well acted scene. Walter, unable to even look at Peter; Peter, his face full of warmth and grace for his damaged father. Poignant. I am","title":"Novation (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16464652","text":"Brave New World (Fringe) \"Brave New World\" is the two-part finale of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series \"Fringe\", and the series' 86th and 87th episodes overall. The episode, at the time of its writing and production, was created to be a possible series finale if the show was not renewed for a final season. As such, the episode not only resolves many of the plot lines introduced for the fourth season, but also several long-running plots throughout the show's run. In the episode, the Fringe division learns that Walter Bishop's old colleague, William Bell, has","title":"Brave New World (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583557","text":"grievous crime against God when he stole Walternate's son and is now actively seeking forgiveness for his trespass. In the final episode of the third season Walter kneels before a Cross and begs God to spare humanity from obliteration. Walter also exists in the show's parallel universe, though to distinguish between the prime and parallel versions of Walter, the show's characters as well as its producers, journalists, and fans, identify the parallel character as \"Walternate\", a portmanteau of \"Walter\" and \"alternate\". However, they have several key differences in personality: Walternate never suffers from the brain damage his counterpart does, and","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583575","text":"the boy picked up on the subtle differences between the two and accused Walter of not being his real father. Apparently, Walternate does not wear brown jackets. The progenitor of this divergence might have inadvertently been William Bell. Walter and William Bell met as children and experimented liberally with drugs such as LSD in their youth, while Walternate never had the opportunity to meet the William Bell of his universe. Nevertheless, we can occasionally see flickers of Walternate's cold demeanor in Walter, for example, when Walter sedated Astrid without her permission, by jamming a needle into the back of her","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"12583547","text":"and he hardly ever went outside of it due to tremendous fear. Without the constant of Peter being there, Walter was fragile and not whole. Walter began to have visions of Peter and he believed himself to be going crazy until Olivia said that she was also seeing him in dreams. Eventually, Peter showed up in Reiden Lake after Olivia saw apparitions of him. Walter didn't trust Peter and especially didn't believe him to be his son. At first refusing to work with Peter at all, Walter slowly came to accept him and try to help him return home. As","title":"Walter Bishop (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"13881755","text":"finds that all of the Fringe events have formed a spiral, centering on Reiden Lake in New York, and she, Peter, and Walter are able to prevent Jones from crossing over to a parallel universe using the device that Walter found, killing Jones in the process. Later Walter is seen at a cemetery where he mourns over a grave labeled \"Peter Bishop.\" Olivia tries to get answers from Nina Sharp on Jones' motive, but she only directs her to a meeting with Bell. Olivia, while en route to the meeting, finds herself in the parallel universe, in the World Trade","title":"Fringe (season 1)"},{"psg_id":"15432841","text":"has a display of meteorites, the Fringe team is able to secure Dr. Crick (Alan Ruck), the man behind the osmium injections, and another paraplegic who has taken Dr. Crick's injections as they attempt to steal the display. With Dr. Crick in custody, Walter learns that the man had worked in aerospace to find an alloy for fighter craft. He happened upon the combination of the osmium-lutetium alloy that generated a material lighter than air, and sought to refine a permanent solution to give his own paraplegic son the ability to walk, having promised the same to those that had","title":"Os (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16464664","text":"occur around the world. Meanwhile, aboard his boat, Bell has shown Walter his vision for the new universe, using the creatures stowed aboard it to populate his ideal world. Bell reveals that he was set on to this path by Walter in the past after Walter had lost both Peters and desired to play God himself. Walter rejected the idea then, asking Bell to remove pieces of his brain to quell the idea, but Bell continued to follow on Walter's vision, culminating in the current events. The Fringe team approaches where Bell's freighter appears to be, but find that it","title":"Brave New World (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15432845","text":"means by which Bell's mind emerged from Olivia's at the end of this episode. On March 3, \"Entertainment Weekly\" reported that actor Jorge Garcia would be making a cameo appearance in an upcoming \"Fringe\" episode. Garcia, who previously starred as Hugo \"Hurley\" Reyes from J.J. Abrams' \"Lost\", appears as a Massive Dynamic guard that is smoking a bong with Walter at the start of the episode. Alan Ruck guests as Dr. Crick, the person behind the floating bodies. Ruck was approached by the show's producers having envisioned him for the role. Ruck described the character, \"He is no dummy... and","title":"Os (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15318078","text":"was kept at is empty and contains no traces of her captors. Olivia, along with Walter and Peter, recovers the hidden samples. They soon hear of the murder of epidemiologist Miles Kinberg, who was killed by a chemical which created a giant, slug-like single cell of acute viral nasopharyngitis in his stomach. Olivia learns that Kinberg was about to start a job at the Centers for Disease Control, and that another scientist, Dr. Russell Simon, is also set to begin working there. She connects Kinberg's killers with her own captors based on the similarities of her stolen samples. Fringe Division","title":"Bound (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16407633","text":"Fauxlivia to help her cope with her loss as well as to examine intelligence gained when they captured the parallel universe's version of Nina Sharp (Blair Brown), known to be cooperating with David Robert Jones (Jared Harris). Later, Walter speaks to Colonel Broyles (Lance Reddick) of the parallel universe's Fringe division, apologizing for the problems that his crossing caused. When asked by Broyles if he would do it again being aware of what transpired since, Walter admits that he would knowing that it would bring him his son back. As Walter investigates the corpses and one of the hands of","title":"The Consultant (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15285861","text":"being held prisoner. In the prime universe, Fauxlivia tells Walter that she has not seen shoes like his Wallabees (a line of shoes from C&J Clark) \"in a while,\" and asks if he is \"bringing them back.\" Walter responds by asking her, \"Where did they go?\" indicating that they were also found in the alternate universe until some recent time (within Olivia's lifetime), but are no longer found there. As with other \"Fringe\" episodes, Fox released a science lesson plan for grade school children focusing on the science seen in \"Olivia\", with the intention of having \"students learn about the","title":"Olivia (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15318127","text":"on animals, and was killed while breaking into his father's lab. They also realize the chimera was created based on work by one of Walter's peers, not Walter himself. After several sightings, the Fringe team move into some nearby storm drains to bait the chimera with its larvae. Feeling somewhat responsible, Walter locks himself in with the chimera and ingests some poison that will kill him within the hour, believing that if it kills him, the chimera will only be killing itself. He manages to shoot the chimera in time however, and they use its blood to find a cure","title":"Unleashed (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15317884","text":"cast is small, the sets are few, and not much happens. The plot’s practically twist-free, until the very end. Large chunks of the episode are given over to Peter talking to Walter about finding a new place for them to live, and Walter trying to learn more about Astrid—and really not discovering much, except that she doesn’t like it when he experiments on fruit. So Astrid’s underused yet again, even in an episode where she gets a lot of lines... The story's too simple and the acting too broad, and yet the episode still felt choppy, as though the Fringe","title":"Fracture (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"2565371","text":"Lesbian Jewish-Wiccan Wedding\" was picked up by Mirvish Productions from the festival and opened only 3 months later at Toronto's Panasonic Theatre. \"Kim's Convenience\", winner of the 2011 Best New Play award, was remounted in 2012 by Soulpepper Theatre, and went on to become the successful TV series \"Kim's Convenience\" . Toronto Fringe Festival The Toronto Fringe Festival is an annual theatre festival, featuring un-juried plays by unknown or well-known artists, taking place in the theatres of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Several productions originally mounted at the Fringe have later been remounted for larger audiences, including the Tony Award-winning musical \"The","title":"Toronto Fringe Festival"},{"psg_id":"15272962","text":"but did not receive a nomination. The Firefly (Fringe) \"The Firefly\" is the 10th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\", and the 53rd episode overall. The episode centers on a chain of events created by Walter crossing over into the parallel universe in 1985 that has had subtle but significant effects in the present. Christopher Lloyd guest-starred as retired rocker Roscoe Joyce. As the first episode in its new Friday time slot, \"The Firefly\" aired on January 21, 2011 in the United States to 4.88 million viewers, outperforming the previous episode \"Marionette\"","title":"The Firefly (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15272941","text":"The Firefly (Fringe) \"The Firefly\" is the 10th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \"Fringe\", and the 53rd episode overall. The episode centers on a chain of events created by Walter crossing over into the parallel universe in 1985 that has had subtle but significant effects in the present. Christopher Lloyd guest-starred as retired rocker Roscoe Joyce. As the first episode in its new Friday time slot, \"The Firefly\" aired on January 21, 2011 in the United States to 4.88 million viewers, outperforming the previous episode \"Marionette\" Thursday night viewership by 18%. Time","title":"The Firefly (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"16082609","text":"has remained undetected for years. As other incidents and deaths occur at a condominium high-rise, Walter deduces that U. Gene (Tobias Segal) is trying to extract the pigment from his victims to make himself visible, a treatment that will likely kill him if he continues the practice. After Walter identifies that U. Gene can be seen using ultraviolet light, Fringe and FBI agents seal off the building and conduct a manhunt. Olivia discovers U. Gene first, but he takes her gun and holds her at gunpoint while he explains his desire to become visible to others once again. He refuses","title":"Wallflower (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"15281827","text":"they find the man, a shapeshifter, already dead. Olivia returns to the lab and convinces Astrid to let her review Fauxlivia's notes, believing that should she think like her doppelgänger, she will see something they missed. Eventually, she comes to identify a cipher based on her childhood name, Olive, that identifies Newton and the other slain shapeshifters, and one that has yet to be killed. Fringe begins to descend on his residence. Meanwhile, Walter, having thought Peter had returned to Massive Dynamic for tests, learns he is not there. Walter enters his room, finding printed pages of Fauxlivia's notes including","title":"Reciprocity (Fringe)"},{"psg_id":"13881753","text":"connected with several of the Fringe cases. The Fringe team starts to learn of a bio-terrorist group known as ZFT (in German, Zerstörung durch Fortschritte der Technologie, translated as \"Destruction by Advancement of Technology\"), which seem to be after several of Walter's old experiments. In one case, a group of men led by Mitchell Loeb have recreated Walter's technology used to pass through solid matter to steal several components of a device constructed by Walter from banks. With the assembled device, Loeb's team is able to teleport David Robert Jones, a former Massive Dynamics employee and leader of the ZFT,","title":"Fringe (season 1)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583533\",\n \"text\": \"he had begun to look to Olivia like his own daughter. Thankfully, she regained consciousness, and Walter learned that the person who tried to kill her was a shape-shifting assassin from the Other Side. By now, Fringe Division is aware of the alternate universe, and just as the ZFT manifesto predicted, they had intentions to destroy us. In the episode \\\"August\\\", an Observer called August contacted Walter to help correct a mistake, which Walter initially believed was to send Peter back to the alternate universe, but, it was in fact a method on how to \\\"cheat death\\\", which he had\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583549\",\n \"text\": \"invasion, William Bell and Walter reconnected. Bell claimed he wanted to help Walter defeat the Observers. However, William betrayed Fringe Division and led the Observers to them. Walter ambered his Harvard Lab and all of the videotapes. He also ambered Astrid, Peter, William, and himself, at an unknown location in New York City to prevent the Observers from reaching them. In 2036, Walter was discovered in amber by an associate of Henrietta Bishop, his granddaughter. Etta and Simon Foster went to the former Massive Dynamic building to locate pieces of Walter's brain. Restoring Walter to a new form of sanity,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583531\",\n \"text\": \"a self-published, anonymous manifesto under the same title. Walter discovered that the ZFT manifesto was written in his very lab, by William Bell, years ago, after they discovered the alternate universe. In episode 1x20, \\\"There's More Than One of Everything\\\", Walter reveals the existence of the Other Side to Peter, without telling him he was in fact from there. Walter and Peter helped Olivia and Fringe Division stop Jones from crossing over to the Other Side to kill William Bell, and carried on with their lives, now happy as father-and-son. A subplot in the first season was Walter and Bell's\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583571\",\n \"text\": \"mad scientist who has had parts of his brain removed by his partner, William Bell, and who spent more than 17 years in a psychiatric hospital for the criminally insane, Walter Bishop can best be described as an eccentric man. Once a brilliant scientist in the realm of fringe science, his trials in life have left him with gaps in his memory and with traits that can best be described as child like. While many parts of his intellect remain intact, he suffers from some degree of agoraphobia and has difficulty properly looking after himself, such that in both timelines\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583522\",\n \"text\": \"with a love for science, and by the 1970s, became a head developer for a U.S. Government experimental research program called \\\"Kelvin Genetics\\\", alongside his long-time friend William Bell. He married Elizabeth Bishop in an undisclosed year, and their son, Peter Bishop was born in 1978. Walter and his friend William Bell conducted numerous experiments in the area of fringe science, including developing highly advanced weapons for the Army. At some point during the 1970s, Walter and Bell discovered the existence of another universe, through the heightened use of LSD, among other drugs. They constructed a \\\"trans-dimensional window\\\", a portal\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583541\",\n \"text\": \"the season two finale, \\\"Over There\\\", Walter begins to readjust to life with Peter, but his son still shows a hint of resentment towards his father. Unbeknownst to either of them, the Olivia Dunham they returned to our universe with was in fact her doppelganger, \\\"Fauxlivia\\\", while the prime-Olivia was held captive in the other universe. Fauxlivia was under orders from Walternate to locate the pieces of the doomsday machine constructed by \\\"The First People\\\". Massive Dynamic and Fringe Division begin collecting the pieces and rebuilding the machine in a secure bunker, and Olivia is able to cross over momentarily\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583567\",\n \"text\": \"role.' And they said, 'No, no, no, it's not for you, you're too young for it.' I said, 'Oh, okay, glad I asked.' So I went back to Australia and we were back there over the Christmas break, and she was there as well. I got a phone call\\\", asking him to tape his audition. He taped it with his daughter and sent it; Noble commented \\\"And that was it, off that tape. This is so unusual. Off that tape, I was cast as Walter Bishop. Just unheard of.\\\" Noble has closely worked with the \\\"Fringe\\\" writers to develop his\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15278085\",\n \"text\": \"Grey Matters (Fringe) \\\"Grey Matters\\\" is the 10th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\". The episode was written by Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, and directed by Jeannot Szwarc. It centered on three mental patients who mysteriously became sane again after shapeshifters from the parallel universe removed a piece of foreign tissue from each of their brains; this tissue is later revealed to have been taken from the brain of Walter Bishop years before. The fringe team of Olivia Dunham, Peter Bishop, and Walter investigate and face a new enemy, Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Grey Matters (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11018079\",\n \"text\": \"Astrid Farnsworth (Jasika Nicole), who assists Walter in laboratory research. The Fringe Division investigates cases relating to fringe science, ranging from transhumanist experiments gone wrong to the prospect of a destructive technological singularity to a possible collision of two parallel universes. The Fringe Division's work often intersects with advanced biotechnology developed by a company called Massive Dynamic, founded by Walter's former partner, Dr. William Bell (Leonard Nimoy), and run by their common friend, Nina Sharp (Blair Brown). The team is also watched silently by a group of bald, pale men who are called \\\"Observers\\\". Season 1 introduces the Fringe Division\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15268023\",\n \"text\": \"her and Nick to ashes and severely burns the Other Side Fringe Division's principal investigator Lincoln Lee (Seth Gabel). Walter is shot and walks to the hospital. Olivia follows her alternate counterpart and encounters Bell, who insists he did not betray their location to the Fringe Division and tells her that Walter is in trouble. Walternate is seen in the room housing the doomsday device Peter will be a part of, and leaves with its final component. Walternate learns of Walter's presence in the hospital and dispatches \\\"Fauxlivia\\\" (Torv) and \\\"Alt-Charlie\\\" (Kirk Acevedo) to apprehend him, but before their arrival\",\n \"title\": \"Over There (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16479096\",\n \"text\": \"a thought unifier, a piece of Observer technology. Walter, Peter, Olivia, Astrid, and William Bell purposely ambered themselves soon afterward. They are recovered by Etta Bishop, revealed to be Peter and Olivia's adult child that had gone missing during the Observer invasion, and while a Fringe division member, also working with the underground along with Broyles. Walter is soon captured by the lead Observer, Captain Windmark, who puts him under a vigorous memory scan that destroys Walter's memories of the plan, before he can be rescued. Despite this loss, the Fringe team consider clues left in the lab, and come\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15970083\",\n \"text\": \"morgue, and which continue growing towards the drains in the room. The Fringe team is able to kill the spores using ultraviolet light. They subsequently discover a much larger fungal network in the service tunnel. When they try to expose this network to ultraviolet light and high temperatures, Walter observes Aaron suffering from a high fever. Walter quickly surmises that the fungal network (which he refers to as \\\"Gus\\\") is actually part of a single organism that functions like a giant brain. \\\"Gus\\\" has been able to make a psychic link with Aaron, who had spent several days previously in\",\n \"title\": \"Alone in the World (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17040522\",\n \"text\": \"over. Walter administers four doses—one for each expected crossing—despite the harm it does to her medical condition. As the drug takes effect, Peter and Walter have a discussion about the nature of sacrifice. When Olivia recovers from the injections, Walter warns her of how long she has and that jumping too fast will cause rapid withdrawal symptoms. Olivia jumps over near the site of the parallel-universe Fringe Division building, where she is met by her doppelganger and current leader of Fringe Division, Fauxlivia, and her former partner from the prime universe, Lincoln Lee; the two have since married and have\",\n \"title\": \"Liberty (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15970085\",\n \"text\": \"Torv) and Lincoln (Seth Gabel) prepare to destroy the fungus network by injecting a toxin (provided by Massive Dynamic) into its heart, Walter finds that Aaron has become emotional, fearing that there is no one that cares for him. Realizing that Aaron's emotions are feeding the organism, Walter comforts the boy. Aaron becomes tranquil at Walter's display of affection, and the organism starts to die out. The Fringe team is able to destroy the remaining organism without harming Aaron. Walter gives Aaron one of Peter's old toys as Aaron is taken off to a hospital. In the epilogue, Walter determines\",\n \"title\": \"Alone in the World (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583524\",\n \"text\": \"a rare and savage disease. Walter attempted numerous methods to cure him, ranging from trying to build a time machine to bring a researcher who specialized in these cases from the 1930s to the present, to watching his alternate self, dubbed \\\"Walternate\\\", work with advanced medicine to cure his own Peter in the alternate universe, who was also ill. But Walter could not save his son, and he died in his arms. Following the funeral, which Bell never attended, Walter became consumed with watching Walternate work to save the other Peter. Through the trans-dimensional window, Walter discovered that Walternate had\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13606902\",\n \"text\": \"experience with The Observer has caused him to start to believe in The Pattern. Peter decides that he wants to stay with the Fringe team until he gets some explanations. Walter apologizes to Astrid, who doesn't yet forgive him. Walter admits to Peter that, during an accident many years ago, a mysterious third party saved both their lives. The man was bald and had no eyebrows, who \\\"knew my [Walter's] thoughts before I did.\\\" Walter admits that his behaviour regarding the capsule, and his desire to protect it, was motivated by his debt to this bald man, and that the\",\n \"title\": \"The Arrival (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16407669\",\n \"text\": \"he feels at home, reflecting a previous conversation Peter had with Lee about staying with Olivia in the prime universe. Walter and Walternate have a heartfelt discussion over Peter, and Walter expresses concern that if the bridge disappears, so will Peter. The other Fringe members say their goodbyes to their counterparts. Eventually, the Machine is overloaded and deactivated, and the parallel universe aspects of the room disappear; Walter is pleased to see Peter remains. \\\"Fringe\\\" story editor Matt Pitts and DC Comics' Nicole Phillips co-wrote the teleplay, based on a story by co-producer Graham Roland. English director Charles Beeson, known\",\n \"title\": \"Worlds Apart (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13881799\",\n \"text\": \"the prime universe, and the two launch a rescue attempt. In the parallel universe, they find that it suffers from singularities caused by Walter's crossing in 1985, forcing Walternate's Fringe team to use an amber-like substance to surround and quarantine such areas, regardless of innocent lives trapped within. They meet with William Bell, and Walter and Bell resolve their past differences. Olivia faces off against her doppelgänger, \\\"Fauxlivia\\\", who works for Walternate in the Fringe Division under the U.S. Secretary of Defense; she is able to recover Peter, who has seen the device and recognized that it reacted only to\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 2)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583556\",\n \"text\": \"love you, Dad\\\" to Walter. Time flashes back to 2015, where Peter, Olivia, and their young daughter Etta are enjoying a day in the park. The Observer invasion does not occur, and the family returns home. When Peter checks the mail, he finds an envelope addressed to him from W. Bishop, containing only a piece of paper with a drawn white tulip on it. In the first season Walter describes God as the only other individual who had access to all his research. In the second season Walter describes himself as a former atheist who realized he had committed a\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583574\",\n \"text\": \"institutionalized nor had parts of his brain removed, there is evidence to suggest that the personalities of the two Walters began to diverge long before the death of Peter Bishop the boy, from the primary universe. In the primary universe, Walter chose to come home the night his son would die, and it was Walter who showed his son how to do the coin trick. In the parallel universe, Walternate chose to remain at his lab, and it was his wife who showed their son the coin trick. Additionally, when Walter crossed over and kidnapped Walternate's Peter by impersonating him,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583527\",\n \"text\": \"as their own. In 1991, Walter's lab assistant, Dr. Carla Warren, was killed in a fire, and Walter was charged with manslaughter, but was deemed mentally unfit to be tried, so he was locked away inside the St. Claire's Mental Institution. Walter would spend 17 years inside St. Claire's, and was never visited by Peter. Bell, under the alias of Dr. Simon Paris, performed several brain surgeries on Walter, extracting pieces of Walter's brain tissue, which contained the memories of how he crossed universes, per the request of Walter himself, who was frightened of what he was becoming. With the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11565107\",\n \"text\": \"Camden Fringe The Camden Fringe takes place over 4 weeks in the summer to provide an alternative to the Edinburgh Fringe in one of London's most vibrant and exciting areas. The first Camden Fringe took place in 2006 at the Etcetera Theatre and has grown steadily since its humble beginnings. In 2017 The Camden Fringe sold 30000 tickets for 1000 performances across 25 venues. All sorts of performers and performances take place at the Camden Fringe – from stand-up, to revivals of classical plays; from new writing to musical comedy - in a number of very different venues. The Camden\",\n \"title\": \"Camden Fringe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2565366\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Fringe Festival The Toronto Fringe Festival is an annual theatre festival, featuring un-juried plays by unknown or well-known artists, taking place in the theatres of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Several productions originally mounted at the Fringe have later been remounted for larger audiences, including the Tony Award-winning musical \\\"The Drowsy Chaperone\\\". The Toronto Fringe Festival started in 1989. Today the festival presents over 150 individual productions from Canada and around the world. It is well known for not having a jury to judge which plays will be presented. Instead it uses a lottery system which gives each play an equal\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Fringe Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583570\",\n \"text\": \"called the character of Walter \\\"incredibly fun to write for because he can say and do anything, which is a blast for a writer. He's incredibly brilliant and he's forgotten just how brilliant he is. He's scared of his own shadow, and he's scared of the things he's done in the past, and he's incredibly childlike.\\\" Pinkner continued that he, the other writers, and Noble himself have striven to focus on Walter's humanity, \\\"[Noble] plays it from a believable place and doesn't play him from a goofball, cuddly cute place. That's our prime directive: Keep it real and honest.\\\" A\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583550\",\n \"text\": \"the team was ready to begin constructing the plan Walter had designed decades prior to defeat the Observers. Walter also led him to the place where he had been ambered and removed Astrid and Peter. Walter, knowing he would need Bell's handprint to access the beacons located in Bell's storage facility, cut off his hand before heading off to find Olivia. The reunited team began to seek out Olivia, who had been ambered while retrieving a vital component of Walter's plan, the Transilience Thought Unifier that could make sense of the pieces inside his brain. However, by the time Olivia\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16407635\",\n \"text\": \"postulates that Jones is trying to synchronize both universes. Fauxlivia, Lee, and Agent Astrid Farnsworth (Jasika Nicole) begin to suspect their work is being hampered by a mole within Fringe. Walter stays with Fauxlivia during the evening, the two having happily reconciled their past hatred from before when she had infiltrated the prime universe's Fringe team for nefarious purposes. Walter, in recounting the Sherlock Holmes case of \\\"The Adventure of Silver Blaze\\\", gives Fauxlivia the idea that Broyles may be their mole because of a conspicuous lack of evidence. She approaches Nina the next day, and tricks her into revealing\",\n \"title\": \"The Consultant (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15318007\",\n \"text\": \"gangsters for miracle cures appeared to be a ripped-from-the-headlines commentary on hot-button issues like human trafficking and illegal immigration, but the execution just seemed silly.\\\" Conversely, Noel Murray of \\\"The Onion\\\"s The A.V. Club graded \\\"Snakehead\\\" with a B+, explaining the focus on Walter was a \\\"smart choice by the \\\"Fringe\\\" team thematically\\\". Murray continued, \\\"Ordinarily I'd be griping that this episode was yet another mythology-free time-waster, with a plot that—two-foot-long parasites aside—could be passed along to any other procedural show currently on the air. But I really enjoyed 'Snakehead,' both because of the way the story reflected who Walter\",\n \"title\": \"Snakehead (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583551\",\n \"text\": \"was rescued, Walter had been kidnapped by the Observers. He was tortured by Windmark, who was trying to discover what Walter's plan was to bring down the Observers. The torture took such a toll on Walter that even after he was rescued, he could not get the device to unify his thoughts. Henrietta believed that his ability to recall the information was destroyed and irrecoverable. Walter discovered the videotapes once the team returned to Harvard and began the lengthy process of removing them from amber. Each tape led the team to a different piece of the puzzle. he lengthy process\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20112330\",\n \"text\": \"absence of Radical fringe. Radical, Manic, and lunatic fringe genes make up a group of enzymes known as 3-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases. They elongate O-linked fucose residues on notch receptors, which effects neurogenesis through the notch signaling pathway. While Radical fringe may not be vital for limb formation in all species, current research suggests it plays an integral role in establishing the pattern of the developing limb when expressed. Radical Fringe gene Radical fringe (RFNG) is a signaling enzyme involved in the arrangement of the embryonic limb buds. It is a member of the fringe gene family, which also includes manic fringe and\",\n \"title\": \"Radical Fringe gene\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583542\",\n \"text\": \"to alert Peter of Fauxlivia's deception, who he had been romantically involved with. In 3x02, \\\"The Box\\\", Walter discovers that William Bell (who sacrificed himself in the season two finale to allow the others to return to their universe) left him a controlling interest in Massive Dynamic, making him CEO of the company. The science team captures Fauxlivia, but she is able to flee back to her own universe. Olivia manages to cross back onto our side, and reunites with the team. Following this, September reappears and orchestrates a series of events just to see if Walter is finally able\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583539\",\n \"text\": \"lie.\\\"). At the end of the episode, Olivia notifies a crushed Walter that Peter has checked out of the hospital and is now on the run. In \\\"Northwest Passage\\\", Peter is subdued by Newton and meets the man from the other side, who reveals himself to be Walter from the other universe (Walternate). Recognizing him as his biological father, Peter agrees to accompany him back to the alternate universe, where \\\"Walternate\\\"—who is in full command of his faculties, and holds the position of U.S. Secretary of Defense—tasks him with working on a mysterious machine which Peter eventually discovers ominously requires\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15970084\",\n \"text\": \"the service tunnel, and if the organism is killed, Aaron will likely die. The Fringe team finds that the organism is growing rapidly, spreading out over several city blocks and to public places, and give Walter limited time to find a solution before they will be forced to kill the organism regardless of Aaron's health. Walter races to find non-invasive ways to break the link between Aaron and the organism, ultimately concluding with reluctance that lobotomy may be the only answer. However, with the organism having breached a subway station, Broyles (Lance Reddick) orders its immediate destruction. As Olivia (Anna\",\n \"title\": \"Alone in the World (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3344421\",\n \"text\": \"Arts Court to provide refreshment and a location for mingling with the artists. Most Fringe performances are plays, and most last an hour or less. Since 2009, a limited number of 90-minute spots have been available. The content of the plays varies since acceptance to the festival is by lottery, and the shows are not juried. Because Ottawa is a bilingual city, both English and French productions are presented at the Fringe, though a small number of productions in past years have been bilingual. Each patron must purchase a $3 Fringe Pin, which grants entry for the duration of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ottawa Fringe Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583560\",\n \"text\": \"crosses over from the prime universe. Receiving her sketchbook, Walternate discovers that Peter is in the prime universe and resolves to get him back. Leading into the show's present, Walternate has become the U.S. Secretary of Defense, overseeing a more militant Fringe division from his base on Liberty Island, though he has since separated from Elizabeth. He is also good friends with the second-in command of the Fringe Division, Colonel Phillip Broyles. He identified means of stopping the singularities caused by Walter's crossing in 1985 by using an amber-like substance to seal the area around these, regardless of the innocent\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15698764\",\n \"text\": \"action is to disable the bridge created by the Wave Form Device, believing this enables the simultaneous events, but this proves ineffective. The prime universe Fringe team continues to track Jones' actions, and discover that he is in the employ of William Bell, still alive in this timeline, who seeks to destroy both universes as to create a void for a third one to be made, with Olivia's Cortexiphan abilities enabling this event to occur. In a stalemate, Walter shoots Olivia in the head with a bullet, disrupting Bell's plan, and as Bell escapes, Walter helps to extract the bullet\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16813902\",\n \"text\": \"flees, Manfretti notes he now plans to fight for the resistance, having seen the hope and determination in Olivia's eyes; Etta also said that her change of heart was from seeing pity for the world from Olivia. Back at Harvard, the Fringe team successfully retrieves the camera and watches the tape. On it, Walter has instructed the viewer to find and follow the instructions on a series of tapes he has hidden to reveal the plan to rid the world of the Observers, before he ambers the lab. \\\"In Absentia\\\" was co-written by co-executive producer David Fury and executive producer\",\n \"title\": \"In Absentia (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16813898\",\n \"text\": \"Fringe team considers breaking into Walter's old lab at Harvard, which has been taken over as an Observer base. Using old service tunnels to avoid detection, they arrive at the lab, finding half of it encased in amber. Walter spots a video camera embedded at the epicenter of the amber encasement, and suspects that he has recorded the plan on it. They work to assemble a laser to cut out the camera from spare lab parts, but know they will likely need power from the science building. Etta (Georgina Haig) captures a passing human Loyalist guard, Gael Manfretti (Eric Lange),\",\n \"title\": \"In Absentia (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20112329\",\n \"text\": \"fringe, though further evidence is needed to confirm. Grafting experiments have shown that formation of the AER comes from signals in the limb bud mesoderm. However, radical fringe acts as a permissive signal to create a boundary for the AER to form. The knockout experiments done in chicken models suggest Radical fringe plays an integral role in wing development. Conversely, knockout experiments in mice have shown that if Radical fringe is absent no phenotypic differences occur. Further study revealed the absence of mutation is most likely due to redundancy of Manic and Lunatic fringe, which likely take over in the\",\n \"title\": \"Radical Fringe gene\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13703403\",\n \"text\": \"Halifax Fringe Festival The Halifax Fringe Festival, formerly known as the Atlantic Fringe Festival, is held annually in late August and early September in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Since 1991, the festival has been a showcase for non-mainstream theatre. A wide variety of original plays, shows, and presentations are performed. Atlantic Fringe Festival Society was incorporated in 1990 and the first Atlantic Fringe Festival took place in 1991. Ken Pinto ran the festival from its inception for twenty years. After an open letter of complaint by performer Mikaela Dyke, Pinto stepped down amidst controversy about the future of the festival\",\n \"title\": \"Halifax Fringe Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16479116\",\n \"text\": \"the primacy of family, the sacredness of trust, the joy of a good joke, the exhilaration of intellectual inquiry, and the jolting power of love\\\", and concluded with a thought: \\\"This is the legacy of \\\"Fringe\\\". (That, and a Gene forever preserved in amber.) Now it’s up to us to carry that into our futures, and to be on the look-out for whatever television (of any kind, in any genre) can pick up on \\\"Fringe\\\"‘s ever-reverberating vibe. Why? I quote Walter from the final hour and one last time: \\\"Because it's cool.\\\" \\\"Fringe\\\" remained in its Friday night slot during\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15698761\",\n \"text\": \"Reiden Lake in 1985 after Walter's crossing, is set in motion. Despite the absence of Peter, the bridge has created a healing effect on the parallel universe, and both Fringe teams resolve their former differences and begin to work together. Olivia and (now more sheltered and reclusive) Walter continue to explore Fringe events, but are aware of a memory of Peter that haunts them. Due to their actions, Peter suddenly materializes in this timeline, though his identity is not initially known nor is he trusted. However, as he spends time with the Fringe team, Olivia starts to gain memories of\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13881751\",\n \"text\": \"Kelly, Randall Duk Kim, Spencer List, Jefferson Mays, Susan Misner, Ebon Moss-Bachrach, Keith Nobbs, Zak Orth, Peter Outerbridge, Al Sapienza, Felix Solis, Kenneth Tigar, Yul Vazquez, Kiersten Warren The first season of \\\"Fringe\\\" begins with the introduction of the main characters, as Olivia is brought aboard the Fringe division following the death of her partner, John Scott, in an event tied to the Fringe division. As part of her investigation, she finds she needs the knowledge and experience of Walter Bishop, currently institutionalized in a mental hospital. Olivia blackmails Walter's estranged son, Peter, to be Walter's legal guardian, allowing his\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 1)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2382620\",\n \"text\": \"proper, being officially known as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Where there is no pre-existing Festival to be added to – such as New York (est. 1997) – or where the festival is more \\\"fringe\\\" than anything else, the word comes before the word \\\"festival\\\", thus the \\\"Adelaide Fringe Festival.\\\" (est. 1979). In the field of drama, the Edinburgh Fringe has premièred several plays, most notably \\\"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\\\" by Tom Stoppard (1966) and \\\"Moscow Stations\\\" (1994), which starred Tom Courtenay. Over the years, it has attracted a number of companies that have made repeated visits to the Fringe,\",\n \"title\": \"Edinburgh Festival Fringe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15279534\",\n \"text\": \"The Box (Fringe) \\\"The Box\\\" is the second episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\". The episode was co-written by Josh Singer and Graham Roland, and directed by Jeffrey Hunt. The third season spent its time alternating between the prime and parallel universes, and \\\"The Box\\\" was set in the former. It followed a mysterious box that when opened, killed whomever heard it. The fringe team of Fauxlivia (a doppelgänger of Olivia Dunham), Peter, and Walter investigate, with unknown consequences to the creation of a doomsday device. It first aired on September 30,\",\n \"title\": \"The Box (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15243980\",\n \"text\": \"Johari Window (Fringe) \\\"Johari Window\\\" is the 12th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\". The episode, written by co-executive producer Josh Singer and directed by filmmaker Joe Chappelle, is set in a fictional upstate New York town and begins with the discovery of a seemingly deformed child by a state trooper. The Fringe investigative team of Olivia Dunham, Walter Bishop, and Peter Bishop arrives on the scene, only to discover a secret government experiment gone awry, with signs from Walter's past. Originally called \\\"Edina City Limits\\\", the episode's title was changed shortly\",\n \"title\": \"Johari Window (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12476636\",\n \"text\": \"Noble), whose top-secret work at Harvard in \\\"fringe science\\\" resulted in him being sent to a mental institution. Dunham manages to release Walter from the institution; however, he becomes enraged when he discovers his laboratory in Harvard has been shut down. Broyles reopens the laboratory, where Dunham transfers Scott's body. To identify the man from the storage facility, Walter synchronizes Dunham's brainwaves with the comatose Scott's so that she can read his mind. Walter claims that syncing brainwaves, and even reanimating the dead, can be accomplished up to six hours after death. With the help of Dunham's assistant, federal agent\",\n \"title\": \"Pilot (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583540\",\n \"text\": \"him to serve as a component. Informed by the Observers that Peter is in danger, Walter and Olivia cross to the alternate universe to recover him, with Walter sustaining a gunshot wound in the process. On their return to our universe, Peter tells Walter that he still hasn't forgiven Walter for taking him from his family as a child, saying, \\\"I've been trying to see this your way Walter... and I can't. But you did cross universes twice to save my life. That's got to count for something.\\\" This gives Walter the promise of eventual reconciliation. Following the events of\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583528\",\n \"text\": \"pieces of his brain gone, Walter's intellect was diminished, and he was driven insane. In the beginning of the first season, Olivia Dunham blackmailed the adult Peter Bishop to release his father from St. Claire's, in hopes of curing her lover, John Scott. Peter became Walter's legal guardian. After they saved John (who was thought to be a traitor, but later revealed to be an undercover NSA agent), Olivia requested that Walter and Peter remain in Boston, to which Peter reluctantly agreed. In episode 1x04, \\\"The Arrival\\\", September returned and asked Walter to hide a mysterious cylinder for him. Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583576\",\n \"text\": \"neck, so that he could sneak away from the lab, and in the future when he coldly responds to a compliment with an insult. Though the latter situation occurred after cells from the removed portions of his brain were used to repair brain damage he had sustained. Other similarities shared by the two Walters include a tendency to engage in what most would call scientifically unethical behavior, and a stubborn hatred of one another. Prior to the pilot, Walter was estranged from his son, Peter, who was largely raised by his mother Elizabeth. Elizabeth committed suicide while Walter was in\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583554\",\n \"text\": \"with Michael and prevented scientists from creating the emotionless Observers The final step of the plan, which would send Michael forward in time, required Walter. Michael would be incapable of communicating with the scientists, so he needed an escort who will be forced to live out their lives there as to ensure that a paradox is not created and that the Observers are wiped out. However, in order to safely travel through time, an inoculation was required. Walter was inoculated in 2015, believing it would redeem him for his hubris and breaking the universe many years before. He also left\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583532\",\n \"text\": \"experiments with a nootropic drug called \\\"Cortexiphan\\\", which they used on children. Olivia was among the children who were treated with it, and was able to see into the Other Side because of it. But, this left her emotionally scarred, and she is always defensive when it is brought up. In the season two premiere, \\\"A New Day in the Old Town\\\", Walter and Peter learned that Olivia had returned to our side after visiting William Bell in the other universe, but, her return voyage left her gravely wounded and comatose. Walter seemed to be greatly affected by this, as\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583526\",\n \"text\": \"the wormhole, but Nina's arm was caught in-between both universes, and she needed to have a cybernetic arm put in its place. On the journey to the Other Side, the vial holding the cure was destroyed, forcing Walter to kidnap Peter, cure him back in our universe, and then return him. On the way back, they fell through an icy lake, but were rescued by September, who warned Walter that Peter could never return to the alternate universe. After he cured Peter, he and Elizabeth could not find themselves able to send Peter back, so they decided to raise him\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15281828\",\n \"text\": \"the circled names of the shapeshifters, those that Olivia just identified. Walter arrives at the home of the final shapeshifter just as Peter finishes killing him. Peter tries to justify his actions as no longer wanting to be just reactive to the situation and to learn of the shapeshifters' goal. Peter and Walter depart before the Fringe team arrives; Walter postulates that the device, when it activated, may have \\\"weaponized\\\" Peter to take these steps and fears what else Peter may attempt to do. Co-executive producer Josh Singer was responsible for writing \\\"Reciprocity\\\", his seventh such credit for the series.\",\n \"title\": \"Reciprocity (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583529\",\n \"text\": \"became fed up with his father and decided to leave Boston, but was kidnapped by a man who wanted the cylinder for himself. September encountered Peter, and appeared to read his mind, making Peter realize \\\"The Pattern\\\" was far more than just plain coincidence. He also began to see that Walter was not as insane as he originally thought, and a father-son relationship started to blossom. And, Walter and Peter became civilian consultants to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, under the supervision of Phillip Broyles. During the episode, \\\"Safe\\\", Mitchell Loeb and a team of bank robbers used a\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16421725\",\n \"text\": \"access to Radio Fringe. The categories for Radio Fringe include radio plays, storytelling and sound art. The artists were selected on a first-come, first-served basis. On March 31, 2012 the Atlanta Fringe Festival hosted its inaugural Easter Art Hunt in Grant Park, the fourth largest park in Atlanta. At this event, participants searched for and kept free artwork from Atlanta-area artists. Hundreds of people found over 100 art pieces hidden throughout Grant Park. Early in 2012, the Atlanta Fringe offered five business workshops for artists. The workshop facilitators were professionals in their respective areas. The topics discussed at the workshops\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta Fringe Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15251007\",\n \"text\": \"Torv has made \\\"the most progress\\\" in her performance, evolving from \\\"downright wooden in the first year\\\" to \\\"carrying the role with grace and strength.\\\" Website blogger io9 listed \\\"Jacksonville\\\" as one of the \\\"crucial\\\" episodes new viewers must watch to get into the show. Jacksonville (Fringe) \\\"Jacksonville\\\" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\", and the 35th episode overall. In the episode, Olivia is forced to recount her time spent as a child in tests conducted by Walter to regain the ability to see objects that have been influenced\",\n \"title\": \"Jacksonville (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15250995\",\n \"text\": \"Jacksonville (Fringe) \\\"Jacksonville\\\" is the 15th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\", and the 35th episode overall. In the episode, Olivia is forced to recount her time spent as a child in tests conducted by Walter to regain the ability to see objects that have been influenced by the parallel universe and prevent the deaths of innocents. Though successful, Olivia comes to learn the truth about Peter, that he is from the parallel universe. The episode was a mid-season finale. It was written by Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, and directed\",\n \"title\": \"Jacksonville (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16043041\",\n \"text\": \"produced a video using \\\"Fringe\\\" episode clips to mock the week delay. \\\"Novation\\\" had 3.28 million viewers, up a tenth with adults 18-49 to a 1.3 rating from the previous episode. Among the night's three science fiction genre shows, \\\"Fringe\\\" place second in the 18-49 demographic behind NBC's \\\"Grimm\\\" but ahead of The CW's \\\"Supernatural\\\". \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" writer Jeff Jensen praised Noble and Jackson's performances, explaining \\\"The reunion of the Bishop boys was a great, well acted scene. Walter, unable to even look at Peter; Peter, his face full of warmth and grace for his damaged father. Poignant. I am\",\n \"title\": \"Novation (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16464652\",\n \"text\": \"Brave New World (Fringe) \\\"Brave New World\\\" is the two-part finale of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\", and the series' 86th and 87th episodes overall. The episode, at the time of its writing and production, was created to be a possible series finale if the show was not renewed for a final season. As such, the episode not only resolves many of the plot lines introduced for the fourth season, but also several long-running plots throughout the show's run. In the episode, the Fringe division learns that Walter Bishop's old colleague, William Bell, has\",\n \"title\": \"Brave New World (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583557\",\n \"text\": \"grievous crime against God when he stole Walternate's son and is now actively seeking forgiveness for his trespass. In the final episode of the third season Walter kneels before a Cross and begs God to spare humanity from obliteration. Walter also exists in the show's parallel universe, though to distinguish between the prime and parallel versions of Walter, the show's characters as well as its producers, journalists, and fans, identify the parallel character as \\\"Walternate\\\", a portmanteau of \\\"Walter\\\" and \\\"alternate\\\". However, they have several key differences in personality: Walternate never suffers from the brain damage his counterpart does, and\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583575\",\n \"text\": \"the boy picked up on the subtle differences between the two and accused Walter of not being his real father. Apparently, Walternate does not wear brown jackets. The progenitor of this divergence might have inadvertently been William Bell. Walter and William Bell met as children and experimented liberally with drugs such as LSD in their youth, while Walternate never had the opportunity to meet the William Bell of his universe. Nevertheless, we can occasionally see flickers of Walternate's cold demeanor in Walter, for example, when Walter sedated Astrid without her permission, by jamming a needle into the back of her\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12583547\",\n \"text\": \"and he hardly ever went outside of it due to tremendous fear. Without the constant of Peter being there, Walter was fragile and not whole. Walter began to have visions of Peter and he believed himself to be going crazy until Olivia said that she was also seeing him in dreams. Eventually, Peter showed up in Reiden Lake after Olivia saw apparitions of him. Walter didn't trust Peter and especially didn't believe him to be his son. At first refusing to work with Peter at all, Walter slowly came to accept him and try to help him return home. As\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Bishop (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13881755\",\n \"text\": \"finds that all of the Fringe events have formed a spiral, centering on Reiden Lake in New York, and she, Peter, and Walter are able to prevent Jones from crossing over to a parallel universe using the device that Walter found, killing Jones in the process. Later Walter is seen at a cemetery where he mourns over a grave labeled \\\"Peter Bishop.\\\" Olivia tries to get answers from Nina Sharp on Jones' motive, but she only directs her to a meeting with Bell. Olivia, while en route to the meeting, finds herself in the parallel universe, in the World Trade\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 1)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15432841\",\n \"text\": \"has a display of meteorites, the Fringe team is able to secure Dr. Crick (Alan Ruck), the man behind the osmium injections, and another paraplegic who has taken Dr. Crick's injections as they attempt to steal the display. With Dr. Crick in custody, Walter learns that the man had worked in aerospace to find an alloy for fighter craft. He happened upon the combination of the osmium-lutetium alloy that generated a material lighter than air, and sought to refine a permanent solution to give his own paraplegic son the ability to walk, having promised the same to those that had\",\n \"title\": \"Os (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16464664\",\n \"text\": \"occur around the world. Meanwhile, aboard his boat, Bell has shown Walter his vision for the new universe, using the creatures stowed aboard it to populate his ideal world. Bell reveals that he was set on to this path by Walter in the past after Walter had lost both Peters and desired to play God himself. Walter rejected the idea then, asking Bell to remove pieces of his brain to quell the idea, but Bell continued to follow on Walter's vision, culminating in the current events. The Fringe team approaches where Bell's freighter appears to be, but find that it\",\n \"title\": \"Brave New World (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15432845\",\n \"text\": \"means by which Bell's mind emerged from Olivia's at the end of this episode. On March 3, \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" reported that actor Jorge Garcia would be making a cameo appearance in an upcoming \\\"Fringe\\\" episode. Garcia, who previously starred as Hugo \\\"Hurley\\\" Reyes from J.J. Abrams' \\\"Lost\\\", appears as a Massive Dynamic guard that is smoking a bong with Walter at the start of the episode. Alan Ruck guests as Dr. Crick, the person behind the floating bodies. Ruck was approached by the show's producers having envisioned him for the role. Ruck described the character, \\\"He is no dummy... and\",\n \"title\": \"Os (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15318078\",\n \"text\": \"was kept at is empty and contains no traces of her captors. Olivia, along with Walter and Peter, recovers the hidden samples. They soon hear of the murder of epidemiologist Miles Kinberg, who was killed by a chemical which created a giant, slug-like single cell of acute viral nasopharyngitis in his stomach. Olivia learns that Kinberg was about to start a job at the Centers for Disease Control, and that another scientist, Dr. Russell Simon, is also set to begin working there. She connects Kinberg's killers with her own captors based on the similarities of her stolen samples. Fringe Division\",\n \"title\": \"Bound (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16407633\",\n \"text\": \"Fauxlivia to help her cope with her loss as well as to examine intelligence gained when they captured the parallel universe's version of Nina Sharp (Blair Brown), known to be cooperating with David Robert Jones (Jared Harris). Later, Walter speaks to Colonel Broyles (Lance Reddick) of the parallel universe's Fringe division, apologizing for the problems that his crossing caused. When asked by Broyles if he would do it again being aware of what transpired since, Walter admits that he would knowing that it would bring him his son back. As Walter investigates the corpses and one of the hands of\",\n \"title\": \"The Consultant (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15285861\",\n \"text\": \"being held prisoner. In the prime universe, Fauxlivia tells Walter that she has not seen shoes like his Wallabees (a line of shoes from C&J Clark) \\\"in a while,\\\" and asks if he is \\\"bringing them back.\\\" Walter responds by asking her, \\\"Where did they go?\\\" indicating that they were also found in the alternate universe until some recent time (within Olivia's lifetime), but are no longer found there. As with other \\\"Fringe\\\" episodes, Fox released a science lesson plan for grade school children focusing on the science seen in \\\"Olivia\\\", with the intention of having \\\"students learn about the\",\n \"title\": \"Olivia (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15318127\",\n \"text\": \"on animals, and was killed while breaking into his father's lab. They also realize the chimera was created based on work by one of Walter's peers, not Walter himself. After several sightings, the Fringe team move into some nearby storm drains to bait the chimera with its larvae. Feeling somewhat responsible, Walter locks himself in with the chimera and ingests some poison that will kill him within the hour, believing that if it kills him, the chimera will only be killing itself. He manages to shoot the chimera in time however, and they use its blood to find a cure\",\n \"title\": \"Unleashed (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15317884\",\n \"text\": \"cast is small, the sets are few, and not much happens. The plot’s practically twist-free, until the very end. Large chunks of the episode are given over to Peter talking to Walter about finding a new place for them to live, and Walter trying to learn more about Astrid—and really not discovering much, except that she doesn’t like it when he experiments on fruit. So Astrid’s underused yet again, even in an episode where she gets a lot of lines... The story's too simple and the acting too broad, and yet the episode still felt choppy, as though the Fringe\",\n \"title\": \"Fracture (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2565371\",\n \"text\": \"Lesbian Jewish-Wiccan Wedding\\\" was picked up by Mirvish Productions from the festival and opened only 3 months later at Toronto's Panasonic Theatre. \\\"Kim's Convenience\\\", winner of the 2011 Best New Play award, was remounted in 2012 by Soulpepper Theatre, and went on to become the successful TV series \\\"Kim's Convenience\\\" . Toronto Fringe Festival The Toronto Fringe Festival is an annual theatre festival, featuring un-juried plays by unknown or well-known artists, taking place in the theatres of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Several productions originally mounted at the Fringe have later been remounted for larger audiences, including the Tony Award-winning musical \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Fringe Festival\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15272962\",\n \"text\": \"but did not receive a nomination. The Firefly (Fringe) \\\"The Firefly\\\" is the 10th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\", and the 53rd episode overall. The episode centers on a chain of events created by Walter crossing over into the parallel universe in 1985 that has had subtle but significant effects in the present. Christopher Lloyd guest-starred as retired rocker Roscoe Joyce. As the first episode in its new Friday time slot, \\\"The Firefly\\\" aired on January 21, 2011 in the United States to 4.88 million viewers, outperforming the previous episode \\\"Marionette\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Firefly (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15272941\",\n \"text\": \"The Firefly (Fringe) \\\"The Firefly\\\" is the 10th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series \\\"Fringe\\\", and the 53rd episode overall. The episode centers on a chain of events created by Walter crossing over into the parallel universe in 1985 that has had subtle but significant effects in the present. Christopher Lloyd guest-starred as retired rocker Roscoe Joyce. As the first episode in its new Friday time slot, \\\"The Firefly\\\" aired on January 21, 2011 in the United States to 4.88 million viewers, outperforming the previous episode \\\"Marionette\\\" Thursday night viewership by 18%. Time\",\n \"title\": \"The Firefly (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16082609\",\n \"text\": \"has remained undetected for years. As other incidents and deaths occur at a condominium high-rise, Walter deduces that U. Gene (Tobias Segal) is trying to extract the pigment from his victims to make himself visible, a treatment that will likely kill him if he continues the practice. After Walter identifies that U. Gene can be seen using ultraviolet light, Fringe and FBI agents seal off the building and conduct a manhunt. Olivia discovers U. Gene first, but he takes her gun and holds her at gunpoint while he explains his desire to become visible to others once again. He refuses\",\n \"title\": \"Wallflower (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15281827\",\n \"text\": \"they find the man, a shapeshifter, already dead. Olivia returns to the lab and convinces Astrid to let her review Fauxlivia's notes, believing that should she think like her doppelgänger, she will see something they missed. Eventually, she comes to identify a cipher based on her childhood name, Olive, that identifies Newton and the other slain shapeshifters, and one that has yet to be killed. Fringe begins to descend on his residence. Meanwhile, Walter, having thought Peter had returned to Massive Dynamic for tests, learns he is not there. Walter enters his room, finding printed pages of Fauxlivia's notes including\",\n \"title\": \"Reciprocity (Fringe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13881753\",\n \"text\": \"connected with several of the Fringe cases. The Fringe team starts to learn of a bio-terrorist group known as ZFT (in German, Zerstörung durch Fortschritte der Technologie, translated as \\\"Destruction by Advancement of Technology\\\"), which seem to be after several of Walter's old experiments. In one case, a group of men led by Mitchell Loeb have recreated Walter's technology used to pass through solid matter to steal several components of a device constructed by Walter from banks. With the assembled device, Loeb's team is able to teleport David Robert Jones, a former Massive Dynamics employee and leader of the ZFT,\",\n \"title\": \"Fringe (season 1)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["john noble"],"string":"[\n \"john noble\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1693,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where is port st lucie florida on the map?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1036792","text":"of Port St. Lucie is the setting for \"JoJo's Bizarre Adventure\" Part 6: Stone Ocean. Port St. Lucie, Florida Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s. It is located 125 miles southeast of Orlando, and 114 miles northwest of Miami.In 2017, the United States Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 189,344. The Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Area includes the counties of St. Lucie County & Martin County","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036792\",\n \"text\": \"of Port St. Lucie is the setting for \\\"JoJo's Bizarre Adventure\\\" Part 6: Stone Ocean. Port St. Lucie, Florida Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 census due to its rapid growth during the 2000s. It is located 125 miles southeast of Orlando, and 114 miles northwest of Miami.In 2017, the United States Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 189,344. The Port St. Lucie Metropolitan Area includes the counties of St. Lucie County & Martin County\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1036786","text":"temperatures in the 70s. The average yearly precipitation is around 53.5 in. Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Frances (as a Category 2 hurricane) on September 4, 2004, and by Hurricane Jeanne (as a Category 3 hurricane) on September 26, 2004. On October 24, 2005 Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Wilma (as a Category 3 hurricane). Port St. Lucie is served by the St. Lucie Transportation Planning Organization (TPO). The TPO is a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), a federally mandated and federally funded transportation policy-making organization responsible for transportation planning, programming, and financing of State","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"},{"psg_id":"1036791","text":"K–8 schools, three high schools, and three post-secondary institutions. The three public high schools in Port St. Lucie are Port St. Lucie High School, St. Lucie West Centennial High School, and Treasure Coast High School. The three post-secondary institutions operated in Port St. Lucie are Indian River State College, Barry University, and Keiser University. There are also a number of public Charter Schools throughout the city: Palm Pointe Educational Research School at Tradition, Renaissance Charter School at Tradition, Renaissance Charter School of St. Lucie, Somerset Academy St. Lucie, and Somerset College Preparatory Academy. City Council City Manager A fictional version","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"},{"psg_id":"1036777","text":"White City in the 1950s, composed of a fishing camp, a few farms and businesses near U.S. 1. In 1958, with a budget of $5, the General Development Corporation (GDC) purchased the River Park development and along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River. In 1959, the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River, allowing for direct automobile access to Port St. Lucie. By February 25, 1961 there were 250 homes in the new city. GDC requested the state legislature to incorporate , along with the River Park settlement, into the City of Port St. Lucie.","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"},{"psg_id":"1036785","text":"as their first language, while 6.59% spoke Spanish, 1.34% spoke Italian, 1.00% spoke French, 0.60% spoke German, and 0.50% spoke Haitian Creole as their mother tongue. In total, 11.94% of the total population spoke languages other than English. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (1.50%) is water. Port St. Lucie features a warm humid subtropical climate, falling just short of having a true tropical climate. Summers are usually hot, with high temperatures averaging in the low 90s. Winters are usually mild to warm, with average high","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"},{"psg_id":"1036782","text":"family-owned electrical wholesale business, created plans with the Port St. Lucie City Council to construct a $38,000,000, 400,000 square foot manufacturing and distribution center located in the Tradition Commerce Park. Construction of the City Electric Supply Manufacturing & Distribution facility began in 2018. As of 2000, 31.6% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was aged 65 or older. The","title":"Port St. Lucie, Florida"},{"psg_id":"12672013","text":"programs to students, as well as Dual Enrollment courses in association with Indian River State College. AP Courses Port St. Lucie High School cut down on its Advanced Placement options from 11 available courses in the 2012-2013 school year to 6 available AP courses in the 2013-2014 school year to encourage enrollment in the International Baccalaureate Program. The following are still offered: Career Academies There are 2 divisions of Career Academies available at PSLHS: Preparatory Academies Freshmen and sophomores are isolated from the rest of the school in their core courses. Additional Elective Programs Port St. Lucie High School offers","title":"Port St. Lucie High School"},{"psg_id":"5396242","text":"center) and West Palm Beach (42 miles to city center). As of 2015, the City of Port St. Lucie had 179,413 residents, surpassing Fort Lauderdale in population. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Saint Lucie was 1 in 21,739, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. In 2016 St. Lucie Power Plant shut down because of Hurricane Matthew. In 2017 the plant did not shut down due to Hurricane Irma. St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant is","title":"St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant"},{"psg_id":"9694868","text":"and flows east with Rio on the north side and Stuart on the south until it reaches the northern end of the Sewall's Point peninsula, where it runs south under the Evans Crary Bridge to the end of Sewall's Point, where it flows into the Indian River Lagoon directly west of the St. Lucie Inlet which goes into the Atlantic Ocean. The entire river is accessible to Lake Okeechobee by the Okeechobee Waterway. The main river passes through Sewall's Point, Port Salerno, Stuart, and Jensen Beach. The South Fork passes through Palm City. Although brackish for most of its length,","title":"St. Lucie River"},{"psg_id":"6502872","text":"dredging in fiscal year 2015 by the U.S. Congress, and no money was requested for dredging in the U.S. President's budget request to Congress for fiscal year 2016. \"Id.\" In early February 2018, Two simultaneous projects began dredging sand around the St. Lucie Inlet to help replenish beaches and clear the inlet for boaters. The projects are part of the Bathtub Beach-to-Sailfish Point renourishment project. It is a post-Hurricane Irma project by the Federal Emergency Management Agency costing $1.8 million, FEMA is picking up 87 percent of the cost. Crews will move about 100,000 cubic yards of sand. Besides restoring","title":"St. Lucie Inlet, Florida"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036786\",\n \"text\": \"temperatures in the 70s. The average yearly precipitation is around 53.5 in. Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Frances (as a Category 2 hurricane) on September 4, 2004, and by Hurricane Jeanne (as a Category 3 hurricane) on September 26, 2004. On October 24, 2005 Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Wilma (as a Category 3 hurricane). Port St. Lucie is served by the St. Lucie Transportation Planning Organization (TPO). The TPO is a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), a federally mandated and federally funded transportation policy-making organization responsible for transportation planning, programming, and financing of State\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036791\",\n \"text\": \"K–8 schools, three high schools, and three post-secondary institutions. The three public high schools in Port St. Lucie are Port St. Lucie High School, St. Lucie West Centennial High School, and Treasure Coast High School. The three post-secondary institutions operated in Port St. Lucie are Indian River State College, Barry University, and Keiser University. There are also a number of public Charter Schools throughout the city: Palm Pointe Educational Research School at Tradition, Renaissance Charter School at Tradition, Renaissance Charter School of St. Lucie, Somerset Academy St. Lucie, and Somerset College Preparatory Academy. City Council City Manager A fictional version\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036777\",\n \"text\": \"White City in the 1950s, composed of a fishing camp, a few farms and businesses near U.S. 1. In 1958, with a budget of $5, the General Development Corporation (GDC) purchased the River Park development and along the North Fork of the St. Lucie River. In 1959, the GDC opened its first bridge over the St. Lucie River, allowing for direct automobile access to Port St. Lucie. By February 25, 1961 there were 250 homes in the new city. GDC requested the state legislature to incorporate , along with the River Park settlement, into the City of Port St. Lucie.\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036785\",\n \"text\": \"as their first language, while 6.59% spoke Spanish, 1.34% spoke Italian, 1.00% spoke French, 0.60% spoke German, and 0.50% spoke Haitian Creole as their mother tongue. In total, 11.94% of the total population spoke languages other than English. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (1.50%) is water. Port St. Lucie features a warm humid subtropical climate, falling just short of having a true tropical climate. Summers are usually hot, with high temperatures averaging in the low 90s. Winters are usually mild to warm, with average high\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036782\",\n \"text\": \"family-owned electrical wholesale business, created plans with the Port St. Lucie City Council to construct a $38,000,000, 400,000 square foot manufacturing and distribution center located in the Tradition Commerce Park. Construction of the City Electric Supply Manufacturing & Distribution facility began in 2018. As of 2000, 31.6% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was aged 65 or older. The\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12672013\",\n \"text\": \"programs to students, as well as Dual Enrollment courses in association with Indian River State College. AP Courses Port St. Lucie High School cut down on its Advanced Placement options from 11 available courses in the 2012-2013 school year to 6 available AP courses in the 2013-2014 school year to encourage enrollment in the International Baccalaureate Program. The following are still offered: Career Academies There are 2 divisions of Career Academies available at PSLHS: Preparatory Academies Freshmen and sophomores are isolated from the rest of the school in their core courses. Additional Elective Programs Port St. Lucie High School offers\",\n \"title\": \"Port St. Lucie High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5396242\",\n \"text\": \"center) and West Palm Beach (42 miles to city center). As of 2015, the City of Port St. Lucie had 179,413 residents, surpassing Fort Lauderdale in population. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Saint Lucie was 1 in 21,739, according to an NRC study published in August 2010. In 2016 St. Lucie Power Plant shut down because of Hurricane Matthew. In 2017 the plant did not shut down due to Hurricane Irma. St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant is\",\n \"title\": \"St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9694868\",\n \"text\": \"and flows east with Rio on the north side and Stuart on the south until it reaches the northern end of the Sewall's Point peninsula, where it runs south under the Evans Crary Bridge to the end of Sewall's Point, where it flows into the Indian River Lagoon directly west of the St. Lucie Inlet which goes into the Atlantic Ocean. The entire river is accessible to Lake Okeechobee by the Okeechobee Waterway. The main river passes through Sewall's Point, Port Salerno, Stuart, and Jensen Beach. The South Fork passes through Palm City. Although brackish for most of its length,\",\n \"title\": \"St. Lucie River\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6502872\",\n \"text\": \"dredging in fiscal year 2015 by the U.S. Congress, and no money was requested for dredging in the U.S. President's budget request to Congress for fiscal year 2016. \\\"Id.\\\" In early February 2018, Two simultaneous projects began dredging sand around the St. Lucie Inlet to help replenish beaches and clear the inlet for boaters. The projects are part of the Bathtub Beach-to-Sailfish Point renourishment project. It is a post-Hurricane Irma project by the Federal Emergency Management Agency costing $1.8 million, FEMA is picking up 87 percent of the cost. Crews will move about 100,000 cubic yards of sand. Besides restoring\",\n \"title\": \"St. Lucie Inlet, Florida\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["florida","united states of america","st. lucie county"],"string":"[\n \"florida\",\n \"united states of america\",\n \"st. lucie county\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1694,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what countries are the mediterranean?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"13518204","text":"are awarded three points for a win and one for a draw. No points are awarded for a defeat. The top sides in each group will advance to the semi-finals. \"All times local : CET (UTC+1)\" Football at the 1997 Mediterranean Games The 1997 Mediterranean Games football tournament was the 13th edition of the Mediterranean Games men's football tournament. The football tournament was held in Bari, Italy between 8 and 25 June 1997 as part of the 1997 Mediterranean Games and was contested by 13 teams, all countries were represented by the Olympic teams. Italy won the gold medal. Thirteen","title":"Football at the 1997 Mediterranean Games"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13518204\",\n \"text\": \"are awarded three points for a win and one for a draw. No points are awarded for a defeat. The top sides in each group will advance to the semi-finals. \\\"All times local : CET (UTC+1)\\\" Football at the 1997 Mediterranean Games The 1997 Mediterranean Games football tournament was the 13th edition of the Mediterranean Games men's football tournament. The football tournament was held in Bari, Italy between 8 and 25 June 1997 as part of the 1997 Mediterranean Games and was contested by 13 teams, all countries were represented by the Olympic teams. Italy won the gold medal. Thirteen\",\n \"title\": \"Football at the 1997 Mediterranean Games\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"13011022","text":"partner countries and improve the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership's visibility. With the purpose of guaranteeing the co-ownership of the Union for the Mediterranean, the Heads of State and Government decided in Paris that two countries, one from the EU and one from the Mediterranean partner countries, will jointly preside the Union for the Mediterranean. The 27 agreed that the EU co-presidency had to \"be compatible with the external representation of the European Union in accordance with the Treaty provisions in force.\" \"The Mediterranean partner countries decided to choose by consensus and among themselves a country to hold the co-presidency for a non-renewable","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010978","text":"fundamentalism throughout the Arab world are also important factors in Europe's new relations with the Mediterranean countries based on security concerns. Criticism of the Barcelona Process escalated after the celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Summit in Barcelona in 2005, which was broadly considered a failure. First, the absence of Heads of State and Government from the Southern Mediterranean countries (with the exception of the Palestinian and Turkish ones) heavily contrasted with the attendance of the 27 European Union's Heads of State and Government. Second, the lack of consensus to define the term \"terrorism\" prevented the endorsement of","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"16116550","text":"What Are Words (album) What Are Words is the debut album of the American singer Chris Medina. The album was released by Sony Music contains 11 pop-rock songs, some of them sensitive ballads, others more energetic and rocking. Album included the title track \"What Are Words\", a touching track inspired by Chris Medina's fiancé who had a serious brain injury after a car accident in 2009. Although \"What Are Words\" was only a minor hit in the United States, it was a big hit in Scandinavian countries topping both Norwegian \"VG-lista\" Singles Chart and the Swedish \"Sverigetopplistan\" Singles Chart. It","title":"What Are Words (album)"},{"psg_id":"18400960","text":"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition The Mediterranean Mathematics Competition (also: Peter O’Halloran Memorial) is a mathematics competition for school students, taking place annually since 1998. All countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are allowed to participate, as well as, if invited, their neighbouring countries. The contest, short-labelled \"Mediterranean\" is commonly regarded as the hardest amongst the mathematical student contests, including the IMO. The Mediterranean Competition's goals are: The contest is conducted separately in every country. Each participating country can let an unrestricted number of students write the contest, but only the results of the top ten, according to national evaluation, can be submitted","title":"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition"},{"psg_id":"8173060","text":"is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. 1951 Mediterranean Games The I Mediterranean Games – Alexandria 1951 (), commonly known as the 1951 Mediterranean Games, were the 1st Mediterranean Games. The Games were held in Alexandria, Egypt over 15 days, from 13 to 20 October 1951, where 734 athletes (all men) from 10 countries participated. There were a total of 13 different sports. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1951 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by","title":"1951 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"18400962","text":"four problems each, with an overall contest time of four hours. In 2013, a faulty problem has been given for the first time, an inequation to be proven was wrong. Mediterranean Mathematics Competition The Mediterranean Mathematics Competition (also: Peter O’Halloran Memorial) is a mathematics competition for school students, taking place annually since 1998. All countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are allowed to participate, as well as, if invited, their neighbouring countries. The contest, short-labelled \"Mediterranean\" is commonly regarded as the hardest amongst the mathematical student contests, including the IMO. The Mediterranean Competition's goals are: The contest is conducted separately in","title":"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition"},{"psg_id":"13011027","text":"Since the launch of the Union for the Mediterranean, the EMPA's role has been strengthened for it is considered the \"legitimate parliamentary expression of the Union\". At the Euro-Mediterranean Foreign Affairs Conference held in Marseilles in November 2008, the Ministers welcomed the EU Committee of the Regions proposal to establish a Euro-Mediterranean Assembly of Local and Regional Authorities (ARLEM in French). Its aim is to bridge between the local and regional representatives of the 43 countries with the Union for the Mediterranean and EU institutions. The EU participants are the members of the EU Committee of the Regions, as well","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"3868589","text":"were allowed to compete. Lebanese games organizer Gabriel Gemayel conceded to this, but sidestepped the ruling by holding a parallel \"Lebanese Games\" comprising athletics events between the present nations alongside the official Mediterranean Games competitions. There are countries not bordering the Mediterranean Sea which nonetheless participate: Portugal, Andorra, Kosovo, San Marino, Serbia and Macedonia. The Hellenic Olympic Committee has suggested that nine more countries that do not satisfy geographic criteria could be allowed to participate, such as Bulgaria, and some Arab countries such as Jordan and Iraq. Portugal competed in the 2018 Mediterranean Games after a decision which approved Portugal","title":"Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"16129840","text":"but has since become stable. Some conservation measures are in place in certain European countries. Minimum catch lengths are in the EU, in Ukraine, in Romania and Bulgaria, and in Turkey. Mediterranean horse mackerel The Mediterranean horse mackerel (\"Trachurus mediterraneus\"), also known as the Black Sea horse mackerel, horse mackerel, Mediterranean scad, common scad or simply scad, is a species of mackerel in the family Carangidae found in the eastern Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is a benthopelagic, subtropical, marine fish that can reach up to in length. In the countries near the","title":"Mediterranean horse mackerel"},{"psg_id":"13011030","text":"Mediterranean countries participated. As a platform for dialogue and cooperation, the Union for the Mediterranean engages in strategic partnerships with global, regional and sub-regional organizations. During the past few years, the UfM strengthened its ties with relevant stakeholders through the signature of various Memoranda of Understanding: The Paris Declaration states that contributions for the Union for the Mediterranean will have to develop the capacity to attract funding from \"the private sector participation; contributions from the EU budget and all partners; contributions from other countries, international financial institutions and regional entities; the Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership Facility (FEMIP); the ENPI\", among","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010971","text":"area in the Mediterranean Basin by 2010. The agenda of the Barcelona Process is: The Barcelona Process comprises three \"baskets\", in EU jargon, or strands: The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy. The Agadir Agreement of 2004 is seen as its first building block. At the time of its creation, the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership comprised 27 member countries: 15 from the European Union and 12 Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey). As a result of the European Union's enlargements of 2004 and 2007","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"19621089","text":"communities and private companies. Established in 1991, the Mediterranean Wetlands Regional Initiative brings together 26 Mediterranean and peri-Mediterranean countries that are Parties to the Convention on Wetlands. Palestine and a number of organizations and wetland centres are also part of the MedWet Initiative. The MedWet Mission is to ensure and support the effective conservation of the functions and values of Mediterranean wetlands and the sustainable use of their resources and services. The Mediterranean Wetland Observatory (MWO) was established in 2008 at the request of the Mediterranean Wetlands Committee (MedWet/Com) as a multi-partner project coordinated by Tour du Valat (TdV), the","title":"Mediterranean wetlands"},{"psg_id":"2620961","text":"prove cause and effect. As the Mediterranean diet usually includes products containing gluten like pasta and bread, increasing use of the diet may have contributed to the growing rate of gluten-related disorders. Although there are many different \"Mediterranean diets\" among different countries and populations of the Mediterranean basin, because of ethnical, cultural, economic and religious diversities, the distinct Mediterranean cuisines generally include the same key components, in addition to regular physical activity: These proportions are sometimes represented in the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. Total fat in a diet with roughly this composition is 25% to 35% of calories, with saturated fat","title":"Mediterranean diet"},{"psg_id":"252105","text":"third of the world's international tourists. Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries regardless of the man-made geopolitical conflicts that harbour coastal nations. In that regard, authorities around the Mediterranean have made it a point to extinguish rising man-made chaotic zones that would affect the economies, societies in neighboring coastal countries, let alone shipping routes. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered one of the very best due to the quick intercooperation of various Naval Fleets within proximity of each other. Unlike the vast open Oceans, the closed nature of","title":"Mediterranean Sea"},{"psg_id":"15238363","text":"to an eating pattern loosely characterized as the \"Mediterranean Diet.\" What exactly is meant by \"Mediterranean Diet\" today, was detailed by Antonia Trichopoulou (wife of Dimitrios Trichopoulos), and Anna Ferro-Luzzi. The diet was publicized and popularized by Greg Drescher of the Oldways Preservation and Exchange Trust and by Walter Willett of the Harvard School of Public Health. The Seven Countries Study also showed that the slowly changing habits of a population in the Mediterranean region, from a healthy, active lifestyle and diet, to a less active lifestyle and a diet influenced by the Western pattern diet, significantly correlated with increased","title":"Seven Countries Study"},{"psg_id":"16893274","text":"area of nearly 583 million people. The countries and territories in the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean are: The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean was originally based in Alexandria, Egypt. It was later moved to its new location in Nasr City, Cairo. The official languages of WHO in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are Arabic, English and French. However, other national languages such as Persian, Urdu, Dari, Pashto and Somali are also used in communicating health messages and delivering health programs. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean is","title":"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010980","text":"many the inefficiency of the Barcelona Process for fulfilling its objectives of peace, stability and prosperity. Given these circumstances, even politicians that had been engaged with the Barcelona Process since its very beginnings, like the Spanish politician Josep Borrell, expressed their disappointment about the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and its incapacity to deliver results. Critiques from Southern Mediterranean countries blamed the Partnership's failure on Europe's lack of interest towards the Mediterranean in favour of its Eastern neighbourhood; whereas experts from the North accused Southern countries of only being interested on \"their own bi-lateral relationship with the EU\" while downplaying multilateral policies. However,","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13011028","text":"as representatives from other EU institutions engaged with the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. From the Mediterranean partner countries, the participants are representatives of regional and local authorities appointed by their national governments. The ARLEM was formally established and held its first plenary session in Barcelona on 31 January 2010. The ARLEM's co-presidency is held by the President of the EU Committee of the Regions, Luc Van den Brande, and the Moroccan mayor of Al Hoceima, Mohammed Boudra. The Anna Lindh Foundation for the Dialogue between Cultures, with headquarters are in Alexandria, Egypt, was established in April 2005. It is a network for","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"2620965","text":"and compared it with the eating habits of the US and the most developed countries during that period, some identified it as the \"Diet of the Poor\". According to the famed Portuguese gastronomist who met with Keys, Portugal was included in their observations and studies, and according to their conversation, Keys considered Portugal had the most pure \"Mediterranean\" diet. However, Salazar, the dictator of Portugal, did not want the name of Portugal included in what he understood as the diet of the poor. Still today the name of the diet is not consensual among Portuguese gastronomists. After the Mediterranean diet","title":"Mediterranean diet"},{"psg_id":"7907722","text":"Mediterranean Dialogue The Mediterranean Dialogue, first launched in 1994, is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean. Its stated aim is \"to create good relations and better mutual understanding and confidence throughout the region, promoting regional security and stability and explaining NATO's policies and goals.\" The Dialogue reflects NATO's view that security in Europe is tied to the security and stability in the Mediterranean. It also reinforces and complements the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's Mediterranean Initiative. The Mediterranean Dialogue initially started with five countries but has added two","title":"Mediterranean Dialogue"},{"psg_id":"252068","text":"of kilometres away from its source. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is . The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east): The British overseas territory of Gibraltar, the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus, and the Palestinian Gaza Strip. Major cities (municipalities) with populations larger than 200,000 people bordering the Mediterranean Sea are: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each","title":"Mediterranean Sea"},{"psg_id":"17780980","text":"Mediterranean, from ancient to modern times. The journal is composed of studies in the fields of Commerce and Trade, Environment, Politics and Diplomacy, Religion, History, Literature, Linguistics, Intercultural Communication, Comparative Studies on Mediterranean Art and Culture, and other related subjects. \"Mediterranean Review\" addresses Mediterranean regional affairs, and discusses crucial developments in culture and politics that are redefining the Mediterranean world. This unique publication deals with global issues such as Mediterranean influence on international affairs and interchange of ideas and cultures between Mediterranean countries. Mediterranean Review also pays attention to multiculturalism and complexity surrounding the Mediterranean region. Articles are published in","title":"Institute for Mediterranean Studies"},{"psg_id":"15792250","text":"\"Technical Committee\": The technical committee consists of the heads of the principal European networks working in the Mediterranean, trans-Mediterranean networks, national associations of local authorities South and East of the Mediterranean, and representatives of national, European, or international institutions working in the Mediterranean. \"Mediterranean Council\": It is made up of elected local officials in positions of responsibility in European networks active in the Mediterranean, in trans-Mediterranean networks or national associations of local authorities South and East of the Mediterranean. It includes representatives of local authorities from countries where there are no structured networks and may be open to actors of","title":"Mediterranean Interregional Commission"},{"psg_id":"4359243","text":"and the salted cured fish roe, bottarga, found across the region. Spirits based on anise are drunk in many countries around the Mediterranean. The cooking of the area is not to be confused with the Mediterranean diet, made popular because of the apparent health benefits of a diet rich in olive oil, wheat and other grains, fruits, vegetables, and a certain amount of seafood, but low in meat and dairy products. Mediterranean cuisine encompasses the ways that these and other ingredients, including meat, are dealt with in the kitchen, whether they are health-giving or not. The cookery writer Elizabeth David's","title":"Mediterranean cuisine"},{"psg_id":"13010967","text":"development and ensure stability in the region. The institution, through its course of actions, focuses on two main pillars: fostering human development and promoting sustainable development. To this end, it identifies and supports regional projects and initiatives of different sizes, to which it gives its label, following a consensual decision among the forty-three countries. These projects and initiatives focus on 6 sectors of activity, as mandated by the UfM Member States: The members of the Union of the Mediterranean are the following: The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, also known as the Barcelona Process, was created in 1995 as a result of the","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13011024","text":"UfM in Barcelona or in one of the UfM countries. Its role is to discuss regional issues, guide policies and actions of the organization and to label the projects submitted to it. Each country has an equal vote and all decisions are made by consensus. Alongside these meetings, other UfM meetings take place, especially ministerial meetings that define the Mediterranean agenda on specific issues, such as environment and climate change, the digital economy, the role of women in society, transportation or industry. The Secretariat of the Union for the Mediterranean was inaugurated on 4 March 2010 in an official ceremony","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"8173118","text":"for the occasion. The symbol of an amphora filled with Mediterranean Sea water was then used for the first time. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1955 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, and IAAF. 1955 Mediterranean Games The II Mediterranean Games – Barcelona 1955, commonly","title":"1955 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"20792631","text":"What Are The Theosophists? \"What Are The Theosophists?\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the theosophical magazine \"The Theosophist.\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and it was included the 2nd volume of the \"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\" Arnold Kalnitsky wrote in his thesis that in this article \"we find a rather expansive statement of... [Blavatsky's] thoughts at that moment about the status of the movement, the Theosophical Society, its objectives, and the issues it was confronting.\" He wrote that the article begins with a question whether the Theosophists \"are they what they claim to be\": researchers of the","title":"What Are The Theosophists?"},{"psg_id":"13010968","text":"Conference of Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs held in Barcelona on 27 and 28 November under the Spanish presidency of the EU. The founding act of the Partnership in 1995 and Final Declaration of the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference is called the Barcelona Declaration, which is often used to refer to the Process itself. The Partnership culminated in a series of attempts by European countries to articulate their relations with their North African and Middle Eastern neighbours: the global Mediterranean policy (1972–1992) and the renovated Mediterranean policy (1992–1995). Javier Solana opened the conference by saying that they were brought together","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13011026","text":"UfM has a staff of 60 persons from more than 20 nationalities, including the permanent presence of senior officials seconded from the European Commission, the EIB, and CDC. The Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA) is not a new institution inside the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership framework. It was established in Naples on 3 December 2003 by the Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs and had its first plenary session in Athens on 22–23 March 2004. The EMPA gathers parliamentarians from the Euro-Mediterranean countries and has four permanent committees on the following issues: The EMPA also has an \"ad hoc\" committee on Energy and Environment.","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"2620963","text":"to gain widespread recognition until the 1990s. Objective data showing that Mediterranean diet is healthful originated from results of epidemiological studies in Naples and Madrid confirmed later by the Seven Countries Study first published in 1970, and a book-length report in 1980. The most commonly understood version of the Mediterranean diet was presented, among others, by Walter Willett and colleagues of Harvard University's School of Public Health since the mid-1990s. The Mediterranean diet is based on a paradox: although the people living in Mediterranean countries tend to consume relatively high amounts of fat, they have far lower rates of cardiovascular","title":"Mediterranean diet"},{"psg_id":"19526278","text":"Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean The Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean is the first of its type to be designated by the Man and the Biosphere Programme. It combines the Tingitane Peninsula in Morocco and the southern Iberian Peninsula of Andalusia. Both countries are located in a biogeographic region of deciduous forests and evergreen sclerophyllous scrub within the Mediterranean bioclimatic zone. The maritime area of the biosphere reserve is dominated by the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the two peninsulas. The reserve also encompasses natural and human communication routes between Africa and Europe. The Moroccan section of the","title":"Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"2620964","text":"disease than in countries like the United States where similar levels of fat consumption are found. A parallel phenomenon is known as the French Paradox. By 2011, the Mediterranean diet was included by some authors as a fad diet promoted for losing weight. As of 2018, the value of the traditional Mediterranean diet was questioned due to homogenization of dietary choices and food products in the global economy, yet clinical research activity remained high, with favorable outcomes reported for various disease conditions, such as metabolic syndrome. When Ancel Keys and his team of researchers studied and characterized the Mediterranean diet","title":"Mediterranean diet"},{"psg_id":"16346884","text":"states in order to find common solutions to the challenges facing the region, and to create a space for peace and prosperity for the Mediterranean peoples. PAM's membership is open exclusively to Mediterranean countries, which are represented on equal footing. This is reflected in the composition of the Bureau and the alternating Presidency. The current President of PAM is António PEDRO ROQUE da Visitação Oliveira of Portugal . Each national delegation has five members with equal voting and decision-making powers. Associate Members and Observers do not have voting rights. PAM conducts the bulk of its work within three standing committees.","title":"Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"17251858","text":"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games The boxing competitions at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin took place between 21 June and 26 June at the Toroslar Sports Hall. Athletes competed in 10 weight categories. Even though women's boxing has been recently introduced to some multi-sports events, only men's boxing events were held. 80 boxers from eighteen countries participated. All countries won at least one medal except Albania, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria. Algeria dominated the competition by winning five gold and one bronze medal. Macedonia's Fatlum Zhuta secured first medal for his country at the Mediterranean Games after winning his","title":"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"17251859","text":"quarterfinal match on Day 3. Eighteen Mediterranean nations have registered for boxing competitions. Key: Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games The boxing competitions at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin took place between 21 June and 26 June at the Toroslar Sports Hall. Athletes competed in 10 weight categories. Even though women's boxing has been recently introduced to some multi-sports events, only men's boxing events were held. 80 boxers from eighteen countries participated. All countries won at least one medal except Albania, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria. Algeria dominated the competition by winning five gold and one bronze medal. Macedonia's Fatlum","title":"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"16952499","text":"Fish and prawns that have migrated to the Mediterranean from the Red Sea, account for almost half the food caught by trawlers along the east coast of the sea. In July 2000 thirty one scientists from twelve countries attended a CIESM workshop on \"Fishing down Mediterranean food webs\". They discussed the concept of fishing down the food web as it applied in the Mediterranean. In June 2004 the CIESM held a round table discussion on protection of the Mediterranean deep sea including cold seeps, cold water coral \"reefs\", seamounts and brine pools. All of these are potentially threatened by human","title":"Mediterranean Science Commission"},{"psg_id":"5462956","text":"given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. The mascot is a multicolored Indalo, which is a cave painting possibly representing a man holding an arch over his head. Indalete, who was inspired by this ancestral figure, has a kind, likeable and very youthful appearance. Almería Cuevas del Almanzora El Ejido Gádor Huércal de Almería Roquetas de Mar Vícar 2005 Mediterranean Games The XVth Mediterranean Games Almería 2005 (XV Juegos del Mediterráneo 2005 in Spanish), commonly known as the 2005 Mediterranean Games, were","title":"2005 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"13011029","text":"the civil society organisations of the Euro-Mediterranean countries, aiming at the promotion of intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding. At the Paris Summit it was agreed that the Anna Lindh Foundation, along with the UN Alliance of Civilizations will be in charge of the cultural dimension of the Union for the Mediterranean. In September 2010 the Anna Lindh Foundation published a report called \"EuroMed Intercultural Trends 2010\". This evaluation about mutual perceptions and the visibility of the Union of the Mediterranean across the region is based on a Gallup Public Opinion Survey in which 13,000 people from the Union of the","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010989","text":"summit was considered a diplomatic success for Nicolas Sarzoky. The French president had managed to gather in Paris all the Heads of State and Government from the 43 Euro-Mediterranean countries, with the exception of the kings of Morocco and Jordan. At the Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Affairs held in Marseilles in November 2008, the Ministers decided to shorten the initiative's name to simply the \"Union for the Mediterranean\". This meeting concluded with a new joint declaration, which completed the Paris Declaration by defining the organisational structure and the principles on which the UfM would be run. A rotating co-presidency was","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010966","text":"on six business sectors mandated by the UfM member state: Business Development and Employment, Higher Education and Research, Civil and Social Affairs, Energy and Climate Action, Transport and Urban Development and Water, Environment and Blue Economy. The Union has the aim of promoting stability and integration throughout the Mediterranean region. It is a forum for discussing regional strategic issues, based on the principles of shared ownership, shared decision-making and shared responsibility between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Its main goal is to increase both North-South and South-South integration in the Mediterranean region, in order to support the countries' socioeconomic","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"20792648","text":"often attracted all sorts of neurotics, hysterics and even madmen: \"All organisations which depend on enthusiasm and opposition to conventional opinion suffer from this problem to some degree; Theosophy appears to have been especially prone to it. The permanent residents at Adyar during the 1880s and '90s were typical. A quarrelsome collection of minor English aristocrats, rich American widows, German professors, Indian mystics and hangerson of every description, they were all eager to have their say, especially during Olcott's prolonged absences, and all ready to quarrel with one another.\" What Are The Theosophists? \"What Are The Theosophists?\" is an editorial","title":"What Are The Theosophists?"},{"psg_id":"7907724","text":"and NATO expects further agreements to be signed with additional Mediterranean Dialogue member states in the future. Mediterranean Dialogue The Mediterranean Dialogue, first launched in 1994, is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean. Its stated aim is \"to create good relations and better mutual understanding and confidence throughout the region, promoting regional security and stability and explaining NATO's policies and goals.\" The Dialogue reflects NATO's view that security in Europe is tied to the security and stability in the Mediterranean. It also reinforces and complements the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Organization for Security and","title":"Mediterranean Dialogue"},{"psg_id":"17041215","text":"in the Games. The official programme for the Games is featuring events in 27 different sports. The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport event, much like the Summer Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively from countries around the Mediterranean Sea where Europe, Africa and Asia meet. The Games started in 1951 and are held every four years. The idea of holding the Mediterranean Games originated with Muhammed Taher Pasha, who was the chairman of the Egyptian Olympic Committee and the vice-president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), at a meeting during the 1948 London Olympics. The Games","title":"2013 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"16893272","text":"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean is the regional office of the World Health Organization that serves 22 countries and territories in the Middle East, the North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Central Asia. It is one of the WHO's six regional offices around the world. All the regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952. They are based on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allows the WHO to \"establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area\". Many decisions are made","title":"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"8603001","text":"Cetacean Sanctuary is the largest of the SPAMI sites. The Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) was established by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in order to help the Mediterranean countries implement the 1995 Protocol. It is based in Tunis, as part of a host agreement signed in 1991 between Tunisia and UNEP. Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) are sites \"of importance for conserving the components of biological diversity in the Mediterranean; contain ecosystems specific to the Mediterranean area or the habitats of endangered species; are of special","title":"Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance"},{"psg_id":"17041216","text":"\"were designed specifically to bring together the Muslim and European countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin\" to promote understanding through sporting competition. The first edition of the Mediterranean Games was held in the Egyptian city of Alexandria in 1951 and attracted 734 competitors from 10 nations. Initially the female athletes were not allowed to compete. Beginning by the fifth (1976) game in Tunis female athletes were also allowed. Turkey hosted the Games for the first time in 1971 in Izmir—the sixth edition of the Games. Cities from three countries submitted their bids to host the 2013 Mediterranean Games. Two Greek cities,","title":"2013 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"9195302","text":"Two disability events were incorporated into the athletics programme – there was a 1500 m wheelchair race for men and an 800 m for women. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 2001 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. 2001 Mediterranean Games The XIV","title":"2001 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"13011025","text":"in Barcelona. The task of the permanent Secretariat is to provide operational follow-up of the sectorial ministerial meeting, identifying and monitoring the implementation of concrete projects for the Euro-Mediterranean region, and searching for partners to finance these projects and coordinating various platforms for dialogue. The Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs decided at the Marseilles conference of November 2008 that the headquarters of the Secretariat would be at the Royal Palace of Pedralbes in Barcelona. They also agreed on the structure of this new key institution and the countries of origin of its first members: In 2017, the secretariat of the","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13011006","text":"in preparation of the Fourth UfM Ministerial Conference on Strengthening the Role of Women in Society, due to take place late 2017. The Conference provided a regional dialogue forum where the 250 participants from more than 30 countries stressed the need to invest in the essential contribution of women as a response to the current Mediterranean challenges. A report was prepared following the request formulated by the UfM Paris Ministerial Declaration on Strengthening the role of women in society. The request was \"to establish an effective follow-up mechanism as a Euro-Mediterranean forum and to ensure an effective dialogue on women-related","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010975","text":"As a result of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Euromed Heritage program was formed. This program has been active since 1998, and has been involved in programs to identify the cultural heritages of Mediterranean states, promote their preservation, and educate the peoples of partner countries about their cultural heritages. By some analysts, the process has been declared ineffective. The stalling of the Middle East Peace Process is having an impact on the Barcelona Process and is hindering progress especially in the first basket. The economic basket can be considered a success, and there have been more projects for the exchange on","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"10810146","text":"in the western countries became our reality. All Faculties of University Mediterranean offer Distance Learning System (DLS) in their curricula. Faculty of Information Technologies of the University ”Mediteran” in Podgorica took into account recommendations and experience of leading world institutions and organizations providing specific standards and systems to ensure quality in distance teaching. Mediterranean University and\"Budućnost\" karate club traditionally organize the tournament Grand Prix Mediteran with the aim to connect science and sport and popularize sports among and students. Mediterranean University basketball club was founded in 2006 with the intention to promote Mediterranean University in the sporting field. In the","title":"Mediterranean University"},{"psg_id":"20342300","text":"Air Mediterranean Air Mediterranean is a Greek charter airline headquartered in Athens and based at Athens International Airport. In January 2017 Air Mediterranean obtained their Air operator's certificate (AOC), under the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority in accordance with the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Regulation. The airline's plan is to cover the gaps between countries with poor or no connectivity, linking Europe with the rapidly expanding markets of Middle East and Africa using Athens as a Hub. Air Mediterranean commenced scheduled passenger operations on 1 November 2017. However, as of 18 January 2018, the airline suspended all flights until further","title":"Air Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"18263492","text":"What Are You Waiting For? (Nickelback song) \"What Are You Waiting For?\" is a song by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their eighth studio album, \"No Fixed Address\", and released as the second overall single and lead pop single off the album. The song was released on September 5, 2014 to Australia and other various countries, before being shipped worldwide on September 9, 2014. The song impacted US Hot AC radio on September 22, 2014 and US CHR radio on October 21, 2014. Nickelback announced that they were shooting the music video for the track, along with \"Edge of","title":"What Are You Waiting For? (Nickelback song)"},{"psg_id":"252082","text":"trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. Because of its latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of eolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods, whereas riverine detrital input prevails","title":"Mediterranean Sea"},{"psg_id":"3868583","text":"Egypt in 1951. The Games were inaugurated in October 1951, in Alexandria, Egypt, in honour of Muhammed Taher Pasha, with contests being held in 13 sports along with the participation of 734 athletes from 10 countries. In 1955, in Barcelona, during the II Games, the set up was decided of a Supervisory and Controlling Body for the Games, a kind of Executive Committee. The decisions were finally materialized on 16 June 1961, and the said Body was named, upon a Greek notion, ICMG (International Committee for the Mediterranean Games).Twelve countries were hosted for Mediterranean Games - four from Africa: Egypt","title":"Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"13010965","text":"is a forum for discussing regional strategic issues and building on the principles of co-ownership, co-decision making and shared co-responsibility between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Its main objective is to increase North-South and South-South integration in the Mediterranean region in order to support the socio-economic development of the countries and to ensure stability in the region. Through its actions, UfM focuses on two fundamental pillars: fostering human development and promoting sustainable development. The UfM identifies projects of regional interest and participates in them based on the consensus decision of all 43 member states. These projects and initiatives focus","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"13010979","text":"a final declaration. The Palestinian Authority, Syria and Algeria argued that resistance movements against foreign occupation should not be included in this definition. Nevertheless, a code of conduct on countering terrorism and a five-year work program were approved at Barcelona summit of 2005. both of which are still valid under the Union for the Mediterranean. For many, the political context surrounding the 2005 summit — the stagnation of the Middle East Peace Process, the US-led war on Iraq, the lack of democratisation in Arab countries, and the war on terror's negative effects on freedoms and human rights, among others—proved for","title":"Union for the Mediterranean"},{"psg_id":"19163963","text":"Networks of Mediterranean Youth The Networks of Mediterranean Youth (NET-MED Youth) project is a three-year project (2014-2017) implemented by UNESCO and funded by the European Union. It aims at mainstreaming youth issues and priorities across national decision-making and policy implementation in eastern and western Mediterranean countries by building the capacities of youth and youth organizations and promoting their active engagement in the development and implementation of national policies and strategies on youth, ensuring that youth issues are adequately covered by national and regional media and by identifying workable models for improving youth access to employment and youth inclusion in different","title":"Networks of Mediterranean Youth"},{"psg_id":"10120278","text":"of parliamentarians appointed by: The EMPA consists of a maximum of 240 Members, of which 120 are Europeans (75 from the EU national parliaments and 45 from the EP) and 120 are from the NPs of the EU's Mediterranean partner countries, so as to guarantee North-South parity. It is organised on the basis of national delegations and European Parliament delegations. It meets at least once a year. The Assembly consists of four committees and one \"ad hoc\" committee, each with 80 members and a four-member Bureau. They are responsible for addressing each of the partnership's strands: Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly The","title":"Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly"},{"psg_id":"8173059","text":"1951 Mediterranean Games The I Mediterranean Games – Alexandria 1951 (), commonly known as the 1951 Mediterranean Games, were the 1st Mediterranean Games. The Games were held in Alexandria, Egypt over 15 days, from 13 to 20 October 1951, where 734 athletes (all men) from 10 countries participated. There were a total of 13 different sports. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1951 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking","title":"1951 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"16129832","text":"Mediterranean horse mackerel The Mediterranean horse mackerel (\"Trachurus mediterraneus\"), also known as the Black Sea horse mackerel, horse mackerel, Mediterranean scad, common scad or simply scad, is a species of mackerel in the family Carangidae found in the eastern Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is a benthopelagic, subtropical, marine fish that can reach up to in length. In the countries near the Mediterranean and Black Seas, it makes up a significant portion of fish catch, 54% of fish caught in the latter. Despite overfishing in the 1980s, catch numbers have leveled out and","title":"Mediterranean horse mackerel"},{"psg_id":"18800469","text":"What Are Records? What Are Records? (or W.A.R.?) is an independent record label located in Boulder, Colorado. Founded in New York City in 1991 by owner Rob Gordon, former director of A&R at EMI, the company moved to Boulder in 1994. W.A.R.? has released over 100 records by Frank Black (of the Pixies), Bill Burr, Stephen Lynch, The Samples, Maceo Parker, Melissa Ferrick, and Whitest Kids U' Know. What Are Records? was founded in Gordon’s New York City loft in 1991. From the beginning, it fostered a direct-to-stores and direct-to-consumers distribution strategy Friend of Gordon and The Samples then-manager, Ted","title":"What Are Records?"},{"psg_id":"15238364","text":"risk of heart disease. Meanwhile, it has been confirmed by other researchers that there is an inverse association between adherence to the \"Mediterranean Diet\" and the incidence of fatal and non- fatal heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged adults in the Mediterranean region. The Seven Countries Study, along with other studies, e.g. the Framingham Heart Study, and the Nurses' Health Study, showed the importance of overweight, obesity, and regular exercise as health issues. It showed a correlation between good cardiovascular health and dementia in the general population. It also showed that cardiovascular risk factors in mid life are significantly associated","title":"Seven Countries Study"},{"psg_id":"17041223","text":"significant changes in the programme for the Mersin Games in comparison to that of the 2009 Mediterranean Games held in Pescara. Three new sports, archery, badminton and taekwondo, are the special additions. The programme for the Games will feature a total of 27 different sports. Two disabled sports—athletics and swimming—will also be contested by the athletes with physical disabilities. Even though it was planned, equestrian competitions will not be held. All 24 member countries of the ICMG participated in the Games. This would be the highest number of nations in any edition of the Mediterranean Games. The Republic of Macedonia","title":"2013 Mediterranean Games"},{"psg_id":"4359254","text":"was the arrival of foods from the Americas in Early Modern times (around the sixteenth century), notably the incorporation of the potato into Northern European cuisine, and the eager adoption of the tomato into Mediterranean cuisine. The tomato, so central now to that cuisine, was first described in print by Pietro Andrea Mattioli in 1544. Similarly, many of the species of \"Phaseolus\" beans now used around the Mediterranean, including \"P. vulgaris\" (the French or haricot bean), were brought back from the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese explorers. David's introduction to her 1950 book characterises the cooking of the Mediterranean countries","title":"Mediterranean cuisine"},{"psg_id":"9549201","text":"Algiers, and continued through the mid-19th century. For about 300 years, the Mediterranean Sea lanes were largely controlled by the north African Muslim states of the Barbary Coast (Tripoli, Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis) through piracy. Hostages were either ransomed or sold into slavery. Over time, most countries found it expedient to simply pay a yearly tribute (bribe) to the Barbary sultans in exchange for safe passage through the Mediterranean. Following the American Revolution, America was no longer under the protection of the British tribute treaties, resulting in the crippling of American commerce in the Mediterranean. Having no significant navy, the","title":"Mediterranean pass"},{"psg_id":"9549199","text":"Mediterranean pass The Mediterranean pass (or Mediterranean passport, the name used in the United States) was a document which identified a ship as being protected under a treaty with states of the Barbary Coast. Now known as the Barbary pirates, these states required countries to pay tribute in exchange for not capturing that country's ships and crews. These passes identified ships which had safe passage. The top of the British document was cut off in an erratic scalloped pattern used to confirm its authenticity. The matching top of the document was sent to officials along the Barbary Coast, so cruisers","title":"Mediterranean pass"},{"psg_id":"9549202","text":"U.S. decided to form tribute treaties with the Barbary states, such as the 1796 Treaty of Tripoli. This treaty required ship's passports within 18 months. Mediterranean pass The Mediterranean pass (or Mediterranean passport, the name used in the United States) was a document which identified a ship as being protected under a treaty with states of the Barbary Coast. Now known as the Barbary pirates, these states required countries to pay tribute in exchange for not capturing that country's ships and crews. These passes identified ships which had safe passage. The top of the British document was cut off in","title":"Mediterranean pass"},{"psg_id":"5799754","text":"million years, during the Pliocene epoch, as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated, although they persisted on the islands of Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, and the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. Phytogeographically, the Mediterranean basin together","title":"Mediterranean Basin"},{"psg_id":"18726292","text":"the Mediterranean might carry more weight. In the published volume, the sections are linked by substantial extracts from works by writers including Norman Douglas, Lawrence Durrell, Gertrude Stein, D. H. Lawrence, Osbert Sitwell, Compton Mackenzie, Arnold Bennett, Henry James and Théophile Gautier. She submitted the revised typescript to John Lehmann, a publisher more associated with poetry than cookery, but he accepted it, agreeing to an advance payment of £100. \"A Book of Mediterranean Food\" was published in 1950. Lehmann had suggested it be named \"The Blue Train Cookery Book\", since he supposed that the romance of Mediterranean countries was to","title":"A Book of Mediterranean Food"},{"psg_id":"16952502","text":"Monaco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine and Serbia-Montenegro. The 2008 budget was €910,000. The CIESM is part of the European Union's MARCOM programme. The CIESM works with other international agencies such as the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and with national projects, some funded by the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) organized by the World Bank in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme, European Investment Bank and the European Commission. The Commission draws on the work of researchers in over 30 countries. It has six Committees: Notes Citations Sources Mediterranean Science Commission The Mediterranean","title":"Mediterranean Science Commission"},{"psg_id":"8634602","text":"FDM Scientific Secretariat is located in the Parc Científic of Barcelona, a science park that houses different research groups and organizations, both independent and affiliated with the University of Barcelona. The scientific committee consists of 23 recognized international investigators from 12 different Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean countries. It advises the Foundation on scientific matters and is presided over by the President of the Foundation, Lluís Serra Majem, Professor of Preventative Medicine and Public Health at the University of Las Palmas in Gran Canaria. The FDM has been involved in a variety of activities, including: Mediterranean Diet Foundation The Mediterranean Diet Foundation","title":"Mediterranean Diet Foundation"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011022\",\n \"text\": \"partner countries and improve the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership's visibility. With the purpose of guaranteeing the co-ownership of the Union for the Mediterranean, the Heads of State and Government decided in Paris that two countries, one from the EU and one from the Mediterranean partner countries, will jointly preside the Union for the Mediterranean. The 27 agreed that the EU co-presidency had to \\\"be compatible with the external representation of the European Union in accordance with the Treaty provisions in force.\\\" \\\"The Mediterranean partner countries decided to choose by consensus and among themselves a country to hold the co-presidency for a non-renewable\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010978\",\n \"text\": \"fundamentalism throughout the Arab world are also important factors in Europe's new relations with the Mediterranean countries based on security concerns. Criticism of the Barcelona Process escalated after the celebration of the 10th Anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Summit in Barcelona in 2005, which was broadly considered a failure. First, the absence of Heads of State and Government from the Southern Mediterranean countries (with the exception of the Palestinian and Turkish ones) heavily contrasted with the attendance of the 27 European Union's Heads of State and Government. Second, the lack of consensus to define the term \\\"terrorism\\\" prevented the endorsement of\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16116550\",\n \"text\": \"What Are Words (album) What Are Words is the debut album of the American singer Chris Medina. The album was released by Sony Music contains 11 pop-rock songs, some of them sensitive ballads, others more energetic and rocking. Album included the title track \\\"What Are Words\\\", a touching track inspired by Chris Medina's fiancé who had a serious brain injury after a car accident in 2009. Although \\\"What Are Words\\\" was only a minor hit in the United States, it was a big hit in Scandinavian countries topping both Norwegian \\\"VG-lista\\\" Singles Chart and the Swedish \\\"Sverigetopplistan\\\" Singles Chart. It\",\n \"title\": \"What Are Words (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18400960\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition The Mediterranean Mathematics Competition (also: Peter O’Halloran Memorial) is a mathematics competition for school students, taking place annually since 1998. All countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are allowed to participate, as well as, if invited, their neighbouring countries. The contest, short-labelled \\\"Mediterranean\\\" is commonly regarded as the hardest amongst the mathematical student contests, including the IMO. The Mediterranean Competition's goals are: The contest is conducted separately in every country. Each participating country can let an unrestricted number of students write the contest, but only the results of the top ten, according to national evaluation, can be submitted\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8173060\",\n \"text\": \"is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. 1951 Mediterranean Games The I Mediterranean Games – Alexandria 1951 (), commonly known as the 1951 Mediterranean Games, were the 1st Mediterranean Games. The Games were held in Alexandria, Egypt over 15 days, from 13 to 20 October 1951, where 734 athletes (all men) from 10 countries participated. There were a total of 13 different sports. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1951 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by\",\n \"title\": \"1951 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18400962\",\n \"text\": \"four problems each, with an overall contest time of four hours. In 2013, a faulty problem has been given for the first time, an inequation to be proven was wrong. Mediterranean Mathematics Competition The Mediterranean Mathematics Competition (also: Peter O’Halloran Memorial) is a mathematics competition for school students, taking place annually since 1998. All countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea are allowed to participate, as well as, if invited, their neighbouring countries. The contest, short-labelled \\\"Mediterranean\\\" is commonly regarded as the hardest amongst the mathematical student contests, including the IMO. The Mediterranean Competition's goals are: The contest is conducted separately in\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Mathematics Competition\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011027\",\n \"text\": \"Since the launch of the Union for the Mediterranean, the EMPA's role has been strengthened for it is considered the \\\"legitimate parliamentary expression of the Union\\\". At the Euro-Mediterranean Foreign Affairs Conference held in Marseilles in November 2008, the Ministers welcomed the EU Committee of the Regions proposal to establish a Euro-Mediterranean Assembly of Local and Regional Authorities (ARLEM in French). Its aim is to bridge between the local and regional representatives of the 43 countries with the Union for the Mediterranean and EU institutions. The EU participants are the members of the EU Committee of the Regions, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3868589\",\n \"text\": \"were allowed to compete. Lebanese games organizer Gabriel Gemayel conceded to this, but sidestepped the ruling by holding a parallel \\\"Lebanese Games\\\" comprising athletics events between the present nations alongside the official Mediterranean Games competitions. There are countries not bordering the Mediterranean Sea which nonetheless participate: Portugal, Andorra, Kosovo, San Marino, Serbia and Macedonia. The Hellenic Olympic Committee has suggested that nine more countries that do not satisfy geographic criteria could be allowed to participate, such as Bulgaria, and some Arab countries such as Jordan and Iraq. Portugal competed in the 2018 Mediterranean Games after a decision which approved Portugal\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16129840\",\n \"text\": \"but has since become stable. Some conservation measures are in place in certain European countries. Minimum catch lengths are in the EU, in Ukraine, in Romania and Bulgaria, and in Turkey. Mediterranean horse mackerel The Mediterranean horse mackerel (\\\"Trachurus mediterraneus\\\"), also known as the Black Sea horse mackerel, horse mackerel, Mediterranean scad, common scad or simply scad, is a species of mackerel in the family Carangidae found in the eastern Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is a benthopelagic, subtropical, marine fish that can reach up to in length. In the countries near the\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean horse mackerel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011030\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean countries participated. As a platform for dialogue and cooperation, the Union for the Mediterranean engages in strategic partnerships with global, regional and sub-regional organizations. During the past few years, the UfM strengthened its ties with relevant stakeholders through the signature of various Memoranda of Understanding: The Paris Declaration states that contributions for the Union for the Mediterranean will have to develop the capacity to attract funding from \\\"the private sector participation; contributions from the EU budget and all partners; contributions from other countries, international financial institutions and regional entities; the Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership Facility (FEMIP); the ENPI\\\", among\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010971\",\n \"text\": \"area in the Mediterranean Basin by 2010. The agenda of the Barcelona Process is: The Barcelona Process comprises three \\\"baskets\\\", in EU jargon, or strands: The Euro-Mediterranean free trade area (EU-MEFTA) is based on the Barcelona Process and European Neighbourhood Policy. The Agadir Agreement of 2004 is seen as its first building block. At the time of its creation, the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership comprised 27 member countries: 15 from the European Union and 12 Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey). As a result of the European Union's enlargements of 2004 and 2007\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19621089\",\n \"text\": \"communities and private companies. Established in 1991, the Mediterranean Wetlands Regional Initiative brings together 26 Mediterranean and peri-Mediterranean countries that are Parties to the Convention on Wetlands. Palestine and a number of organizations and wetland centres are also part of the MedWet Initiative. The MedWet Mission is to ensure and support the effective conservation of the functions and values of Mediterranean wetlands and the sustainable use of their resources and services. The Mediterranean Wetland Observatory (MWO) was established in 2008 at the request of the Mediterranean Wetlands Committee (MedWet/Com) as a multi-partner project coordinated by Tour du Valat (TdV), the\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean wetlands\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2620961\",\n \"text\": \"prove cause and effect. As the Mediterranean diet usually includes products containing gluten like pasta and bread, increasing use of the diet may have contributed to the growing rate of gluten-related disorders. Although there are many different \\\"Mediterranean diets\\\" among different countries and populations of the Mediterranean basin, because of ethnical, cultural, economic and religious diversities, the distinct Mediterranean cuisines generally include the same key components, in addition to regular physical activity: These proportions are sometimes represented in the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. Total fat in a diet with roughly this composition is 25% to 35% of calories, with saturated fat\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean diet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"252105\",\n \"text\": \"third of the world's international tourists. Tourism is one of the most important sources of income for many Mediterranean countries regardless of the man-made geopolitical conflicts that harbour coastal nations. In that regard, authorities around the Mediterranean have made it a point to extinguish rising man-made chaotic zones that would affect the economies, societies in neighboring coastal countries, let alone shipping routes. Naval and rescue components in the Mediterranean Sea are considered one of the very best due to the quick intercooperation of various Naval Fleets within proximity of each other. Unlike the vast open Oceans, the closed nature of\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15238363\",\n \"text\": \"to an eating pattern loosely characterized as the \\\"Mediterranean Diet.\\\" What exactly is meant by \\\"Mediterranean Diet\\\" today, was detailed by Antonia Trichopoulou (wife of Dimitrios Trichopoulos), and Anna Ferro-Luzzi. The diet was publicized and popularized by Greg Drescher of the Oldways Preservation and Exchange Trust and by Walter Willett of the Harvard School of Public Health. The Seven Countries Study also showed that the slowly changing habits of a population in the Mediterranean region, from a healthy, active lifestyle and diet, to a less active lifestyle and a diet influenced by the Western pattern diet, significantly correlated with increased\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Countries Study\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16893274\",\n \"text\": \"area of nearly 583 million people. The countries and territories in the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean are: The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean was originally based in Alexandria, Egypt. It was later moved to its new location in Nasr City, Cairo. The official languages of WHO in the Eastern Mediterranean Region are Arabic, English and French. However, other national languages such as Persian, Urdu, Dari, Pashto and Somali are also used in communicating health messages and delivering health programs. WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean is\",\n \"title\": \"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010980\",\n \"text\": \"many the inefficiency of the Barcelona Process for fulfilling its objectives of peace, stability and prosperity. Given these circumstances, even politicians that had been engaged with the Barcelona Process since its very beginnings, like the Spanish politician Josep Borrell, expressed their disappointment about the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and its incapacity to deliver results. Critiques from Southern Mediterranean countries blamed the Partnership's failure on Europe's lack of interest towards the Mediterranean in favour of its Eastern neighbourhood; whereas experts from the North accused Southern countries of only being interested on \\\"their own bi-lateral relationship with the EU\\\" while downplaying multilateral policies. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011028\",\n \"text\": \"as representatives from other EU institutions engaged with the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. From the Mediterranean partner countries, the participants are representatives of regional and local authorities appointed by their national governments. The ARLEM was formally established and held its first plenary session in Barcelona on 31 January 2010. The ARLEM's co-presidency is held by the President of the EU Committee of the Regions, Luc Van den Brande, and the Moroccan mayor of Al Hoceima, Mohammed Boudra. The Anna Lindh Foundation for the Dialogue between Cultures, with headquarters are in Alexandria, Egypt, was established in April 2005. It is a network for\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2620965\",\n \"text\": \"and compared it with the eating habits of the US and the most developed countries during that period, some identified it as the \\\"Diet of the Poor\\\". According to the famed Portuguese gastronomist who met with Keys, Portugal was included in their observations and studies, and according to their conversation, Keys considered Portugal had the most pure \\\"Mediterranean\\\" diet. However, Salazar, the dictator of Portugal, did not want the name of Portugal included in what he understood as the diet of the poor. Still today the name of the diet is not consensual among Portuguese gastronomists. After the Mediterranean diet\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean diet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7907722\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean Dialogue The Mediterranean Dialogue, first launched in 1994, is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean. Its stated aim is \\\"to create good relations and better mutual understanding and confidence throughout the region, promoting regional security and stability and explaining NATO's policies and goals.\\\" The Dialogue reflects NATO's view that security in Europe is tied to the security and stability in the Mediterranean. It also reinforces and complements the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's Mediterranean Initiative. The Mediterranean Dialogue initially started with five countries but has added two\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Dialogue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"252068\",\n \"text\": \"of kilometres away from its source. The temperature of the water in the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea is . The following countries have a coastline on the Mediterranean Sea: Several other territories also border the Mediterranean Sea (from west to east): The British overseas territory of Gibraltar, the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla and nearby islands, the Sovereign Base Areas on Cyprus, and the Palestinian Gaza Strip. Major cities (municipalities) with populations larger than 200,000 people bordering the Mediterranean Sea are: The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) divides the Mediterranean into a number of smaller waterbodies, each\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17780980\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean, from ancient to modern times. The journal is composed of studies in the fields of Commerce and Trade, Environment, Politics and Diplomacy, Religion, History, Literature, Linguistics, Intercultural Communication, Comparative Studies on Mediterranean Art and Culture, and other related subjects. \\\"Mediterranean Review\\\" addresses Mediterranean regional affairs, and discusses crucial developments in culture and politics that are redefining the Mediterranean world. This unique publication deals with global issues such as Mediterranean influence on international affairs and interchange of ideas and cultures between Mediterranean countries. Mediterranean Review also pays attention to multiculturalism and complexity surrounding the Mediterranean region. Articles are published in\",\n \"title\": \"Institute for Mediterranean Studies\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15792250\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Technical Committee\\\": The technical committee consists of the heads of the principal European networks working in the Mediterranean, trans-Mediterranean networks, national associations of local authorities South and East of the Mediterranean, and representatives of national, European, or international institutions working in the Mediterranean. \\\"Mediterranean Council\\\": It is made up of elected local officials in positions of responsibility in European networks active in the Mediterranean, in trans-Mediterranean networks or national associations of local authorities South and East of the Mediterranean. It includes representatives of local authorities from countries where there are no structured networks and may be open to actors of\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Interregional Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4359243\",\n \"text\": \"and the salted cured fish roe, bottarga, found across the region. Spirits based on anise are drunk in many countries around the Mediterranean. The cooking of the area is not to be confused with the Mediterranean diet, made popular because of the apparent health benefits of a diet rich in olive oil, wheat and other grains, fruits, vegetables, and a certain amount of seafood, but low in meat and dairy products. Mediterranean cuisine encompasses the ways that these and other ingredients, including meat, are dealt with in the kitchen, whether they are health-giving or not. The cookery writer Elizabeth David's\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010967\",\n \"text\": \"development and ensure stability in the region. The institution, through its course of actions, focuses on two main pillars: fostering human development and promoting sustainable development. To this end, it identifies and supports regional projects and initiatives of different sizes, to which it gives its label, following a consensual decision among the forty-three countries. These projects and initiatives focus on 6 sectors of activity, as mandated by the UfM Member States: The members of the Union of the Mediterranean are the following: The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, also known as the Barcelona Process, was created in 1995 as a result of the\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011024\",\n \"text\": \"UfM in Barcelona or in one of the UfM countries. Its role is to discuss regional issues, guide policies and actions of the organization and to label the projects submitted to it. Each country has an equal vote and all decisions are made by consensus. Alongside these meetings, other UfM meetings take place, especially ministerial meetings that define the Mediterranean agenda on specific issues, such as environment and climate change, the digital economy, the role of women in society, transportation or industry. The Secretariat of the Union for the Mediterranean was inaugurated on 4 March 2010 in an official ceremony\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8173118\",\n \"text\": \"for the occasion. The symbol of an amphora filled with Mediterranean Sea water was then used for the first time. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1955 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, and IAAF. 1955 Mediterranean Games The II Mediterranean Games – Barcelona 1955, commonly\",\n \"title\": \"1955 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20792631\",\n \"text\": \"What Are The Theosophists? \\\"What Are The Theosophists?\\\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the theosophical magazine \\\"The Theosophist.\\\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and it was included the 2nd volume of the \\\"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\\\" Arnold Kalnitsky wrote in his thesis that in this article \\\"we find a rather expansive statement of... [Blavatsky's] thoughts at that moment about the status of the movement, the Theosophical Society, its objectives, and the issues it was confronting.\\\" He wrote that the article begins with a question whether the Theosophists \\\"are they what they claim to be\\\": researchers of the\",\n \"title\": \"What Are The Theosophists?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010968\",\n \"text\": \"Conference of Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs held in Barcelona on 27 and 28 November under the Spanish presidency of the EU. The founding act of the Partnership in 1995 and Final Declaration of the Barcelona Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference is called the Barcelona Declaration, which is often used to refer to the Process itself. The Partnership culminated in a series of attempts by European countries to articulate their relations with their North African and Middle Eastern neighbours: the global Mediterranean policy (1972–1992) and the renovated Mediterranean policy (1992–1995). Javier Solana opened the conference by saying that they were brought together\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011026\",\n \"text\": \"UfM has a staff of 60 persons from more than 20 nationalities, including the permanent presence of senior officials seconded from the European Commission, the EIB, and CDC. The Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (EMPA) is not a new institution inside the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership framework. It was established in Naples on 3 December 2003 by the Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs and had its first plenary session in Athens on 22–23 March 2004. The EMPA gathers parliamentarians from the Euro-Mediterranean countries and has four permanent committees on the following issues: The EMPA also has an \\\"ad hoc\\\" committee on Energy and Environment.\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2620963\",\n \"text\": \"to gain widespread recognition until the 1990s. Objective data showing that Mediterranean diet is healthful originated from results of epidemiological studies in Naples and Madrid confirmed later by the Seven Countries Study first published in 1970, and a book-length report in 1980. The most commonly understood version of the Mediterranean diet was presented, among others, by Walter Willett and colleagues of Harvard University's School of Public Health since the mid-1990s. The Mediterranean diet is based on a paradox: although the people living in Mediterranean countries tend to consume relatively high amounts of fat, they have far lower rates of cardiovascular\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean diet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19526278\",\n \"text\": \"Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean The Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean is the first of its type to be designated by the Man and the Biosphere Programme. It combines the Tingitane Peninsula in Morocco and the southern Iberian Peninsula of Andalusia. Both countries are located in a biogeographic region of deciduous forests and evergreen sclerophyllous scrub within the Mediterranean bioclimatic zone. The maritime area of the biosphere reserve is dominated by the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the two peninsulas. The reserve also encompasses natural and human communication routes between Africa and Europe. The Moroccan section of the\",\n \"title\": \"Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2620964\",\n \"text\": \"disease than in countries like the United States where similar levels of fat consumption are found. A parallel phenomenon is known as the French Paradox. By 2011, the Mediterranean diet was included by some authors as a fad diet promoted for losing weight. As of 2018, the value of the traditional Mediterranean diet was questioned due to homogenization of dietary choices and food products in the global economy, yet clinical research activity remained high, with favorable outcomes reported for various disease conditions, such as metabolic syndrome. When Ancel Keys and his team of researchers studied and characterized the Mediterranean diet\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean diet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16346884\",\n \"text\": \"states in order to find common solutions to the challenges facing the region, and to create a space for peace and prosperity for the Mediterranean peoples. PAM's membership is open exclusively to Mediterranean countries, which are represented on equal footing. This is reflected in the composition of the Bureau and the alternating Presidency. The current President of PAM is António PEDRO ROQUE da Visitação Oliveira of Portugal . Each national delegation has five members with equal voting and decision-making powers. Associate Members and Observers do not have voting rights. PAM conducts the bulk of its work within three standing committees.\",\n \"title\": \"Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17251858\",\n \"text\": \"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games The boxing competitions at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin took place between 21 June and 26 June at the Toroslar Sports Hall. Athletes competed in 10 weight categories. Even though women's boxing has been recently introduced to some multi-sports events, only men's boxing events were held. 80 boxers from eighteen countries participated. All countries won at least one medal except Albania, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria. Algeria dominated the competition by winning five gold and one bronze medal. Macedonia's Fatlum Zhuta secured first medal for his country at the Mediterranean Games after winning his\",\n \"title\": \"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17251859\",\n \"text\": \"quarterfinal match on Day 3. Eighteen Mediterranean nations have registered for boxing competitions. Key: Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games The boxing competitions at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin took place between 21 June and 26 June at the Toroslar Sports Hall. Athletes competed in 10 weight categories. Even though women's boxing has been recently introduced to some multi-sports events, only men's boxing events were held. 80 boxers from eighteen countries participated. All countries won at least one medal except Albania, Cyprus, Lebanon and Syria. Algeria dominated the competition by winning five gold and one bronze medal. Macedonia's Fatlum\",\n \"title\": \"Boxing at the 2013 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16952499\",\n \"text\": \"Fish and prawns that have migrated to the Mediterranean from the Red Sea, account for almost half the food caught by trawlers along the east coast of the sea. In July 2000 thirty one scientists from twelve countries attended a CIESM workshop on \\\"Fishing down Mediterranean food webs\\\". They discussed the concept of fishing down the food web as it applied in the Mediterranean. In June 2004 the CIESM held a round table discussion on protection of the Mediterranean deep sea including cold seeps, cold water coral \\\"reefs\\\", seamounts and brine pools. All of these are potentially threatened by human\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Science Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5462956\",\n \"text\": \"given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. The mascot is a multicolored Indalo, which is a cave painting possibly representing a man holding an arch over his head. Indalete, who was inspired by this ancestral figure, has a kind, likeable and very youthful appearance. Almería Cuevas del Almanzora El Ejido Gádor Huércal de Almería Roquetas de Mar Vícar 2005 Mediterranean Games The XVth Mediterranean Games Almería 2005 (XV Juegos del Mediterráneo 2005 in Spanish), commonly known as the 2005 Mediterranean Games, were\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011029\",\n \"text\": \"the civil society organisations of the Euro-Mediterranean countries, aiming at the promotion of intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding. At the Paris Summit it was agreed that the Anna Lindh Foundation, along with the UN Alliance of Civilizations will be in charge of the cultural dimension of the Union for the Mediterranean. In September 2010 the Anna Lindh Foundation published a report called \\\"EuroMed Intercultural Trends 2010\\\". This evaluation about mutual perceptions and the visibility of the Union of the Mediterranean across the region is based on a Gallup Public Opinion Survey in which 13,000 people from the Union of the\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010989\",\n \"text\": \"summit was considered a diplomatic success for Nicolas Sarzoky. The French president had managed to gather in Paris all the Heads of State and Government from the 43 Euro-Mediterranean countries, with the exception of the kings of Morocco and Jordan. At the Euro-Mediterranean Conference of Foreign Affairs held in Marseilles in November 2008, the Ministers decided to shorten the initiative's name to simply the \\\"Union for the Mediterranean\\\". This meeting concluded with a new joint declaration, which completed the Paris Declaration by defining the organisational structure and the principles on which the UfM would be run. A rotating co-presidency was\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010966\",\n \"text\": \"on six business sectors mandated by the UfM member state: Business Development and Employment, Higher Education and Research, Civil and Social Affairs, Energy and Climate Action, Transport and Urban Development and Water, Environment and Blue Economy. The Union has the aim of promoting stability and integration throughout the Mediterranean region. It is a forum for discussing regional strategic issues, based on the principles of shared ownership, shared decision-making and shared responsibility between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Its main goal is to increase both North-South and South-South integration in the Mediterranean region, in order to support the countries' socioeconomic\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20792648\",\n \"text\": \"often attracted all sorts of neurotics, hysterics and even madmen: \\\"All organisations which depend on enthusiasm and opposition to conventional opinion suffer from this problem to some degree; Theosophy appears to have been especially prone to it. The permanent residents at Adyar during the 1880s and '90s were typical. A quarrelsome collection of minor English aristocrats, rich American widows, German professors, Indian mystics and hangerson of every description, they were all eager to have their say, especially during Olcott's prolonged absences, and all ready to quarrel with one another.\\\" What Are The Theosophists? \\\"What Are The Theosophists?\\\" is an editorial\",\n \"title\": \"What Are The Theosophists?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7907724\",\n \"text\": \"and NATO expects further agreements to be signed with additional Mediterranean Dialogue member states in the future. Mediterranean Dialogue The Mediterranean Dialogue, first launched in 1994, is a forum of cooperation between NATO and seven countries of the Mediterranean. Its stated aim is \\\"to create good relations and better mutual understanding and confidence throughout the region, promoting regional security and stability and explaining NATO's policies and goals.\\\" The Dialogue reflects NATO's view that security in Europe is tied to the security and stability in the Mediterranean. It also reinforces and complements the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Organization for Security and\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Dialogue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17041215\",\n \"text\": \"in the Games. The official programme for the Games is featuring events in 27 different sports. The Mediterranean Games is a multi-sport event, much like the Summer Olympics (albeit on a much smaller scale), with participation exclusively from countries around the Mediterranean Sea where Europe, Africa and Asia meet. The Games started in 1951 and are held every four years. The idea of holding the Mediterranean Games originated with Muhammed Taher Pasha, who was the chairman of the Egyptian Olympic Committee and the vice-president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), at a meeting during the 1948 London Olympics. The Games\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16893272\",\n \"text\": \"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean is the regional office of the World Health Organization that serves 22 countries and territories in the Middle East, the North Africa, the Horn of Africa and Central Asia. It is one of the WHO's six regional offices around the world. All the regional divisions of WHO were created between 1949 and 1952. They are based on article 44 of WHO's constitution, which allows the WHO to \\\"establish a [single] regional organization to meet the special needs of [each defined] area\\\". Many decisions are made\",\n \"title\": \"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8603001\",\n \"text\": \"Cetacean Sanctuary is the largest of the SPAMI sites. The Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) was established by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in order to help the Mediterranean countries implement the 1995 Protocol. It is based in Tunis, as part of a host agreement signed in 1991 between Tunisia and UNEP. Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) are sites \\\"of importance for conserving the components of biological diversity in the Mediterranean; contain ecosystems specific to the Mediterranean area or the habitats of endangered species; are of special\",\n \"title\": \"Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17041216\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"were designed specifically to bring together the Muslim and European countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin\\\" to promote understanding through sporting competition. The first edition of the Mediterranean Games was held in the Egyptian city of Alexandria in 1951 and attracted 734 competitors from 10 nations. Initially the female athletes were not allowed to compete. Beginning by the fifth (1976) game in Tunis female athletes were also allowed. Turkey hosted the Games for the first time in 1971 in Izmir—the sixth edition of the Games. Cities from three countries submitted their bids to host the 2013 Mediterranean Games. Two Greek cities,\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9195302\",\n \"text\": \"Two disability events were incorporated into the athletics programme – there was a 1500 m wheelchair race for men and an 800 m for women. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 2001 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically if after the above, countries are still tied. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. 2001 Mediterranean Games The XIV\",\n \"title\": \"2001 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011025\",\n \"text\": \"in Barcelona. The task of the permanent Secretariat is to provide operational follow-up of the sectorial ministerial meeting, identifying and monitoring the implementation of concrete projects for the Euro-Mediterranean region, and searching for partners to finance these projects and coordinating various platforms for dialogue. The Euro-Mediterranean Ministers of Foreign Affairs decided at the Marseilles conference of November 2008 that the headquarters of the Secretariat would be at the Royal Palace of Pedralbes in Barcelona. They also agreed on the structure of this new key institution and the countries of origin of its first members: In 2017, the secretariat of the\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13011006\",\n \"text\": \"in preparation of the Fourth UfM Ministerial Conference on Strengthening the Role of Women in Society, due to take place late 2017. The Conference provided a regional dialogue forum where the 250 participants from more than 30 countries stressed the need to invest in the essential contribution of women as a response to the current Mediterranean challenges. A report was prepared following the request formulated by the UfM Paris Ministerial Declaration on Strengthening the role of women in society. The request was \\\"to establish an effective follow-up mechanism as a Euro-Mediterranean forum and to ensure an effective dialogue on women-related\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010975\",\n \"text\": \"As a result of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, the Euromed Heritage program was formed. This program has been active since 1998, and has been involved in programs to identify the cultural heritages of Mediterranean states, promote their preservation, and educate the peoples of partner countries about their cultural heritages. By some analysts, the process has been declared ineffective. The stalling of the Middle East Peace Process is having an impact on the Barcelona Process and is hindering progress especially in the first basket. The economic basket can be considered a success, and there have been more projects for the exchange on\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10810146\",\n \"text\": \"in the western countries became our reality. All Faculties of University Mediterranean offer Distance Learning System (DLS) in their curricula. Faculty of Information Technologies of the University ”Mediteran” in Podgorica took into account recommendations and experience of leading world institutions and organizations providing specific standards and systems to ensure quality in distance teaching. Mediterranean University and\\\"Budućnost\\\" karate club traditionally organize the tournament Grand Prix Mediteran with the aim to connect science and sport and popularize sports among and students. Mediterranean University basketball club was founded in 2006 with the intention to promote Mediterranean University in the sporting field. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean University\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20342300\",\n \"text\": \"Air Mediterranean Air Mediterranean is a Greek charter airline headquartered in Athens and based at Athens International Airport. In January 2017 Air Mediterranean obtained their Air operator's certificate (AOC), under the Hellenic Civil Aviation Authority in accordance with the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Regulation. The airline's plan is to cover the gaps between countries with poor or no connectivity, linking Europe with the rapidly expanding markets of Middle East and Africa using Athens as a Hub. Air Mediterranean commenced scheduled passenger operations on 1 November 2017. However, as of 18 January 2018, the airline suspended all flights until further\",\n \"title\": \"Air Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18263492\",\n \"text\": \"What Are You Waiting For? (Nickelback song) \\\"What Are You Waiting For?\\\" is a song by the Canadian rock band Nickelback from their eighth studio album, \\\"No Fixed Address\\\", and released as the second overall single and lead pop single off the album. The song was released on September 5, 2014 to Australia and other various countries, before being shipped worldwide on September 9, 2014. The song impacted US Hot AC radio on September 22, 2014 and US CHR radio on October 21, 2014. Nickelback announced that they were shooting the music video for the track, along with \\\"Edge of\",\n \"title\": \"What Are You Waiting For? (Nickelback song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"252082\",\n \"text\": \"trees and shrubs with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. Because of its latitudinal position and its land-locked configuration, the Mediterranean is especially sensitive to astronomically induced climatic variations, which are well documented in its sedimentary record. Since the Mediterranean is involved in the deposition of eolian dust from the Sahara during dry periods, whereas riverine detrital input prevails\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3868583\",\n \"text\": \"Egypt in 1951. The Games were inaugurated in October 1951, in Alexandria, Egypt, in honour of Muhammed Taher Pasha, with contests being held in 13 sports along with the participation of 734 athletes from 10 countries. In 1955, in Barcelona, during the II Games, the set up was decided of a Supervisory and Controlling Body for the Games, a kind of Executive Committee. The decisions were finally materialized on 16 June 1961, and the said Body was named, upon a Greek notion, ICMG (International Committee for the Mediterranean Games).Twelve countries were hosted for Mediterranean Games - four from Africa: Egypt\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010965\",\n \"text\": \"is a forum for discussing regional strategic issues and building on the principles of co-ownership, co-decision making and shared co-responsibility between the two shores of the Mediterranean. Its main objective is to increase North-South and South-South integration in the Mediterranean region in order to support the socio-economic development of the countries and to ensure stability in the region. Through its actions, UfM focuses on two fundamental pillars: fostering human development and promoting sustainable development. The UfM identifies projects of regional interest and participates in them based on the consensus decision of all 43 member states. These projects and initiatives focus\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13010979\",\n \"text\": \"a final declaration. The Palestinian Authority, Syria and Algeria argued that resistance movements against foreign occupation should not be included in this definition. Nevertheless, a code of conduct on countering terrorism and a five-year work program were approved at Barcelona summit of 2005. both of which are still valid under the Union for the Mediterranean. For many, the political context surrounding the 2005 summit — the stagnation of the Middle East Peace Process, the US-led war on Iraq, the lack of democratisation in Arab countries, and the war on terror's negative effects on freedoms and human rights, among others—proved for\",\n \"title\": \"Union for the Mediterranean\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19163963\",\n \"text\": \"Networks of Mediterranean Youth The Networks of Mediterranean Youth (NET-MED Youth) project is a three-year project (2014-2017) implemented by UNESCO and funded by the European Union. It aims at mainstreaming youth issues and priorities across national decision-making and policy implementation in eastern and western Mediterranean countries by building the capacities of youth and youth organizations and promoting their active engagement in the development and implementation of national policies and strategies on youth, ensuring that youth issues are adequately covered by national and regional media and by identifying workable models for improving youth access to employment and youth inclusion in different\",\n \"title\": \"Networks of Mediterranean Youth\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10120278\",\n \"text\": \"of parliamentarians appointed by: The EMPA consists of a maximum of 240 Members, of which 120 are Europeans (75 from the EU national parliaments and 45 from the EP) and 120 are from the NPs of the EU's Mediterranean partner countries, so as to guarantee North-South parity. It is organised on the basis of national delegations and European Parliament delegations. It meets at least once a year. The Assembly consists of four committees and one \\\"ad hoc\\\" committee, each with 80 members and a four-member Bureau. They are responsible for addressing each of the partnership's strands: Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly The\",\n \"title\": \"Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8173059\",\n \"text\": \"1951 Mediterranean Games The I Mediterranean Games – Alexandria 1951 (), commonly known as the 1951 Mediterranean Games, were the 1st Mediterranean Games. The Games were held in Alexandria, Egypt over 15 days, from 13 to 20 October 1951, where 734 athletes (all men) from 10 countries participated. There were a total of 13 different sports. The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1951 Mediterranean Games: The rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. Equal ranking\",\n \"title\": \"1951 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16129832\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean horse mackerel The Mediterranean horse mackerel (\\\"Trachurus mediterraneus\\\"), also known as the Black Sea horse mackerel, horse mackerel, Mediterranean scad, common scad or simply scad, is a species of mackerel in the family Carangidae found in the eastern Atlantic from Bay of Biscay to Mauritania, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is a benthopelagic, subtropical, marine fish that can reach up to in length. In the countries near the Mediterranean and Black Seas, it makes up a significant portion of fish catch, 54% of fish caught in the latter. Despite overfishing in the 1980s, catch numbers have leveled out and\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean horse mackerel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18800469\",\n \"text\": \"What Are Records? What Are Records? (or W.A.R.?) is an independent record label located in Boulder, Colorado. Founded in New York City in 1991 by owner Rob Gordon, former director of A&R at EMI, the company moved to Boulder in 1994. W.A.R.? has released over 100 records by Frank Black (of the Pixies), Bill Burr, Stephen Lynch, The Samples, Maceo Parker, Melissa Ferrick, and Whitest Kids U' Know. What Are Records? was founded in Gordon’s New York City loft in 1991. From the beginning, it fostered a direct-to-stores and direct-to-consumers distribution strategy Friend of Gordon and The Samples then-manager, Ted\",\n \"title\": \"What Are Records?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15238364\",\n \"text\": \"risk of heart disease. Meanwhile, it has been confirmed by other researchers that there is an inverse association between adherence to the \\\"Mediterranean Diet\\\" and the incidence of fatal and non- fatal heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged adults in the Mediterranean region. The Seven Countries Study, along with other studies, e.g. the Framingham Heart Study, and the Nurses' Health Study, showed the importance of overweight, obesity, and regular exercise as health issues. It showed a correlation between good cardiovascular health and dementia in the general population. It also showed that cardiovascular risk factors in mid life are significantly associated\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Countries Study\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17041223\",\n \"text\": \"significant changes in the programme for the Mersin Games in comparison to that of the 2009 Mediterranean Games held in Pescara. Three new sports, archery, badminton and taekwondo, are the special additions. The programme for the Games will feature a total of 27 different sports. Two disabled sports—athletics and swimming—will also be contested by the athletes with physical disabilities. Even though it was planned, equestrian competitions will not be held. All 24 member countries of the ICMG participated in the Games. This would be the highest number of nations in any edition of the Mediterranean Games. The Republic of Macedonia\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Mediterranean Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4359254\",\n \"text\": \"was the arrival of foods from the Americas in Early Modern times (around the sixteenth century), notably the incorporation of the potato into Northern European cuisine, and the eager adoption of the tomato into Mediterranean cuisine. The tomato, so central now to that cuisine, was first described in print by Pietro Andrea Mattioli in 1544. Similarly, many of the species of \\\"Phaseolus\\\" beans now used around the Mediterranean, including \\\"P. vulgaris\\\" (the French or haricot bean), were brought back from the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese explorers. David's introduction to her 1950 book characterises the cooking of the Mediterranean countries\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean cuisine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9549201\",\n \"text\": \"Algiers, and continued through the mid-19th century. For about 300 years, the Mediterranean Sea lanes were largely controlled by the north African Muslim states of the Barbary Coast (Tripoli, Algiers, Morocco, and Tunis) through piracy. Hostages were either ransomed or sold into slavery. Over time, most countries found it expedient to simply pay a yearly tribute (bribe) to the Barbary sultans in exchange for safe passage through the Mediterranean. Following the American Revolution, America was no longer under the protection of the British tribute treaties, resulting in the crippling of American commerce in the Mediterranean. Having no significant navy, the\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean pass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9549199\",\n \"text\": \"Mediterranean pass The Mediterranean pass (or Mediterranean passport, the name used in the United States) was a document which identified a ship as being protected under a treaty with states of the Barbary Coast. Now known as the Barbary pirates, these states required countries to pay tribute in exchange for not capturing that country's ships and crews. These passes identified ships which had safe passage. The top of the British document was cut off in an erratic scalloped pattern used to confirm its authenticity. The matching top of the document was sent to officials along the Barbary Coast, so cruisers\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean pass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9549202\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. decided to form tribute treaties with the Barbary states, such as the 1796 Treaty of Tripoli. This treaty required ship's passports within 18 months. Mediterranean pass The Mediterranean pass (or Mediterranean passport, the name used in the United States) was a document which identified a ship as being protected under a treaty with states of the Barbary Coast. Now known as the Barbary pirates, these states required countries to pay tribute in exchange for not capturing that country's ships and crews. These passes identified ships which had safe passage. The top of the British document was cut off in\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean pass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5799754\",\n \"text\": \"million years, during the Pliocene epoch, as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated, although they persisted on the islands of Macaronesia off the Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, and the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and sclerophyllous trees and shrubs, with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded region. Phytogeographically, the Mediterranean basin together\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Basin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18726292\",\n \"text\": \"the Mediterranean might carry more weight. In the published volume, the sections are linked by substantial extracts from works by writers including Norman Douglas, Lawrence Durrell, Gertrude Stein, D. H. Lawrence, Osbert Sitwell, Compton Mackenzie, Arnold Bennett, Henry James and Théophile Gautier. She submitted the revised typescript to John Lehmann, a publisher more associated with poetry than cookery, but he accepted it, agreeing to an advance payment of £100. \\\"A Book of Mediterranean Food\\\" was published in 1950. Lehmann had suggested it be named \\\"The Blue Train Cookery Book\\\", since he supposed that the romance of Mediterranean countries was to\",\n \"title\": \"A Book of Mediterranean Food\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16952502\",\n \"text\": \"Monaco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine and Serbia-Montenegro. The 2008 budget was €910,000. The CIESM is part of the European Union's MARCOM programme. The CIESM works with other international agencies such as the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and with national projects, some funded by the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) organized by the World Bank in cooperation with the United Nations Development Programme, European Investment Bank and the European Commission. The Commission draws on the work of researchers in over 30 countries. It has six Committees: Notes Citations Sources Mediterranean Science Commission The Mediterranean\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Science Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8634602\",\n \"text\": \"FDM Scientific Secretariat is located in the Parc Científic of Barcelona, a science park that houses different research groups and organizations, both independent and affiliated with the University of Barcelona. The scientific committee consists of 23 recognized international investigators from 12 different Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean countries. It advises the Foundation on scientific matters and is presided over by the President of the Foundation, Lluís Serra Majem, Professor of Preventative Medicine and Public Health at the University of Las Palmas in Gran Canaria. The FDM has been involved in a variety of activities, including: Mediterranean Diet Foundation The Mediterranean Diet Foundation\",\n \"title\": \"Mediterranean Diet Foundation\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["italy","spain","france"],"string":"[\n \"italy\",\n \"spain\",\n \"france\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1695,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who juan ponce de leon?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"9862007","text":"Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often simply called Ponce, provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia. It was named for Ponce de Leon Springs, in turn from explorer Juan Ponce de León, but is not pronounced as in Spanish. Several grand and historic buildings are located on the avenue. The original street extended eastward from Peachtree Street and was called Ponce de Leon Circle. In August 1872, a horsecar line that went from downtown Atlanta up Peachtree to Pine, was extended to Ponce de Leon Circle. At some point later it","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862007\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often simply called Ponce, provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia. It was named for Ponce de Leon Springs, in turn from explorer Juan Ponce de León, but is not pronounced as in Spanish. Several grand and historic buildings are located on the avenue. The original street extended eastward from Peachtree Street and was called Ponce de Leon Circle. In August 1872, a horsecar line that went from downtown Atlanta up Peachtree to Pine, was extended to Ponce de Leon Circle. At some point later it\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15229000","text":"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) Ponce de Leon Springs were natural springs located on the site of Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) in Atlanta, where Ponce de Leon Avenue crosses the BeltLine, and where the Old Fourth Ward, Virginia Highland, Midtown and Poncey-Highland neighborhoods of Atlanta meet. In the 1860s, trips to the springs on John Armistead's beech grove became a popular day trip among Atlantans. An Atlanta physician, Dr. Henry L. Wilson, named them in honor of Juan Ponce de León, asserting that they kept one young; today's Ponce de Leon Avenue is","title":"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)"},{"psg_id":"9780469","text":"of the town of Ponce Inlet, Florida and the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light. The inlet is maintained by the Ponce de Leon Inlet & Port District, a Division of the Volusia County, Florida government. Ponce de Leon Inlet The Ponce de Leon Inlet is a natural opening in the barrier islands in central Florida that connects the north end of the Mosquito Lagoon and the south end of the Halifax River to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet originally was named Mosquito Inlet. In 1926 the Florida Legislature changed the name from Mosquito Inlet to Ponce de Leon Inlet. There","title":"Ponce de Leon Inlet"},{"psg_id":"20967506","text":"Nestor Ponce de Leon Néstor Ponce de León ( February 26, 1837- December 17,1899) was a Cuban author, editor, translator, publisher, and bookseller. Nestor Ponce de Leon was born in Matanzas, Cuba in 1837. Ponce de Leon graduated in 1858 in Jurisprudence on the Caribbean island. He married Antonia Carlota Bachiller y Govin. The couple had five children: two sons, Néstor José Eusebio Ponce de León y Bachiller and Julio César Augusto Ponce de León y Bachiller, and three daughters, Maria Luisa Ponce de León y Bachiller, Carlota Rosabal Ponce de León y Bachiller, and Carlota Ponce de León y","title":"Nestor Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"1036187","text":"age 65 or over. Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon ( ) is a town in Holmes County, Florida, United States. The population was 598 at the 2010 census, up from 457 at the 2000 census. From 2000 to 2010, the Ponce de Leon town population growth percentage was 30.9%. Ponce de Leon is located in southwestern Holmes County at (30.725783, -85.937783). U.S. Route 90 runs through the center of town, leading northeast to Bonifay, the Holmes County seat, and west to DeFuniak Springs. Florida State Road 81 crosses US 90 near the center of","title":"Ponce de Leon, Florida"},{"psg_id":"9862008","text":"was extended to Ponce de Leon Springs, where the Ponce de Leon amusement park would be built; today, Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) stands on the site. Finally in 1889 the line was electrified and extended with the \"loop\" around what is now Virginia-Highland. West of Peachtree Street were Kimball Street and 2nd Street, portions of which were renamed Ponce de Leon Avenue. (See maps at Atlanta annexations.) In the 1890s-1910s, Ponce de Leon between Midtown and Moreland Avenue (the border of Druid Hills) was one of the city's premier residential streets lined with","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"9391284","text":"Ponce de Leon Park Ponce de Leon Park ( ; also known as Spiller Park or Spiller Field from 1924 to 1932, and \"Poncey\" to locals, was the primary home field for the minor league baseball team called the Atlanta Crackers for nearly six decades. The Crackers played here in the Southern Association (1907–1959) and the International League (1962–64). It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers who captured the second half championship of the Negro American League in 1938. The ballpark was located at 650 Ponce de Leon Avenue; the street ran along the south side of the","title":"Ponce de Leon Park"},{"psg_id":"13809472","text":"operation. By the time Southern Railway filed to discontinue the \"Ponce de Leon\" on January 22, 1968, the train was operating as Numbers 1 and 2, but only between Cincinnati and Atlanta. The train finally disappeared from the timetable in March 1968. The \"Ponce de Leon\" and \"Royal Palm\" collided on December 23, 1926 in Rockmart, Georgia. The northbound \"Ponce de Leon\" struck the \"Royal Palm\" with the result that 19 people were killed and 113 were injured, most on the \"Ponce de Leon\". The accident was also the subject of a song: \"The Wreck of the Royal Palm\" by","title":"Ponce de Leon (train)"},{"psg_id":"1036182","text":"Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon ( ) is a town in Holmes County, Florida, United States. The population was 598 at the 2010 census, up from 457 at the 2000 census. From 2000 to 2010, the Ponce de Leon town population growth percentage was 30.9%. Ponce de Leon is located in southwestern Holmes County at (30.725783, -85.937783). U.S. Route 90 runs through the center of town, leading northeast to Bonifay, the Holmes County seat, and west to DeFuniak Springs. Florida State Road 81 crosses US 90 near the center of town, leading north to the Alabama border and","title":"Ponce de Leon, Florida"},{"psg_id":"12354676","text":"Ponce de Leon Heights does not have a City of Decatur or DeKalb County park. However, the church playground is open to residents. Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur) Ponce de Leon Heights is a historic neighborhood in the west section of the Atlanta, Georgia suburb of Decatur. It includes single family residences and a church, primarily built in the early 1900s. The neighborhood is located between Scott Blvd. to the northwest, Ponce de Leon Avenue to the south and Coventry Road to the east. Although the neighborhood partially fronts on Ponce de Leon Avenue, there are no commercial businesses. The","title":"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)"},{"psg_id":"12354674","text":"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur) Ponce de Leon Heights is a historic neighborhood in the west section of the Atlanta, Georgia suburb of Decatur. It includes single family residences and a church, primarily built in the early 1900s. The neighborhood is located between Scott Blvd. to the northwest, Ponce de Leon Avenue to the south and Coventry Road to the east. Although the neighborhood partially fronts on Ponce de Leon Avenue, there are no commercial businesses. The name of the community is apparently derived from fronting on the north side of Ponce de Leon Avenue, and from the hilly terrain","title":"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)"},{"psg_id":"9862013","text":"Drive), and after Glen Iris Drive it passes the north side of the hulking former Sears building, later used as City Hall East, and now as Ponce City Market, a food hall and mixed-use complex. Before Sears, the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park was located here. On the north side of Ponce is the Midtown Place strip mall, on the site of the Ponce de Leon ballpark, which was home to the Atlanta Crackers and Atlanta Black Crackers baseball teams. Ponce de Leon Avenue then passes under a former rail bridge which is part of the BeltLine trail, after which","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"15228985","text":"make way for the Ponce de Leon ballpark, now the Midtown Place strip mall. The amusement park was whites-only – a sign at the entrance made clear, \"colored persons admitted as servants only\". The amusement park closed in the early 1920s. The Sears, Roebuck southeastern headquarters was built on the site, opening in 1926, the building now known as Ponce City Market (former Sears building/City Hall East). Ponce de Leon amusement park The Ponce de Leon amusement park was built on the site of Ponce de Leon Springs. Omnibus service from Atlanta to the springs started in 1872, and in","title":"Ponce de Leon amusement park"},{"psg_id":"12331267","text":"were built. The street consists entirely of homes. There are no churches, businesses, or apartment blocks. Ponce de Leon Court Historic District The Ponce de Leon Court Historic District consists of a single cul-de-sac located immediately east of downtown Decatur, Georgia. The street is accessed off of East Ponce de Leon Avenue, a historic road that runs east from Atlanta, Georgia through Decatur. Historic Decatur Cemetery is located to the north, and affluent Glynnwood Estates, developed in 1927, and Glenwood school border Ponce de Leon Court on the east. Ponce de Leon Court is a local historic district in the","title":"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District"},{"psg_id":"12331264","text":"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District The Ponce de Leon Court Historic District consists of a single cul-de-sac located immediately east of downtown Decatur, Georgia. The street is accessed off of East Ponce de Leon Avenue, a historic road that runs east from Atlanta, Georgia through Decatur. Historic Decatur Cemetery is located to the north, and affluent Glynnwood Estates, developed in 1927, and Glenwood school border Ponce de Leon Court on the east. Ponce de Leon Court is a local historic district in the city of Decatur, and was listed in the Georgia Register of Historic Places in June 2010.","title":"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District"},{"psg_id":"18047813","text":"workshops in Yugoslavia. Pakistan, India, and Spain under sponsorship of the U.S. State Department, Mr. Ponce de Leon works are in the Library of Congress; The National Gallery (Washington D.C.); The White House; The Museum of Modern Art; Metropolitan Museum of Art; The New York Public Library;Smithsonian American Art Museum The Brooklyn Museum The Musee de l’Arte Moderne in Paris; The Victoria and Albert Museum in London; The Stockholm Art Museum; Museo de Arte Moderno en Mexico; as well U.S. Embassies around the world. He was represented in the Venice Biennale, 1970. Michael Ponce de Leon Michael Ponce de Leon","title":"Michael Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"7082728","text":"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light The Ponce de Leon Inlet Light is a lighthouse and museum located at Ponce de León Inlet in Central Florida. At in height, it is the tallest lighthouse in the state and one of the tallest in the United States (the Cape Hatteras Light in North Carolina is taller at ). It is located between St. Augustine Light and Cape Canaveral Light. Restored by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, the lighthouse became a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The first lighthouse for what is now the Ponce de León Inlet was erected","title":"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light"},{"psg_id":"15228984","text":"Ponce de Leon amusement park The Ponce de Leon amusement park was built on the site of Ponce de Leon Springs. Omnibus service from Atlanta to the springs started in 1872, and in 1874 horsecar service started. It developed in the late 1880s and 1890s with the addition of attractions for children, a dance hall and theater, and picnic grounds. In 1903 construction of the full-fledged amusement park began. By then the park was served by the Nine-Mile Circle electric streetcar line. In 1907, a four-acre lake on the north side of Ponce de Leon Avenue was filled in to","title":"Ponce de Leon amusement park"},{"psg_id":"14600415","text":"shaped parapet. Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel The Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel (also known as Hotel Ponce De Leon in St. Petersburg, Florida) is a historic landmark and Mission Revival hotel in Downtown St. Petersburg, Florida. It is located at 95 Central Avenue, and on the corner of 10 Beach Drive. It was added to the Pinellas County Historic Preservation Committee in December 1997 (HPC #97-04). The Ponce De Leon is a Mission style hotel constructed in 1922 during the beginning of the Florida Land Boom, a period which saw St. Petersburg develop into a major resort city. It","title":"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel"},{"psg_id":"14600410","text":"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel The Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel (also known as Hotel Ponce De Leon in St. Petersburg, Florida) is a historic landmark and Mission Revival hotel in Downtown St. Petersburg, Florida. It is located at 95 Central Avenue, and on the corner of 10 Beach Drive. It was added to the Pinellas County Historic Preservation Committee in December 1997 (HPC #97-04). The Ponce De Leon is a Mission style hotel constructed in 1922 during the beginning of the Florida Land Boom, a period which saw St. Petersburg develop into a major resort city. It was the","title":"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel"},{"psg_id":"4457469","text":"hiking, fishing, picnicking, snorkeling, swimming and wildlife viewing. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). Ponce de Leon Springs State Park Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area is a Florida State Park in Holmes County, Florida. It is located in the town of Ponce de Leon, a half mile south of U.S. 90 on C.R 181A. The address is 2860 Ponce de Leon Springs Road. Approximately 14 million gallons of pure water emerges daily from the Ponce de Leon Spring. Spring water emanates from the aquifer deep underground keeping","title":"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park"},{"psg_id":"4457468","text":"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area is a Florida State Park in Holmes County, Florida. It is located in the town of Ponce de Leon, a half mile south of U.S. 90 on C.R 181A. The address is 2860 Ponce de Leon Springs Road. Approximately 14 million gallons of pure water emerges daily from the Ponce de Leon Spring. Spring water emanates from the aquifer deep underground keeping it at a cool 68 degrees year round. Swimming and snorkeling are the main activities around the spring. The park has such amenities as birding,","title":"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park"},{"psg_id":"15229002","text":"the building as Ponce City Market, a multi-use residential, office and retail complex. On August 25, 2014 Ponce City Market opened. Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) Ponce de Leon Springs were natural springs located on the site of Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) in Atlanta, where Ponce de Leon Avenue crosses the BeltLine, and where the Old Fourth Ward, Virginia Highland, Midtown and Poncey-Highland neighborhoods of Atlanta meet. In the 1860s, trips to the springs on John Armistead's beech grove became a popular day trip among Atlantans. An Atlanta physician, Dr. Henry L. Wilson,","title":"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)"},{"psg_id":"3203252","text":"Juan Ponce de León II Juan Ponce de León II (1524 - 1591) was the first acting governor of Puerto Rico to be born on the island. Ponce de León II, (birth name: Juan Troche Ponce de León ), was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Viceroyalty of New Spain, to Juan Garcia \"Gracia\" Troche and Juana Ponce de León. The Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León was Juana's father and, consequently, Ponce de León II's maternal grandfather. Ponce de León II was sent by the Spanish Crown to establish a settlement on the island of Trinidad in 1569. He","title":"Juan Ponce de León II"},{"psg_id":"9862017","text":"city, just before passing the south side of the Fernbank Museum of Natural History. A third segment called North Ponce de Leon Avenue surrounds a heavily forested county park called Deepdene Park, and on its south side, mainline Ponce de Leon Avenue loses U.S. 278 and Georgia 10 at a split with East Lake Road. After a northward curve, it loses its other four route numbers at a split with Scott Boulevard, and continues eastward into the city of Decatur as West Ponce de Leon Avenue. Crossing the centerpoint of downtown at Clairemont Avenue (north) and McDonough Street (south), near","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"9780468","text":"Ponce de Leon Inlet The Ponce de Leon Inlet is a natural opening in the barrier islands in central Florida that connects the north end of the Mosquito Lagoon and the south end of the Halifax River to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet originally was named Mosquito Inlet. In 1926 the Florida Legislature changed the name from Mosquito Inlet to Ponce de Leon Inlet. There was precedent for the change. Mosquito County had long before become Orange County, and the Mosquito River had become the Halifax River. Only the Mosquito Lagoon has kept its old name. It is the site","title":"Ponce de Leon Inlet"},{"psg_id":"18047812","text":"Michael Ponce de Leon Michael Ponce de Leon (1922-2006; Mexico) He has exhibits in more than sixty museums in the United States and throughout Europe, as a painter and printmaker. He was given a one person-exhibition by Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., and has been awarded over 65 purchase prices or medals. Ponce de Leon is the recipient of Guggenheim Fellowships; Two Tiffany Foundation Fellowships, and a Fulbright Grant for Scandinavia. He has taught at Art Students League; Pratt Graphics Center and Pratt Institute; New York University; University of Pennsylvania, and Columbia University, NY, as well as directed","title":"Michael Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"13809473","text":"Vernon Dalhart. Ponce de Leon (train) The Ponce de Leon was a named train of the Southern Railway which ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacksonville, Florida, from 1924 to the mid-1960s. The \"Ponce de Leon\" (Train #4) departed Jacksonville at midday going north via subsidiary Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad to Macon and Atlanta, Georgia, then on Southern's former East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad line to Chattanooga, Tennessee, traveling overnight to Cincinnati via Southern subsidiary Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway. The train provided connections with the New York Central Railroad at Cincinnati for passengers headed to Detroit,","title":"Ponce de Leon (train)"},{"psg_id":"13809470","text":"Ponce de Leon (train) The Ponce de Leon was a named train of the Southern Railway which ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacksonville, Florida, from 1924 to the mid-1960s. The \"Ponce de Leon\" (Train #4) departed Jacksonville at midday going north via subsidiary Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad to Macon and Atlanta, Georgia, then on Southern's former East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad line to Chattanooga, Tennessee, traveling overnight to Cincinnati via Southern subsidiary Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway. The train provided connections with the New York Central Railroad at Cincinnati for passengers headed to Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland,","title":"Ponce de Leon (train)"},{"psg_id":"13939135","text":"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza Juan Ponce de León y Loayza (born San Juan, Puerto Rico) was the son of Juan Ponce de León II (born \"Juan Troche-Ponce de León\"), the interim Spanish governor of Puerto Rico in 1579. His mother was Isabel de Loayza born in Villa Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain, the daughter of Governor Iñigo López de Cervantes y Loayza. The city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza. Juan Ponce de León y Loayza's father, Juan Ponce de León II, was the son of lady Juana Ponce de","title":"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza"},{"psg_id":"9862010","text":"the 1970s, Ponce still was renowned for prostitution, drug sales, but also for its eclectic character up to the turn of the 21st century, celebrated in books such as George Mitchell's \"Ponce Deleon : An Intimate Portrait of Atlanta's Most Famous Avenue\" and Sharon Foster's \"Atlanta's Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History\". Today, the areas that Ponce passes on its way from Midtown to Druid Hills are largely affluent: Midtown, the Old Fourth Ward where gentrification is well underway, and fully gentrified Poncey-Highland and Virginia-Highland. Sam Venable's home on the northeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Oakdale Road","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"17050363","text":"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue 131 Ponce de Leon Avenue, also known as the Gulf Oil Building, was both a building in Midtown Atlanta, at the southeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Juniper Street, as well as the name of a planned mixed-use development which would incorporate portions of the Pei building's façade and add 321 apartments and of retail space. The building was architect I. M. Pei's first project, built in 1949, a two-story \"box that invoked the lean rectilinearity of Mies van der Rohe\". The proposed mixed-use development would incorporate the entire block bounded by Ponce","title":"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"3203256","text":"were transferred to the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, which is also located in Old San Juan. Juan Ponce de León II's remains are still interred at San José Church in San Juan. Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming a high school in the town of Florida, Puerto Rico after him. Juan Ponce de León II Juan Ponce de León II (1524 - 1591) was the first acting governor of Puerto Rico to be born on the island. Ponce de León II, (birth name: Juan Troche Ponce de León ), was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Viceroyalty","title":"Juan Ponce de León II"},{"psg_id":"9862019","text":"the City of Atlanta is included in the Ponce/Moreland Corridors Plan as part of the city's comprehensive development plan. , the Georgia Department of Transportation has decided to begin the design of safety improvements for pedestrians on the two-mile stretch of Ponce between Piedmont and N. Highland/Moreland. Changes proposed include the conversion of an eastbound traffic lane into a two-way left-turn lane and bike lanes in both directions. The land would include intermittent traffic islands and \"HAWK\" pedestrian crossing signals at selected crosswalks where no traffic signals currently exist. Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"9391288","text":"between Tech High Smithies and Boys' High Purple Hurricanes during the 1940s which sometimes outdrew the college games. Ponce de Leon Park Ponce de Leon Park ( ; also known as Spiller Park or Spiller Field from 1924 to 1932, and \"Poncey\" to locals, was the primary home field for the minor league baseball team called the Atlanta Crackers for nearly six decades. The Crackers played here in the Southern Association (1907–1959) and the International League (1962–64). It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers who captured the second half championship of the Negro American League in 1938. The","title":"Ponce de Leon Park"},{"psg_id":"13939140","text":"a hamlet as was Spanish custom. It is believed that Juan Ponce de León y Loayza himself was instrumental in obtaining the royal permit to formalize the founding of the hamlet. In 1848, many years after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza's death, the hamlet was declared a villa (Villa de Ponce) by Royal Decree. In 1877, it obtained its city charter, paving the way to becoming the modern-day city of Ponce. Juan Ponce de León y Loayza Juan Ponce de León y Loayza (born San Juan, Puerto Rico) was the son of Juan Ponce de León II (born \"Juan","title":"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza"},{"psg_id":"6842582","text":"sell. Flagler returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Smith couldn't come up with the funds, so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de León Hotel by himself, spending several times his original estimate. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on the Zorayda. Two years later, Smith would build the Casa Monica Hotel opposite the Ponce de Leon, on land sold to him by Flagler. The Ponce de Leon Hotel was built","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842596","text":"guided historic tours of the former hotel to thousands of visitors annually. The building was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a U.S. National Historic Landmark on February 21, 2006. Ponce de Leon Hotel The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842580","text":"Ponce de Leon Hotel The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would go on to gain world renown. The hotel was the first of its kind constructed entirely of poured concrete, using the local coquina stone as aggregate. The hotel was also one of the first buildings in the","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"20967510","text":"1,738 titles. Ponce de Leon's exile in the United States lasted 30 years. Although Ponce de León had been sentenced to death in absentia by Spanish authorities in Cuba for his alleged war crimes, this sentence was never carried out. When Spain finally withdrew from Cuba after the U.S. intervention in 1898, Ponce de León was able to return to his homeland. Upon his return, he was named Director and Curator of the National Archives. He died on December 17, 1899, in Havana, Cuba. Ponce de Leon wrote about many topics, such as art and politics. One of his most","title":"Nestor Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"19588062","text":"the Law Division, Commercial Section. Judge Edmund Ponce de León was appointed Presiding Judge of the Fourth Municipal District (District 4 Maywood, Illinois) in 2002. In 2010 he was appointed Presiding Judge of the County Division of the Circuit Court of Cook County. In June 2015, he was assigned to the Law Division hearing jury cases, pre-trial motions and Tax and Miscellaneous matters. Judge Edmund Ponce de León retired as a judge on December 2016 Edmund Ponce de Leon Judge Edmund Ponce de León was the first Hispanic-American to be appointed as a Presiding Judge in the history of the","title":"Edmund Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"19588061","text":"Edmund Ponce de Leon Judge Edmund Ponce de León was the first Hispanic-American to be appointed as a Presiding Judge in the history of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois Edmund Ponce de León was originally elected as a Judge from the 6th Subcircuit of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, in November 1996. He ran for re-election in 2002, 2008 and 2014 county-wide and was retained as a judge. He retired as a judge in December 31, 2016. Judge Ponce de León was initially assigned to the Domestic Relations Division, and in 2000 he was assigned to","title":"Edmund Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"1278362","text":"The colonization attempt was abandoned, and its leader died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba. Ponce de León was interred in Puerto Rico, and his tomb is located inside of the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in San Juan. Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of Santervás de Campos in the northern part of what is now the Spanish province of Valladolid. Although early historians placed his birth in 1460, and this date has been used traditionally, more recent evidence shows he was likely born in 1474. The surname Ponce de León dates from the","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"17050364","text":"de Leon Avenue, North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue and Juniper Street, except for St. Paul's church. A joint venture between real estate investment company Sereo Group Inc. and developer Faison Enterprises bought the site in 2012. In 2008, the block had been proposed for redevelopment as the \"Fountain on Ponce\" complex, but that project did not go through. The building was demolished in February 2013, but the Atlanta Preservation Center stated that its understanding that a portion of the façade was to be \"resurrected as a shell\" and incorporated into the new complex. 131 Ponce de Leon Avenue 131 Ponce de","title":"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"20967512","text":"and vice versa. Also in that year, he published \"The Columbus Gallery: The Discoverer of the New World,\" a collection of representations of portraits, statues, monuments, medals, and paintings. He also wrote for \"La Revista Ilustrada de Nueva York (The New York Illustrated Magazine).\" In one of the articles he wrote for the magazine, called \"En mi biblioteca\" (\"In My Library\"), he explicitly describes his personal library and talks about his friends and family who visited him. Nestor Ponce de Leon Néstor Ponce de León ( February 26, 1837- December 17,1899) was a Cuban author, editor, translator, publisher, and bookseller.","title":"Nestor Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"9862018","text":"city hall and the Decatur MARTA station, it becomes East Ponce de Leon Avenue. It then continues on through Scottdale and downtown Clarkston to become Main Street southward through downtown Stone Mountain, then becoming Stone Mountain Lithonia Road on its way south to Lithonia. It is also an exit at mile 40 off Interstate 285 (\"the Perimeter\") north. The only way to access I-285 south is to exit onto Church Street, since this is a split diamond interchange, and the two roads run parallel to each other with a railroad line in between these roads. Ponce de Leon Avenue in","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"9862016","text":"Griggs Candler (Senior), and Rainbow Terrace, home of Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide at number 1610. The Druid Hills Historic District incorporates the earlier Druid Hills Parks and Parkways Historic District that was listed on the National Register in 1975, specifically recognizing the parks and parkways along Ponce de Leon Avenue. The road begins to gradually curve back and forth, and is followed on its south side by South Ponce de Leon Avenue, the land between them being Oak Grove Park. A second segment of linear park is called Dellwood Park, and around Clifton Road it finally leaves the","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"6629905","text":"Ponce de Leon, Missouri Ponce de Leon is an unincorporated community in northeastern Stone County, Missouri, United States, about south of Springfield. It is part of the Branson, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area. The community is located on the East Prong Goff Creek which is a tributary of the James River about three miles to the west. Missouri Supplemental Route V passes through the village which lies at an elevation of 1100 feet. Spokane in Christian County lies about three miles to the east on US Route 160. Branson lies about 25 miles to the south. The community was founded about","title":"Ponce de Leon, Missouri"},{"psg_id":"1036183","text":"south to Florida State Road 20 at Bruce. Interstate 10 passes through the southern part of Ponce de Leon, with access from Exit 96 (SR 81). I-10 leads east to Tallahassee and west to Pensacola. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.78%, are water. The town is in the valley of Sandy Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Choctawhatchee River. Ponce de Leon Springs State Park is in the southern part of the town, north of I-10, along both sides of Sandy Creek. The","title":"Ponce de Leon, Florida"},{"psg_id":"13428799","text":"participation, cultural activities and of personnel training of the city, it also constitutes an attraction for its architecture. A stretch of Ponce de León avenue has been designated as the arts district. It starts in Miramar and continues towards Hato Rey for 4 miles. Avenida Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León Avenue, coextensive as Route PR-25 along its entire length, is one of the main avenues in the capital city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is a one-way mostly three-lane road running from Old San Juan towards Río Piedras pueblo for most of its length, three and","title":"Avenida Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"3203254","text":"de León II was appointed acting governor. He thus became the first native-born Puerto Rican to be appointed Spanish governor of Puerto Rico. In 1581, at the request of King Phillip II of Spain, Juan Lopez Melgarejo, who served as governor of Puerto Rico from 1581 to 1582, asked Juan Ponce de León II to write a general description of the West Indies with emphasis on the part corresponding to Puerto Rico. He did this with the collaboration of his fellow Puerto Rican Antonio de Santa Clara. Ponce de León II's written work \"Memorias de Melgarejo\" (Melgarejo's Memoirs) is one","title":"Juan Ponce de León II"},{"psg_id":"13939136","text":"León, one of three daughters born of Juan Ponce de León, the Spanish conquistador, and his wife Leonora Ponce de León (their other three children were Isabel, Maria, and Luis). Thus, Juan Ponce de León y Loayza was the great-grandson of the Spanish conquistador and first governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de León. In his trip from Spain to Puerto Rico in August 1577, Bishop Diego de Salamanca, not finding a commercial ship heading to Puerto Rico at the time, boarded a Spanish warship headed to Mexico, which dropped him off in the southern coast of Puerto Rico at","title":"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza"},{"psg_id":"9393013","text":"held leadership positions due to her wisdom and the esteem that others had for her. Pope John Paul II beatified Monteagudo in 1985 upon his apostolic trip to Peru. Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon was born in mid-1602 in Peru as the fourth of eight children to the Spanish-born Sebastiàn Monteagudo de la Jara and the Peruvian Francisca Ponce de Leon. Her brother Francisco became a priest. Her other siblings were: Montagudo was educated as the Santa Catalina da Siena convent since her parents entrusted her to the care of the nuns there in 1605 and returned home in 1616","title":"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"9393012","text":"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon Blessed Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon (26 July 1602 – 10 January 1686) - in religious Ana de los Angeles - was a Peruvian Roman Catholic professed religious from the Dominican Nuns. Monteagudo studied under nuns in her childhood and decided to become one following a vision she had of Saint Catherine of Siena showing her the Dominican habit. Her parents made the effort to dissuade her from this though she continued to pursue that path until she was inducted as a member of the Dominican Nuns. The religious became noted for her holiness and","title":"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"3203255","text":"of Puerto Rico's most important historical documents. In 1581, Ponce de León II was able to establish the exact geographical coordinates of San Juan by observing an eclipse. Later in life, after he became a widower, Ponce de León II embraced and lived a religious life. He took it upon himself to transfer the body of his grandfather, Juan Ponce de León, to San José Church in San Juan from Cuba, where he had died and been buried in 1521 after being wounded in an attempt to colonize Florida. His grandfather's remains were moved once again in 1913, when they","title":"Juan Ponce de León II"},{"psg_id":"20967507","text":"Bachiller. In Cuba, Ponce de León contributed to and collaborated with numerous publications such as \"El Ateneo\", \"El Correro De La Tarde\", \"La Opinón y El Siglo\", and helped fund others as well, including \"Brisas de Cuba\" y \"Revista critica de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes.\"\" \"His publications included revolutionary pamphlets in which he defended the Yara Revolution, and it was because of this that the Cuban government issued a warrant for his arrest. Ponce de Leon and his family fled to New York City in February of 1869.On January 21, 1875, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States","title":"Nestor Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"7082734","text":"seven days a week. The lighthouse tower is open for climbing. The original 1867 Barbier et Fenestre first order fixed lens (installed 1887), and 1860 \"Henry Lepaute\" rotating first order Fresnel lens used at Cape Canaveral Light Station are all on display at the museum. The 1904 Barbier, Benard, et Turenne rotating third order Fresnel lens has been restored to service in the tower, which operates today as a private aid to navigation and is maintained by the museum staff. It is just south of Daytona Beach. Ponce de Leon Inlet Light The Ponce de Leon Inlet Light is a","title":"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light"},{"psg_id":"16092150","text":"It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Ponce de Leon Apartment Building The Ponce de Leon Apartment Building is a historic structure located in the North Cleveland Park neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. David L. Stern designed the structure in a combination of the Mission Revival and the Spanish Revival styles. The building was completed in 1928. It is an example of 1920s exoticism in a prominent apartment corridor in the city. The exterior features diapered brickwork, terra cotta tile roof, limestone portico and trim, and Moorish arch motifs. The interior features","title":"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building"},{"psg_id":"16092149","text":"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building The Ponce de Leon Apartment Building is a historic structure located in the North Cleveland Park neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. David L. Stern designed the structure in a combination of the Mission Revival and the Spanish Revival styles. The building was completed in 1928. It is an example of 1920s exoticism in a prominent apartment corridor in the city. The exterior features diapered brickwork, terra cotta tile roof, limestone portico and trim, and Moorish arch motifs. The interior features an intact lobby with a decorative plaster ceiling and a terrazzo floor.","title":"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building"},{"psg_id":"15229001","text":"named after the springs. On June 20, 1874 the Ponce de Leon line of the horse-drawn Atlanta Street Railway was extended to the springs, with service every 15 minutes from 5:30 A.M. to 10 P.M., for a fare of 10 cents. In the 1890s the Nine-Mile Circle streetcar line arrived, bringing many more visitors. Ponce de Leon amusement park was built around the springs. In 1924, the amusement park had seen its day and Sears Roebuck built its Southeastern headquarters on the site. Until 2009, the building functioned as City Hall East, then plans were put in place to redevelop","title":"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)"},{"psg_id":"12354675","text":"of west Decatur. Ponce de Leon Heights homes were primarily constructed starting in 1914, sit on small lots and include many examples of Craftsman Bungalows architectural style. Streets in the community include Clarion Ave., Nelson Ferry Rd., Woodlawn Ave., Fairfield St. and the southeast leg of Coventry Rd. Although not directly connected to the other neighborhood roads, Pinetree Dr. falls within the greater community boundaries. However, homes and lots on Pinetree Dr. are substantially larger than neighboring roads. This street is architecturally distinct from the other streets, and a parcel adjoining Ponce de Leon Ave. was developed as cluster housing.","title":"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)"},{"psg_id":"13428798","text":"Avenida Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León Avenue, coextensive as Route PR-25 along its entire length, is one of the main avenues in the capital city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is a one-way mostly three-lane road running from Old San Juan towards Río Piedras pueblo for most of its length, three and four lanes run through the Isleta de San Juan corridor. The only section that is not multilane is in Río Piedras pueblo. Institutional, cultural and emblematic buildings predominate along the avenue and is considered as one of the main arteries in shopping errands, community","title":"Avenida Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"1278375","text":"appointing Juan Ceron chief justice and Miguel Diaz chief constable of the island, effectively overriding the authority of the governor. This situation prevailed until March 2, 1510, when Ferdinand issued orders reaffirming Ponce de León's position as governor. Ponce de León then had Ceron and Diaz arrested and sent back to Spain. The political struggle between Colón and Ponce de León continued in this manner for the next few years. Ponce de León had influential supporters in Spain and Ferdinand regarded him as a loyal servant. However, Colón's position as Viceroy made him a powerful opponent and eventually it became","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"5760139","text":"some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence. Ponce de Leon's work with the deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen even believed that the deaf were too simple-minded","title":"Pedro Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"5760138","text":"Pedro Ponce de León Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the deaf\". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures. Ponce de Leon is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is","title":"Pedro Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"5760140","text":"to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. In Ponce, Puerto Rico, there is a school for deaf children named Colegio Fray Pedro Ponce de León. It is located in Urbanización La Rambla. Pedro Ponce de León Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \"the first teacher for the deaf\". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them","title":"Pedro Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"1278371","text":"50 men in one ship, left Hispaniola on July 12, 1508 and eventually anchored in San Juan Bay, near today's city of San Juan. Ponce de León searched inland until he found a suitable site about two miles from the bay. Here he erected a storehouse and a fortified house, creating the first settlement in Puerto Rico, Caparra. Although a few crops were planted, the settlers spent most of their time and energy searching for gold. By early 1509 Ponce de León decided to return to Hispaniola. His expedition had collected a good quantity of the precious metal but was","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"1278376","text":"clear that Ponce de León's position on San Juan was not tenable. Finally, on November 28, 1511, Ceron returned from Spain and was officially reinstated as governor. Rumors of undiscovered islands to the northwest of Hispaniola had reached Spain by 1511, and Ferdinand was interested in forestalling further exploration and discovery by Colón. In an effort to reward Ponce de León for his services, Ferdinand urged him to seek these new lands outside the authority of Colón. Ponce de León readily agreed to a new venture, and in February 1512 a royal contract was dispatched outlining his rights and authorities","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"7082732","text":"order Fresnel lens was replaced with a third order rotating Fresnel lens at the same time. In 1927 the name of Mosquito Inlet was changed to Ponce de Leon Inlet. The lighthouse was transferred from the abolished Lighthouse Service to the United States Coast Guard in 1939, which would oversee it for the next three decades. In 1970, the Coast Guard abandoned the old light station and established a new beacon at New Smyrna Beach. The abandoned property was then deeded to the Town of Ponce Inlet. At the urging of concerned citizens, the Town of Ponce Inlet accepted the","title":"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light"},{"psg_id":"9391285","text":"park i.e. along its first base side. Behind right and center field, atop the slope bordering the park on the East, were the tracks of the Southern Railway, now part of the BeltLine, a trail and future transit ring around the central neighborhoods of Atlanta. Across the street was the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park until 1926, when the hulking Sears Roebuck Southeastern Headquarters, now known as Ponce City Market, was built. The original ballpark on the site opened in 1907. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1923. It was rebuilt in 1924 and was named for club owner","title":"Ponce de Leon Park"},{"psg_id":"6842586","text":"by the U.S. Coast Guard as a training center. The Ponce de Leon Hotel opened January 10, 1888. It was an instant success, and within two years, Flagler opened another hotel in St. Augustine, the Alcazar. Just across the street, it absorbed guests that the Ponce could not accommodate and eased the massive demand. A year later, in 1888, he purchased Franklin Smith's troubled Casa Monica Hotel, renovating it and reopening it as the Cordova. The success convinced Flagler that Florida was viable and ripe for development, and it encouraged him to continue development south along the state's east coast,","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"10727476","text":"de Ensayo (1981), the Premio de la Crítica (1985), the National Prize for Arts and Sciences in Linguistics and Literature (1989), the FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages (or Juan Rulfo Prize for Latin American and Caribbean Literature) (2001) and the Medalla Eligio Ancona. In 2007 the journal Nexos asked various writers and literary critics to select the greatest Mexican novels of the last 30 years. Juan Garcia Ponce’s novel \"Crónica de la intervención\" came in third place. Juan García Ponce Juan García Ponce (September 22, 1932—December 27, 2003) was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, essayist, translator and critic of","title":"Juan García Ponce"},{"psg_id":"1278373","text":"food crops and mining for gold. Many of the Spaniards treated the Taínos very harshly and newly introduced diseases like smallpox and measles took a severe toll on the local population. By June 1511 the Taínos were pushed to a short-lived rebellion, which was forcibly put down by Ponce de León and a small force of troops armed with crossbows and arquebuses. Even as Ponce de León was settling the island of San Juan, significant changes were taking place in the politics and government of the Spanish West Indies. On July 10, 1509, Diego Colón, the son of Christopher Columbus,","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"1278372","text":"running low on food and supplies. The expedition was deemed a great success and Ovando appointed Ponce de León governor of San Juan Bautista. This appointment was later confirmed by Ferdinand II on August 14, 1509. He was instructed to extend the settlement of the island and continue mining for gold. The new governor returned to the island as instructed, bringing with him his wife and children. Back on his island, Ponce de León parceled out the native Taínos amongst himself and other settlers using a system of forced labor known as encomienda. The Indians were put to work growing","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"1278370","text":"previous exploration as early as 1506. This earlier trip was done quietly because the Spanish crown had commissioned Vicente Yáñez Pinzón to settle the island in 1505. Pinzón did not fulfill his commission and it expired in 1507, leaving the way clear for Ponce de León. His earlier exploration had confirmed the presence of gold and gave him a good understanding of the geography of the island. In 1508, Ferdinand II of Aragon gave permission to Ponce de León for the first \"official\" expedition to the island, which the Spanish then called San Juan Bautista. This expedition, consisting of about","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"9393017","text":"18 December 1903. Monteagudo was named a Servant of God under Pope Benedict XV on 13 June 1917 after the formal introduction to the cause; Pope Paul VI later confirmed her heroic virtue and named her as Venerable. Pope John Paul II acknowledged a single miracle attributed to her intercession in a decree issued on 30 March 1981 and thus approved her beatification. This took place sometime later on 2 February 1985 when the pope visited Peru. The current postulator for this cause is the Dominican priest Vito Tomás Gómez García. Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon Blessed Ana Monteagudo Ponce","title":"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"16162124","text":"block bounded by Atocha, Castillo, Victoria, and Leon streets. The new building was named the \"Plaza de Mercado de Ponce Juan Bigas Moulins\" (Juan Bigas Moulins Ponce Marketplace), in honor of Bigas Moulins. It functioned as Ponce's \"Plaza de Mercado\" marketplace for some twenty years while the original Plaza de Mercado Isabel II underwent renovations. In addition to having a building -- today called Ponce Servicios -- named after him, Bigas Moulins is also honored at Ponce's Park of Illustrious Ponce Citizens. Juan Bigas Moulins Juan Bigas Moulins (June 15, 1863–June 19, 1934) was a nineteenth-century Puerto Rican businessman in","title":"Juan Bigas Moulins"},{"psg_id":"1278388","text":"by Diego Miruelo, who was either on a slaving voyage or had been sent by Diego Colón to spy on Ponce de León. Shortly thereafter Miruelo's ship was wrecked in a storm and Ponce de León rescued the stranded crew. From here the little fleet disbanded. Ponce de León tasked the \"Santa Maria\" with further exploration while he returned home with the rest of crew. Ponce de León reached Puerto Rico on October 19 after having been away for almost eight months. The other ship, after further explorations returned safely on February 20, 1514. Although Ponce de León is widely","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"13939137","text":"Guanica. He then rode by horse through the interior of the Island in his way to his post in San Juan. While traveling to San Juan, he took notice that the southern region was not being attended to by the Spanish leaders in San Juan, and while in San Juan, made efforts to have farmers sent to the South to settle there and work the land. Having married Doña Ana de Salamanca, the niece of Bishop Diego de Salamanca, Juan Ponce de León y Loayza learned of Diego's efforts and became interested in colonizing the area, thus becoming one of","title":"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza"},{"psg_id":"10727474","text":"Juan García Ponce Juan García Ponce (September 22, 1932—December 27, 2003) was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, essayist, translator and critic of Mexican art. He was born in Mérida, state of Yucatán, Mexico. Notable works include \"La aparición de lo invisible\" (1968) and \"Las huellas de la voz\" (1982). In his novels \"Figura de paja\" (1964), \"La casa en la playa\" (1966), \"La presencia lejana\" (1968), \"La cabaña\" (1969), \"La invitación\" (1972), \"El nombre olvidado\" (1970), \"El libro\" (1978), \"Crónica de la intervención\" (1982), \"Inmaculada o los placeres de la Inocencia\" (1989) he intertwines the erotic with philosophic rigor and","title":"Juan García Ponce"},{"psg_id":"20967511","text":"notable works was the second edition of the \"The Book of Blood\" published in 1873, where he wrote about the crimes Spaniards committed against Cuba and the search for Cuba’s independence; the first edition was originally written by Jose Ignacio Rodriguez in 1871. Between 1871 and 1873, Ponce de Leon edited the magazine \"Museo de las Familias\" (Families Museum), which aimed at being both enjoyable and instructive for families. He also created \"Diccionario tecnologico ingles-espanol y espanol-ingles\" (\"Technological Dictionary, English-Spanish and Spanish-English\") in 1893. This dictionary facilitated the translation of words in science, technology, and engineering from English to Spanish","title":"Nestor Ponce de Leon"},{"psg_id":"13528567","text":"the 9th Duke of Medinaceli and main inheritor, Luis Francisco de la Cerda y de Cardona-Aragón, (1654 – in prison, in the Castle of Pamplona in January 1711), who had married Maria de las Nieves Téllez Girón y Sandoval, + 1732. Juan Tomas Enriquez de Cabrera, 7th Duke of Medina de Rioseco Juan Tomás Enríquez de Cabrera y Ponce de Leon, VII Duque de Medina de Río-Seco (Genoa, Italy, 1646 – Estremoz, Portugal, 1705), was a Spanish noble and military. He belonged to the important Enríquez family, whose title \"Duque de Medina de Río-Seco\" was awarded by King Charles I","title":"Juan Tomas Enriquez de Cabrera, 7th Duke of Medina de Rioseco"},{"psg_id":"1278363","text":"13th century. The Ponce de León lineage began with Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera, descendant of count Bermudo Núñez, and Sancha Ponce de Cabrera, daughter of Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera. Before October 1235, a son of Ponce Vela de Cabrera and his wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón named Pedro Ponce de Cabrera married Aldonza Alfonso, an illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX of León. The descendants of this marriage added the \"de León\" to their patronymic and were known henceforth as the Ponce de León. The identity of his parents is still unknown, but he appears to have been a member of","title":"Juan Ponce de León"},{"psg_id":"9862011","text":"was bought in 1959 for $60,000 by the St. John's Lutheran Church. Ponce de Leon Avenue begins at Spring Street at the south edge of Midtown Atlanta, though prior to the construction of the Downtown Connector, it started a block further west at Williams Street (across from Georgia Tech, one block east of Bobby Dodd Stadium) It passes West Peachtree Street and then Peachtree Street, the city block which has the BellSouth Building (now AT&T) and the historic Fox Theatre on the north side of the street. At the next two intersections, it takes multiple numbered routes from North Avenue,","title":"Ponce de Leon Avenue"},{"psg_id":"9391287","text":"also demolished) and today a strip mall, Midtown Place, occupies the location. The famous magnolia tree is still standing at the rear of the shopping center along the BeltLine trail. College football games were also once hosted at Ponce de Leon Park. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets played all their home games there from 1908 to 1911. The Georgia Bulldogs have also played games at 'Poncey.' On July 1, 1940, the park hosted an exhibition fight between a 45-year-old Jack Dempsey and wrestler Clarence (Cowboy) Luttrell which Dempsey won. The park also hosted regular Friday night high school football games","title":"Ponce de Leon Park"},{"psg_id":"9391286","text":"Rell J. Spiller. It reverted to its original name in 1933. The seating capacity of the park was about 20,000. The park was known for a magnolia tree in deep center field. Balls landing in the tree remained in play, until Earl Mann took over the team in 1947 and had the outfield wall moved in about 50 feet. During exhibition games, Babe Ruth and Eddie Mathews both hit home runs that became stuck in the distant tree. After the Crackers moved to Atlanta Stadium in 1965, Ponce de Leon Park was demolished in favor of a shopping center (now","title":"Ponce de Leon Park"},{"psg_id":"6842595","text":"and the local Woolworth's, all of which contributed to passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. The hotel saw declining visitor numbers in the following years, and in 1967 it was permanently closed. In 1968 the hotel became the centerpiece of the newly-established Flagler College. Beginning in 1976, with the nation's bicentennial anniversary, Flagler College embarked on an ambitious campaign to restore the hotel and other Flagler-era campus buildings to their original grandeur. In 1988 the College celebrated the centennial of the Ponce de Leon Hotel, and a decade later students created the Flagler's Legacy program, which provides","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842594","text":"boom did not last. In 1964, the city was thrust onto the national stage with demonstrations that brought Martin Luther King Jr. to St. Augustine during the civil rights movement. On March 31, 1964, more than a hundred students from the all-black Richard J. Murray Middle School marched downtown and sat-in at the dining room of the Ponce de Leon Hotel. They were met by police with dogs and cattle prods and arrested. It was the first mass sit-in of the St. Augustine movement. Additional incidents took place at other segregated locations in the city, including the Monson Motor Lodge","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842592","text":"recruits received their basic and advanced training at the hotel, with up to 2,500 trainees living in the building at any one time. One of the Coast Guardsmen the trained at the hotel was Jacob Lawrence, already a famous artist. According to the official Coast Guard history, In October 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the Coast Guard, then part of the Navy. As the armed services were still segregated, he, along with all African-American recruits, were automatically limited to the steward's mate rate. After his basic training at Curtis Bay, Maryland he was assigned to the Ponce de Leon Hotel","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842591","text":"Hurston, Robert Frost, John Dos Passos, and, most particularly, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, visited or lived in St. Augustine during this time, and there was an active community of artists. During World War II, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was taken over by the federal government and was used as a Coast Guard Training Center. St. Augustine is considered to be the birthplace of the Coast Guard Reserve, as one of the first classes to graduate from Reserve officer training did so at St. Augustine in May 1941. From 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, thousands of young","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"6842587","text":"as he attempted to create an \"American Riviera\". With the success of the Ponce de Leon, Flagler realized the need for a sound transportation system to support his resorts, and he purchased short-line railroads to form what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He modernized the existing railroads for them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic, allowing guests to reach the hotel from New York and other northern cities. Over the next two decades, Flagler expanded the system further south, until it reached Key West. Noted personalities that stayed at the hotel during its operation","title":"Ponce de Leon Hotel"},{"psg_id":"13809471","text":"and Buffalo. The \"Royal Palm\" alternated with the \"Ponce de Leon\" on a reverse schedule between Cincinnati and Jacksonville, operating during daylight hours south from Cincinnati and then overnight between Atlanta and Jacksonville. In the latter city there were connections with Florida East Coast Railway for an east coast trip to Miami, and Seaboard Air Line Railroad trains to Miami on an interior route to Tampa. Sleepers were discontinued on the train in November 1959 and it ran as a coach-only consist until the end of operation. In 1964, Southern Railway dropped the Atlanta - Jacksonville leg of the \"Ponce's\"","title":"Ponce de Leon (train)"},{"psg_id":"1036184","text":"entrance is on the eastern side of the park off Ponce de Leon Springs Road. As of the census of 2010, there were 598 people, 246 households, and 131 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.3 people per square mile (35.6/km²). There were 290 housing units at n average density of 47.0 per square mile (18.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 91.60% White, 1.80% African American, 2.41% Native American, 1.00% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.00% of the population. There were 200 households","title":"Ponce de Leon, Florida"},{"psg_id":"14238395","text":"and Ponce de Minerva in the other Melgar\". In 1162, Ponce de Minerva took part in Ferdinand's expedition into Castile, where he captured Toledo. In 1163, he was again with the royal Leonese army that invaded Castile. Ponce's frequent presence at court necessitated the devolution of government in his tenancies to subordinates. Thus, in 1162, one \"Juan Martínez, under the hand of the lord Ponce de Minerva, [was] holding the towers of León\". By 1164 Juan was holding León without any indiaction of Ponce's superiority. In 1164, Ponce was granted an estate at Villamañán, according to the \"Tumbo Antiguo\" (old","title":"Ponce de Minerva"},{"psg_id":"13656528","text":"Banco de Ponce Banco de Ponce was the Puerto Rican bank with the largest number of branches in the United States and second largest bank in deposits and number of branches in Puerto Rico during the twentieth century. Founded in Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the early part of the century, it headquartered in San Juan in 1970 and, 20 years later, merged with Banco Popular forming BancPonce Corporation. The bank was founded on 20 August 1917, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Mario Mercado, Amador Torres, Manuel Meiriño, Augusto Quiñones, Francisco Oliver, Antonio Morales, Juan Colón, José de Jesús, Francisco Forteza","title":"Banco de Ponce"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15229000\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) Ponce de Leon Springs were natural springs located on the site of Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) in Atlanta, where Ponce de Leon Avenue crosses the BeltLine, and where the Old Fourth Ward, Virginia Highland, Midtown and Poncey-Highland neighborhoods of Atlanta meet. In the 1860s, trips to the springs on John Armistead's beech grove became a popular day trip among Atlantans. An Atlanta physician, Dr. Henry L. Wilson, named them in honor of Juan Ponce de León, asserting that they kept one young; today's Ponce de Leon Avenue is\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9780469\",\n \"text\": \"of the town of Ponce Inlet, Florida and the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light. The inlet is maintained by the Ponce de Leon Inlet & Port District, a Division of the Volusia County, Florida government. Ponce de Leon Inlet The Ponce de Leon Inlet is a natural opening in the barrier islands in central Florida that connects the north end of the Mosquito Lagoon and the south end of the Halifax River to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet originally was named Mosquito Inlet. In 1926 the Florida Legislature changed the name from Mosquito Inlet to Ponce de Leon Inlet. There\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20967506\",\n \"text\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon Néstor Ponce de León ( February 26, 1837- December 17,1899) was a Cuban author, editor, translator, publisher, and bookseller. Nestor Ponce de Leon was born in Matanzas, Cuba in 1837. Ponce de Leon graduated in 1858 in Jurisprudence on the Caribbean island. He married Antonia Carlota Bachiller y Govin. The couple had five children: two sons, Néstor José Eusebio Ponce de León y Bachiller and Julio César Augusto Ponce de León y Bachiller, and three daughters, Maria Luisa Ponce de León y Bachiller, Carlota Rosabal Ponce de León y Bachiller, and Carlota Ponce de León y\",\n \"title\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036187\",\n \"text\": \"age 65 or over. Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon ( ) is a town in Holmes County, Florida, United States. The population was 598 at the 2010 census, up from 457 at the 2000 census. From 2000 to 2010, the Ponce de Leon town population growth percentage was 30.9%. Ponce de Leon is located in southwestern Holmes County at (30.725783, -85.937783). U.S. Route 90 runs through the center of town, leading northeast to Bonifay, the Holmes County seat, and west to DeFuniak Springs. Florida State Road 81 crosses US 90 near the center of\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862008\",\n \"text\": \"was extended to Ponce de Leon Springs, where the Ponce de Leon amusement park would be built; today, Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) stands on the site. Finally in 1889 the line was electrified and extended with the \\\"loop\\\" around what is now Virginia-Highland. West of Peachtree Street were Kimball Street and 2nd Street, portions of which were renamed Ponce de Leon Avenue. (See maps at Atlanta annexations.) In the 1890s-1910s, Ponce de Leon between Midtown and Moreland Avenue (the border of Druid Hills) was one of the city's premier residential streets lined with\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9391284\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Park Ponce de Leon Park ( ; also known as Spiller Park or Spiller Field from 1924 to 1932, and \\\"Poncey\\\" to locals, was the primary home field for the minor league baseball team called the Atlanta Crackers for nearly six decades. The Crackers played here in the Southern Association (1907–1959) and the International League (1962–64). It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers who captured the second half championship of the Negro American League in 1938. The ballpark was located at 650 Ponce de Leon Avenue; the street ran along the south side of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13809472\",\n \"text\": \"operation. By the time Southern Railway filed to discontinue the \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" on January 22, 1968, the train was operating as Numbers 1 and 2, but only between Cincinnati and Atlanta. The train finally disappeared from the timetable in March 1968. The \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" and \\\"Royal Palm\\\" collided on December 23, 1926 in Rockmart, Georgia. The northbound \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" struck the \\\"Royal Palm\\\" with the result that 19 people were killed and 113 were injured, most on the \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\". The accident was also the subject of a song: \\\"The Wreck of the Royal Palm\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon (train)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036182\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon, Florida Ponce de Leon ( ) is a town in Holmes County, Florida, United States. The population was 598 at the 2010 census, up from 457 at the 2000 census. From 2000 to 2010, the Ponce de Leon town population growth percentage was 30.9%. Ponce de Leon is located in southwestern Holmes County at (30.725783, -85.937783). U.S. Route 90 runs through the center of town, leading northeast to Bonifay, the Holmes County seat, and west to DeFuniak Springs. Florida State Road 81 crosses US 90 near the center of town, leading north to the Alabama border and\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12354676\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Heights does not have a City of Decatur or DeKalb County park. However, the church playground is open to residents. Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur) Ponce de Leon Heights is a historic neighborhood in the west section of the Atlanta, Georgia suburb of Decatur. It includes single family residences and a church, primarily built in the early 1900s. The neighborhood is located between Scott Blvd. to the northwest, Ponce de Leon Avenue to the south and Coventry Road to the east. Although the neighborhood partially fronts on Ponce de Leon Avenue, there are no commercial businesses. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12354674\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur) Ponce de Leon Heights is a historic neighborhood in the west section of the Atlanta, Georgia suburb of Decatur. It includes single family residences and a church, primarily built in the early 1900s. The neighborhood is located between Scott Blvd. to the northwest, Ponce de Leon Avenue to the south and Coventry Road to the east. Although the neighborhood partially fronts on Ponce de Leon Avenue, there are no commercial businesses. The name of the community is apparently derived from fronting on the north side of Ponce de Leon Avenue, and from the hilly terrain\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862013\",\n \"text\": \"Drive), and after Glen Iris Drive it passes the north side of the hulking former Sears building, later used as City Hall East, and now as Ponce City Market, a food hall and mixed-use complex. Before Sears, the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park was located here. On the north side of Ponce is the Midtown Place strip mall, on the site of the Ponce de Leon ballpark, which was home to the Atlanta Crackers and Atlanta Black Crackers baseball teams. Ponce de Leon Avenue then passes under a former rail bridge which is part of the BeltLine trail, after which\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15228985\",\n \"text\": \"make way for the Ponce de Leon ballpark, now the Midtown Place strip mall. The amusement park was whites-only – a sign at the entrance made clear, \\\"colored persons admitted as servants only\\\". The amusement park closed in the early 1920s. The Sears, Roebuck southeastern headquarters was built on the site, opening in 1926, the building now known as Ponce City Market (former Sears building/City Hall East). Ponce de Leon amusement park The Ponce de Leon amusement park was built on the site of Ponce de Leon Springs. Omnibus service from Atlanta to the springs started in 1872, and in\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon amusement park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12331267\",\n \"text\": \"were built. The street consists entirely of homes. There are no churches, businesses, or apartment blocks. Ponce de Leon Court Historic District The Ponce de Leon Court Historic District consists of a single cul-de-sac located immediately east of downtown Decatur, Georgia. The street is accessed off of East Ponce de Leon Avenue, a historic road that runs east from Atlanta, Georgia through Decatur. Historic Decatur Cemetery is located to the north, and affluent Glynnwood Estates, developed in 1927, and Glenwood school border Ponce de Leon Court on the east. Ponce de Leon Court is a local historic district in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12331264\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District The Ponce de Leon Court Historic District consists of a single cul-de-sac located immediately east of downtown Decatur, Georgia. The street is accessed off of East Ponce de Leon Avenue, a historic road that runs east from Atlanta, Georgia through Decatur. Historic Decatur Cemetery is located to the north, and affluent Glynnwood Estates, developed in 1927, and Glenwood school border Ponce de Leon Court on the east. Ponce de Leon Court is a local historic district in the city of Decatur, and was listed in the Georgia Register of Historic Places in June 2010.\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Court Historic District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18047813\",\n \"text\": \"workshops in Yugoslavia. Pakistan, India, and Spain under sponsorship of the U.S. State Department, Mr. Ponce de Leon works are in the Library of Congress; The National Gallery (Washington D.C.); The White House; The Museum of Modern Art; Metropolitan Museum of Art; The New York Public Library;Smithsonian American Art Museum The Brooklyn Museum The Musee de l’Arte Moderne in Paris; The Victoria and Albert Museum in London; The Stockholm Art Museum; Museo de Arte Moderno en Mexico; as well U.S. Embassies around the world. He was represented in the Venice Biennale, 1970. Michael Ponce de Leon Michael Ponce de Leon\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7082728\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light The Ponce de Leon Inlet Light is a lighthouse and museum located at Ponce de León Inlet in Central Florida. At in height, it is the tallest lighthouse in the state and one of the tallest in the United States (the Cape Hatteras Light in North Carolina is taller at ). It is located between St. Augustine Light and Cape Canaveral Light. Restored by the Ponce de Leon Inlet Lighthouse Preservation Association, the lighthouse became a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The first lighthouse for what is now the Ponce de León Inlet was erected\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15228984\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon amusement park The Ponce de Leon amusement park was built on the site of Ponce de Leon Springs. Omnibus service from Atlanta to the springs started in 1872, and in 1874 horsecar service started. It developed in the late 1880s and 1890s with the addition of attractions for children, a dance hall and theater, and picnic grounds. In 1903 construction of the full-fledged amusement park began. By then the park was served by the Nine-Mile Circle electric streetcar line. In 1907, a four-acre lake on the north side of Ponce de Leon Avenue was filled in to\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon amusement park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14600415\",\n \"text\": \"shaped parapet. Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel The Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel (also known as Hotel Ponce De Leon in St. Petersburg, Florida) is a historic landmark and Mission Revival hotel in Downtown St. Petersburg, Florida. It is located at 95 Central Avenue, and on the corner of 10 Beach Drive. It was added to the Pinellas County Historic Preservation Committee in December 1997 (HPC #97-04). The Ponce De Leon is a Mission style hotel constructed in 1922 during the beginning of the Florida Land Boom, a period which saw St. Petersburg develop into a major resort city. It\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14600410\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel The Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel (also known as Hotel Ponce De Leon in St. Petersburg, Florida) is a historic landmark and Mission Revival hotel in Downtown St. Petersburg, Florida. It is located at 95 Central Avenue, and on the corner of 10 Beach Drive. It was added to the Pinellas County Historic Preservation Committee in December 1997 (HPC #97-04). The Ponce De Leon is a Mission style hotel constructed in 1922 during the beginning of the Florida Land Boom, a period which saw St. Petersburg develop into a major resort city. It was the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce De Leon Boutique Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4457469\",\n \"text\": \"hiking, fishing, picnicking, snorkeling, swimming and wildlife viewing. Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). Ponce de Leon Springs State Park Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area is a Florida State Park in Holmes County, Florida. It is located in the town of Ponce de Leon, a half mile south of U.S. 90 on C.R 181A. The address is 2860 Ponce de Leon Springs Road. Approximately 14 million gallons of pure water emerges daily from the Ponce de Leon Spring. Spring water emanates from the aquifer deep underground keeping\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4457468\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park Ponce de Leon Springs State Recreation Area is a Florida State Park in Holmes County, Florida. It is located in the town of Ponce de Leon, a half mile south of U.S. 90 on C.R 181A. The address is 2860 Ponce de Leon Springs Road. Approximately 14 million gallons of pure water emerges daily from the Ponce de Leon Spring. Spring water emanates from the aquifer deep underground keeping it at a cool 68 degrees year round. Swimming and snorkeling are the main activities around the spring. The park has such amenities as birding,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs State Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15229002\",\n \"text\": \"the building as Ponce City Market, a multi-use residential, office and retail complex. On August 25, 2014 Ponce City Market opened. Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) Ponce de Leon Springs were natural springs located on the site of Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) in Atlanta, where Ponce de Leon Avenue crosses the BeltLine, and where the Old Fourth Ward, Virginia Highland, Midtown and Poncey-Highland neighborhoods of Atlanta meet. In the 1860s, trips to the springs on John Armistead's beech grove became a popular day trip among Atlantans. An Atlanta physician, Dr. Henry L. Wilson,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3203252\",\n \"text\": \"Juan Ponce de León II Juan Ponce de León II (1524 - 1591) was the first acting governor of Puerto Rico to be born on the island. Ponce de León II, (birth name: Juan Troche Ponce de León ), was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Viceroyalty of New Spain, to Juan Garcia \\\"Gracia\\\" Troche and Juana Ponce de León. The Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León was Juana's father and, consequently, Ponce de León II's maternal grandfather. Ponce de León II was sent by the Spanish Crown to establish a settlement on the island of Trinidad in 1569. He\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862017\",\n \"text\": \"city, just before passing the south side of the Fernbank Museum of Natural History. A third segment called North Ponce de Leon Avenue surrounds a heavily forested county park called Deepdene Park, and on its south side, mainline Ponce de Leon Avenue loses U.S. 278 and Georgia 10 at a split with East Lake Road. After a northward curve, it loses its other four route numbers at a split with Scott Boulevard, and continues eastward into the city of Decatur as West Ponce de Leon Avenue. Crossing the centerpoint of downtown at Clairemont Avenue (north) and McDonough Street (south), near\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9780468\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet The Ponce de Leon Inlet is a natural opening in the barrier islands in central Florida that connects the north end of the Mosquito Lagoon and the south end of the Halifax River to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet originally was named Mosquito Inlet. In 1926 the Florida Legislature changed the name from Mosquito Inlet to Ponce de Leon Inlet. There was precedent for the change. Mosquito County had long before become Orange County, and the Mosquito River had become the Halifax River. Only the Mosquito Lagoon has kept its old name. It is the site\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18047812\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Ponce de Leon Michael Ponce de Leon (1922-2006; Mexico) He has exhibits in more than sixty museums in the United States and throughout Europe, as a painter and printmaker. He was given a one person-exhibition by Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington D.C., and has been awarded over 65 purchase prices or medals. Ponce de Leon is the recipient of Guggenheim Fellowships; Two Tiffany Foundation Fellowships, and a Fulbright Grant for Scandinavia. He has taught at Art Students League; Pratt Graphics Center and Pratt Institute; New York University; University of Pennsylvania, and Columbia University, NY, as well as directed\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13809473\",\n \"text\": \"Vernon Dalhart. Ponce de Leon (train) The Ponce de Leon was a named train of the Southern Railway which ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacksonville, Florida, from 1924 to the mid-1960s. The \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" (Train #4) departed Jacksonville at midday going north via subsidiary Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad to Macon and Atlanta, Georgia, then on Southern's former East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad line to Chattanooga, Tennessee, traveling overnight to Cincinnati via Southern subsidiary Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway. The train provided connections with the New York Central Railroad at Cincinnati for passengers headed to Detroit,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon (train)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13809470\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon (train) The Ponce de Leon was a named train of the Southern Railway which ran from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacksonville, Florida, from 1924 to the mid-1960s. The \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" (Train #4) departed Jacksonville at midday going north via subsidiary Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad to Macon and Atlanta, Georgia, then on Southern's former East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad line to Chattanooga, Tennessee, traveling overnight to Cincinnati via Southern subsidiary Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway. The train provided connections with the New York Central Railroad at Cincinnati for passengers headed to Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon (train)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13939135\",\n \"text\": \"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza Juan Ponce de León y Loayza (born San Juan, Puerto Rico) was the son of Juan Ponce de León II (born \\\"Juan Troche-Ponce de León\\\"), the interim Spanish governor of Puerto Rico in 1579. His mother was Isabel de Loayza born in Villa Talavera de la Reina, Toledo, Spain, the daughter of Governor Iñigo López de Cervantes y Loayza. The city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza. Juan Ponce de León y Loayza's father, Juan Ponce de León II, was the son of lady Juana Ponce de\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862010\",\n \"text\": \"the 1970s, Ponce still was renowned for prostitution, drug sales, but also for its eclectic character up to the turn of the 21st century, celebrated in books such as George Mitchell's \\\"Ponce Deleon : An Intimate Portrait of Atlanta's Most Famous Avenue\\\" and Sharon Foster's \\\"Atlanta's Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History\\\". Today, the areas that Ponce passes on its way from Midtown to Druid Hills are largely affluent: Midtown, the Old Fourth Ward where gentrification is well underway, and fully gentrified Poncey-Highland and Virginia-Highland. Sam Venable's home on the northeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Oakdale Road\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17050363\",\n \"text\": \"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue 131 Ponce de Leon Avenue, also known as the Gulf Oil Building, was both a building in Midtown Atlanta, at the southeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Juniper Street, as well as the name of a planned mixed-use development which would incorporate portions of the Pei building's façade and add 321 apartments and of retail space. The building was architect I. M. Pei's first project, built in 1949, a two-story \\\"box that invoked the lean rectilinearity of Mies van der Rohe\\\". The proposed mixed-use development would incorporate the entire block bounded by Ponce\",\n \"title\": \"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3203256\",\n \"text\": \"were transferred to the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista, which is also located in Old San Juan. Juan Ponce de León II's remains are still interred at San José Church in San Juan. Puerto Rico has honored his memory by naming a high school in the town of Florida, Puerto Rico after him. Juan Ponce de León II Juan Ponce de León II (1524 - 1591) was the first acting governor of Puerto Rico to be born on the island. Ponce de León II, (birth name: Juan Troche Ponce de León ), was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Viceroyalty\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862019\",\n \"text\": \"the City of Atlanta is included in the Ponce/Moreland Corridors Plan as part of the city's comprehensive development plan. , the Georgia Department of Transportation has decided to begin the design of safety improvements for pedestrians on the two-mile stretch of Ponce between Piedmont and N. Highland/Moreland. Changes proposed include the conversion of an eastbound traffic lane into a two-way left-turn lane and bike lanes in both directions. The land would include intermittent traffic islands and \\\"HAWK\\\" pedestrian crossing signals at selected crosswalks where no traffic signals currently exist. Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9391288\",\n \"text\": \"between Tech High Smithies and Boys' High Purple Hurricanes during the 1940s which sometimes outdrew the college games. Ponce de Leon Park Ponce de Leon Park ( ; also known as Spiller Park or Spiller Field from 1924 to 1932, and \\\"Poncey\\\" to locals, was the primary home field for the minor league baseball team called the Atlanta Crackers for nearly six decades. The Crackers played here in the Southern Association (1907–1959) and the International League (1962–64). It was also home of the Atlanta Black Crackers who captured the second half championship of the Negro American League in 1938. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13939140\",\n \"text\": \"a hamlet as was Spanish custom. It is believed that Juan Ponce de León y Loayza himself was instrumental in obtaining the royal permit to formalize the founding of the hamlet. In 1848, many years after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza's death, the hamlet was declared a villa (Villa de Ponce) by Royal Decree. In 1877, it obtained its city charter, paving the way to becoming the modern-day city of Ponce. Juan Ponce de León y Loayza Juan Ponce de León y Loayza (born San Juan, Puerto Rico) was the son of Juan Ponce de León II (born \\\"Juan\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842582\",\n \"text\": \"sell. Flagler returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Smith couldn't come up with the funds, so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de León Hotel by himself, spending several times his original estimate. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on the Zorayda. Two years later, Smith would build the Casa Monica Hotel opposite the Ponce de Leon, on land sold to him by Flagler. The Ponce de Leon Hotel was built\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842596\",\n \"text\": \"guided historic tours of the former hotel to thousands of visitors annually. The building was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a U.S. National Historic Landmark on February 21, 2006. Ponce de Leon Hotel The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842580\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would go on to gain world renown. The hotel was the first of its kind constructed entirely of poured concrete, using the local coquina stone as aggregate. The hotel was also one of the first buildings in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20967510\",\n \"text\": \"1,738 titles. Ponce de Leon's exile in the United States lasted 30 years. Although Ponce de León had been sentenced to death in absentia by Spanish authorities in Cuba for his alleged war crimes, this sentence was never carried out. When Spain finally withdrew from Cuba after the U.S. intervention in 1898, Ponce de León was able to return to his homeland. Upon his return, he was named Director and Curator of the National Archives. He died on December 17, 1899, in Havana, Cuba. Ponce de Leon wrote about many topics, such as art and politics. One of his most\",\n \"title\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19588062\",\n \"text\": \"the Law Division, Commercial Section. Judge Edmund Ponce de León was appointed Presiding Judge of the Fourth Municipal District (District 4 Maywood, Illinois) in 2002. In 2010 he was appointed Presiding Judge of the County Division of the Circuit Court of Cook County. In June 2015, he was assigned to the Law Division hearing jury cases, pre-trial motions and Tax and Miscellaneous matters. Judge Edmund Ponce de León retired as a judge on December 2016 Edmund Ponce de Leon Judge Edmund Ponce de León was the first Hispanic-American to be appointed as a Presiding Judge in the history of the\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19588061\",\n \"text\": \"Edmund Ponce de Leon Judge Edmund Ponce de León was the first Hispanic-American to be appointed as a Presiding Judge in the history of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois Edmund Ponce de León was originally elected as a Judge from the 6th Subcircuit of the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, in November 1996. He ran for re-election in 2002, 2008 and 2014 county-wide and was retained as a judge. He retired as a judge in December 31, 2016. Judge Ponce de León was initially assigned to the Domestic Relations Division, and in 2000 he was assigned to\",\n \"title\": \"Edmund Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278362\",\n \"text\": \"The colonization attempt was abandoned, and its leader died from his wounds soon after returning to Cuba. Ponce de León was interred in Puerto Rico, and his tomb is located inside of the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in San Juan. Juan Ponce de León was born in the village of Santervás de Campos in the northern part of what is now the Spanish province of Valladolid. Although early historians placed his birth in 1460, and this date has been used traditionally, more recent evidence shows he was likely born in 1474. The surname Ponce de León dates from the\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17050364\",\n \"text\": \"de Leon Avenue, North Avenue, Piedmont Avenue and Juniper Street, except for St. Paul's church. A joint venture between real estate investment company Sereo Group Inc. and developer Faison Enterprises bought the site in 2012. In 2008, the block had been proposed for redevelopment as the \\\"Fountain on Ponce\\\" complex, but that project did not go through. The building was demolished in February 2013, but the Atlanta Preservation Center stated that its understanding that a portion of the façade was to be \\\"resurrected as a shell\\\" and incorporated into the new complex. 131 Ponce de Leon Avenue 131 Ponce de\",\n \"title\": \"131 Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20967512\",\n \"text\": \"and vice versa. Also in that year, he published \\\"The Columbus Gallery: The Discoverer of the New World,\\\" a collection of representations of portraits, statues, monuments, medals, and paintings. He also wrote for \\\"La Revista Ilustrada de Nueva York (The New York Illustrated Magazine).\\\" In one of the articles he wrote for the magazine, called \\\"En mi biblioteca\\\" (\\\"In My Library\\\"), he explicitly describes his personal library and talks about his friends and family who visited him. Nestor Ponce de Leon Néstor Ponce de León ( February 26, 1837- December 17,1899) was a Cuban author, editor, translator, publisher, and bookseller.\",\n \"title\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862018\",\n \"text\": \"city hall and the Decatur MARTA station, it becomes East Ponce de Leon Avenue. It then continues on through Scottdale and downtown Clarkston to become Main Street southward through downtown Stone Mountain, then becoming Stone Mountain Lithonia Road on its way south to Lithonia. It is also an exit at mile 40 off Interstate 285 (\\\"the Perimeter\\\") north. The only way to access I-285 south is to exit onto Church Street, since this is a split diamond interchange, and the two roads run parallel to each other with a railroad line in between these roads. Ponce de Leon Avenue in\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862016\",\n \"text\": \"Griggs Candler (Senior), and Rainbow Terrace, home of Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide at number 1610. The Druid Hills Historic District incorporates the earlier Druid Hills Parks and Parkways Historic District that was listed on the National Register in 1975, specifically recognizing the parks and parkways along Ponce de Leon Avenue. The road begins to gradually curve back and forth, and is followed on its south side by South Ponce de Leon Avenue, the land between them being Oak Grove Park. A second segment of linear park is called Dellwood Park, and around Clifton Road it finally leaves the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6629905\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon, Missouri Ponce de Leon is an unincorporated community in northeastern Stone County, Missouri, United States, about south of Springfield. It is part of the Branson, Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area. The community is located on the East Prong Goff Creek which is a tributary of the James River about three miles to the west. Missouri Supplemental Route V passes through the village which lies at an elevation of 1100 feet. Spokane in Christian County lies about three miles to the east on US Route 160. Branson lies about 25 miles to the south. The community was founded about\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036183\",\n \"text\": \"south to Florida State Road 20 at Bruce. Interstate 10 passes through the southern part of Ponce de Leon, with access from Exit 96 (SR 81). I-10 leads east to Tallahassee and west to Pensacola. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.78%, are water. The town is in the valley of Sandy Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Choctawhatchee River. Ponce de Leon Springs State Park is in the southern part of the town, north of I-10, along both sides of Sandy Creek. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13428799\",\n \"text\": \"participation, cultural activities and of personnel training of the city, it also constitutes an attraction for its architecture. A stretch of Ponce de León avenue has been designated as the arts district. It starts in Miramar and continues towards Hato Rey for 4 miles. Avenida Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León Avenue, coextensive as Route PR-25 along its entire length, is one of the main avenues in the capital city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is a one-way mostly three-lane road running from Old San Juan towards Río Piedras pueblo for most of its length, three and\",\n \"title\": \"Avenida Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3203254\",\n \"text\": \"de León II was appointed acting governor. He thus became the first native-born Puerto Rican to be appointed Spanish governor of Puerto Rico. In 1581, at the request of King Phillip II of Spain, Juan Lopez Melgarejo, who served as governor of Puerto Rico from 1581 to 1582, asked Juan Ponce de León II to write a general description of the West Indies with emphasis on the part corresponding to Puerto Rico. He did this with the collaboration of his fellow Puerto Rican Antonio de Santa Clara. Ponce de León II's written work \\\"Memorias de Melgarejo\\\" (Melgarejo's Memoirs) is one\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13939136\",\n \"text\": \"León, one of three daughters born of Juan Ponce de León, the Spanish conquistador, and his wife Leonora Ponce de León (their other three children were Isabel, Maria, and Luis). Thus, Juan Ponce de León y Loayza was the great-grandson of the Spanish conquistador and first governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de León. In his trip from Spain to Puerto Rico in August 1577, Bishop Diego de Salamanca, not finding a commercial ship heading to Puerto Rico at the time, boarded a Spanish warship headed to Mexico, which dropped him off in the southern coast of Puerto Rico at\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9393013\",\n \"text\": \"held leadership positions due to her wisdom and the esteem that others had for her. Pope John Paul II beatified Monteagudo in 1985 upon his apostolic trip to Peru. Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon was born in mid-1602 in Peru as the fourth of eight children to the Spanish-born Sebastiàn Monteagudo de la Jara and the Peruvian Francisca Ponce de Leon. Her brother Francisco became a priest. Her other siblings were: Montagudo was educated as the Santa Catalina da Siena convent since her parents entrusted her to the care of the nuns there in 1605 and returned home in 1616\",\n \"title\": \"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9393012\",\n \"text\": \"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon Blessed Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon (26 July 1602 – 10 January 1686) - in religious Ana de los Angeles - was a Peruvian Roman Catholic professed religious from the Dominican Nuns. Monteagudo studied under nuns in her childhood and decided to become one following a vision she had of Saint Catherine of Siena showing her the Dominican habit. Her parents made the effort to dissuade her from this though she continued to pursue that path until she was inducted as a member of the Dominican Nuns. The religious became noted for her holiness and\",\n \"title\": \"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3203255\",\n \"text\": \"of Puerto Rico's most important historical documents. In 1581, Ponce de León II was able to establish the exact geographical coordinates of San Juan by observing an eclipse. Later in life, after he became a widower, Ponce de León II embraced and lived a religious life. He took it upon himself to transfer the body of his grandfather, Juan Ponce de León, to San José Church in San Juan from Cuba, where he had died and been buried in 1521 after being wounded in an attempt to colonize Florida. His grandfather's remains were moved once again in 1913, when they\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20967507\",\n \"text\": \"Bachiller. In Cuba, Ponce de León contributed to and collaborated with numerous publications such as \\\"El Ateneo\\\", \\\"El Correro De La Tarde\\\", \\\"La Opinón y El Siglo\\\", and helped fund others as well, including \\\"Brisas de Cuba\\\" y \\\"Revista critica de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes.\\\"\\\" \\\"His publications included revolutionary pamphlets in which he defended the Yara Revolution, and it was because of this that the Cuban government issued a warrant for his arrest. Ponce de Leon and his family fled to New York City in February of 1869.On January 21, 1875, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7082734\",\n \"text\": \"seven days a week. The lighthouse tower is open for climbing. The original 1867 Barbier et Fenestre first order fixed lens (installed 1887), and 1860 \\\"Henry Lepaute\\\" rotating first order Fresnel lens used at Cape Canaveral Light Station are all on display at the museum. The 1904 Barbier, Benard, et Turenne rotating third order Fresnel lens has been restored to service in the tower, which operates today as a private aid to navigation and is maintained by the museum staff. It is just south of Daytona Beach. Ponce de Leon Inlet Light The Ponce de Leon Inlet Light is a\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16092150\",\n \"text\": \"It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Ponce de Leon Apartment Building The Ponce de Leon Apartment Building is a historic structure located in the North Cleveland Park neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. David L. Stern designed the structure in a combination of the Mission Revival and the Spanish Revival styles. The building was completed in 1928. It is an example of 1920s exoticism in a prominent apartment corridor in the city. The exterior features diapered brickwork, terra cotta tile roof, limestone portico and trim, and Moorish arch motifs. The interior features\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16092149\",\n \"text\": \"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building The Ponce de Leon Apartment Building is a historic structure located in the North Cleveland Park neighborhood in the Northwest Quadrant of Washington, D.C. David L. Stern designed the structure in a combination of the Mission Revival and the Spanish Revival styles. The building was completed in 1928. It is an example of 1920s exoticism in a prominent apartment corridor in the city. The exterior features diapered brickwork, terra cotta tile roof, limestone portico and trim, and Moorish arch motifs. The interior features an intact lobby with a decorative plaster ceiling and a terrazzo floor.\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Apartment Building\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15229001\",\n \"text\": \"named after the springs. On June 20, 1874 the Ponce de Leon line of the horse-drawn Atlanta Street Railway was extended to the springs, with service every 15 minutes from 5:30 A.M. to 10 P.M., for a fare of 10 cents. In the 1890s the Nine-Mile Circle streetcar line arrived, bringing many more visitors. Ponce de Leon amusement park was built around the springs. In 1924, the amusement park had seen its day and Sears Roebuck built its Southeastern headquarters on the site. Until 2009, the building functioned as City Hall East, then plans were put in place to redevelop\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12354675\",\n \"text\": \"of west Decatur. Ponce de Leon Heights homes were primarily constructed starting in 1914, sit on small lots and include many examples of Craftsman Bungalows architectural style. Streets in the community include Clarion Ave., Nelson Ferry Rd., Woodlawn Ave., Fairfield St. and the southeast leg of Coventry Rd. Although not directly connected to the other neighborhood roads, Pinetree Dr. falls within the greater community boundaries. However, homes and lots on Pinetree Dr. are substantially larger than neighboring roads. This street is architecturally distinct from the other streets, and a parcel adjoining Ponce de Leon Ave. was developed as cluster housing.\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Heights (Decatur)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13428798\",\n \"text\": \"Avenida Juan Ponce de León Juan Ponce de León Avenue, coextensive as Route PR-25 along its entire length, is one of the main avenues in the capital city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is a one-way mostly three-lane road running from Old San Juan towards Río Piedras pueblo for most of its length, three and four lanes run through the Isleta de San Juan corridor. The only section that is not multilane is in Río Piedras pueblo. Institutional, cultural and emblematic buildings predominate along the avenue and is considered as one of the main arteries in shopping errands, community\",\n \"title\": \"Avenida Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278375\",\n \"text\": \"appointing Juan Ceron chief justice and Miguel Diaz chief constable of the island, effectively overriding the authority of the governor. This situation prevailed until March 2, 1510, when Ferdinand issued orders reaffirming Ponce de León's position as governor. Ponce de León then had Ceron and Diaz arrested and sent back to Spain. The political struggle between Colón and Ponce de León continued in this manner for the next few years. Ponce de León had influential supporters in Spain and Ferdinand regarded him as a loyal servant. However, Colón's position as Viceroy made him a powerful opponent and eventually it became\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5760139\",\n \"text\": \"some indication from the writings of Juan Pablo Bonet—who never credited him for his method—that Ponce de Leon developed a manual alphabet which would allow a student who mastered it to spell out (letter by letter) any word. This alphabet was based, in whole or in part, on the simple hand gestures used by monks living in silence. Ponce de Leon's work with the deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 16th century was that the deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen even believed that the deaf were too simple-minded\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5760138\",\n \"text\": \"Pedro Ponce de León Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \\\"the first teacher for the deaf\\\". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them to learn how to speak language audibly. He also instructed children in writing and in simple gestures. Ponce de Leon is not known to have developed a working sign language, but there is\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5760140\",\n \"text\": \"to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine. In Ponce, Puerto Rico, there is a school for deaf children named Colegio Fray Pedro Ponce de León. It is located in Urbanización La Rambla. Pedro Ponce de León Dom Pedro Ponce de Leon, O.S.B., (1520–1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being \\\"the first teacher for the deaf\\\". Ponce de Leon established a school for the deaf at the San Salvador Monastery in Oña. His students were almost all children of wealthy aristocrats who could afford private tutoring. His work with deaf children focused on helping them\",\n \"title\": \"Pedro Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278371\",\n \"text\": \"50 men in one ship, left Hispaniola on July 12, 1508 and eventually anchored in San Juan Bay, near today's city of San Juan. Ponce de León searched inland until he found a suitable site about two miles from the bay. Here he erected a storehouse and a fortified house, creating the first settlement in Puerto Rico, Caparra. Although a few crops were planted, the settlers spent most of their time and energy searching for gold. By early 1509 Ponce de León decided to return to Hispaniola. His expedition had collected a good quantity of the precious metal but was\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278376\",\n \"text\": \"clear that Ponce de León's position on San Juan was not tenable. Finally, on November 28, 1511, Ceron returned from Spain and was officially reinstated as governor. Rumors of undiscovered islands to the northwest of Hispaniola had reached Spain by 1511, and Ferdinand was interested in forestalling further exploration and discovery by Colón. In an effort to reward Ponce de León for his services, Ferdinand urged him to seek these new lands outside the authority of Colón. Ponce de León readily agreed to a new venture, and in February 1512 a royal contract was dispatched outlining his rights and authorities\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7082732\",\n \"text\": \"order Fresnel lens was replaced with a third order rotating Fresnel lens at the same time. In 1927 the name of Mosquito Inlet was changed to Ponce de Leon Inlet. The lighthouse was transferred from the abolished Lighthouse Service to the United States Coast Guard in 1939, which would oversee it for the next three decades. In 1970, the Coast Guard abandoned the old light station and established a new beacon at New Smyrna Beach. The abandoned property was then deeded to the Town of Ponce Inlet. At the urging of concerned citizens, the Town of Ponce Inlet accepted the\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Inlet Light\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9391285\",\n \"text\": \"park i.e. along its first base side. Behind right and center field, atop the slope bordering the park on the East, were the tracks of the Southern Railway, now part of the BeltLine, a trail and future transit ring around the central neighborhoods of Atlanta. Across the street was the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park until 1926, when the hulking Sears Roebuck Southeastern Headquarters, now known as Ponce City Market, was built. The original ballpark on the site opened in 1907. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1923. It was rebuilt in 1924 and was named for club owner\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842586\",\n \"text\": \"by the U.S. Coast Guard as a training center. The Ponce de Leon Hotel opened January 10, 1888. It was an instant success, and within two years, Flagler opened another hotel in St. Augustine, the Alcazar. Just across the street, it absorbed guests that the Ponce could not accommodate and eased the massive demand. A year later, in 1888, he purchased Franklin Smith's troubled Casa Monica Hotel, renovating it and reopening it as the Cordova. The success convinced Flagler that Florida was viable and ripe for development, and it encouraged him to continue development south along the state's east coast,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10727476\",\n \"text\": \"de Ensayo (1981), the Premio de la Crítica (1985), the National Prize for Arts and Sciences in Linguistics and Literature (1989), the FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages (or Juan Rulfo Prize for Latin American and Caribbean Literature) (2001) and the Medalla Eligio Ancona. In 2007 the journal Nexos asked various writers and literary critics to select the greatest Mexican novels of the last 30 years. Juan Garcia Ponce’s novel \\\"Crónica de la intervención\\\" came in third place. Juan García Ponce Juan García Ponce (September 22, 1932—December 27, 2003) was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, essayist, translator and critic of\",\n \"title\": \"Juan García Ponce\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278373\",\n \"text\": \"food crops and mining for gold. Many of the Spaniards treated the Taínos very harshly and newly introduced diseases like smallpox and measles took a severe toll on the local population. By June 1511 the Taínos were pushed to a short-lived rebellion, which was forcibly put down by Ponce de León and a small force of troops armed with crossbows and arquebuses. Even as Ponce de León was settling the island of San Juan, significant changes were taking place in the politics and government of the Spanish West Indies. On July 10, 1509, Diego Colón, the son of Christopher Columbus,\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278372\",\n \"text\": \"running low on food and supplies. The expedition was deemed a great success and Ovando appointed Ponce de León governor of San Juan Bautista. This appointment was later confirmed by Ferdinand II on August 14, 1509. He was instructed to extend the settlement of the island and continue mining for gold. The new governor returned to the island as instructed, bringing with him his wife and children. Back on his island, Ponce de León parceled out the native Taínos amongst himself and other settlers using a system of forced labor known as encomienda. The Indians were put to work growing\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278370\",\n \"text\": \"previous exploration as early as 1506. This earlier trip was done quietly because the Spanish crown had commissioned Vicente Yáñez Pinzón to settle the island in 1505. Pinzón did not fulfill his commission and it expired in 1507, leaving the way clear for Ponce de León. His earlier exploration had confirmed the presence of gold and gave him a good understanding of the geography of the island. In 1508, Ferdinand II of Aragon gave permission to Ponce de León for the first \\\"official\\\" expedition to the island, which the Spanish then called San Juan Bautista. This expedition, consisting of about\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9393017\",\n \"text\": \"18 December 1903. Monteagudo was named a Servant of God under Pope Benedict XV on 13 June 1917 after the formal introduction to the cause; Pope Paul VI later confirmed her heroic virtue and named her as Venerable. Pope John Paul II acknowledged a single miracle attributed to her intercession in a decree issued on 30 March 1981 and thus approved her beatification. This took place sometime later on 2 February 1985 when the pope visited Peru. The current postulator for this cause is the Dominican priest Vito Tomás Gómez García. Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon Blessed Ana Monteagudo Ponce\",\n \"title\": \"Ana Monteagudo Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16162124\",\n \"text\": \"block bounded by Atocha, Castillo, Victoria, and Leon streets. The new building was named the \\\"Plaza de Mercado de Ponce Juan Bigas Moulins\\\" (Juan Bigas Moulins Ponce Marketplace), in honor of Bigas Moulins. It functioned as Ponce's \\\"Plaza de Mercado\\\" marketplace for some twenty years while the original Plaza de Mercado Isabel II underwent renovations. In addition to having a building -- today called Ponce Servicios -- named after him, Bigas Moulins is also honored at Ponce's Park of Illustrious Ponce Citizens. Juan Bigas Moulins Juan Bigas Moulins (June 15, 1863–June 19, 1934) was a nineteenth-century Puerto Rican businessman in\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Bigas Moulins\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278388\",\n \"text\": \"by Diego Miruelo, who was either on a slaving voyage or had been sent by Diego Colón to spy on Ponce de León. Shortly thereafter Miruelo's ship was wrecked in a storm and Ponce de León rescued the stranded crew. From here the little fleet disbanded. Ponce de León tasked the \\\"Santa Maria\\\" with further exploration while he returned home with the rest of crew. Ponce de León reached Puerto Rico on October 19 after having been away for almost eight months. The other ship, after further explorations returned safely on February 20, 1514. Although Ponce de León is widely\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13939137\",\n \"text\": \"Guanica. He then rode by horse through the interior of the Island in his way to his post in San Juan. While traveling to San Juan, he took notice that the southern region was not being attended to by the Spanish leaders in San Juan, and while in San Juan, made efforts to have farmers sent to the South to settle there and work the land. Having married Doña Ana de Salamanca, the niece of Bishop Diego de Salamanca, Juan Ponce de León y Loayza learned of Diego's efforts and became interested in colonizing the area, thus becoming one of\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León y Loayza\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10727474\",\n \"text\": \"Juan García Ponce Juan García Ponce (September 22, 1932—December 27, 2003) was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, essayist, translator and critic of Mexican art. He was born in Mérida, state of Yucatán, Mexico. Notable works include \\\"La aparición de lo invisible\\\" (1968) and \\\"Las huellas de la voz\\\" (1982). In his novels \\\"Figura de paja\\\" (1964), \\\"La casa en la playa\\\" (1966), \\\"La presencia lejana\\\" (1968), \\\"La cabaña\\\" (1969), \\\"La invitación\\\" (1972), \\\"El nombre olvidado\\\" (1970), \\\"El libro\\\" (1978), \\\"Crónica de la intervención\\\" (1982), \\\"Inmaculada o los placeres de la Inocencia\\\" (1989) he intertwines the erotic with philosophic rigor and\",\n \"title\": \"Juan García Ponce\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20967511\",\n \"text\": \"notable works was the second edition of the \\\"The Book of Blood\\\" published in 1873, where he wrote about the crimes Spaniards committed against Cuba and the search for Cuba’s independence; the first edition was originally written by Jose Ignacio Rodriguez in 1871. Between 1871 and 1873, Ponce de Leon edited the magazine \\\"Museo de las Familias\\\" (Families Museum), which aimed at being both enjoyable and instructive for families. He also created \\\"Diccionario tecnologico ingles-espanol y espanol-ingles\\\" (\\\"Technological Dictionary, English-Spanish and Spanish-English\\\") in 1893. This dictionary facilitated the translation of words in science, technology, and engineering from English to Spanish\",\n \"title\": \"Nestor Ponce de Leon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13528567\",\n \"text\": \"the 9th Duke of Medinaceli and main inheritor, Luis Francisco de la Cerda y de Cardona-Aragón, (1654 – in prison, in the Castle of Pamplona in January 1711), who had married Maria de las Nieves Téllez Girón y Sandoval, + 1732. Juan Tomas Enriquez de Cabrera, 7th Duke of Medina de Rioseco Juan Tomás Enríquez de Cabrera y Ponce de Leon, VII Duque de Medina de Río-Seco (Genoa, Italy, 1646 – Estremoz, Portugal, 1705), was a Spanish noble and military. He belonged to the important Enríquez family, whose title \\\"Duque de Medina de Río-Seco\\\" was awarded by King Charles I\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Tomas Enriquez de Cabrera, 7th Duke of Medina de Rioseco\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1278363\",\n \"text\": \"13th century. The Ponce de León lineage began with Ponce Vélaz de Cabrera, descendant of count Bermudo Núñez, and Sancha Ponce de Cabrera, daughter of Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera. Before October 1235, a son of Ponce Vela de Cabrera and his wife Teresa Rodríguez Girón named Pedro Ponce de Cabrera married Aldonza Alfonso, an illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso IX of León. The descendants of this marriage added the \\\"de León\\\" to their patronymic and were known henceforth as the Ponce de León. The identity of his parents is still unknown, but he appears to have been a member of\",\n \"title\": \"Juan Ponce de León\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9862011\",\n \"text\": \"was bought in 1959 for $60,000 by the St. John's Lutheran Church. Ponce de Leon Avenue begins at Spring Street at the south edge of Midtown Atlanta, though prior to the construction of the Downtown Connector, it started a block further west at Williams Street (across from Georgia Tech, one block east of Bobby Dodd Stadium) It passes West Peachtree Street and then Peachtree Street, the city block which has the BellSouth Building (now AT&T) and the historic Fox Theatre on the north side of the street. At the next two intersections, it takes multiple numbered routes from North Avenue,\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Avenue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9391287\",\n \"text\": \"also demolished) and today a strip mall, Midtown Place, occupies the location. The famous magnolia tree is still standing at the rear of the shopping center along the BeltLine trail. College football games were also once hosted at Ponce de Leon Park. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets played all their home games there from 1908 to 1911. The Georgia Bulldogs have also played games at 'Poncey.' On July 1, 1940, the park hosted an exhibition fight between a 45-year-old Jack Dempsey and wrestler Clarence (Cowboy) Luttrell which Dempsey won. The park also hosted regular Friday night high school football games\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9391286\",\n \"text\": \"Rell J. Spiller. It reverted to its original name in 1933. The seating capacity of the park was about 20,000. The park was known for a magnolia tree in deep center field. Balls landing in the tree remained in play, until Earl Mann took over the team in 1947 and had the outfield wall moved in about 50 feet. During exhibition games, Babe Ruth and Eddie Mathews both hit home runs that became stuck in the distant tree. After the Crackers moved to Atlanta Stadium in 1965, Ponce de Leon Park was demolished in favor of a shopping center (now\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Park\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842595\",\n \"text\": \"and the local Woolworth's, all of which contributed to passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. The hotel saw declining visitor numbers in the following years, and in 1967 it was permanently closed. In 1968 the hotel became the centerpiece of the newly-established Flagler College. Beginning in 1976, with the nation's bicentennial anniversary, Flagler College embarked on an ambitious campaign to restore the hotel and other Flagler-era campus buildings to their original grandeur. In 1988 the College celebrated the centennial of the Ponce de Leon Hotel, and a decade later students created the Flagler's Legacy program, which provides\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842594\",\n \"text\": \"boom did not last. In 1964, the city was thrust onto the national stage with demonstrations that brought Martin Luther King Jr. to St. Augustine during the civil rights movement. On March 31, 1964, more than a hundred students from the all-black Richard J. Murray Middle School marched downtown and sat-in at the dining room of the Ponce de Leon Hotel. They were met by police with dogs and cattle prods and arrested. It was the first mass sit-in of the St. Augustine movement. Additional incidents took place at other segregated locations in the city, including the Monson Motor Lodge\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842592\",\n \"text\": \"recruits received their basic and advanced training at the hotel, with up to 2,500 trainees living in the building at any one time. One of the Coast Guardsmen the trained at the hotel was Jacob Lawrence, already a famous artist. According to the official Coast Guard history, In October 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the Coast Guard, then part of the Navy. As the armed services were still segregated, he, along with all African-American recruits, were automatically limited to the steward's mate rate. After his basic training at Curtis Bay, Maryland he was assigned to the Ponce de Leon Hotel\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842591\",\n \"text\": \"Hurston, Robert Frost, John Dos Passos, and, most particularly, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, visited or lived in St. Augustine during this time, and there was an active community of artists. During World War II, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was taken over by the federal government and was used as a Coast Guard Training Center. St. Augustine is considered to be the birthplace of the Coast Guard Reserve, as one of the first classes to graduate from Reserve officer training did so at St. Augustine in May 1941. From 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, thousands of young\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6842587\",\n \"text\": \"as he attempted to create an \\\"American Riviera\\\". With the success of the Ponce de Leon, Flagler realized the need for a sound transportation system to support his resorts, and he purchased short-line railroads to form what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He modernized the existing railroads for them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic, allowing guests to reach the hotel from New York and other northern cities. Over the next two decades, Flagler expanded the system further south, until it reached Key West. Noted personalities that stayed at the hotel during its operation\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon Hotel\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13809471\",\n \"text\": \"and Buffalo. The \\\"Royal Palm\\\" alternated with the \\\"Ponce de Leon\\\" on a reverse schedule between Cincinnati and Jacksonville, operating during daylight hours south from Cincinnati and then overnight between Atlanta and Jacksonville. In the latter city there were connections with Florida East Coast Railway for an east coast trip to Miami, and Seaboard Air Line Railroad trains to Miami on an interior route to Tampa. Sleepers were discontinued on the train in November 1959 and it ran as a coach-only consist until the end of operation. In 1964, Southern Railway dropped the Atlanta - Jacksonville leg of the \\\"Ponce's\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon (train)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1036184\",\n \"text\": \"entrance is on the eastern side of the park off Ponce de Leon Springs Road. As of the census of 2010, there were 598 people, 246 households, and 131 families residing in the town. The population density was 92.3 people per square mile (35.6/km²). There were 290 housing units at n average density of 47.0 per square mile (18.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 91.60% White, 1.80% African American, 2.41% Native American, 1.00% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.00% of the population. There were 200 households\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Leon, Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14238395\",\n \"text\": \"and Ponce de Minerva in the other Melgar\\\". In 1162, Ponce de Minerva took part in Ferdinand's expedition into Castile, where he captured Toledo. In 1163, he was again with the royal Leonese army that invaded Castile. Ponce's frequent presence at court necessitated the devolution of government in his tenancies to subordinates. Thus, in 1162, one \\\"Juan Martínez, under the hand of the lord Ponce de Minerva, [was] holding the towers of León\\\". By 1164 Juan was holding León without any indiaction of Ponce's superiority. In 1164, Ponce was granted an estate at Villamañán, according to the \\\"Tumbo Antiguo\\\" (old\",\n \"title\": \"Ponce de Minerva\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13656528\",\n \"text\": \"Banco de Ponce Banco de Ponce was the Puerto Rican bank with the largest number of branches in the United States and second largest bank in deposits and number of branches in Puerto Rico during the twentieth century. Founded in Ponce, Puerto Rico, in the early part of the century, it headquartered in San Juan in 1970 and, 20 years later, merged with Banco Popular forming BancPonce Corporation. The bank was founded on 20 August 1917, in Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Mario Mercado, Amador Torres, Manuel Meiriño, Augusto Quiñones, Francisco Oliver, Antonio Morales, Juan Colón, José de Jesús, Francisco Forteza\",\n \"title\": \"Banco de Ponce\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["explorer"],"string":"[\n \"explorer\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1696,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"in what years did the new york yankees win the world series?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"8998685","text":"Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. The Yankees finished first for the third consecutive year, and faced the Giants again in the 1923 World Series. Giants outfielder Casey Stengel hit game-winning home runs in two of the first three games of the World Series, but Ruth's three home runs helped the Yankees win in six games for their first MLB title. Off the field, Ruppert purchased Huston's share of the Yankees for $1,250,000, assuming full ownership of the club. The Yankees did not return to the World Series in either of the following two seasons. By 1925, New York had fallen","title":"History of the New York Yankees"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998685\",\n \"text\": \"Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. The Yankees finished first for the third consecutive year, and faced the Giants again in the 1923 World Series. Giants outfielder Casey Stengel hit game-winning home runs in two of the first three games of the World Series, but Ruth's three home runs helped the Yankees win in six games for their first MLB title. Off the field, Ruppert purchased Huston's share of the Yankees for $1,250,000, assuming full ownership of the club. The Yankees did not return to the World Series in either of the following two seasons. By 1925, New York had fallen\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"8998748","text":"Award voting and Rivera posted an 8–3 record and 2.09 ERA as the club won a division title. New York reached the 1996 World Series, where they lost the first two games at home to the Atlanta Braves by a combined score of 16–1. But New York won three straight contests in Atlanta, including a Game 4 in which they scored eight straight runs to rally from a 6–0 deficit. With a 3–2 win in Game 6, the Yankees won the World Series for the first time in 18 years. For 1997, the Yankees signed starting pitcher David Wells and","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998705","text":"of wins. By scores of 5–4 and 5–3, the Yankees won the two games and the league championship. New York won a World Series rematch with the Dodgers in five games. Stengel was named AL Manager of the Year in his first season. The Yankees faced another competitive pennant race in 1950, as the Tigers joined New York and Boston at the top of the AL. Late in the season, the Yankees broke a tie with the Tigers for first place and went on to win the pennant. In the 1950 World Series, the Yankees swept the Phillies; the second","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998742","text":"team during the 1980s, but missed the playoffs eight times during the decade and did not win a World Series. Many New York baseball fans chose to support an exciting Mets team. From 1984 to 1992, a period that featured their 1986 World Series victory, the Mets' attendance topped that of the Yankees every year. Despite falling attendance, the Yankees' finances were not significantly harmed, as they had a 12-year television rights contract with the Madison Square Garden network that gave them a record $500 million and flexibility to increase their payroll if desired. Winfield's tenure with the team ended","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10318851","text":"\"Anaheim 9 – New York 6.\" Game 4: \"Anaheim 9 – New York 5.\" Anaheim's victory secured their place in the American League Championship Series, where they defeated the Minnesota Twins, and subsequently the San Francisco Giants to win the World Series. This was the first time since 1997 that the Yankees failed to win the American League pennant and advance to the World Series. 2002 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2002 season was the 100th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 102nd overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. The team finished","title":"2002 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"7642004","text":"year, the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–1924 New York Giants, and the Yankee teams of '36–'39, '49–'53, '55–'58 and '60–'64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants. The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period. In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998730","text":"East title by a 10 1/2-game margin over the Orioles. Munson was named AL MVP, with a .302 batting average and a total of 105 RBIs that was second-best in the AL. The 1976 American League Championship Series (ALCS) between the Yankees and Kansas City Royals went to a deciding fifth game, which was won by New York on a walk-off home run by Chambliss. The Yankees did not win a game against the Cincinnati Reds in the 1976 World Series. Free agency was introduced more fully from the 1976 offseason; outfielder Reggie Jackson, who had spent one season with","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998752","text":"series to claim the AL championship. New York's pennant placed them in the 2000 World Series against the cross-town Mets, the first Subway Series in 44 years. With a four games to one victory, the Yankees gained their third successive title. As of 2017, the 2000 Yankees are the most recent MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and the Yankees of 1998–2000 are the last team to win three consecutive World Series. Free agent pitcher Mike Mussina signed with the Yankees before their 2001 season began, and the club pulled away from the Red Sox as the year","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998656","text":"were the last in MLB to win three straight Series titles. As the 2000s progressed, the Yankees' rivalry with the Boston Red Sox increased in intensity as the sides met multiple times in the American League Championship Series (ALCS), trading victories in 2003 and 2004. New York regularly reached the postseason, but were often defeated in the first two rounds. In 2009, the Yankees opened a new Yankee Stadium and won the World Series for the 27th time in team history, an MLB record. The furthest the Yankees have gone in the postseason since then is the ALCS, in 2010,","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998751","text":"York led the AL East with 98 wins and beat the Rangers in the ALDS. This led to an ALCS against the rival Red Sox. New York won the first two games en route to a 4–1 series win, and went on to sweep the Braves in the 1999 World Series. The postseason results gave the 1998–99 Yankees a 22–3 playoff record, and the team held a 12-game winning streak in World Series competition dating back to 1996. Although the 2000 Yankees had an 87–74 regular season record that was the worst among playoff qualifiers, the team won consecutive playoff","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"7642001","text":"Twins at Yankee Stadium. On July 18, 1999, which was \"Yogi Berra Day\" at the stadium, David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos, with both Berra and Don Larsen, the pitching battery for Larsen’s World Series perfect game on October 8, 1956, against the Brooklyn Dodgers, in attendance. The ALCS was the Yankees' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series. The Yankees went on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–1999 Yankees a 22–3 record (including four series sweeps) in six consecutive post-season series. In 2000, the Yankees faced the New York","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10317243","text":"1952 New York Yankees season The 1952 New York Yankees season was the 50th season for the Yankees in New York and their 52nd overall, going back to their origins in Baltimore. The team finished with a record of 95–59, winning their 19th pennant, finishing 2 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. This was their fourth consecutive World Series win, tying the record they had set during 1936–1939. It was also the","title":"1952 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317265","text":"1953 New York Yankees season The 1953 New York Yankees season was the 51st season for the team in New York, and its 53rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 99–52, winning their 20th pennant, finishing 8.5 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 6 games. This was the Yankees fifth consecutive World Series win, a record that still stands. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats;","title":"1953 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318122","text":"1978 New York Yankees season The 1978 New York Yankees season was the 76th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 100–63, finishing one game ahead of the Boston Red Sox to win their third American League East title. The two teams were tied after 162 games, leading to a one-game playoff, which the Yankees won. In the ALCS, they defeated the Kansas City Royals in 4 games. In the World Series, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in 6 games in a rematch of the 1977 World Series. New York was managed by Billy Martin,","title":"1978 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10295948","text":"1922 New York Yankees season The 1922 New York Yankees season was the 20th season for the Yankees in New York and their 22nd overall. The team finished with a record of 94 wins and 60 losses, to win their second pennant in franchise history, by a single game over the St. Louis Browns. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. Their home games were played at the Polo Grounds. In the 1922 World Series, the Yankees again lost to their landlords, the New York Giants, 4 games to none with one tied game. The final game of the Series","title":"1922 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998708","text":"AL pennant, the Yankees had an opportunity to match the four straight World Series championships won by the team from 1936 to 1939. In another Yankees–Dodgers matchup, New York fell behind three games to two, but victories in games six and seven gave the Yankees the title. New York and Brooklyn were matched again in the 1953 World Series, and a Billy Martin base hit that decided the sixth and final game of the Series gave the Yankees another four games to two victory and a fifth title in a row. As of 2016, the 1949–1953 Yankees are the only","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10318789","text":"1999 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1999 season was the 97th season for the Bronx based professional baseball team. The team finished with a record of 98-64 finishing 4 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they got to the World Series and ended up beating the Atlanta Braves in 4 games to win their 25th World Series title. On that year, FTA broadcasts returned to where they all started in 1947 - in Fox-owned WNYW, the network's flagship channel, while","title":"1999 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318635","text":"Yankees went on to defeat the Orioles in the American League Championship Series four games to one. In the 1996 World Series the Yankees beat the National League champion Atlanta Braves four games to two, winning four consecutive games to overcome a two-games-to-none deficit. New York became the first team to lose the first two games at home and win the Series. All told, the Yankees finished the post-season with an 8-0 road win-loss record, while going just 3-4 at home. The Yankees earned their 23rd World Series title and their first since 1978. \"Note: Pos = Position; G =","title":"1996 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318798","text":"2000 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2000 season was the 98th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 100th overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The team finished 1st in the AL East with a record of 87–74, 2.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox, after losing 15 of their final 18 games, including their last 7. Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000, the Yankees won the World Series over the New York Mets in 5 games to win","title":"2000 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10295951","text":"Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1922 New York Yankees season The 1922 New York Yankees season was the 20th season for the Yankees in New York and their 22nd overall. The team finished with a record of 94 wins and 60 losses, to win their second pennant in franchise history, by a single game over the St. Louis Browns. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. Their home games were played at the Polo Grounds. In the 1922 World Series, the Yankees again lost to their landlords, the New York Giants, 4 games to none with","title":"1922 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"15915215","text":"homer twice in a postseason game that he did not start. 7:37 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York 5:07 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York The Yankees clinched a trip to the ALCS for the third time in four years with a 3–1 win. CC Sabathia gave the Yankees his second big performance of the series, pitching a complete game, giving up one run on four hits while striking out nine. The only nervous moments came in the sixth, when a long fly ball by Nate McLouth just barely went foul and the eighth,","title":"2012 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317350","text":"1957 New York Yankees season The 1957 New York Yankees season was the 55th season for the team in New York, and its 57th season overall. The team finished with a record of 98–56 to win their 23rd pennant, finishing eight games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, the Yankees were defeated by the Milwaukee Braves in seven games. They lost the crucial seventh game in Yankee Stadium to the starting pitcher for the Braves, Lew Burdette, who was selected","title":"1957 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318034","text":"1976 New York Yankees season The 1976 New York Yankees season was the 74th season for the Yankees in New York, and the 76th season overall for the franchise. The team finished with a record of 97–62, finishing 10½ games ahead of the Baltimore Orioles to win their first American League East title. In the ALCS, the Yankees defeated the Kansas City Royals in 5 games. Chris Chambliss's walk-off home run in Game 5 clinched the pennant for the Yankees. In the World Series, they were defeated in a four-game sweep by the defending champion Cincinnati Reds, marking only the","title":"1976 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998763","text":"York posted 103 wins in 2009 and beat out the Red Sox for the division title by eight games. In the AL playoffs, the Yankees defeated the Twins in the ALDS and the Angels in the ALCS, advancing to the World Series. There, they faced the defending Series champions, the Philadelphia Phillies. Behind a six-RBI effort by Matsui in the sixth and final game, the Yankees defeated the Phillies to win their record 27th Series championship. George Steinbrenner died in July 2010. The Yankees won the league's wild card berth, but their title defense was ended by the Texas Rangers","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998712","text":"by \"Sports Illustrated\"'s Roy Terrell as \"the best in all baseball.\" Instead of signing many players for their organization, the Yankees concentrated on acquiring a smaller number of highly skilled players, according to head scout Paul Krichell. The club recruited players by selling them on the \"fame, fortune and fat shares of a World Series pot\" that came with making New York's roster. The 1957 Yankees reached that year's World Series, but lost in seven games to the Milwaukee Braves. Following the Series, the Giants and Dodgers left New York City for California, leaving the Yankees as New York's only","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998709","text":"MLB teams to win five straight World Series; no team since has won more than three in a row. The Yankees won 103 games in 1954, the most yet for a Stengel-managed team, but the Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins. One year later, the 1955 Yankees faced the Dodgers in the World Series. After the teams split the first six games of the Series, the Yankees lost the seventh and final game 2–0, giving the Dodgers their first Series win. Elston Howard, the first African American player in Yankees history, made his debut in 1955.","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998717","text":"record with 61. Commissioner Ford Frick decreed that two separate records be kept, as the Yankees played a 154-game schedule in 1927 (beginning in 1961, AL teams played 162 games to accommodate the league's expansion to 10 teams). MLB did away with the dual records 30 years later, giving Maris sole possession of the single-season home run record before it was broken in 1998 by Mark McGwire. The Yankees won the pennant with 109 regular season wins, at the time the club's second-highest single-season total, and defeated the Cincinnati Reds in five games to win the franchise's 19th World Series.","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998652","text":"History of the New York Yankees The history of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball (MLB) team spans more than a century. Frank J. Farrell and William Stephen Devery bought the rights to an American League (AL) club in New York City after the 1902 season. The team, which became known as the Yankees in 1913, rarely contended for the AL championship before the acquisition of outfielder Babe Ruth after the 1919 season. With Ruth in the lineup, the Yankees won their first AL title in 1921, followed by their first World Series championship in 1923. Ruth and first","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"7642058","text":"Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City. The term's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams. The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city, and have compiled an 11–3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series. Since 1997, the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets. The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams:","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998701","text":"Harbor occurred during the offseason, and some baseball players immediately joined the Armed Forces. Most of the Yankees' roster remained with the team in 1942, and the club repeated as AL champions despite Gomez's departure. In the 1942 World Series, the Cardinals gave the Yankees their first Series loss since 1926, after winning in eight consecutive appearances. DiMaggio and other Yankees entered the military before the 1943 season, but the club won the AL championship for the 14th time and 7th since 1936. The Cardinals met the Yankees in a World Series rematch, and New York won four games to","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998718","text":"The team hit 240 home runs to break the MLB single-season record. Maris won another AL MVP Award, while Whitey Ford captured the Cy Young Award, having posted a 25–4 record. The team gained a reputation as one of the strongest the Yankees had fielded, along with the 1927 and 1939 Yankees. New York returned to the World Series in 1962, facing the San Francisco Giants. After exchanging victories in the first six games of the Series, the Yankees won the decisive seventh game 1–0 to clinch the title. The Yankees again reached the World Series in their 1963 campaign,","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998713","text":"MLB team. Despite their status as the sole New York City-based franchise, the Yankees' 1958 attendance decreased from previous seasons as the team could not attract bereft Giants and Dodgers fans. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees had an opportunity to avenge their defeat to the Braves. The Yankees fell behind by losing three of the first four games, but won the final three games of the Series to claim another championship. The Yankees were unable to defend their AL and World Series championships in 1959, as they ended up with a 79–75 record, their worst record since 1925,","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998754","text":"World Series before the Yankees won three consecutive ballgames; New York home runs with two outs in the ninth inning of Games 4 and 5 led to extra inning wins in both games, with Game 4 ended by a Jeter home run. The Yankees' championship streak ended, though, as the Diamondbacks won the Series in seven games with a late rally in the final inning of Game 7. After the 2001 season, several players from the late 1990s and early 2000s Yankees teams departed. New York won their fifth AL East title in a row in its 2002 campaign, but","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10318131","text":"Royals Stadium October 6: Yankee Stadium October 7: Yankee Stadium All-Star Game 1978 New York Yankees season The 1978 New York Yankees season was the 76th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 100–63, finishing one game ahead of the Boston Red Sox to win their third American League East title. The two teams were tied after 162 games, leading to a one-game playoff, which the Yankees won. In the ALCS, they defeated the Kansas City Royals in 4 games. In the World Series, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in 6 games in a rematch","title":"1978 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318801","text":"Runs batted in; Avg. = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases\" New York wins the series, 3-2 Yankees win the Series, 4-2 2000 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2000 season was the 98th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 100th overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The team finished 1st in the AL East with a record of 87–74, 2.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox, after losing 15 of their final 18 games, including their last 7. Despite having the lowest winning percentage","title":"2000 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10314953","text":"pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" New York wins series, 3-2. New York Yankees win the Series over the Oakland Athletics, 3-0 All-Star Game 1981 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1981 season was the 79th season for the Yankees. In the ALCS, the","title":"1981 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998682","text":"Landis decided to suspend the pair for six weeks. Despite the setback, New York had 94 wins and repeated as AL champions. The St. Louis Browns were the closest pursuers, finishing one game behind New York. In the World Series, the Yankees again faced the Giants in an all-New York matchup; the Series changed to a best-of-seven format that year. The Giants defeated the Yankees in five games, including one that ended in a tie when it was suspended because of darkness. By 1923, the teams no longer shared the Polo Grounds, as Giants owner Charles Stoneham had attempted to","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"13804399","text":"2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 New York Yankees season was the 110th season for the New York Yankees franchise (counting its two years as the Baltimore Orioles; then moving to Manhattan as the Highlanders.) The Yankees were attempting to defend its status as American League and World Series champions, but lost in the ALCS to the Texas Rangers. The Yankees opened and closed the regular season against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. This marked the first time since 1950 this happened. The Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers renewed their rivalry as the Bronx Bombers traveled","title":"2010 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318066","text":"1977 New York Yankees season The 1977 New York Yankees season was the 75th season for the Yankees in New York and the 77th season overall for the franchise. The team won the World Series, which was the 21st championship in franchise history and the first championship under the ownership of George Steinbrenner. The season was brought to life years later in the book, turned drama-documentary, \"The Bronx is Burning.\" The Yankees signed Reggie Jackson to a five-year contract, totaling US$2.96 million, on November 29, 1976. Upon arriving in New York, Jackson asked for uniform number 9, which he had","title":"1977 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"7641996","text":"came in 1994, when the Yankees had the best record in the AL, but the strike ended the season and Mattingly's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history. Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike, the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams (1981 and 1994), which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike. Throughout October, the media continued to speculate about what might have been","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10318861","text":"2003 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2003 season was the 101st season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 101-61 finishing 6 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they defeated the Red Sox in 7 games in the ALCS, winning the pennant on Aaron Boone's dramatic 11th-inning home run. The Yankees advanced to the World Series, losing in a dramatic 6 game series to the Florida Marlins. It would be their second World Series loss in three","title":"2003 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317283","text":"28, Elston Howard became the sixth player in the history of the World Series to hit a home run in his first World Series at bat. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (4) vs. AL New York Yankees (3) All-Star Game 1955 New York Yankees season The 1955 New York Yankees season was the team's 53rd season in New York, and its 55th season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–58, winning their 21st pennant, finishing 3 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the","title":"1955 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10313532","text":"1939 New York Yankees season The 1939 New York Yankees season was the team's 37th season in New York, and its 39th overall. The team finished with a record of 106–45, winning their 11th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Cincinnati Reds in 4 games. This marked the first time any team had won four consecutive World Series and the first season for the team's radio gameday broadcasts. The 1939 New York Yankees","title":"1939 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998653","text":"baseman Lou Gehrig were part of the team's Murderers' Row lineup, which led the Yankees to a then-AL record 110 wins and a Series championship in 1927 under Miller Huggins. They repeated as World Series winners in 1928, and their next title came under manager Joe McCarthy in 1932. The Yankees won the World Series every year from 1936 to 1939 with a team that featured Gehrig and outfielder Joe DiMaggio, who recorded a record hitting streak during New York's 1941 championship season. New York set a major league record by winning five consecutive championships from 1949 to 1953, and","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998669","text":"Polo Grounds in 1913 as tenants of the Giants. Before the 1913 season, the team gained an official nickname for the first time. Either \"Yankees\" or \"Yanks\" had been used frequently since 1904 in newspapers such as the \"New York Evening Journal\", since \"Highlanders\" was hard to fit in headlines. Such unofficial nicknames were common during that era, but thereafter the official name took hold—the New York Yankees. A third major league, the Federal League (FL), began play in 1914 and lasted for two years. While the Yankees did not have to contend with direct competition for fans, as the","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998738","text":"won the first two games of the 1981 World Series against Los Angeles, but the Dodgers won the next four games and the championship. Following the team's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series, the Yankees had a 15-year absence from the World Series, the longest since the time before their initial appearance in 1921. As the 1980s progressed, the Yankees regularly spent heavily on free agents who were often aging and proved to be declining in performance. The atmosphere of turmoil around the club discouraged some players from signing contracts with New York; they either ignored the","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10317423","text":"1963 New York Yankees season The 1963 New York Yankees season was the 61st season for the team in New York, and its 63rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 104–57, winning their 28th pennant, finishing 10½ games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they were defeated by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 4 games, the first time the Yankees had ever been swept in the World Series (they had lost 4 games to none with one tied game in","title":"1963 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"12403194","text":"2009 New York Yankees season The 2009 New York Yankees season was the 107th season for the New York Yankees franchise. The Yankees opened their new Yankee Stadium on April 3, 2009, when they hosted an exhibition game against the Chicago Cubs. The new stadium hosted its first regular-season game on April 16, when the team played against the Cleveland Indians and their first playoff game against the Minnesota Twins in the ALDS on October 7, 2009. The Yankees swept the Twins in three games to win the divisional series. They won their 40th American League pennant on October 25,","title":"2009 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"7641963","text":"perfect game in postseason play and was the only no-hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no-hitter on October 6, 2010. The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves. Following the Series, the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California, the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles, leaving the Yankees as New York's only baseball team. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves,","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"4169528","text":"Lloyd to make quick work of the two lefties, which he did. Neither team threatened in the ninth and the Yankees got their much needed win. Cone won his first World Series decision in three tries; he had previously recorded two no-decisions in the 1992 World Series. Glavine lost what would be his only start in the series that year, while Yankee closer John Wetteland received his first save. With the Game 1 rainout, both the Braves and Yankees were forced to alter their pitching rotation. Atlanta started midseason acquisition Denny Neagle while New York countered with Kenny Rogers, the","title":"1996 World Series"},{"psg_id":"10317284","text":"1956 New York Yankees season The 1956 New York Yankees season was the 54th season for the team in New York, and its 56th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 22nd pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. The Series featured the only no-hitter in Series play, a perfect game, delivered by the Yankees' Don Larsen in Game 5. \"Note: Pos = Position; G","title":"1956 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"2389577","text":"consecutive World Series that did not feature the New York Yankees, the Red Sox' archrival. The Yankees would win the next three pennants afterwards, and the last two World Series in that same run, as well as a memorable tiebreaker game against the Red Sox in 1978. This pennant drought was matched in , and surpassed in , with the Toronto Blue Jays (an expansion team that would debut two years after this Series) winning in both years. This was the fourth consecutive seven-game series (1971, 1972, 1973, 1975) in which the winning team scored fewer runs overall. Luis Tiant","title":"1975 World Series"},{"psg_id":"10318865","text":"Miami, Florida October 25, 2003 at Yankee Stadium in New York 2003 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2003 season was the 101st season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 101-61 finishing 6 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they defeated the Red Sox in 7 games in the ALCS, winning the pennant on Aaron Boone's dramatic 11th-inning home run. The Yankees advanced to the World Series, losing in a dramatic 6 game series to the Florida","title":"2003 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998722","text":"A's had dried up by 1960, as new A's owner Charlie Finley announced his intention to avoid trading with New York. Competition for the attention of local fans had been provided by the expansion New York Mets, founded in 1962. By 1964, the new club started a 12-year streak of outdrawing the Yankees; the Mets also won the 1969 World Series. The Yankees had a record of 77–85 in 1965, and their sixth-place finish was their lowest since 1925. It was only their second finish in the second division since 1918. Johnny Keane, who was hired to succeed Berra as","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998750","text":"1998 Yankees are considered by some writers to be among the greatest teams in baseball history, having compiled a then-AL record of 114 regular-season wins against 48 losses. After playoff series wins over the Texas Rangers and Indians, New York defeated the San Diego Padres in four consecutive World Series games for their 24th Series title. After the 1998 season, Wells was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens, who had just completed two consecutive Cy Young Award-winning seasons. In a regular season that included another perfect game by a Yankees pitcher, this one by David Cone, New","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"7641938","text":"Jets, and New York Giants. In 2009, they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished. The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance; in 2011, the Yankees had the second-highest attendance. As one of the most successful sports clubs in the world, the Yankees have won 18 division titles, 40 AL pennants, and 27 World Series championships, all of which are MLB records. The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues. Forty-four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998732","text":"of disputes between Martin and Steinbrenner, and further conflict between Martin and Jackson. The Yankees of the late-1970s, noted for clubhouse conflict and on-field success, were later nicknamed \"The Bronx Zoo\", after a book of the same name by pitcher Sparky Lyle, and at the time, New York and the baseball world were agog at their antics. The 1977 Yankees won the AL East and defeated the Royals in the 1977 ALCS. Trailing 3–2 in the top of the ninth inning of the decisive fifth game, the Yankees scored three times to gain a berth in the World Series. Against","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998711","text":"(.353), home runs (52), and RBIs (130), becoming the second Yankee (after Gehrig in 1934) to win a Triple Crown. The 1956 Yankees won the franchise's seventh AL championship under Stengel and advanced to a World Series rematch with the Dodgers. In Game 5, with the Series even at 2–2, Yankees pitcher Don Larsen threw a perfect game. In seven games, the Yankees won the Series. By 1957, the Yankees had won 15 of the last 21 AL pennants. The team's minor-league system had been reduced to 10 teams from a peak of 22, and its scouting system was acclaimed","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"7765957","text":"measure of revenge for Roger Clemens. He won the World Series in the same stadium he lost it at in 1986 while with the Yankees' fierce rival, the Boston Red Sox. Incidentally, members of the 1986 Mets World Series team threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game. 2000 World Series (4–1): New York Yankees (A.L.) over New York Mets (N.L.) 2000 would be the last World Series title the Yankees would win for nine years, though they would remain competitive each year. They lost the 2001 World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks in seven games and the 2003","title":"2000 World Series"},{"psg_id":"10313497","text":"1937 New York Yankees season The 1937 New York Yankees season was their 35th season. The team finished with a record of 102–52, winning their 9th pennant, finishing 13 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the New York Giants in 5 games. This gave the Yankees a 3-to-2 edge in overall series play against the Giants. 1937 saw significant changes in the layout of Yankee Stadium, as concrete bleachers were built to replace the aging wooden structure, reducing the cavernous \"death","title":"1937 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"7642002","text":"Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956. The Yankees won the series in 5 games, but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14, surpassing the club's previous record of 12 (in 1927, 1928, and 1932). The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936–1939 and 1949–1953, as well as the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series. The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also","title":"New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"8998679","text":"the head, leading to his death; the Yankees slumped after the incident as Cleveland captured the pennant. After the season, the Yankees hired general manager Ed Barrow from the Red Sox. Barrow made numerous trades with his former club, including one immediately after his departure that brought catcher Wally Schang and pitcher Waite Hoyt to New York. The Yankees also became involved in another dispute with Ban Johnson, this time over the replacement of baseball's existing governing body, the National Commission, after reports came out that the 1919 World Series had been fixed. The Yankees and 10 other franchises—including the","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10316924","text":"1941 New York Yankees season The 1941 New York Yankees season was the 39th season for the team in New York, and its 41st season overall. The team finished with a record of 101–54, winning their 12th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. Books and songs have been written about the 1941 season, the last before the United States became drawn into World War II. Yankees' center fielder","title":"1941 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317267","text":"Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (2) All-Star Game 1953 New York Yankees season The 1953 New York Yankees season was the 51st season for the team in New York, and its 53rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 99–52, winning their 20th pennant, finishing 8.5 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 6 games. This was the Yankees fifth","title":"1953 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317161","text":"SO = Strikeouts\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (1) All-Star Game 1949 New York Yankees season The 1949 New York Yankees season was the team's 47th season in New York, and its 49th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 16th pennant, finishing 1 game ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. The 1949 Yankees team was seen as \"underdogs\" who came from behind","title":"1949 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10315771","text":"League Baseball. The Yankees were on pace to win at least 100 games for the first time since 1980. The Yankees' ace, 33-year-old veteran Jimmy Key, was leading the majors with 17 wins and was on pace to win 24 games. Right fielder Paul O'Neill was also having a career year, as he was leading the league with a .359 batting average. The strike is remembered bitterly by Yankees fans as it shook sports fans in New York City and the Yankees to the core and made 1994 one of the worst years in New York City sports history, and","title":"1994 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317353","text":"1958 New York Yankees season The 1958 New York Yankees season was the 56th season for the team in New York, and its 58th season overall. The team finished with a record of 92–62, winning their 24th pennant, finishing 10 games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. In the World Series, they defeated the Milwaukee Braves in 7 games. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In 1958, the Yankees became New York City's only professional baseball team after the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles and the New York Giants","title":"1958 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10316933","text":"AL New York Yankees (1) 1942 New York Yankees season The 1942 New York Yankees season was the team's 40th season in New York and its 42nd overall. The team finished with a record of 103–51, winning their 13th pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in 5 games. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home","title":"1942 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"4169987","text":"1998 World Series The 1998 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1998 season. The 94th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion New York Yankees and the National League (NL) champion San Diego Padres. The Yankees swept the Series in four games to win their second World Series championship in three years and their 24th overall. Yankees third baseman Scott Brosius was named the World Series Most Valuable Player. The Yankees advanced to the World Series by defeating the Texas Rangers in the AL Division Series,","title":"1998 World Series"},{"psg_id":"10317478","text":"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" With this 4–3 World Series victory, the Cardinals gained a 3–2 edge in overall Series wins over the Yankees, the first time any team had an overall edge against the Yankees since the 1920s. As of 2009, the Cardinals remain the only one of the \"classic eight\" National League teams to hold an edge over the Yankees. 1964 New York Yankees season The 1964 New York Yankees season was the 62nd season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 99–63, winning their 29th pennant,","title":"1964 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10304297","text":"1926 New York Yankees season The 1926 New York Yankees season was the team's 24th season in New York, and its 26th season overall. The team finished with a record of 91–63, winning their fourth pennant, finishing three games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost in 7 games to the St. Louis Cardinals, with the series ending with Babe Ruth being caught stealing second in the bottom of the 9th inning in game 7. \"Note: Pos = position; G = Games played;","title":"1926 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10304299","text":"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1926 New York Yankees season The 1926 New York Yankees season was the team's 24th season in New York, and its 26th season overall. The team finished with a record of 91–63, winning their fourth pennant, finishing three games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost in 7 games to the St. Louis Cardinals, with the series ending with Babe Ruth being caught stealing second in the bottom of the","title":"1926 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998729","text":"beginning of a long-term franchise philosophy of using free agency to acquire talent; Stout writes that they \"were the first team to comprehend what free agency meant\", as it provided an advantage over lower-spending rivals and generated fan and media interest. Hunter had 23 wins during the Yankees' 1975 season, but the team did not contend for the playoffs after July. New York fired manager Bill Virdon in August and hired Billy Martin as his replacement. With Martin as the helm, the Yankees returned to the postseason in their first season in the renovated Yankee Stadium, winning the 1976 AL","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10317232","text":"1951 New York Yankees season The 1951 New York Yankees season was the 49th season for the team in New York, and its 51st season overall. The team finished with a record of 98–56, winning their 18th pennant, finishing five games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the New York Giants in 6 games. This year was noted for a \"changing of the guard\" for the Yankees, as it was Joe DiMaggio's final season and Mickey Mantle's first. The 1951 season also","title":"1951 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10316927","text":"New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (1) 1941 New York Yankees season The 1941 New York Yankees season was the 39th season for the team in New York, and its 41st season overall. The team finished with a record of 101–54, winning their 12th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. Books and songs have been written about the 1941 season, the last before the United States","title":"1941 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317286","text":"= Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (3) All-Star Game 1956 New York Yankees season The 1956 New York Yankees season was the 54th season for the team in New York, and its 56th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 22nd pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in","title":"1956 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"8998757","text":"Yankees were then defeated by the Florida Marlins in the World Series, four games to two. The Yankees added power hitting to their lineup in the offseason, signing free agent Gary Sheffield and trading for shortstop Alex Rodriguez, who became a third baseman with New York. Three of the starting pitchers from the previous season—Clemens, Pettitte, and Wells—left the team before the season. Despite the losses, the 2004 Yankees managed to top the AL East with 101 wins and defeat the Twins three games to one in the ALDS. The victory set up an ALCS rematch with the Red Sox.","title":"History of the New York Yankees"},{"psg_id":"10318782","text":"1998 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1998 season was the 96th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a franchise record regular-season standing of 114–48. These Yankees set an American League record for wins in a season, a record that would stand until 2001, when the Seattle Mariners won 116 games in the regular season against 46 losses (the Yankees still hold the record for most regular season wins by a team that won the World Series). New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium in which they celebrated the stadium's","title":"1998 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10318785","text":"Stadium in San Diego, California All-Star Game 1998 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1998 season was the 96th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a franchise record regular-season standing of 114–48. These Yankees set an American League record for wins in a season, a record that would stand until 2001, when the Seattle Mariners won 116 games in the regular season against 46 losses (the Yankees still hold the record for most regular season wins by a team that won the World Series). New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee","title":"1998 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317406","text":"= Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" All-Star Game (first game) All-Star Game (second game) 1962 New York Yankees season The 1962 New York Yankees season was the 60th season for the team in New York, and its 62nd season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–66, winning their 27th pennant, finishing 5 games ahead of the Minnesota Twins. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the San Francisco Giants in 7 games. It was their 20th World Championship in franchise history, and their last until","title":"1962 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317404","text":"1962 New York Yankees season The 1962 New York Yankees season was the 60th season for the team in New York, and its 62nd season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–66, winning their 27th pennant, finishing 5 games ahead of the Minnesota Twins. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the San Francisco Giants in 7 games. It was their 20th World Championship in franchise history, and their last until 1977. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H =","title":"1962 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"4171634","text":"would be the final post-season game of Munson's career before his death during the 1979 season. 1978 World Series (4–2): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.) This Series is tied with the 1980 World Series for the highest overall television ratings to date, with the six games averaging a Nielsen rating of 32.8 and a share of 56. The Yankees became the last repeat World Champions until fifteen years later (–; Toronto Blue Jays). This would be the last time the Yankees would win a World Series until . The Dodgers would go on to win the","title":"1978 World Series"},{"psg_id":"15849109","text":"Munson, which sat unoccupied in the previous stadium's Yankee clubhouse in honor of Munson. The final pitcher's plate and home plate used at the old stadium was the first at the new stadium; following its use, it was moved to the museum. For the 2011 season, the Yankees added a showcase of World Series rings. During the season they opened an exhibit to honor George Steinbrenner. The jersey Derek Jeter wore during the game he achieved his 3,000th hit is in the Yankees Museum. New York Yankees Museum The New York Yankees Museum is a sports museum located at Yankee","title":"New York Yankees Museum"},{"psg_id":"4341752","text":"1952 World Series The 1952 World Series featured the 3-time defending champions New York Yankees beating the Brooklyn Dodgers in seven games. The Yankees won their 4th consecutive title, tying the mark they set in 1936-1939 under manager Joe McCarthy, and Casey Stengel became the second manager in Major League history with 4 consecutive World Series championships. This was the Yankees' 15th World Series championship win, and the 3rd time they defeated the Dodgers in 6 years. In Game 7, the Yankees' second baseman Billy Martin made a great catch, preserving the Yankees' two-run lead. Also, the home run hit","title":"1952 World Series"},{"psg_id":"4342362","text":"1955 World Series The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won while based in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the . This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in , , , and ; the Yankees would also win in the rematch. This Series also marked the end","title":"1955 World Series"},{"psg_id":"10317114","text":"1947 New York Yankees season The 1947 New York Yankees season was the team's 45th season in New York, and its 47th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 15th pennant, finishing 12 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Bucky Harris. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. It was the first ever season of the Yankees to be broadcast live on television with WABD providing the television broadcast feed to viewers in the city. The","title":"1947 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317156","text":"1949 New York Yankees season The 1949 New York Yankees season was the team's 47th season in New York, and its 49th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 16th pennant, finishing 1 game ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. The 1949 Yankees team was seen as \"underdogs\" who came from behind to catch and surprise the powerful Red Sox on the last two days of the","title":"1949 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10317385","text":"1960 New York Yankees season The 1960 New York Yankees season was the 58th season for the team in New York, and its 60th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning its 25th pennant, finishing 8 games ahead of the Baltimore Orioles. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they were defeated by the Pittsburgh Pirates in seven games. Elston Howard took over as the Yankees' everyday catcher, while Yogi Berra split time between the outfield and serving as Howard's backup. \"Note: Pos","title":"1960 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"12403222","text":"to 2. The Phillies were playing for their second consecutive World Series title and 3rd overall, and the Yankees won their first title since 2000, and 27th overall. The two teams' previous postseason meeting came in the 1950 World Series, with the Yankees sweeping the Phillies. After Jimmy Rollins predicted that the Phillies would win the series in five games or \"six if they were nice\", the Yankees went on to win the series in six. Cliff Lee shut down the Yankees in a complete game 6-1 victory for the Phillies in Game 1, but the Yankees responded in Game","title":"2009 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10314951","text":"1981 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1981 season was the 79th season for the Yankees. In the ALCS, the Yankees swept the Oakland Athletics for their only pennant of the 1980s. However, they lost in the World Series in 6 games to the Los Angeles Dodgers. New York was managed by Gene Michael and Bob Lemon. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. The team finished in first place in the American League East for the first half of the season with a 34-22 record, but finished fifth in the second half with a 25-26 record, for an","title":"1981 New York Yankees season"},{"psg_id":"10313225","text":"1936 New York Yankees season The 1936 New York Yankees season was the team's 34th season in New York and its 36th season overall. The team finished with a record of 102–51, winning their 8th pennant, finishing 19.5 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the New York Giants in 6 games. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G","title":"1936 New York Yankees season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998748\",\n \"text\": \"Award voting and Rivera posted an 8–3 record and 2.09 ERA as the club won a division title. New York reached the 1996 World Series, where they lost the first two games at home to the Atlanta Braves by a combined score of 16–1. But New York won three straight contests in Atlanta, including a Game 4 in which they scored eight straight runs to rally from a 6–0 deficit. With a 3–2 win in Game 6, the Yankees won the World Series for the first time in 18 years. For 1997, the Yankees signed starting pitcher David Wells and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998705\",\n \"text\": \"of wins. By scores of 5–4 and 5–3, the Yankees won the two games and the league championship. New York won a World Series rematch with the Dodgers in five games. Stengel was named AL Manager of the Year in his first season. The Yankees faced another competitive pennant race in 1950, as the Tigers joined New York and Boston at the top of the AL. Late in the season, the Yankees broke a tie with the Tigers for first place and went on to win the pennant. In the 1950 World Series, the Yankees swept the Phillies; the second\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998742\",\n \"text\": \"team during the 1980s, but missed the playoffs eight times during the decade and did not win a World Series. Many New York baseball fans chose to support an exciting Mets team. From 1984 to 1992, a period that featured their 1986 World Series victory, the Mets' attendance topped that of the Yankees every year. Despite falling attendance, the Yankees' finances were not significantly harmed, as they had a 12-year television rights contract with the Madison Square Garden network that gave them a record $500 million and flexibility to increase their payroll if desired. Winfield's tenure with the team ended\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318851\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Anaheim 9 – New York 6.\\\" Game 4: \\\"Anaheim 9 – New York 5.\\\" Anaheim's victory secured their place in the American League Championship Series, where they defeated the Minnesota Twins, and subsequently the San Francisco Giants to win the World Series. This was the first time since 1997 that the Yankees failed to win the American League pennant and advance to the World Series. 2002 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2002 season was the 100th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 102nd overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. The team finished\",\n \"title\": \"2002 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7642004\",\n \"text\": \"year, the 1998–2001 Yankees joined the 1921–1924 New York Giants, and the Yankee teams of '36–'39, '49–'53, '55–'58 and '60–'64 as the only teams to win at least four straight pennants. The Yankees won 11 consecutive postseason series in this 4-year period. In the World Series against the Arizona Diamondbacks, the Yankees lost the series when closer Mariano Rivera uncharacteristically blew a save in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7; it was the second time in five years that a team lost the World Series after taking a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998730\",\n \"text\": \"East title by a 10 1/2-game margin over the Orioles. Munson was named AL MVP, with a .302 batting average and a total of 105 RBIs that was second-best in the AL. The 1976 American League Championship Series (ALCS) between the Yankees and Kansas City Royals went to a deciding fifth game, which was won by New York on a walk-off home run by Chambliss. The Yankees did not win a game against the Cincinnati Reds in the 1976 World Series. Free agency was introduced more fully from the 1976 offseason; outfielder Reggie Jackson, who had spent one season with\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998752\",\n \"text\": \"series to claim the AL championship. New York's pennant placed them in the 2000 World Series against the cross-town Mets, the first Subway Series in 44 years. With a four games to one victory, the Yankees gained their third successive title. As of 2017, the 2000 Yankees are the most recent MLB team to repeat as World Series champions and the Yankees of 1998–2000 are the last team to win three consecutive World Series. Free agent pitcher Mike Mussina signed with the Yankees before their 2001 season began, and the club pulled away from the Red Sox as the year\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998656\",\n \"text\": \"were the last in MLB to win three straight Series titles. As the 2000s progressed, the Yankees' rivalry with the Boston Red Sox increased in intensity as the sides met multiple times in the American League Championship Series (ALCS), trading victories in 2003 and 2004. New York regularly reached the postseason, but were often defeated in the first two rounds. In 2009, the Yankees opened a new Yankee Stadium and won the World Series for the 27th time in team history, an MLB record. The furthest the Yankees have gone in the postseason since then is the ALCS, in 2010,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998751\",\n \"text\": \"York led the AL East with 98 wins and beat the Rangers in the ALDS. This led to an ALCS against the rival Red Sox. New York won the first two games en route to a 4–1 series win, and went on to sweep the Braves in the 1999 World Series. The postseason results gave the 1998–99 Yankees a 22–3 playoff record, and the team held a 12-game winning streak in World Series competition dating back to 1996. Although the 2000 Yankees had an 87–74 regular season record that was the worst among playoff qualifiers, the team won consecutive playoff\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7642001\",\n \"text\": \"Twins at Yankee Stadium. On July 18, 1999, which was \\\"Yogi Berra Day\\\" at the stadium, David Cone pitched a perfect game against the Montreal Expos, with both Berra and Don Larsen, the pitching battery for Larsen’s World Series perfect game on October 8, 1956, against the Brooklyn Dodgers, in attendance. The ALCS was the Yankees' first meeting with the Red Sox in a post-season series. The Yankees went on to win the 1999 World Series giving the 1998–1999 Yankees a 22–3 record (including four series sweeps) in six consecutive post-season series. In 2000, the Yankees faced the New York\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317243\",\n \"text\": \"1952 New York Yankees season The 1952 New York Yankees season was the 50th season for the Yankees in New York and their 52nd overall, going back to their origins in Baltimore. The team finished with a record of 95–59, winning their 19th pennant, finishing 2 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. This was their fourth consecutive World Series win, tying the record they had set during 1936–1939. It was also the\",\n \"title\": \"1952 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317265\",\n \"text\": \"1953 New York Yankees season The 1953 New York Yankees season was the 51st season for the team in New York, and its 53rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 99–52, winning their 20th pennant, finishing 8.5 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 6 games. This was the Yankees fifth consecutive World Series win, a record that still stands. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats;\",\n \"title\": \"1953 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318122\",\n \"text\": \"1978 New York Yankees season The 1978 New York Yankees season was the 76th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 100–63, finishing one game ahead of the Boston Red Sox to win their third American League East title. The two teams were tied after 162 games, leading to a one-game playoff, which the Yankees won. In the ALCS, they defeated the Kansas City Royals in 4 games. In the World Series, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in 6 games in a rematch of the 1977 World Series. New York was managed by Billy Martin,\",\n \"title\": \"1978 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10295948\",\n \"text\": \"1922 New York Yankees season The 1922 New York Yankees season was the 20th season for the Yankees in New York and their 22nd overall. The team finished with a record of 94 wins and 60 losses, to win their second pennant in franchise history, by a single game over the St. Louis Browns. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. Their home games were played at the Polo Grounds. In the 1922 World Series, the Yankees again lost to their landlords, the New York Giants, 4 games to none with one tied game. The final game of the Series\",\n \"title\": \"1922 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998708\",\n \"text\": \"AL pennant, the Yankees had an opportunity to match the four straight World Series championships won by the team from 1936 to 1939. In another Yankees–Dodgers matchup, New York fell behind three games to two, but victories in games six and seven gave the Yankees the title. New York and Brooklyn were matched again in the 1953 World Series, and a Billy Martin base hit that decided the sixth and final game of the Series gave the Yankees another four games to two victory and a fifth title in a row. As of 2016, the 1949–1953 Yankees are the only\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318789\",\n \"text\": \"1999 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1999 season was the 97th season for the Bronx based professional baseball team. The team finished with a record of 98-64 finishing 4 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they got to the World Series and ended up beating the Atlanta Braves in 4 games to win their 25th World Series title. On that year, FTA broadcasts returned to where they all started in 1947 - in Fox-owned WNYW, the network's flagship channel, while\",\n \"title\": \"1999 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318635\",\n \"text\": \"Yankees went on to defeat the Orioles in the American League Championship Series four games to one. In the 1996 World Series the Yankees beat the National League champion Atlanta Braves four games to two, winning four consecutive games to overcome a two-games-to-none deficit. New York became the first team to lose the first two games at home and win the Series. All told, the Yankees finished the post-season with an 8-0 road win-loss record, while going just 3-4 at home. The Yankees earned their 23rd World Series title and their first since 1978. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G =\",\n \"title\": \"1996 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318798\",\n \"text\": \"2000 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2000 season was the 98th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 100th overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The team finished 1st in the AL East with a record of 87–74, 2.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox, after losing 15 of their final 18 games, including their last 7. Despite having the lowest winning percentage of any postseason qualifier in 2000, the Yankees won the World Series over the New York Mets in 5 games to win\",\n \"title\": \"2000 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10295951\",\n \"text\": \"Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1922 New York Yankees season The 1922 New York Yankees season was the 20th season for the Yankees in New York and their 22nd overall. The team finished with a record of 94 wins and 60 losses, to win their second pennant in franchise history, by a single game over the St. Louis Browns. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. Their home games were played at the Polo Grounds. In the 1922 World Series, the Yankees again lost to their landlords, the New York Giants, 4 games to none with\",\n \"title\": \"1922 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15915215\",\n \"text\": \"homer twice in a postseason game that he did not start. 7:37 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York 5:07 p.m. (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York The Yankees clinched a trip to the ALCS for the third time in four years with a 3–1 win. CC Sabathia gave the Yankees his second big performance of the series, pitching a complete game, giving up one run on four hits while striking out nine. The only nervous moments came in the sixth, when a long fly ball by Nate McLouth just barely went foul and the eighth,\",\n \"title\": \"2012 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317350\",\n \"text\": \"1957 New York Yankees season The 1957 New York Yankees season was the 55th season for the team in New York, and its 57th season overall. The team finished with a record of 98–56 to win their 23rd pennant, finishing eight games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, the Yankees were defeated by the Milwaukee Braves in seven games. They lost the crucial seventh game in Yankee Stadium to the starting pitcher for the Braves, Lew Burdette, who was selected\",\n \"title\": \"1957 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318034\",\n \"text\": \"1976 New York Yankees season The 1976 New York Yankees season was the 74th season for the Yankees in New York, and the 76th season overall for the franchise. The team finished with a record of 97–62, finishing 10½ games ahead of the Baltimore Orioles to win their first American League East title. In the ALCS, the Yankees defeated the Kansas City Royals in 5 games. Chris Chambliss's walk-off home run in Game 5 clinched the pennant for the Yankees. In the World Series, they were defeated in a four-game sweep by the defending champion Cincinnati Reds, marking only the\",\n \"title\": \"1976 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998763\",\n \"text\": \"York posted 103 wins in 2009 and beat out the Red Sox for the division title by eight games. In the AL playoffs, the Yankees defeated the Twins in the ALDS and the Angels in the ALCS, advancing to the World Series. There, they faced the defending Series champions, the Philadelphia Phillies. Behind a six-RBI effort by Matsui in the sixth and final game, the Yankees defeated the Phillies to win their record 27th Series championship. George Steinbrenner died in July 2010. The Yankees won the league's wild card berth, but their title defense was ended by the Texas Rangers\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998712\",\n \"text\": \"by \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\"'s Roy Terrell as \\\"the best in all baseball.\\\" Instead of signing many players for their organization, the Yankees concentrated on acquiring a smaller number of highly skilled players, according to head scout Paul Krichell. The club recruited players by selling them on the \\\"fame, fortune and fat shares of a World Series pot\\\" that came with making New York's roster. The 1957 Yankees reached that year's World Series, but lost in seven games to the Milwaukee Braves. Following the Series, the Giants and Dodgers left New York City for California, leaving the Yankees as New York's only\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998709\",\n \"text\": \"MLB teams to win five straight World Series; no team since has won more than three in a row. The Yankees won 103 games in 1954, the most yet for a Stengel-managed team, but the Indians took the pennant with a then-AL record 111 wins. One year later, the 1955 Yankees faced the Dodgers in the World Series. After the teams split the first six games of the Series, the Yankees lost the seventh and final game 2–0, giving the Dodgers their first Series win. Elston Howard, the first African American player in Yankees history, made his debut in 1955.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998717\",\n \"text\": \"record with 61. Commissioner Ford Frick decreed that two separate records be kept, as the Yankees played a 154-game schedule in 1927 (beginning in 1961, AL teams played 162 games to accommodate the league's expansion to 10 teams). MLB did away with the dual records 30 years later, giving Maris sole possession of the single-season home run record before it was broken in 1998 by Mark McGwire. The Yankees won the pennant with 109 regular season wins, at the time the club's second-highest single-season total, and defeated the Cincinnati Reds in five games to win the franchise's 19th World Series.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998652\",\n \"text\": \"History of the New York Yankees The history of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball (MLB) team spans more than a century. Frank J. Farrell and William Stephen Devery bought the rights to an American League (AL) club in New York City after the 1902 season. The team, which became known as the Yankees in 1913, rarely contended for the AL championship before the acquisition of outfielder Babe Ruth after the 1919 season. With Ruth in the lineup, the Yankees won their first AL title in 1921, followed by their first World Series championship in 1923. Ruth and first\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7642058\",\n \"text\": \"Series is a series of games played between teams based in New York City. The term's historic usage has been in reference to World Series games played between New York teams. The Yankees have appeared in all Subway Series games as they have been the only American League team in the city, and have compiled an 11–3 record in the fourteen championship Subway Series. Since 1997, the term Subway Series has also been applied to interleague play during the regular season between the Yankees and National League New York Mets. The Yankees are affiliated with the following minor league teams:\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998701\",\n \"text\": \"Harbor occurred during the offseason, and some baseball players immediately joined the Armed Forces. Most of the Yankees' roster remained with the team in 1942, and the club repeated as AL champions despite Gomez's departure. In the 1942 World Series, the Cardinals gave the Yankees their first Series loss since 1926, after winning in eight consecutive appearances. DiMaggio and other Yankees entered the military before the 1943 season, but the club won the AL championship for the 14th time and 7th since 1936. The Cardinals met the Yankees in a World Series rematch, and New York won four games to\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998718\",\n \"text\": \"The team hit 240 home runs to break the MLB single-season record. Maris won another AL MVP Award, while Whitey Ford captured the Cy Young Award, having posted a 25–4 record. The team gained a reputation as one of the strongest the Yankees had fielded, along with the 1927 and 1939 Yankees. New York returned to the World Series in 1962, facing the San Francisco Giants. After exchanging victories in the first six games of the Series, the Yankees won the decisive seventh game 1–0 to clinch the title. The Yankees again reached the World Series in their 1963 campaign,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998713\",\n \"text\": \"MLB team. Despite their status as the sole New York City-based franchise, the Yankees' 1958 attendance decreased from previous seasons as the team could not attract bereft Giants and Dodgers fans. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees had an opportunity to avenge their defeat to the Braves. The Yankees fell behind by losing three of the first four games, but won the final three games of the Series to claim another championship. The Yankees were unable to defend their AL and World Series championships in 1959, as they ended up with a 79–75 record, their worst record since 1925,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998754\",\n \"text\": \"World Series before the Yankees won three consecutive ballgames; New York home runs with two outs in the ninth inning of Games 4 and 5 led to extra inning wins in both games, with Game 4 ended by a Jeter home run. The Yankees' championship streak ended, though, as the Diamondbacks won the Series in seven games with a late rally in the final inning of Game 7. After the 2001 season, several players from the late 1990s and early 2000s Yankees teams departed. New York won their fifth AL East title in a row in its 2002 campaign, but\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318131\",\n \"text\": \"Royals Stadium October 6: Yankee Stadium October 7: Yankee Stadium All-Star Game 1978 New York Yankees season The 1978 New York Yankees season was the 76th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 100–63, finishing one game ahead of the Boston Red Sox to win their third American League East title. The two teams were tied after 162 games, leading to a one-game playoff, which the Yankees won. In the ALCS, they defeated the Kansas City Royals in 4 games. In the World Series, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in 6 games in a rematch\",\n \"title\": \"1978 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318801\",\n \"text\": \"Runs batted in; Avg. = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases\\\" New York wins the series, 3-2 Yankees win the Series, 4-2 2000 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2000 season was the 98th season for the Yankees in New York, and their 100th overall going back to their origins in Baltimore. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The team finished 1st in the AL East with a record of 87–74, 2.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox, after losing 15 of their final 18 games, including their last 7. Despite having the lowest winning percentage\",\n \"title\": \"2000 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10314953\",\n \"text\": \"pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" New York wins series, 3-2. New York Yankees win the Series over the Oakland Athletics, 3-0 All-Star Game 1981 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1981 season was the 79th season for the Yankees. In the ALCS, the\",\n \"title\": \"1981 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998682\",\n \"text\": \"Landis decided to suspend the pair for six weeks. Despite the setback, New York had 94 wins and repeated as AL champions. The St. Louis Browns were the closest pursuers, finishing one game behind New York. In the World Series, the Yankees again faced the Giants in an all-New York matchup; the Series changed to a best-of-seven format that year. The Giants defeated the Yankees in five games, including one that ended in a tie when it was suspended because of darkness. By 1923, the teams no longer shared the Polo Grounds, as Giants owner Charles Stoneham had attempted to\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13804399\",\n \"text\": \"2010 New York Yankees season The 2010 New York Yankees season was the 110th season for the New York Yankees franchise (counting its two years as the Baltimore Orioles; then moving to Manhattan as the Highlanders.) The Yankees were attempting to defend its status as American League and World Series champions, but lost in the ALCS to the Texas Rangers. The Yankees opened and closed the regular season against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. This marked the first time since 1950 this happened. The Yankees and the Los Angeles Dodgers renewed their rivalry as the Bronx Bombers traveled\",\n \"title\": \"2010 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318066\",\n \"text\": \"1977 New York Yankees season The 1977 New York Yankees season was the 75th season for the Yankees in New York and the 77th season overall for the franchise. The team won the World Series, which was the 21st championship in franchise history and the first championship under the ownership of George Steinbrenner. The season was brought to life years later in the book, turned drama-documentary, \\\"The Bronx is Burning.\\\" The Yankees signed Reggie Jackson to a five-year contract, totaling US$2.96 million, on November 29, 1976. Upon arriving in New York, Jackson asked for uniform number 9, which he had\",\n \"title\": \"1977 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7641996\",\n \"text\": \"came in 1994, when the Yankees had the best record in the AL, but the strike ended the season and Mattingly's best chance for a World Series title and is remembered among the 10 worst moments in New York City sports history. Because the Yankees were last in a postseason in a season cut short by a strike, the news media constantly reminded the Yankees about the parallels between the two Yankee teams (1981 and 1994), which included both Yankee teams having division leads taken away by strike. Throughout October, the media continued to speculate about what might have been\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318861\",\n \"text\": \"2003 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2003 season was the 101st season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 101-61 finishing 6 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they defeated the Red Sox in 7 games in the ALCS, winning the pennant on Aaron Boone's dramatic 11th-inning home run. The Yankees advanced to the World Series, losing in a dramatic 6 game series to the Florida Marlins. It would be their second World Series loss in three\",\n \"title\": \"2003 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317283\",\n \"text\": \"28, Elston Howard became the sixth player in the history of the World Series to hit a home run in his first World Series at bat. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (4) vs. AL New York Yankees (3) All-Star Game 1955 New York Yankees season The 1955 New York Yankees season was the team's 53rd season in New York, and its 55th season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–58, winning their 21st pennant, finishing 3 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the\",\n \"title\": \"1955 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10313532\",\n \"text\": \"1939 New York Yankees season The 1939 New York Yankees season was the team's 37th season in New York, and its 39th overall. The team finished with a record of 106–45, winning their 11th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Cincinnati Reds in 4 games. This marked the first time any team had won four consecutive World Series and the first season for the team's radio gameday broadcasts. The 1939 New York Yankees\",\n \"title\": \"1939 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998653\",\n \"text\": \"baseman Lou Gehrig were part of the team's Murderers' Row lineup, which led the Yankees to a then-AL record 110 wins and a Series championship in 1927 under Miller Huggins. They repeated as World Series winners in 1928, and their next title came under manager Joe McCarthy in 1932. The Yankees won the World Series every year from 1936 to 1939 with a team that featured Gehrig and outfielder Joe DiMaggio, who recorded a record hitting streak during New York's 1941 championship season. New York set a major league record by winning five consecutive championships from 1949 to 1953, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998669\",\n \"text\": \"Polo Grounds in 1913 as tenants of the Giants. Before the 1913 season, the team gained an official nickname for the first time. Either \\\"Yankees\\\" or \\\"Yanks\\\" had been used frequently since 1904 in newspapers such as the \\\"New York Evening Journal\\\", since \\\"Highlanders\\\" was hard to fit in headlines. Such unofficial nicknames were common during that era, but thereafter the official name took hold—the New York Yankees. A third major league, the Federal League (FL), began play in 1914 and lasted for two years. While the Yankees did not have to contend with direct competition for fans, as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998738\",\n \"text\": \"won the first two games of the 1981 World Series against Los Angeles, but the Dodgers won the next four games and the championship. Following the team's loss to the Dodgers in the 1981 World Series, the Yankees had a 15-year absence from the World Series, the longest since the time before their initial appearance in 1921. As the 1980s progressed, the Yankees regularly spent heavily on free agents who were often aging and proved to be declining in performance. The atmosphere of turmoil around the club discouraged some players from signing contracts with New York; they either ignored the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317423\",\n \"text\": \"1963 New York Yankees season The 1963 New York Yankees season was the 61st season for the team in New York, and its 63rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 104–57, winning their 28th pennant, finishing 10½ games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they were defeated by the Los Angeles Dodgers in 4 games, the first time the Yankees had ever been swept in the World Series (they had lost 4 games to none with one tied game in\",\n \"title\": \"1963 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12403194\",\n \"text\": \"2009 New York Yankees season The 2009 New York Yankees season was the 107th season for the New York Yankees franchise. The Yankees opened their new Yankee Stadium on April 3, 2009, when they hosted an exhibition game against the Chicago Cubs. The new stadium hosted its first regular-season game on April 16, when the team played against the Cleveland Indians and their first playoff game against the Minnesota Twins in the ALDS on October 7, 2009. The Yankees swept the Twins in three games to win the divisional series. They won their 40th American League pennant on October 25,\",\n \"title\": \"2009 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7641963\",\n \"text\": \"perfect game in postseason play and was the only no-hitter of any kind to be pitched in postseason play until Roy Halladay pitched a no-hitter on October 6, 2010. The Yankees lost the 1957 World Series to the Milwaukee Braves when Lew Burdette incredibly won three games for the Braves. Following the Series, the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both left for California, the former leaving for San Francisco and the latter moving to Los Angeles, leaving the Yankees as New York's only baseball team. In the 1958 World Series, the Yankees got their revenge against the Braves,\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4169528\",\n \"text\": \"Lloyd to make quick work of the two lefties, which he did. Neither team threatened in the ninth and the Yankees got their much needed win. Cone won his first World Series decision in three tries; he had previously recorded two no-decisions in the 1992 World Series. Glavine lost what would be his only start in the series that year, while Yankee closer John Wetteland received his first save. With the Game 1 rainout, both the Braves and Yankees were forced to alter their pitching rotation. Atlanta started midseason acquisition Denny Neagle while New York countered with Kenny Rogers, the\",\n \"title\": \"1996 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317284\",\n \"text\": \"1956 New York Yankees season The 1956 New York Yankees season was the 54th season for the team in New York, and its 56th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 22nd pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. The Series featured the only no-hitter in Series play, a perfect game, delivered by the Yankees' Don Larsen in Game 5. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G\",\n \"title\": \"1956 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2389577\",\n \"text\": \"consecutive World Series that did not feature the New York Yankees, the Red Sox' archrival. The Yankees would win the next three pennants afterwards, and the last two World Series in that same run, as well as a memorable tiebreaker game against the Red Sox in 1978. This pennant drought was matched in , and surpassed in , with the Toronto Blue Jays (an expansion team that would debut two years after this Series) winning in both years. This was the fourth consecutive seven-game series (1971, 1972, 1973, 1975) in which the winning team scored fewer runs overall. Luis Tiant\",\n \"title\": \"1975 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318865\",\n \"text\": \"Miami, Florida October 25, 2003 at Yankee Stadium in New York 2003 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 2003 season was the 101st season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 101-61 finishing 6 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the playoffs, they defeated the Red Sox in 7 games in the ALCS, winning the pennant on Aaron Boone's dramatic 11th-inning home run. The Yankees advanced to the World Series, losing in a dramatic 6 game series to the Florida\",\n \"title\": \"2003 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998722\",\n \"text\": \"A's had dried up by 1960, as new A's owner Charlie Finley announced his intention to avoid trading with New York. Competition for the attention of local fans had been provided by the expansion New York Mets, founded in 1962. By 1964, the new club started a 12-year streak of outdrawing the Yankees; the Mets also won the 1969 World Series. The Yankees had a record of 77–85 in 1965, and their sixth-place finish was their lowest since 1925. It was only their second finish in the second division since 1918. Johnny Keane, who was hired to succeed Berra as\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998750\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Yankees are considered by some writers to be among the greatest teams in baseball history, having compiled a then-AL record of 114 regular-season wins against 48 losses. After playoff series wins over the Texas Rangers and Indians, New York defeated the San Diego Padres in four consecutive World Series games for their 24th Series title. After the 1998 season, Wells was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Roger Clemens, who had just completed two consecutive Cy Young Award-winning seasons. In a regular season that included another perfect game by a Yankees pitcher, this one by David Cone, New\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7641938\",\n \"text\": \"Jets, and New York Giants. In 2009, they moved into a new ballpark of the same name after the previous facility was closed and demolished. The team is perennially among the leaders in MLB attendance; in 2011, the Yankees had the second-highest attendance. As one of the most successful sports clubs in the world, the Yankees have won 18 division titles, 40 AL pennants, and 27 World Series championships, all of which are MLB records. The Yankees have won more titles than any other franchise in the four major North American sports leagues. Forty-four Yankees players and eleven Yankees managers\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998732\",\n \"text\": \"of disputes between Martin and Steinbrenner, and further conflict between Martin and Jackson. The Yankees of the late-1970s, noted for clubhouse conflict and on-field success, were later nicknamed \\\"The Bronx Zoo\\\", after a book of the same name by pitcher Sparky Lyle, and at the time, New York and the baseball world were agog at their antics. The 1977 Yankees won the AL East and defeated the Royals in the 1977 ALCS. Trailing 3–2 in the top of the ninth inning of the decisive fifth game, the Yankees scored three times to gain a berth in the World Series. Against\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998711\",\n \"text\": \"(.353), home runs (52), and RBIs (130), becoming the second Yankee (after Gehrig in 1934) to win a Triple Crown. The 1956 Yankees won the franchise's seventh AL championship under Stengel and advanced to a World Series rematch with the Dodgers. In Game 5, with the Series even at 2–2, Yankees pitcher Don Larsen threw a perfect game. In seven games, the Yankees won the Series. By 1957, the Yankees had won 15 of the last 21 AL pennants. The team's minor-league system had been reduced to 10 teams from a peak of 22, and its scouting system was acclaimed\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7765957\",\n \"text\": \"measure of revenge for Roger Clemens. He won the World Series in the same stadium he lost it at in 1986 while with the Yankees' fierce rival, the Boston Red Sox. Incidentally, members of the 1986 Mets World Series team threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the game. 2000 World Series (4–1): New York Yankees (A.L.) over New York Mets (N.L.) 2000 would be the last World Series title the Yankees would win for nine years, though they would remain competitive each year. They lost the 2001 World Series to the Arizona Diamondbacks in seven games and the 2003\",\n \"title\": \"2000 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10313497\",\n \"text\": \"1937 New York Yankees season The 1937 New York Yankees season was their 35th season. The team finished with a record of 102–52, winning their 9th pennant, finishing 13 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the New York Giants in 5 games. This gave the Yankees a 3-to-2 edge in overall series play against the Giants. 1937 saw significant changes in the layout of Yankee Stadium, as concrete bleachers were built to replace the aging wooden structure, reducing the cavernous \\\"death\",\n \"title\": \"1937 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7642002\",\n \"text\": \"Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956. The Yankees won the series in 5 games, but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14, surpassing the club's previous record of 12 (in 1927, 1928, and 1932). The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936–1939 and 1949–1953, as well as the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series. The Yankees dynasty of the 1990s was also\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998679\",\n \"text\": \"the head, leading to his death; the Yankees slumped after the incident as Cleveland captured the pennant. After the season, the Yankees hired general manager Ed Barrow from the Red Sox. Barrow made numerous trades with his former club, including one immediately after his departure that brought catcher Wally Schang and pitcher Waite Hoyt to New York. The Yankees also became involved in another dispute with Ban Johnson, this time over the replacement of baseball's existing governing body, the National Commission, after reports came out that the 1919 World Series had been fixed. The Yankees and 10 other franchises—including the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10316924\",\n \"text\": \"1941 New York Yankees season The 1941 New York Yankees season was the 39th season for the team in New York, and its 41st season overall. The team finished with a record of 101–54, winning their 12th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. Books and songs have been written about the 1941 season, the last before the United States became drawn into World War II. Yankees' center fielder\",\n \"title\": \"1941 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317267\",\n \"text\": \"Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (2) All-Star Game 1953 New York Yankees season The 1953 New York Yankees season was the 51st season for the team in New York, and its 53rd season overall. The team finished with a record of 99–52, winning their 20th pennant, finishing 8.5 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 6 games. This was the Yankees fifth\",\n \"title\": \"1953 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317161\",\n \"text\": \"SO = Strikeouts\\\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (1) All-Star Game 1949 New York Yankees season The 1949 New York Yankees season was the team's 47th season in New York, and its 49th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 16th pennant, finishing 1 game ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. The 1949 Yankees team was seen as \\\"underdogs\\\" who came from behind\",\n \"title\": \"1949 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10315771\",\n \"text\": \"League Baseball. The Yankees were on pace to win at least 100 games for the first time since 1980. The Yankees' ace, 33-year-old veteran Jimmy Key, was leading the majors with 17 wins and was on pace to win 24 games. Right fielder Paul O'Neill was also having a career year, as he was leading the league with a .359 batting average. The strike is remembered bitterly by Yankees fans as it shook sports fans in New York City and the Yankees to the core and made 1994 one of the worst years in New York City sports history, and\",\n \"title\": \"1994 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317353\",\n \"text\": \"1958 New York Yankees season The 1958 New York Yankees season was the 56th season for the team in New York, and its 58th season overall. The team finished with a record of 92–62, winning their 24th pennant, finishing 10 games ahead of the Chicago White Sox. In the World Series, they defeated the Milwaukee Braves in 7 games. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In 1958, the Yankees became New York City's only professional baseball team after the Brooklyn Dodgers moved to Los Angeles and the New York Giants\",\n \"title\": \"1958 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10316933\",\n \"text\": \"AL New York Yankees (1) 1942 New York Yankees season The 1942 New York Yankees season was the team's 40th season in New York and its 42nd overall. The team finished with a record of 103–51, winning their 13th pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in 5 games. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home\",\n \"title\": \"1942 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4169987\",\n \"text\": \"1998 World Series The 1998 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1998 season. The 94th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion New York Yankees and the National League (NL) champion San Diego Padres. The Yankees swept the Series in four games to win their second World Series championship in three years and their 24th overall. Yankees third baseman Scott Brosius was named the World Series Most Valuable Player. The Yankees advanced to the World Series by defeating the Texas Rangers in the AL Division Series,\",\n \"title\": \"1998 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317478\",\n \"text\": \"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" With this 4–3 World Series victory, the Cardinals gained a 3–2 edge in overall Series wins over the Yankees, the first time any team had an overall edge against the Yankees since the 1920s. As of 2009, the Cardinals remain the only one of the \\\"classic eight\\\" National League teams to hold an edge over the Yankees. 1964 New York Yankees season The 1964 New York Yankees season was the 62nd season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 99–63, winning their 29th pennant,\",\n \"title\": \"1964 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10304297\",\n \"text\": \"1926 New York Yankees season The 1926 New York Yankees season was the team's 24th season in New York, and its 26th season overall. The team finished with a record of 91–63, winning their fourth pennant, finishing three games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost in 7 games to the St. Louis Cardinals, with the series ending with Babe Ruth being caught stealing second in the bottom of the 9th inning in game 7. \\\"Note: Pos = position; G = Games played;\",\n \"title\": \"1926 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10304299\",\n \"text\": \"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1926 New York Yankees season The 1926 New York Yankees season was the team's 24th season in New York, and its 26th season overall. The team finished with a record of 91–63, winning their fourth pennant, finishing three games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Miller Huggins. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they lost in 7 games to the St. Louis Cardinals, with the series ending with Babe Ruth being caught stealing second in the bottom of the\",\n \"title\": \"1926 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998729\",\n \"text\": \"beginning of a long-term franchise philosophy of using free agency to acquire talent; Stout writes that they \\\"were the first team to comprehend what free agency meant\\\", as it provided an advantage over lower-spending rivals and generated fan and media interest. Hunter had 23 wins during the Yankees' 1975 season, but the team did not contend for the playoffs after July. New York fired manager Bill Virdon in August and hired Billy Martin as his replacement. With Martin as the helm, the Yankees returned to the postseason in their first season in the renovated Yankee Stadium, winning the 1976 AL\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317232\",\n \"text\": \"1951 New York Yankees season The 1951 New York Yankees season was the 49th season for the team in New York, and its 51st season overall. The team finished with a record of 98–56, winning their 18th pennant, finishing five games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the New York Giants in 6 games. This year was noted for a \\\"changing of the guard\\\" for the Yankees, as it was Joe DiMaggio's final season and Mickey Mantle's first. The 1951 season also\",\n \"title\": \"1951 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10316927\",\n \"text\": \"New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (1) 1941 New York Yankees season The 1941 New York Yankees season was the 39th season for the team in New York, and its 41st season overall. The team finished with a record of 101–54, winning their 12th pennant, finishing 17 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. Books and songs have been written about the 1941 season, the last before the United States\",\n \"title\": \"1941 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317286\",\n \"text\": \"= Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (3) All-Star Game 1956 New York Yankees season The 1956 New York Yankees season was the 54th season for the team in New York, and its 56th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 22nd pennant, finishing 9 games ahead of the Cleveland Indians. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in\",\n \"title\": \"1956 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8998757\",\n \"text\": \"Yankees were then defeated by the Florida Marlins in the World Series, four games to two. The Yankees added power hitting to their lineup in the offseason, signing free agent Gary Sheffield and trading for shortstop Alex Rodriguez, who became a third baseman with New York. Three of the starting pitchers from the previous season—Clemens, Pettitte, and Wells—left the team before the season. Despite the losses, the 2004 Yankees managed to top the AL East with 101 wins and defeat the Twins three games to one in the ALDS. The victory set up an ALCS rematch with the Red Sox.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New York Yankees\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318782\",\n \"text\": \"1998 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1998 season was the 96th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a franchise record regular-season standing of 114–48. These Yankees set an American League record for wins in a season, a record that would stand until 2001, when the Seattle Mariners won 116 games in the regular season against 46 losses (the Yankees still hold the record for most regular season wins by a team that won the World Series). New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium in which they celebrated the stadium's\",\n \"title\": \"1998 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10318785\",\n \"text\": \"Stadium in San Diego, California All-Star Game 1998 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1998 season was the 96th season for the Yankees. The team finished with a franchise record regular-season standing of 114–48. These Yankees set an American League record for wins in a season, a record that would stand until 2001, when the Seattle Mariners won 116 games in the regular season against 46 losses (the Yankees still hold the record for most regular season wins by a team that won the World Series). New York was managed by Joe Torre. The Yankees played at Yankee\",\n \"title\": \"1998 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317406\",\n \"text\": \"= Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" All-Star Game (first game) All-Star Game (second game) 1962 New York Yankees season The 1962 New York Yankees season was the 60th season for the team in New York, and its 62nd season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–66, winning their 27th pennant, finishing 5 games ahead of the Minnesota Twins. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the San Francisco Giants in 7 games. It was their 20th World Championship in franchise history, and their last until\",\n \"title\": \"1962 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317404\",\n \"text\": \"1962 New York Yankees season The 1962 New York Yankees season was the 60th season for the team in New York, and its 62nd season overall. The team finished with a record of 96–66, winning their 27th pennant, finishing 5 games ahead of the Minnesota Twins. New York was managed by Ralph Houk. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the San Francisco Giants in 7 games. It was their 20th World Championship in franchise history, and their last until 1977. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H =\",\n \"title\": \"1962 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4171634\",\n \"text\": \"would be the final post-season game of Munson's career before his death during the 1979 season. 1978 World Series (4–2): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.) This Series is tied with the 1980 World Series for the highest overall television ratings to date, with the six games averaging a Nielsen rating of 32.8 and a share of 56. The Yankees became the last repeat World Champions until fifteen years later (–; Toronto Blue Jays). This would be the last time the Yankees would win a World Series until . The Dodgers would go on to win the\",\n \"title\": \"1978 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15849109\",\n \"text\": \"Munson, which sat unoccupied in the previous stadium's Yankee clubhouse in honor of Munson. The final pitcher's plate and home plate used at the old stadium was the first at the new stadium; following its use, it was moved to the museum. For the 2011 season, the Yankees added a showcase of World Series rings. During the season they opened an exhibit to honor George Steinbrenner. The jersey Derek Jeter wore during the game he achieved his 3,000th hit is in the Yankees Museum. New York Yankees Museum The New York Yankees Museum is a sports museum located at Yankee\",\n \"title\": \"New York Yankees Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4341752\",\n \"text\": \"1952 World Series The 1952 World Series featured the 3-time defending champions New York Yankees beating the Brooklyn Dodgers in seven games. The Yankees won their 4th consecutive title, tying the mark they set in 1936-1939 under manager Joe McCarthy, and Casey Stengel became the second manager in Major League history with 4 consecutive World Series championships. This was the Yankees' 15th World Series championship win, and the 3rd time they defeated the Dodgers in 6 years. In Game 7, the Yankees' second baseman Billy Martin made a great catch, preserving the Yankees' two-run lead. Also, the home run hit\",\n \"title\": \"1952 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4342362\",\n \"text\": \"1955 World Series The 1955 World Series matched the Brooklyn Dodgers against the New York Yankees, with the Dodgers winning the Series in seven games to capture their first championship in franchise history. It would be the only Series the Dodgers won while based in Brooklyn, as the team relocated to Los Angeles after the . This was the fifth time in nine years that the Yankees and the Dodgers met in the World Series, with the Yankees having won in , , , and ; the Yankees would also win in the rematch. This Series also marked the end\",\n \"title\": \"1955 World Series\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317114\",\n \"text\": \"1947 New York Yankees season The 1947 New York Yankees season was the team's 45th season in New York, and its 47th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 15th pennant, finishing 12 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Bucky Harris. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 7 games. It was the first ever season of the Yankees to be broadcast live on television with WABD providing the television broadcast feed to viewers in the city. The\",\n \"title\": \"1947 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317156\",\n \"text\": \"1949 New York Yankees season The 1949 New York Yankees season was the team's 47th season in New York, and its 49th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning their 16th pennant, finishing 1 game ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers in 5 games. The 1949 Yankees team was seen as \\\"underdogs\\\" who came from behind to catch and surprise the powerful Red Sox on the last two days of the\",\n \"title\": \"1949 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10317385\",\n \"text\": \"1960 New York Yankees season The 1960 New York Yankees season was the 58th season for the team in New York, and its 60th season overall. The team finished with a record of 97–57, winning its 25th pennant, finishing 8 games ahead of the Baltimore Orioles. New York was managed by Casey Stengel. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they were defeated by the Pittsburgh Pirates in seven games. Elston Howard took over as the Yankees' everyday catcher, while Yogi Berra split time between the outfield and serving as Howard's backup. \\\"Note: Pos\",\n \"title\": \"1960 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12403222\",\n \"text\": \"to 2. The Phillies were playing for their second consecutive World Series title and 3rd overall, and the Yankees won their first title since 2000, and 27th overall. The two teams' previous postseason meeting came in the 1950 World Series, with the Yankees sweeping the Phillies. After Jimmy Rollins predicted that the Phillies would win the series in five games or \\\"six if they were nice\\\", the Yankees went on to win the series in six. Cliff Lee shut down the Yankees in a complete game 6-1 victory for the Phillies in Game 1, but the Yankees responded in Game\",\n \"title\": \"2009 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10314951\",\n \"text\": \"1981 New York Yankees season The New York Yankees' 1981 season was the 79th season for the Yankees. In the ALCS, the Yankees swept the Oakland Athletics for their only pennant of the 1980s. However, they lost in the World Series in 6 games to the Los Angeles Dodgers. New York was managed by Gene Michael and Bob Lemon. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. The team finished in first place in the American League East for the first half of the season with a 34-22 record, but finished fifth in the second half with a 25-26 record, for an\",\n \"title\": \"1981 New York Yankees season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10313225\",\n \"text\": \"1936 New York Yankees season The 1936 New York Yankees season was the team's 34th season in New York and its 36th season overall. The team finished with a record of 102–51, winning their 8th pennant, finishing 19.5 games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they beat the New York Giants in 6 games. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G\",\n \"title\": \"1936 New York Yankees season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1941 world series","1939 world series","1932 world series","1928 world series","1936 world series","1923 world series","1927 world series","1937 world series","1938 world series","1943 world series"],"string":"[\n \"1941 world series\",\n \"1939 world series\",\n \"1932 world series\",\n \"1928 world series\",\n \"1936 world series\",\n \"1923 world series\",\n \"1927 world series\",\n \"1937 world series\",\n \"1938 world series\",\n \"1943 world series\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1697,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what state is toronto in?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7671545","text":"CFB Toronto Canadian Forces Base Toronto (also CFB Toronto) is a former Canadian Forces base in Toronto, Ontario. The airfield is currently operated as Toronto/Downsview Airport. The Downsview Lands were part of an extensive land parcel acquired by the British Crown in 1787 from the Mississauga Nation in what is referred to as the Toronto Purchase. \"Downsview\" received its name in the 1830s after a farm on the property that was called \"Downs View\", attributed to its commanding vista of Lake Ontario to the south, looking \"down\" from the plateau. The area was connected with Toronto in the 1850s when","title":"CFB Toronto"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7671545\",\n \"text\": \"CFB Toronto Canadian Forces Base Toronto (also CFB Toronto) is a former Canadian Forces base in Toronto, Ontario. The airfield is currently operated as Toronto/Downsview Airport. The Downsview Lands were part of an extensive land parcel acquired by the British Crown in 1787 from the Mississauga Nation in what is referred to as the Toronto Purchase. \\\"Downsview\\\" received its name in the 1830s after a farm on the property that was called \\\"Downs View\\\", attributed to its commanding vista of Lake Ontario to the south, looking \\\"down\\\" from the plateau. The area was connected with Toronto in the 1850s when\",\n \"title\": \"CFB Toronto\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11248075","text":"Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that led to the 2007 documentary \"Here Is What Is\" that premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival in September. The movie documents the aesthetics and creative process behind Lanois' approach to music making and recording. The album has been presented as a direct soundtrack to this film, and","title":"Here Is What Is"},{"psg_id":"18220968","text":"score of 100% rating based on 5 critics. From What Is Before From What Is Before () is a 2014 Filipino drama film directed by Lav Diaz. The film follows a remote town in the Philippines during the 1970s under the Marcos dictatorship. The film had its world premiere in the Philippines on 3 July 2014, and competed at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival where it won the main prize, the Golden Leopard. The film also had its North American premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, under the Wavelengths section. In addition, the film had its Philippine","title":"From What Is Before"},{"psg_id":"18220966","text":"From What Is Before From What Is Before () is a 2014 Filipino drama film directed by Lav Diaz. The film follows a remote town in the Philippines during the 1970s under the Marcos dictatorship. The film had its world premiere in the Philippines on 3 July 2014, and competed at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival where it won the main prize, the Golden Leopard. The film also had its North American premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, under the Wavelengths section. In addition, the film had its Philippine screening for free at 21 September 2014. The","title":"From What Is Before"},{"psg_id":"15767088","text":"Graffiti in Toronto Graffiti in Toronto, Canada's largest city, is a cause of much disagreement. Graffiti is seen by some as an art form adding to the city's culture; however, many see graffiti as form of vandalism which is both ugly and causes damage to property. It is believed that the Toronto graffiti movement started in the late 1980s. One blogger remarked that pieces on Toronto buildings, walls and overpasses embrace the culture of New York City and what it contributed to Toronto's graffiti scene; however, there are some who believe that Toronto graffiti has a unique flavor to its","title":"Graffiti in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"18948031","text":"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,","title":"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy"},{"psg_id":"18948032","text":"commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,","title":"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy"},{"psg_id":"15652212","text":"Toronto, Illinois Toronto was an unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township, Sangamon County, Illinois. It was located adjacent to what is now the \"Toronto Road\" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield south of Interstate 72 and east of Interstate 55. Toronto was originally built in the 1800s as a rural station stop on the Illinois Central line six miles south of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital. Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for","title":"Toronto, Illinois"},{"psg_id":"9406947","text":"That Happens Will Happen Today\". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when","title":"What Is the What"},{"psg_id":"9406939","text":"What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as \"murahaleen\" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight","title":"What Is the What"},{"psg_id":"13186701","text":"Parkdale. Working class streetcar suburbs developed in New Toronto, Mimico and Long Branch in what is now Etobicoke. By the 1920s, most the neighbourhoods of old Toronto had been established. In a non-comprehensive list a 1925 writer to the Toronto Star listed Rosedale, Riverdale, Parkdale High Park, Junction, Danforth, Earlscourt, Wychwood, Willowvale, North Toronto, Beach, and Leaside. All of these neighbourhoods are still commonly used today, with the exception of Willowvale, which is now known as Christie Pits, the name of the park it surrounds having been changed the same way. In 1925, the Post Office divided Toronto into ten","title":"History of neighbourhoods in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"14219946","text":"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" debuted on the U.S. \"Billboard\"","title":"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)"},{"psg_id":"14219947","text":"Hot Country Singles for the week of March 12, 1988. What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \"The Heart of It All\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \"What She Is","title":"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)"},{"psg_id":"10155978","text":"and operated by independent associations, and therefore society would be self-governed. A comprehensive collection of writings on the topic was released under \"Pluralist Theory of the State\". Modern equivalent theories building upon the ideas within pluralistic state theory are libertarian socialism and free-market anarchism. An example of the former is guild socialism, one of the founders of which is G. D. H. Cole mentioned above. What Is the Third Estate? What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel","title":"What Is the Third Estate?"},{"psg_id":"5321395","text":"just-the-facts approach would resemble a character named Funes in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges who never forgot anything he had seen or heard, so his memory was a \"garbage heap\". Thus, Funes was \"not very capable of thought\" because \"to think is forget differences, to generalize, to make abstractions\". In his introduction to the second edition of \"What is History?\" written shortly before his death in 1982, which was all that Carr had finished of the second edition, Carr proclaimed his belief that the western world was in a state of despair, writing: \"The Cold War has resumed","title":"What Is History?"},{"psg_id":"15509488","text":"(What Is) Love? \"(What Is) Love?\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled \"What Is Love?\", the song appeared on the soundtrack to \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album \"Love?\" (2011), as the album's title track. \"(What Is) Love?\" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana \"Wynter\" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile \"D'Mile\" Dernst II. The song is about \"not knowing what love is,\" according to Gordon. A remix of \"(What Is) Love?\", entitled \"What Is Love? Part II\", was","title":"(What Is) Love?"},{"psg_id":"11248076","text":"some of the tracks (\"Beauty\" and \"Chest of Drawers\") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. \"Where Will I Be\" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album \"Wrecking Ball\" in 1995. \"Lovechild\" and \"Sacred And Secular\" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in \"Carla\", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in \"Transmitter\", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It","title":"Here Is What Is"},{"psg_id":"4694816","text":"expressway route across Scarborough remains vacant, however the City of Toronto is carrying out studies on what to do with the lands. Ideas include local streets, housing projects and public parkland. Bridges along the CN/GO corridor were generally built with room to place two-lanes of road on either side of the railway, these are empty today and allow for future rail upgrades. In the early 2000s, much of the land east of Manse Road in Scarborough was sold by the City of Toronto for other purposes. The parcel between Kingston Road and Lawrence Avenue was developed into homes, as was","title":"Cancelled expressways in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"11998266","text":"the city's most luxurious and elite accommodation. Further north, on the site of the current Toronto Dominion Centre was the Rossin House Hotel. With 252 bedrooms it was the largest hotel in Toronto during this era. Outside the central core smaller hotels grew up to serve the stations in what were then the outer reaches of the city. In the west these included the Gladstone Hotel and the Drake Hotel while in the east New Broadview House Hotel and the New Edwin Hotel were built. When the smaller railway stations closed in the middle of the 20th century, these hotels","title":"Hotels in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"9406942","text":"writes: \"Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art.\" The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees","title":"What Is the What"},{"psg_id":"7728613","text":"of \"What Is Life\" on his 2005 tribute CD \"Something for George\". \"What Is Life\" was performed live at George Fest 2014 by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. The recording is available on YouTube. The following musicians are believed to have played on \"What Is Life\": What Is Life \"What Is Life\" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album \"All Things Must Pass\". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts","title":"What Is Life"},{"psg_id":"2966094","text":"in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 66–101. Maude, Aylmer (1901b). “\"What is Art?\" - Tolstoy’s Theory of Art”, in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 102–127. Noyes, George (1918). Tolstoy. London: Duffield. Pevear, Richard (1995). \"Preface\" in Tolstoy, Leo (1995 [1897]). \"What is Art?\" (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky). London: Penguin. Simmons, Ernest (1973). \"What is Art?\", in Tolstoy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 175–189. What Is Art? What is Art? ( \"Chto takoye iskusstvo?\") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first","title":"What Is Art?"},{"psg_id":"5321401","text":"and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what \"facts of the past\" they determined into \"facts of history\". British historian Richard J. Evans said \"What Is History?\" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said \"What Is History?\" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.","title":"What Is History?"},{"psg_id":"8966216","text":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single \"Bad Life\" and a re-recorded version of a \"This Is Not a Love Song\", which had been a No. 5 UK and international hit when released as a single in 1983. An early version of the album was released in 1983 by founding PiL guitarist Keith Levene as \"Commercial Zone\". The album was then re-recorded after Levene's departure from the","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"8966222","text":"in the film. The album was seen as a step down from the band's efforts. Pitchfork Media named the album \"maligned but salvageable\". Allmusic said the album as \"the most tentative and least powerful of PiL's recordings.\" This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single \"Bad Life\" and a re-recorded version of a \"This Is Not a Love Song\", which had been a No. 5 UK and international","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"8966221","text":"He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: \"Commercial Zone\". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of \"Commercial Zone\" became \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\" in 1984. \"The Order of Death\" is a reference to the film \"Copkiller\", also known as \"The Order of Death\". The line \"This is what you want... This is what you get\", which gives title to the album, appears","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"8966219","text":"were not re-recorded for \"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\" (although a remixed version of \"Blue Water\" was included as the B-side on the \"This Is Not a Love Song\" 12\" single). Songs on \"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\" which did not appear in any form on \"Commercial Zone\" are \"Tie Me to the Length of That\", \"The Pardon\" and \"1981\", and are the only songs on the album which do not credit Keith Levene as a co-writer. PiL was supposed to score the soundtrack for the 1983 suspense film \"Copkiller\", starring Harvey","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"10155975","text":"What Is the Third Estate? What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). The pamphlet was Sieyès' response to finance minister Jacques Necker's invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized. In the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the third estate – the common people of France – constituted a complete nation within itself and had no need of the \"dead weight\" of the two other orders, the first and second","title":"What Is the Third Estate?"},{"psg_id":"6038034","text":"What Is Love \"What Is Love\" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, \"The Album\". The song is recognizable by its refrain \"What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more.\" It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand. \"What Is Love\" was written","title":"What Is Love"},{"psg_id":"2966075","text":"What Is Art? What is Art? ( \"Chto takoye iskusstvo?\") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English due to difficulties with the Russian censors. Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists as well as the imprecision of general opinions on art as reason for writing the book. In his words, \"it is difficult to say what is meant by art, and especially what is good, useful art, art for the sake of which we might condone such sacrifices as are being","title":"What Is Art?"},{"psg_id":"10056563","text":"Toronto has teams in nearly every major professional sport, including the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Raptors (NBA), Toronto Rock (NLL), Toronto FC (MLS), Toronto Arrows (MLR) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Throughout the sports world, Toronto is perhaps best known for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Although Toronto has not won a Stanley Cup since 1967, the city is renowned as a hockey town. Scotiabank Arena (home of the Leafs, Raptors, and Rock) and Rogers Centre (home of the Blue Jays) are located in the downtown core and are within walking distance from one another via","title":"Sports in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"15509492","text":"she was dissatisfied with the circumstances, but was in \"no way dissing Lopez.\" A mastered version of \"What Is Love?\" was included on the soundtrack to \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. \"What Is Love?\" was re-titled as \"(What Is) Love?\" and appeared on \"Love?\" (2011). \"(What Is) Love?\" was due to be released as a promotional single from \"Love?\" on April 26, 2011, but was \"unlocked\" and released four days earlier, on April 22, 2011 by through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. It was released in many European countries on April 25. The song","title":"(What Is) Love?"},{"psg_id":"9771746","text":"What You Get Is What You See \"What You Get Is What You See\" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her album \"Break Every Rule\" (1986). The song was written by the Terry Britten and Graham Lyle team and was notably different from the three previous singles that they had written for Turner, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", \"We Don't Need Another Hero\" and \"Two People\", as it was an up-tempo country-tinged rock track featuring Eric Clapton on guitars. Tina Turner said in an interview that \"What You Get Is What You See\" is her","title":"What You Get Is What You See"},{"psg_id":"3470866","text":"throughout Africa and Asia. Their organization, Iris Global, also provides food for 10,000 children each day, operates three primary schools, and five Bible schools; all of this success is attributed to what started in Toronto. Bethel Church: One year after Bill Johnson, a pastor in Weaverville, California, visited TAV, he took over as the senior pastor of Bethel Church in Redding, California. Bethel has become known as a place of supernatural healing, impartation, and ministry training as a result of what occurred in Toronto. Nicky Gumbel: Nicky was the curate of Holy Trinity Brompton at the time of the Toronto","title":"Toronto Blessing"},{"psg_id":"6786088","text":"and independent goth and industrial bands are based in Toronto. Regular sporting events, such as home games of the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Blue Jays, Toronto Raptors, Toronto FC, Toronto Marlies, Toronto Rock, and the Argonauts, bring tourists to the city every year, while the Honda Indy, held every July, attracts fans of auto racing. Hockey stirs much passion and interest, giving Toronto the sobriquet \"Hockey capital\". Basketball is also increasing in popularity, especially among the city's youth. A championship by a major pro sports team is often marked by celebrations including a parade for the victorious team. Toronto nurtures","title":"Culture in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"10712620","text":"centre of tourism. Doors Open Toronto is a free event held in the spring that showcases many of the city's unique and historically significant buildings to the public. The city has a broad range of professional sport franchises, with clubs in six major North American leagues. With approximately 200 matches contested in the city, attending a professional game is possible throughout the year. The city is famously known for the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey franchise, and is also home to the Toronto Argonauts, Toronto Blue Jays, Toronto Raptors, Toronto Rock, and Toronto FC. Attending an amateur sporting event is affordable,","title":"Recreation in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"5684843","text":"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto __NOEDITSECTION__ This page shows results of Canadian federal elections in Old Toronto (what was the city of Toronto prior to the 1998 amalgamation). In recent years, Toronto, and particularly Old (central) Toronto, has leaned well to the political left. From 1993 to 2004, the Liberals held every seat in the former Metro Toronto, in some cases with large margins. The New Democratic Party (NDP) broke through in 2004 when Jack Layton was elected; the NDP won two additional seats in close races in 2006 but lost one in 2008. In 2011, the Liberal","title":"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto"},{"psg_id":"5616995","text":"What Is and What Should Never Be \"What Is and What Should Never Be\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on \"Led Zeppelin II\" (1969). \"What is and What Should Never Be\" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording. The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, \"The","title":"What Is and What Should Never Be"},{"psg_id":"11450212","text":"even number of teams, leaving the door open for Toronto. However, in 2005 Tagliabue said that \"if there is expansion, I would think it would leave us with an odd number of teams for some period of time.\" He went on to say that \"I don't see expansion in Canada as being related to what we might do in Los Angeles.\" Godfrey was named President and CEO of the Toronto Blue Jays when the team was purchased by Rogers Communications in 2000. At the time, Godfrey stated that \"part of my responsibilities are to chase an NFL team and other","title":"National Football League in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"15652214","text":"the Toronto area maintains a distinct local economy influenced by the UIS campus, including the Capital Area Career Center and Lincoln Land Community College, parks along the lakefront, the campus-area Lake Pointe apartment complex, and the campus-area bars of Mowie's Cue, Pier 55 Lounge, and Crows Mill Pub. Toronto, Illinois Toronto was an unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township, Sangamon County, Illinois. It was located adjacent to what is now the \"Toronto Road\" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield","title":"Toronto, Illinois"},{"psg_id":"5919707","text":"The art of writing is deeply linked to freedom and thus ventures into the fields of politics and democracy. The poet frees himself by disassociation, and the prose writer fulfills a duty to utilize language for the end of a conceived free society. What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as \"Literature and Existentialism\",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals \"Les Temps modernes\", \"Situations I\" and \"Situations II\", essays \"What is Writing?\" and \"Why Write?\" were translated into English and","title":"What Is Literature?"},{"psg_id":"15983617","text":"What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection. Furthermore, much of the collection was shaped by concerns for blue collar workers as well as nationwide political events. \"What Work Is\" was first published in 1991 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.","title":"What Work Is"},{"psg_id":"8260672","text":"What Is It? What Is It? is a 2005 American surrealist film written, edited, co-produced and directed by Crispin Glover. It stars Crispin Glover and Fairuza Balk and Steven C. Stewart. As of 2008, the film has only been shown at independent theaters, typically accompanied by a question-and-answer session, a one-hour dramatic narration of eight different profusely illustrated books as a slideshow, and a meet-and-greet/book signing with Glover. \"What Is It?\" is the first entry in a planned trilogy directed by Glover, followed by \"It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine.\" and continued with \"It Is Mine\". The \"adventures\" of a","title":"What Is It?"},{"psg_id":"2451094","text":"in the edition of October 25, 1890 of the Toronto \"Globe\" newspaper (now the Globe & Mail) entitled \"Toronto's Growing Suburb - New Toronto - As it is and what it will be\". New Toronto, as an industrial centre \"was expected to rival - if not exceed - 'old' Toronto in manufacturing output\". A few worker's homes were built on early streets north of Lake Shore Road while development proceeded. New Toronto was planned and designed as a \"town\", with manufacturing as its focal point, but also including retail business and residential areas in the plan. The Town of New","title":"New Toronto"},{"psg_id":"7728581","text":"What Is Life \"What Is Life\" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album \"All Things Must Pass\". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts in Australia and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, \"What Is Life\" appeared as the B-side to \"My Sweet Lord\", which was the best-selling single there of 1971. Harrison's backing musicians on the song include Eric Clapton and the entire Delaney & Bonnie Friends band,","title":"What Is Life"},{"psg_id":"6038039","text":"in \"Just Dance 2017\". In 2009, German DJ Klaas remixed the song under the title \"Klaas meets Haddaway – What Is Love 2K9\". This remix charted in several European countries. In 2016, Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies released a cover titled \"What Is Love 2016\", as a single from his debut album \"Less Is More\". It was actually already produced back in 2014 as a remix for Jaymes Young's cover version of \"What is Love\". This version was remade for the album and became a hit on a number of European singles charts and topped the Belgian Ultratop Official Singles Chart.","title":"What Is Love"},{"psg_id":"7430877","text":"boards in Toronto provide public primary, secondary, and adult education. The following public school boards operate secular schools: There is a strong alternative school movement. The Toronto District School Board has many alternative schools. The oldest is ALPHA Alternative School, which opened in 1972. There are also private alternative organizations. The first conference for publicly funded alternative schools in the Greater Toronto Area happened in Nov, 2012. The following public school boards operate separate schools in Toronto. Before 1998, in Metropolitan Toronto, Les Conseil des écoles catholiques du Grand Toronto (the Metropolitan Separate School Board, now the Toronto Catholic District","title":"Education in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"5919702","text":"What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as \"Literature and Existentialism\",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals \"Les Temps modernes\", \"Situations I\" and \"Situations II\", essays \"What is Writing?\" and \"Why Write?\" were translated into English and published by the Paris-based literary journal Transition 1948. The English translation by Bernard Frechtman was published in 1950. Sartre attempts to devise an understanding of the effect literature has on those who are subjected to it. In the foreword Sartre addresses his critics","title":"What Is Literature?"},{"psg_id":"5616997","text":"and What Should Never Be\" was performed live at Led Zeppelin concerts between 1969 and 1973. A live version taken from a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 can be seen on the \"Led Zeppelin DVD\". Another was included on disc two of the live triple album \"How The West Was Won\". Two more versions were included in BBC Sessions. What Is and What Should Never Be \"What Is and What Should Never Be\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second","title":"What Is and What Should Never Be"},{"psg_id":"15983630","text":"terribly damaged conditions of American labor, whose circumstance has perhaps never been more wrecked.” After Levine was named Poet Laureate, \"What Work Is\" reached the top of Amazon.com's \"Movers and Shakers\" list. What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection.","title":"What Work Is"},{"psg_id":"12715771","text":"The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book \"A Bend in the River\". \"The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it.\" French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage","title":"The World Is What It Is"},{"psg_id":"5684844","text":"vote collapsed under the onslaught of both the Conservatives and the NDP, with the Conservatives taking two uptown ridings, the Liberals retaining two, and the NDP winning the remaining six. Before then, centre-right parties had been completely shut out in central Toronto since the Progressive Conservatives lost all of their seats in 1993. The region reverted to form in 2015, as a massive surge in Liberal support allowed the Liberals to sweep Toronto. Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto __NOEDITSECTION__ This page shows results of Canadian federal elections in Old Toronto (what was the city of Toronto prior to","title":"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto"},{"psg_id":"15509495","text":"the internet on April 20, 2013. According to Jessica Sager of PopCrush, it picks up where the original song left off. Sager wrote that the song \"likely isn't about [Marc] Anthony — but for those new to the song, it's surely easy to interpret it as such. Lopez gets pretty revealing in the new song, addressing a divorce directly and explicitly\". Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"Love?\". (What Is) Love? \"(What Is) Love?\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled \"What Is Love?\", the song appeared on the soundtrack to \"The Back-up Plan\" (2010),","title":"(What Is) Love?"},{"psg_id":"6038040","text":"An official music video was released directed by Soulvizion. It features the Dutch professional basketball player Don Rigters who plays the role of David Rose, a basketball player who is severely injured trying to make a comeback to the game with encouragement from his girlfriend, (played by Melissa Kanza), his three teammates, (Alkenah Wansing, Jeroen Jansen and Lindy Chippendel) and by his basketball coach (played by J E Rigters). What Is Love \"What Is Love\" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, \"The Album\". The song is recognizable by its refrain \"What is love?","title":"What Is Love"},{"psg_id":"7728599","text":"in the UK as perhaps the strongest of all of Harrison's singles. Writing in 1981, \"NME\" critic Bob Woffinden grouped \"What Is LIfe\" with \"My Sweet Lord\", \"Isn't It a Pity\" and \"Awaiting on You All\" as \"all excellent songs\". Reviewing the 2001 reissue of \"All Things Must Pass\", for \"Rolling Stone\", James Hunter wrote of how the album's music \"exults in breezy rhythms\", among which \"the colorful revolutions of 'What Is Life' ... [move] like a Ferris wheel\". The following year, in Rolling Stone Press's \"Harrison\" tribute book, David Fricke included \"What Is Life\" among his selection of \"essential","title":"What Is Life"},{"psg_id":"7728587","text":"love song – perhaps a \"lovingly crafted paen\" to Harrison's wife Pattie, as Alan Clayson puts it – or a devotional song like many of Harrison's compositions. Ian Inglis writes that the song title suggests a \"philosophical debate about the meaning of life\", yet its rendering as \"\"what is my life\"\" in the choruses \"reshapes [the meaning] completely\". Theologian Dale Allison finds no religious content in \"What Is Life\" but notes the \"failure of words to express feelings\" implied in the opening line (\"\"What I feel, I can't say\"\"), a recurring theme of Harrison's spiritual songs such as \"That Is","title":"What Is Life"},{"psg_id":"3452965","text":"project while the former was seen as side endeavor. What Is This released their debut EP \"Squeezed\" in 1984. Around this time, Hillel Slovak had become uncertain of his role in the band and decided to rejoin the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He left What Is This in 1985, and later that year the band would release its only full-length studio album \"What Is This?\" and its final EP \"3 Out of 5 Live\". After this, the band broke up. Alain Johannes later met Natasha Shneider and the duo formed Walk The Moon, whose sole studio album featured Jack Irons","title":"What Is This?"},{"psg_id":"3452961","text":"What Is This? What Is This (known prior to 1980 as Anthym) was a rock band that originated in Fairfax High School in California and would play numerous shows along the coast of California. It was formed by guitarist Hillel Slovak, drummer Jack Irons, vocalist Alain Johannes, and bassist Todd Strassman. Originally named Chain Reaction, the band would later change its name to Anthem, then later to Anthym (as there was already a band using the former moniker), and then finally to What Is This, which was a tongue-in-cheek reference to the reaction they usually received from first-time listeners. During","title":"What Is This?"},{"psg_id":"1926455","text":"more than a quarter million acres (1,000 km²) of land in the area of Toronto with the Mississaugas of New Credit. York County, would later be created by Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1792, which would at its largest size, comprise all of what is now Halton Region, Toronto, Peel Region, York Region and parts of Durham Region. The Town of York (present-day Toronto) would later be attacked by American forces in the War of 1812 in what is now known as the Battle of York, in 1813. In 1816, Wentworth County and Halton County were created from York County.","title":"Greater Toronto Area"},{"psg_id":"15509490","text":"song. Lopez's vocals for the song were recorded and produced by Kuk Harrell, with recording assistance from Jim Annunziato and Josh Gudwin at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California. Annunziato and Eric Eylands handled audio engineering of \"(What Is) Love?\", while the song was later mixed by Mike \"Handz\" Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. \"(What Is) Love?\" deals with the topic of \"not knowing what love is\". The song's co-writer Gordon stated that: \"I felt like so many woman have that same story. No fathers, families, abusive boyfriends and husbands..no parental support, they feel alone .. I've","title":"(What Is) Love?"},{"psg_id":"11794796","text":"What Is Intelligence? What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect is a book by psychologist James R. Flynn which outlines his model for an explanation of the eponymous Flynn effect. The book summarizes much of the work of Flynn in this area, as well as that of his colleague William Dickens of the Brookings Institution. The book begins with a description of what has generally become known as \"the Flynn effect\": the steady rise from one generation to the next in average scores on IQ tests over time. Flynn notes that this effect apparently contradicts some fundamental beliefs about IQ","title":"What Is Intelligence?"},{"psg_id":"2966093","text":"Aylmer Maude, translator of many of Tolstoy's writings, calls it \"probably the most masterly of all Tolstoy's works\", citing the difficulty of the subject matter and its clarity. For a comprehensive review of the reception at the time of publication, see Maude 1901\"b\". Bayley, John (1986 [1966]). \"\"What is Art?\" - excerpt from Tolstoy and the Novel\" in Bloom, Harold (ed.). Leo Tolstoy. New York: Chelsea House. p. 141-152. Jahn, Gary R. (1975). \"The aesthetic theory of Leo Tolstoy's \"What is Art?\"\". \"Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism\" 34 (1): 59-65. Maude, Aylmer (1901a). “\"What is Art?\" - An Introduction”,","title":"What Is Art?"},{"psg_id":"5684709","text":"Canadian federal election results in Suburban Toronto This is page shows results of Canadian federal elections in the outer parts of Toronto—the area that was the suburban portion of Metro Toronto prior to the 1998 merger. This region had traditionally been a mixed bag and a bellwether region; the provincial Tories did very well here during their 42-year run in government. With the large proportion of immigrants in the region and urban growth, it became the Liberals' power base for almost two decades. From 1993 to 2008, Liberal candidates swept the region, making this region to the Liberals what Rural","title":"Canadian federal election results in Suburban Toronto"},{"psg_id":"20046923","text":"job at the same time. In this state of distress, she meets the picky and arrogant Lu Jin (Takeshi Kaneshiro), who is there to take over the hotel, and forms a relationship with him. They become a couple despite their wildly different personalities, bonding over their love for food. The film grossed a total of in China. This Is Not What I Expected This Is Not What I Expected () is a 2017 romantic comedy film directed by Derek Hui and produced by Peter Chan, starring Zhou Dongyu and Takeshi Kaneshiro. It is adapted from the novel \"Finally I Get","title":"This Is Not What I Expected"},{"psg_id":"10424356","text":"What U See Is What U Get \"What U See Is What U Get\" is the first single from Xzibit's second album, \"40 Dayz & 40 Nightz\". In its first week the song peaked at #50 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, being Xzibit's highest charting single. It peaked at #3 on Hot Rap Singles, his highest on that chart. A music video directed by Gregory Dark was filmed in Los Angeles. The deceptively simplistic premise of the video is Xzibit's trek to a nearby shop after being asked to pick up some milk. On his way, Xzibit greets several friends,","title":"What U See Is What U Get"},{"psg_id":"10712615","text":"Recreation in Toronto Recreation in Toronto consists of a varied selection of activities and events throughout the city year-round. Toronto boasts renowned theatre and arts communities, has a wide range of recreational public services, and offers many attractions for both residents and tourists. Toronto has a broad and diverse cultural sector, and is a major scene for theatre and other performing arts. More than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, and two symphony orchestras are located in the city. Toronto is home to the National Ballet of Canada, the Canadian Opera Company, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Notable","title":"Recreation in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"9771748","text":"where in 1989 it was used in a campaign for the New South Wales Rugby League. They later used the Tina Turner song \"The Best\" in another campaign. The song has been covered many times including by Canadian country music group Straight Clean & Simple and a single for the band taken from their 1992 album \"Iron Lady\". It was also covered by Scottish / Irish country artist Lisa McHugh. Her cover appears in her 2014 album \"A Life That's Good\". What You Get Is What You See \"What You Get Is What You See\" is a song by recording","title":"What You Get Is What You See"},{"psg_id":"3452964","text":"following week. The group decided to change their name to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, played several more shows at various L.A. clubs and musical venues, and eventually recorded a demo tape, all while Slovak and Irons were still playing with What Is This?. A few months later, What Is This received a record deal with MCA Records and the Red Hot Chili Peppers received a joint deal with EMI America and Enigma Records. Hillel Slovak and Jack Irons decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and stay with What Is This? as the latter was their primary musical","title":"What Is This?"},{"psg_id":"2890494","text":"and near Yonge and Eglinton, along with a children's-focused library on Mount Pleasant. There are two community centres in North Toronto; Central Eglinton Community Centre, at Eglinton and Redpath, offers a wide variety of programs and services for caregivers & young children, adults. and people 50+. North Toronto Memorial Community Centre is located at Eglinton Park (Eglinton Avenue and Oriole Parkway). What was once North America's largest bridge club, Kate Buckman's, was on Mount Pleasant near Eglinton for many years until its closure in 2007; the Toronto Bridge Club is on St. Clair near Yonge. The Toronto Camera Club finds","title":"North Toronto"},{"psg_id":"10424358","text":"the music videos for Xzibit's songs \"Paparazzi\" and \"The Foundation\". The music video peaked at 1 during 6 weeks at BET's \"Rap City\". 12\" Promo What U See Is What U Get \"What U See Is What U Get\" is the first single from Xzibit's second album, \"40 Dayz & 40 Nightz\". In its first week the song peaked at #50 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, being Xzibit's highest charting single. It peaked at #3 on Hot Rap Singles, his highest on that chart. A music video directed by Gregory Dark was filmed in Los Angeles. The deceptively simplistic premise","title":"What U See Is What U Get"},{"psg_id":"7728588","text":"All\", \"Mystical One\" and \"Pisces Fish\". Joshua Greene, another religious academic, identifies the song as part of its parent album's \"intimately detailed account of a spiritual journey\": where \"Awaiting on You All\" shows Harrison \"convinced of his union with God\", \"What Is Life\" reveals him to be \"uncertain that he deserved such divine favor\". The song's second verse repeats what Inglis refers to as the \"somewhat confusing promise\" from Harrison (in lines 3 and 4) should his love be \"rejected\": Musically, Simon Leng describes \"What Is Life\" as \"Motown-spiced\" and a comparatively rare example of its composer's willingness to embrace","title":"What Is Life"},{"psg_id":"2936961","text":"identified as serving \"Buffalo/Toronto,\" and also have sales offices in the city. More than half of WNED's members live in Toronto. Most of Canada's over-the-air and cable television networks also have national operations based in Toronto; for more information, see List of Canadian television channels. Numerous radio stations licensed to communities outside the City of Toronto are also marketed to the City of Toronto proper, as well as the rest of the Greater Toronto Area. This includes one American station. Please see former City of Toronto radio stations at the Canadian Communications Foundation. Metroland Media Group is a subsidiary of","title":"Media in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"11998263","text":"survive. The first prominent hotel to serve what was then York, Upper Canada was the York Hotel located at King Street East and Berkeley, today the site of the Toronto Sun Building. Built in 1805, it was a central social venue for the city's elite. When the legislature was burned by the Americans during the War of 1812, it was at the York that the assembly met for a year while awaiting the construction of a new building. The York Hotel was demolished in 1846. Nearby another important early hotel was Frank's Hotel, on nearby Market Square. It is most","title":"Hotels in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"15237572","text":"What Is a Nation? \"What is a Nation?\" (\"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?\") is an 1882 lecture by French historian Ernest Renan (1823–1892), known for the statements that a nation is \"a daily referendum\", and that nations are based as much on what the people jointly forget, as what they remember. It is frequently quoted or anthologized in works of history or political science pertaining to nationalism and national identity. Renan wrote \"What is a Nation\" in order to symbolize the nationalism which was born in France as a result of the French Revolution of 1789. Renan begins his essay by noting","title":"What Is a Nation?"},{"psg_id":"16662826","text":"The physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, writing in \"Fashionable Nonsense\" (1997), state that \"What is Philosophy\" became a best-seller in France in 1991. They argue that in attempting to show how philosophy and science are distinct, Deleuze and Guattari use scientific terms such as \"chaos\" in incorrect or misleading ways, and that while in some passages they seem to discuss serious problems in the philosophy of science and mathematics, these passages prove to be largely meaningless on close inspection. The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in \"Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left\" (2016), criticized \"What is Philosophy?\",","title":"What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari)"},{"psg_id":"11998273","text":"recent years a booming real estate market, especially in downtown Toronto, has led to a number of new hotel projects, often in combination with condominium projects. An unprecedented number of major hotel projects were completed in central Toronto, including The Adelaide Hotel, the Ritz-Carlton, Living Shangri-La, and a new Four Seasons. Suburban hotels in Toronto are primarily discount variety and is a cross of hotel and motel concept. Since the 1990s they have been marketed as business hotels. A list of chains operating in Toronto: Hotels in Toronto Hotels in Toronto have been some of the most prominent buildings in","title":"Hotels in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"11998261","text":"Hotels in Toronto Hotels in Toronto have been some of the most prominent buildings in the city and the hotel industry is one of the city's most important. The Greater Toronto Area has 183 hotels with a total of almost 36,000 rooms. In 2010, there were 8.9 million room nights sold. Toronto is a popular tourist destination, with it having the 6th highest room occupancy rate in North America, but about two thirds of rooms are taken by commercial, government, or convention travellers. Toronto hotels are found in different clusters. The downtown core and financial district has a wide array","title":"Hotels in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"8966217","text":"band, with no contributions from either Levene or bassist Pete Jones (who contributed to several tracks on \"Commercial Zone\"). The song \"The Order of Death\" appears in the 1990 science fiction-horror film \"Hardware\" and on the soundtrack to the 1999 horror film \"The Blair Witch Project\". It was also featured in the \"Miami Vice\" episode \"Little Miss Dangerous\" and the \"Mr. Robot\" episode \"eps2.7_init_5.fve\". \"This is Not a Love Song\" appears in the film \"Waltz With Bashir\". The line \"This is what you want... This is what you get\" appears in both \"Bad Life\" and \"The Order of Death\". All","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"10056610","text":"demographics; Toronto is a multicultural city with a large immigrant population that has long-established roots with the game. Toronto has had teams in a number of first division soccer leagues of the United States. The Toronto Greenbacks were members of the North American Soccer Football League for its two years of existence in 1946-47. In 1967, two rival leagues began play: the United Soccer Association (USA) and National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Both leagues had Toronto-based clubs with Toronto City (owned by future owner of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Steve Stavro) joining the USA and the Toronto Falcons in","title":"Sports in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"10056576","text":"farm team, the St. John's Maple Leafs, from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador to Toronto as the Toronto Marlies in 2005. Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the 1972 and 1974 Summit Series; parts of the 1976 and 1991 Canada Cups; parts of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey & all of the 2016 edition; and parts of the 2015 & 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Participation in minor hockey is very popular. The Greater Toronto Area is home to the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world,","title":"Sports in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"6786062","text":"the official festival. There is also a Fashion Film Festival. Toronto has one of the highest count of film festivals in the world, most famously the Toronto International Film Festival, which opened a new headquarters in 2010 called the TIFF Bell Lightbox, which houses film screenings (mostly Canadian, art-house, international, etc. films), restaurants, and exhibition and gallery spaces. The city also has Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Inside Out Toronto Lesbian and Gay Film and Video Festival, ReelHeART International Film Festival, Toronto After Dark Film Festival, Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival, and WILDsound Film Festival. Toronto also has","title":"Culture in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"8404605","text":"What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? (\"Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme\" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity and dismiss false notions about the doctrine. It is not intended as an initiation and is not seen","title":"What Is Spiritism?"},{"psg_id":"8404608","text":"notably: This chapter introduces some new doctrine that would be further elaborated on The Gospel According to Spiritism. What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? (\"Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme\" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity","title":"What Is Spiritism?"},{"psg_id":"5665926","text":"causing a net increase in disorder in the Universe. In order to increase the complexity on Earth—as life does—free energy is needed and in this case is provided by the Sun. What Is Life? What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at Trinity College, Dublin. The lectures attracted an audience of about 400, who were warned \"that","title":"What Is Life?"},{"psg_id":"15100888","text":"to another zoo in 2018, till then they will reside in the Toronto Zoo. The High Park Zoo is also located in Toronto. It comprises 399 acres of land which includes animals like peacocks, deers, sheep and many more. More than 250,000 people visit the High Park Zoo every year. Various Farms are also present in Toronto, which include substantial amount of farm animals. Furthermore, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is an attraction that is located in downtown Toronto. It is Canada's largest indoor aquarium which means that it is easily accessible not only in the summer but also in the","title":"Tourism in Toronto"},{"psg_id":"18069390","text":"Newman Centre, Toronto Newman Centre is the Roman Catholic university chaplaincy for the University of Toronto. It is housed in what was the home of Wilmot Deloui Matthews. It is located at the corner of Hoskin Avenue and St. George Street, across from the Robarts Library on the University of Toronto campus. It is under the direction of the Archdiocese of Toronto and is associated with the neighbouring St. Thomas Aquinas Parish Church. The structure was built in 1890-1891 by the Canadian businessman \"The Barley King of Canada\" Wilmot Deloui Matthews. It is constructed of red clay, terra-cotta bricks, plum-coloured","title":"Newman Centre, Toronto"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11248075\",\n \"text\": \"Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that led to the 2007 documentary \\\"Here Is What Is\\\" that premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival in September. The movie documents the aesthetics and creative process behind Lanois' approach to music making and recording. The album has been presented as a direct soundtrack to this film, and\",\n \"title\": \"Here Is What Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18220968\",\n \"text\": \"score of 100% rating based on 5 critics. From What Is Before From What Is Before () is a 2014 Filipino drama film directed by Lav Diaz. The film follows a remote town in the Philippines during the 1970s under the Marcos dictatorship. The film had its world premiere in the Philippines on 3 July 2014, and competed at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival where it won the main prize, the Golden Leopard. The film also had its North American premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, under the Wavelengths section. In addition, the film had its Philippine\",\n \"title\": \"From What Is Before\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18220966\",\n \"text\": \"From What Is Before From What Is Before () is a 2014 Filipino drama film directed by Lav Diaz. The film follows a remote town in the Philippines during the 1970s under the Marcos dictatorship. The film had its world premiere in the Philippines on 3 July 2014, and competed at the 2014 Locarno International Film Festival where it won the main prize, the Golden Leopard. The film also had its North American premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, under the Wavelengths section. In addition, the film had its Philippine screening for free at 21 September 2014. The\",\n \"title\": \"From What Is Before\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15767088\",\n \"text\": \"Graffiti in Toronto Graffiti in Toronto, Canada's largest city, is a cause of much disagreement. Graffiti is seen by some as an art form adding to the city's culture; however, many see graffiti as form of vandalism which is both ugly and causes damage to property. It is believed that the Toronto graffiti movement started in the late 1980s. One blogger remarked that pieces on Toronto buildings, walls and overpasses embrace the culture of New York City and what it contributed to Toronto's graffiti scene; however, there are some who believe that Toronto graffiti has a unique flavor to its\",\n \"title\": \"Graffiti in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18948031\",\n \"text\": \"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third, consciousness is a transient quality, not a permanent quality. By itself, the soul is without consciousness; consciousness is produced in the soul only when it is conjoined with certain other entities. Hiriyanna,\",\n \"title\": \"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18948032\",\n \"text\": \"commenting on this point, notes: Hiriyanna expresses his perplexity in reviewing the Nyaya-Vaisesika view of consciousness, and then comes out with a comment equating this view with the Charvaka view of consciousness: What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy is a 1976 book by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. Explaining the relationship between the soul and consciousness in the Nyaya-Vaisesika philosophy, Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya makes three points. First, consciousness in this view is knowledge (jnana) in an empirical sense. Second, consciousness is one of the multiple qualities of the soul. Third,\",\n \"title\": \"What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Philosophy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15652212\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto, Illinois Toronto was an unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township, Sangamon County, Illinois. It was located adjacent to what is now the \\\"Toronto Road\\\" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield south of Interstate 72 and east of Interstate 55. Toronto was originally built in the 1800s as a rural station stop on the Illinois Central line six miles south of Springfield, Illinois, the state capital. Farmers would bring fresh vegetables and milk to the now-vanished railroad station for\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto, Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9406947\",\n \"text\": \"That Happens Will Happen Today\\\". Tom Tykwer plans to adapt the novel into a film. In 2009, the novel received the Prix Médicis étranger in France. What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when\",\n \"title\": \"What Is the What\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9406939\",\n \"text\": \"What Is the What What Is the What: The Autobiography of Valentino Achak Deng is a 2006 novel written by Dave Eggers. It is based on the life of Valentino Achak Deng, a Sudanese child refugee who immigrated to the United States under the Lost Boys of Sudan program. It was a finalist for the National Book Award. As a boy, Achak is separated from his family during the Second Sudanese Civil War when the Arab militia, referred to as \\\"murahaleen\\\" (which is Arabic for the deported), wipes out his Dinka village, Marial Bai. During the assault, he loses sight\",\n \"title\": \"What Is the What\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13186701\",\n \"text\": \"Parkdale. Working class streetcar suburbs developed in New Toronto, Mimico and Long Branch in what is now Etobicoke. By the 1920s, most the neighbourhoods of old Toronto had been established. In a non-comprehensive list a 1925 writer to the Toronto Star listed Rosedale, Riverdale, Parkdale High Park, Junction, Danforth, Earlscourt, Wychwood, Willowvale, North Toronto, Beach, and Leaside. All of these neighbourhoods are still commonly used today, with the exception of Willowvale, which is now known as Christie Pits, the name of the park it surrounds having been changed the same way. In 1925, the Post Office divided Toronto into ten\",\n \"title\": \"History of neighbourhoods in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14219946\",\n \"text\": \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \\\"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\\\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \\\"The Heart of It All\\\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \\\"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\\\" debuted on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14219947\",\n \"text\": \"Hot Country Singles for the week of March 12, 1988. What She Is (Is a Woman in Love) \\\"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\\\" is a song written by Bob McDill and Paul Harrison and recorded by American country music artist Earl Thomas Conley. It was released in February 1988 as the lead single from the album, \\\"The Heart of It All\\\". The song was Earl Thomas Conley's fifteenth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart. \\\"What She Is\",\n \"title\": \"What She Is (Is a Woman in Love)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10155978\",\n \"text\": \"and operated by independent associations, and therefore society would be self-governed. A comprehensive collection of writings on the topic was released under \\\"Pluralist Theory of the State\\\". Modern equivalent theories building upon the ideas within pluralistic state theory are libertarian socialism and free-market anarchism. An example of the former is guild socialism, one of the founders of which is G. D. H. Cole mentioned above. What Is the Third Estate? What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel\",\n \"title\": \"What Is the Third Estate?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5321395\",\n \"text\": \"just-the-facts approach would resemble a character named Funes in a short story by Jorge Luis Borges who never forgot anything he had seen or heard, so his memory was a \\\"garbage heap\\\". Thus, Funes was \\\"not very capable of thought\\\" because \\\"to think is forget differences, to generalize, to make abstractions\\\". In his introduction to the second edition of \\\"What is History?\\\" written shortly before his death in 1982, which was all that Carr had finished of the second edition, Carr proclaimed his belief that the western world was in a state of despair, writing: \\\"The Cold War has resumed\",\n \"title\": \"What Is History?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15509488\",\n \"text\": \"(What Is) Love? \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled \\\"What Is Love?\\\", the song appeared on the soundtrack to \\\"The Back-up Plan\\\" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album \\\"Love?\\\" (2011), as the album's title track. \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana \\\"Wynter\\\" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile \\\"D'Mile\\\" Dernst II. The song is about \\\"not knowing what love is,\\\" according to Gordon. A remix of \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\", entitled \\\"What Is Love? Part II\\\", was\",\n \"title\": \"(What Is) Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11248076\",\n \"text\": \"some of the tracks (\\\"Beauty\\\" and \\\"Chest of Drawers\\\") are conversations with Brian Eno. All songs written by Daniel Lanois unless otherwise noted. \\\"Where Will I Be\\\" is a new version of a song which had been previously released on Emmylou Harris' album \\\"Wrecking Ball\\\" in 1995. \\\"Lovechild\\\" and \\\"Sacred And Secular\\\" tracks incorporates, respectively, the pedal steel guitar melody used in \\\"Carla\\\", on Belladonna album, and the pedal steel guitar melody used in \\\"Transmitter\\\", on Shine album. Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It\",\n \"title\": \"Here Is What Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4694816\",\n \"text\": \"expressway route across Scarborough remains vacant, however the City of Toronto is carrying out studies on what to do with the lands. Ideas include local streets, housing projects and public parkland. Bridges along the CN/GO corridor were generally built with room to place two-lanes of road on either side of the railway, these are empty today and allow for future rail upgrades. In the early 2000s, much of the land east of Manse Road in Scarborough was sold by the City of Toronto for other purposes. The parcel between Kingston Road and Lawrence Avenue was developed into homes, as was\",\n \"title\": \"Cancelled expressways in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11998266\",\n \"text\": \"the city's most luxurious and elite accommodation. Further north, on the site of the current Toronto Dominion Centre was the Rossin House Hotel. With 252 bedrooms it was the largest hotel in Toronto during this era. Outside the central core smaller hotels grew up to serve the stations in what were then the outer reaches of the city. In the west these included the Gladstone Hotel and the Drake Hotel while in the east New Broadview House Hotel and the New Edwin Hotel were built. When the smaller railway stations closed in the middle of the 20th century, these hotels\",\n \"title\": \"Hotels in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9406942\",\n \"text\": \"writes: \\\"Over the course of many years, Dave and I have collaborated to tell my story... I told [him] what I knew and what I could remember, and from that material he created this work of art.\\\" The book is typical of Eggers' style: blending non-fictional and fictional elements into a non-fiction novel or memoir. By classifying the book a novel, Eggers says, he freed himself to re-create conversations, streamline complex relationships, add relevant detail and manipulate time and space in helpful ways—all while maintaining the essential truthfulness of the storytelling. However, not all critics were impressed. Lee Siegel sees\",\n \"title\": \"What Is the What\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7728613\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"What Is Life\\\" on his 2005 tribute CD \\\"Something for George\\\". \\\"What Is Life\\\" was performed live at George Fest 2014 by \\\"Weird Al\\\" Yankovic. The recording is available on YouTube. The following musicians are believed to have played on \\\"What Is Life\\\": What Is Life \\\"What Is Life\\\" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2966094\",\n \"text\": \"in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 66–101. Maude, Aylmer (1901b). “\\\"What is Art?\\\" - Tolstoy’s Theory of Art”, in Tolstoy and his problems: essays. London: Grant Richards. pp. 102–127. Noyes, George (1918). Tolstoy. London: Duffield. Pevear, Richard (1995). \\\"Preface\\\" in Tolstoy, Leo (1995 [1897]). \\\"What is Art?\\\" (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky). London: Penguin. Simmons, Ernest (1973). \\\"What is Art?\\\", in Tolstoy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 175–189. What Is Art? What is Art? ( \\\"Chto takoye iskusstvo?\\\") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Art?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5321401\",\n \"text\": \"and were instead products of their own places and times, which in turn decided what \\\"facts of the past\\\" they determined into \\\"facts of history\\\". British historian Richard J. Evans said \\\"What Is History?\\\" caused a revolution in British historiography in the 1960s. Australian historian Keith Windschuttle, a critic of Carr, said \\\"What Is History?\\\" is one of the most influential books written about historiography, and that very few historians working in the English language since the 1960s had not read it. What Is History? What Is History? is a study that was written by the English historian E. H.\",\n \"title\": \"What Is History?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966216\",\n \"text\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single \\\"Bad Life\\\" and a re-recorded version of a \\\"This Is Not a Love Song\\\", which had been a No. 5 UK and international hit when released as a single in 1983. An early version of the album was released in 1983 by founding PiL guitarist Keith Levene as \\\"Commercial Zone\\\". The album was then re-recorded after Levene's departure from the\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966222\",\n \"text\": \"in the film. The album was seen as a step down from the band's efforts. Pitchfork Media named the album \\\"maligned but salvageable\\\". Allmusic said the album as \\\"the most tentative and least powerful of PiL's recordings.\\\" This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get is a 1984 album by Public Image Ltd. It is the band's fourth official studio album and includes the single \\\"Bad Life\\\" and a re-recorded version of a \\\"This Is Not a Love Song\\\", which had been a No. 5 UK and international\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966221\",\n \"text\": \"He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: \\\"Commercial Zone\\\". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of \\\"Commercial Zone\\\" became \\\"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\\\" in 1984. \\\"The Order of Death\\\" is a reference to the film \\\"Copkiller\\\", also known as \\\"The Order of Death\\\". The line \\\"This is what you want... This is what you get\\\", which gives title to the album, appears\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966219\",\n \"text\": \"were not re-recorded for \\\"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\\\" (although a remixed version of \\\"Blue Water\\\" was included as the B-side on the \\\"This Is Not a Love Song\\\" 12\\\" single). Songs on \\\"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\\\" which did not appear in any form on \\\"Commercial Zone\\\" are \\\"Tie Me to the Length of That\\\", \\\"The Pardon\\\" and \\\"1981\\\", and are the only songs on the album which do not credit Keith Levene as a co-writer. PiL was supposed to score the soundtrack for the 1983 suspense film \\\"Copkiller\\\", starring Harvey\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10155975\",\n \"text\": \"What Is the Third Estate? What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). The pamphlet was Sieyès' response to finance minister Jacques Necker's invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized. In the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the third estate – the common people of France – constituted a complete nation within itself and had no need of the \\\"dead weight\\\" of the two other orders, the first and second\",\n \"title\": \"What Is the Third Estate?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6038034\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Love \\\"What Is Love\\\" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, \\\"The Album\\\". The song is recognizable by its refrain \\\"What is love? Baby don't hurt me, don't hurt me... no more.\\\" It was a massive hit in Europe, becoming a number-one hit in at least 13 countries and reaching number two in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Outside Europe, the song was moderately successful, reaching number 11 in the United States, number 12 in Australia, number 17 in Canada, and number 48 in New Zealand. \\\"What Is Love\\\" was written\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2966075\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Art? What is Art? ( \\\"Chto takoye iskusstvo?\\\") is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English due to difficulties with the Russian censors. Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists as well as the imprecision of general opinions on art as reason for writing the book. In his words, \\\"it is difficult to say what is meant by art, and especially what is good, useful art, art for the sake of which we might condone such sacrifices as are being\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Art?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10056563\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto has teams in nearly every major professional sport, including the Toronto Blue Jays (MLB), Toronto Argonauts (CFL), Toronto Raptors (NBA), Toronto Rock (NLL), Toronto FC (MLS), Toronto Arrows (MLR) and the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL). Throughout the sports world, Toronto is perhaps best known for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Although Toronto has not won a Stanley Cup since 1967, the city is renowned as a hockey town. Scotiabank Arena (home of the Leafs, Raptors, and Rock) and Rogers Centre (home of the Blue Jays) are located in the downtown core and are within walking distance from one another via\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15509492\",\n \"text\": \"she was dissatisfied with the circumstances, but was in \\\"no way dissing Lopez.\\\" A mastered version of \\\"What Is Love?\\\" was included on the soundtrack to \\\"The Back-up Plan\\\" (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. \\\"What Is Love?\\\" was re-titled as \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" and appeared on \\\"Love?\\\" (2011). \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" was due to be released as a promotional single from \\\"Love?\\\" on April 26, 2011, but was \\\"unlocked\\\" and released four days earlier, on April 22, 2011 by through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. It was released in many European countries on April 25. The song\",\n \"title\": \"(What Is) Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9771746\",\n \"text\": \"What You Get Is What You See \\\"What You Get Is What You See\\\" is a song by recording artist Tina Turner from her album \\\"Break Every Rule\\\" (1986). The song was written by the Terry Britten and Graham Lyle team and was notably different from the three previous singles that they had written for Turner, \\\"What's Love Got to Do with It\\\", \\\"We Don't Need Another Hero\\\" and \\\"Two People\\\", as it was an up-tempo country-tinged rock track featuring Eric Clapton on guitars. Tina Turner said in an interview that \\\"What You Get Is What You See\\\" is her\",\n \"title\": \"What You Get Is What You See\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3470866\",\n \"text\": \"throughout Africa and Asia. Their organization, Iris Global, also provides food for 10,000 children each day, operates three primary schools, and five Bible schools; all of this success is attributed to what started in Toronto. Bethel Church: One year after Bill Johnson, a pastor in Weaverville, California, visited TAV, he took over as the senior pastor of Bethel Church in Redding, California. Bethel has become known as a place of supernatural healing, impartation, and ministry training as a result of what occurred in Toronto. Nicky Gumbel: Nicky was the curate of Holy Trinity Brompton at the time of the Toronto\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Blessing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6786088\",\n \"text\": \"and independent goth and industrial bands are based in Toronto. Regular sporting events, such as home games of the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Blue Jays, Toronto Raptors, Toronto FC, Toronto Marlies, Toronto Rock, and the Argonauts, bring tourists to the city every year, while the Honda Indy, held every July, attracts fans of auto racing. Hockey stirs much passion and interest, giving Toronto the sobriquet \\\"Hockey capital\\\". Basketball is also increasing in popularity, especially among the city's youth. A championship by a major pro sports team is often marked by celebrations including a parade for the victorious team. Toronto nurtures\",\n \"title\": \"Culture in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10712620\",\n \"text\": \"centre of tourism. Doors Open Toronto is a free event held in the spring that showcases many of the city's unique and historically significant buildings to the public. The city has a broad range of professional sport franchises, with clubs in six major North American leagues. With approximately 200 matches contested in the city, attending a professional game is possible throughout the year. The city is famously known for the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey franchise, and is also home to the Toronto Argonauts, Toronto Blue Jays, Toronto Raptors, Toronto Rock, and Toronto FC. Attending an amateur sporting event is affordable,\",\n \"title\": \"Recreation in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5684843\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto __NOEDITSECTION__ This page shows results of Canadian federal elections in Old Toronto (what was the city of Toronto prior to the 1998 amalgamation). In recent years, Toronto, and particularly Old (central) Toronto, has leaned well to the political left. From 1993 to 2004, the Liberals held every seat in the former Metro Toronto, in some cases with large margins. The New Democratic Party (NDP) broke through in 2004 when Jack Layton was elected; the NDP won two additional seats in close races in 2006 but lost one in 2008. In 2011, the Liberal\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5616995\",\n \"text\": \"What Is and What Should Never Be \\\"What Is and What Should Never Be\\\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on \\\"Led Zeppelin II\\\" (1969). \\\"What is and What Should Never Be\\\" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording. The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"What Is and What Should Never Be\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11450212\",\n \"text\": \"even number of teams, leaving the door open for Toronto. However, in 2005 Tagliabue said that \\\"if there is expansion, I would think it would leave us with an odd number of teams for some period of time.\\\" He went on to say that \\\"I don't see expansion in Canada as being related to what we might do in Los Angeles.\\\" Godfrey was named President and CEO of the Toronto Blue Jays when the team was purchased by Rogers Communications in 2000. At the time, Godfrey stated that \\\"part of my responsibilities are to chase an NFL team and other\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15652214\",\n \"text\": \"the Toronto area maintains a distinct local economy influenced by the UIS campus, including the Capital Area Career Center and Lincoln Land Community College, parks along the lakefront, the campus-area Lake Pointe apartment complex, and the campus-area bars of Mowie's Cue, Pier 55 Lounge, and Crows Mill Pub. Toronto, Illinois Toronto was an unincorporated rural community located in Woodside Township, Sangamon County, Illinois. It was located adjacent to what is now the \\\"Toronto Road\\\" exit at Mile 90 of the Illinois section of Interstate 55. Today, the Toronto neighborhood of Springfield is roughly defined as the region bordering Lake Springfield\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto, Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5919707\",\n \"text\": \"The art of writing is deeply linked to freedom and thus ventures into the fields of politics and democracy. The poet frees himself by disassociation, and the prose writer fulfills a duty to utilize language for the end of a conceived free society. What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as \\\"Literature and Existentialism\\\",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals \\\"Les Temps modernes\\\", \\\"Situations I\\\" and \\\"Situations II\\\", essays \\\"What is Writing?\\\" and \\\"Why Write?\\\" were translated into English and\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Literature?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15983617\",\n \"text\": \"What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection. Furthermore, much of the collection was shaped by concerns for blue collar workers as well as nationwide political events. \\\"What Work Is\\\" was first published in 1991 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.\",\n \"title\": \"What Work Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8260672\",\n \"text\": \"What Is It? What Is It? is a 2005 American surrealist film written, edited, co-produced and directed by Crispin Glover. It stars Crispin Glover and Fairuza Balk and Steven C. Stewart. As of 2008, the film has only been shown at independent theaters, typically accompanied by a question-and-answer session, a one-hour dramatic narration of eight different profusely illustrated books as a slideshow, and a meet-and-greet/book signing with Glover. \\\"What Is It?\\\" is the first entry in a planned trilogy directed by Glover, followed by \\\"It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine.\\\" and continued with \\\"It Is Mine\\\". The \\\"adventures\\\" of a\",\n \"title\": \"What Is It?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2451094\",\n \"text\": \"in the edition of October 25, 1890 of the Toronto \\\"Globe\\\" newspaper (now the Globe & Mail) entitled \\\"Toronto's Growing Suburb - New Toronto - As it is and what it will be\\\". New Toronto, as an industrial centre \\\"was expected to rival - if not exceed - 'old' Toronto in manufacturing output\\\". A few worker's homes were built on early streets north of Lake Shore Road while development proceeded. New Toronto was planned and designed as a \\\"town\\\", with manufacturing as its focal point, but also including retail business and residential areas in the plan. The Town of New\",\n \"title\": \"New Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7728581\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Life \\\"What Is Life\\\" is a song by the English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\". In many countries, it was issued as the second single from the album, in February 1971, becoming a top-ten hit in the United States, Canada and elsewhere, and topping singles charts in Australia and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, \\\"What Is Life\\\" appeared as the B-side to \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\", which was the best-selling single there of 1971. Harrison's backing musicians on the song include Eric Clapton and the entire Delaney & Bonnie Friends band,\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6038039\",\n \"text\": \"in \\\"Just Dance 2017\\\". In 2009, German DJ Klaas remixed the song under the title \\\"Klaas meets Haddaway – What Is Love 2K9\\\". This remix charted in several European countries. In 2016, Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies released a cover titled \\\"What Is Love 2016\\\", as a single from his debut album \\\"Less Is More\\\". It was actually already produced back in 2014 as a remix for Jaymes Young's cover version of \\\"What is Love\\\". This version was remade for the album and became a hit on a number of European singles charts and topped the Belgian Ultratop Official Singles Chart.\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7430877\",\n \"text\": \"boards in Toronto provide public primary, secondary, and adult education. The following public school boards operate secular schools: There is a strong alternative school movement. The Toronto District School Board has many alternative schools. The oldest is ALPHA Alternative School, which opened in 1972. There are also private alternative organizations. The first conference for publicly funded alternative schools in the Greater Toronto Area happened in Nov, 2012. The following public school boards operate separate schools in Toronto. Before 1998, in Metropolitan Toronto, Les Conseil des écoles catholiques du Grand Toronto (the Metropolitan Separate School Board, now the Toronto Catholic District\",\n \"title\": \"Education in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5919702\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Literature? What Is Literature? (), also published as \\\"Literature and Existentialism\\\",) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals \\\"Les Temps modernes\\\", \\\"Situations I\\\" and \\\"Situations II\\\", essays \\\"What is Writing?\\\" and \\\"Why Write?\\\" were translated into English and published by the Paris-based literary journal Transition 1948. The English translation by Bernard Frechtman was published in 1950. Sartre attempts to devise an understanding of the effect literature has on those who are subjected to it. In the foreword Sartre addresses his critics\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Literature?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5616997\",\n \"text\": \"and What Should Never Be\\\" was performed live at Led Zeppelin concerts between 1969 and 1973. A live version taken from a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 can be seen on the \\\"Led Zeppelin DVD\\\". Another was included on disc two of the live triple album \\\"How The West Was Won\\\". Two more versions were included in BBC Sessions. What Is and What Should Never Be \\\"What Is and What Should Never Be\\\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second\",\n \"title\": \"What Is and What Should Never Be\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15983630\",\n \"text\": \"terribly damaged conditions of American labor, whose circumstance has perhaps never been more wrecked.” After Levine was named Poet Laureate, \\\"What Work Is\\\" reached the top of Amazon.com's \\\"Movers and Shakers\\\" list. What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection.\",\n \"title\": \"What Work Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12715771\",\n \"text\": \"The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in 2008 (by Picador in the UK and Knopf in the USA). The title is a quotation from Naipaul's book \\\"A Bend in the River\\\". \\\"The world is what it is; men who are nothing, who allow themselves to become nothing, have no place in it.\\\" French deals with Naipaul's family background and his life from his birth in 1932 until his second marriage\",\n \"title\": \"The World Is What It Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5684844\",\n \"text\": \"vote collapsed under the onslaught of both the Conservatives and the NDP, with the Conservatives taking two uptown ridings, the Liberals retaining two, and the NDP winning the remaining six. Before then, centre-right parties had been completely shut out in central Toronto since the Progressive Conservatives lost all of their seats in 1993. The region reverted to form in 2015, as a massive surge in Liberal support allowed the Liberals to sweep Toronto. Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto __NOEDITSECTION__ This page shows results of Canadian federal elections in Old Toronto (what was the city of Toronto prior to\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian federal election results in Central Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15509495\",\n \"text\": \"the internet on April 20, 2013. According to Jessica Sager of PopCrush, it picks up where the original song left off. Sager wrote that the song \\\"likely isn't about [Marc] Anthony — but for those new to the song, it's surely easy to interpret it as such. Lopez gets pretty revealing in the new song, addressing a divorce directly and explicitly\\\". Credits adapted from the liner notes of \\\"Love?\\\". (What Is) Love? \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled \\\"What Is Love?\\\", the song appeared on the soundtrack to \\\"The Back-up Plan\\\" (2010),\",\n \"title\": \"(What Is) Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6038040\",\n \"text\": \"An official music video was released directed by Soulvizion. It features the Dutch professional basketball player Don Rigters who plays the role of David Rose, a basketball player who is severely injured trying to make a comeback to the game with encouragement from his girlfriend, (played by Melissa Kanza), his three teammates, (Alkenah Wansing, Jeroen Jansen and Lindy Chippendel) and by his basketball coach (played by J E Rigters). What Is Love \\\"What Is Love\\\" is a song recorded by Trinidadian-German Eurodance artist Haddaway for his debut album, \\\"The Album\\\". The song is recognizable by its refrain \\\"What is love?\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7728599\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK as perhaps the strongest of all of Harrison's singles. Writing in 1981, \\\"NME\\\" critic Bob Woffinden grouped \\\"What Is LIfe\\\" with \\\"My Sweet Lord\\\", \\\"Isn't It a Pity\\\" and \\\"Awaiting on You All\\\" as \\\"all excellent songs\\\". Reviewing the 2001 reissue of \\\"All Things Must Pass\\\", for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", James Hunter wrote of how the album's music \\\"exults in breezy rhythms\\\", among which \\\"the colorful revolutions of 'What Is Life' ... [move] like a Ferris wheel\\\". The following year, in Rolling Stone Press's \\\"Harrison\\\" tribute book, David Fricke included \\\"What Is Life\\\" among his selection of \\\"essential\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7728587\",\n \"text\": \"love song – perhaps a \\\"lovingly crafted paen\\\" to Harrison's wife Pattie, as Alan Clayson puts it – or a devotional song like many of Harrison's compositions. Ian Inglis writes that the song title suggests a \\\"philosophical debate about the meaning of life\\\", yet its rendering as \\\"\\\"what is my life\\\"\\\" in the choruses \\\"reshapes [the meaning] completely\\\". Theologian Dale Allison finds no religious content in \\\"What Is Life\\\" but notes the \\\"failure of words to express feelings\\\" implied in the opening line (\\\"\\\"What I feel, I can't say\\\"\\\"), a recurring theme of Harrison's spiritual songs such as \\\"That Is\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3452965\",\n \"text\": \"project while the former was seen as side endeavor. What Is This released their debut EP \\\"Squeezed\\\" in 1984. Around this time, Hillel Slovak had become uncertain of his role in the band and decided to rejoin the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He left What Is This in 1985, and later that year the band would release its only full-length studio album \\\"What Is This?\\\" and its final EP \\\"3 Out of 5 Live\\\". After this, the band broke up. Alain Johannes later met Natasha Shneider and the duo formed Walk The Moon, whose sole studio album featured Jack Irons\",\n \"title\": \"What Is This?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3452961\",\n \"text\": \"What Is This? What Is This (known prior to 1980 as Anthym) was a rock band that originated in Fairfax High School in California and would play numerous shows along the coast of California. It was formed by guitarist Hillel Slovak, drummer Jack Irons, vocalist Alain Johannes, and bassist Todd Strassman. Originally named Chain Reaction, the band would later change its name to Anthem, then later to Anthym (as there was already a band using the former moniker), and then finally to What Is This, which was a tongue-in-cheek reference to the reaction they usually received from first-time listeners. During\",\n \"title\": \"What Is This?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1926455\",\n \"text\": \"more than a quarter million acres (1,000 km²) of land in the area of Toronto with the Mississaugas of New Credit. York County, would later be created by Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1792, which would at its largest size, comprise all of what is now Halton Region, Toronto, Peel Region, York Region and parts of Durham Region. The Town of York (present-day Toronto) would later be attacked by American forces in the War of 1812 in what is now known as the Battle of York, in 1813. In 1816, Wentworth County and Halton County were created from York County.\",\n \"title\": \"Greater Toronto Area\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15509490\",\n \"text\": \"song. Lopez's vocals for the song were recorded and produced by Kuk Harrell, with recording assistance from Jim Annunziato and Josh Gudwin at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California. Annunziato and Eric Eylands handled audio engineering of \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\", while the song was later mixed by Mike \\\"Handz\\\" Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California. \\\"(What Is) Love?\\\" deals with the topic of \\\"not knowing what love is\\\". The song's co-writer Gordon stated that: \\\"I felt like so many woman have that same story. No fathers, families, abusive boyfriends and husbands..no parental support, they feel alone .. I've\",\n \"title\": \"(What Is) Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11794796\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Intelligence? What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect is a book by psychologist James R. Flynn which outlines his model for an explanation of the eponymous Flynn effect. The book summarizes much of the work of Flynn in this area, as well as that of his colleague William Dickens of the Brookings Institution. The book begins with a description of what has generally become known as \\\"the Flynn effect\\\": the steady rise from one generation to the next in average scores on IQ tests over time. Flynn notes that this effect apparently contradicts some fundamental beliefs about IQ\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Intelligence?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2966093\",\n \"text\": \"Aylmer Maude, translator of many of Tolstoy's writings, calls it \\\"probably the most masterly of all Tolstoy's works\\\", citing the difficulty of the subject matter and its clarity. For a comprehensive review of the reception at the time of publication, see Maude 1901\\\"b\\\". Bayley, John (1986 [1966]). \\\"\\\"What is Art?\\\" - excerpt from Tolstoy and the Novel\\\" in Bloom, Harold (ed.). Leo Tolstoy. New York: Chelsea House. p. 141-152. Jahn, Gary R. (1975). \\\"The aesthetic theory of Leo Tolstoy's \\\"What is Art?\\\"\\\". \\\"Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism\\\" 34 (1): 59-65. Maude, Aylmer (1901a). “\\\"What is Art?\\\" - An Introduction”,\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Art?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5684709\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian federal election results in Suburban Toronto This is page shows results of Canadian federal elections in the outer parts of Toronto—the area that was the suburban portion of Metro Toronto prior to the 1998 merger. This region had traditionally been a mixed bag and a bellwether region; the provincial Tories did very well here during their 42-year run in government. With the large proportion of immigrants in the region and urban growth, it became the Liberals' power base for almost two decades. From 1993 to 2008, Liberal candidates swept the region, making this region to the Liberals what Rural\",\n \"title\": \"Canadian federal election results in Suburban Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20046923\",\n \"text\": \"job at the same time. In this state of distress, she meets the picky and arrogant Lu Jin (Takeshi Kaneshiro), who is there to take over the hotel, and forms a relationship with him. They become a couple despite their wildly different personalities, bonding over their love for food. The film grossed a total of in China. This Is Not What I Expected This Is Not What I Expected () is a 2017 romantic comedy film directed by Derek Hui and produced by Peter Chan, starring Zhou Dongyu and Takeshi Kaneshiro. It is adapted from the novel \\\"Finally I Get\",\n \"title\": \"This Is Not What I Expected\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10424356\",\n \"text\": \"What U See Is What U Get \\\"What U See Is What U Get\\\" is the first single from Xzibit's second album, \\\"40 Dayz & 40 Nightz\\\". In its first week the song peaked at #50 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, being Xzibit's highest charting single. It peaked at #3 on Hot Rap Singles, his highest on that chart. A music video directed by Gregory Dark was filmed in Los Angeles. The deceptively simplistic premise of the video is Xzibit's trek to a nearby shop after being asked to pick up some milk. On his way, Xzibit greets several friends,\",\n \"title\": \"What U See Is What U Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10712615\",\n \"text\": \"Recreation in Toronto Recreation in Toronto consists of a varied selection of activities and events throughout the city year-round. Toronto boasts renowned theatre and arts communities, has a wide range of recreational public services, and offers many attractions for both residents and tourists. Toronto has a broad and diverse cultural sector, and is a major scene for theatre and other performing arts. More than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, and two symphony orchestras are located in the city. Toronto is home to the National Ballet of Canada, the Canadian Opera Company, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. Notable\",\n \"title\": \"Recreation in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9771748\",\n \"text\": \"where in 1989 it was used in a campaign for the New South Wales Rugby League. They later used the Tina Turner song \\\"The Best\\\" in another campaign. The song has been covered many times including by Canadian country music group Straight Clean & Simple and a single for the band taken from their 1992 album \\\"Iron Lady\\\". It was also covered by Scottish / Irish country artist Lisa McHugh. Her cover appears in her 2014 album \\\"A Life That's Good\\\". What You Get Is What You See \\\"What You Get Is What You See\\\" is a song by recording\",\n \"title\": \"What You Get Is What You See\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3452964\",\n \"text\": \"following week. The group decided to change their name to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, played several more shows at various L.A. clubs and musical venues, and eventually recorded a demo tape, all while Slovak and Irons were still playing with What Is This?. A few months later, What Is This received a record deal with MCA Records and the Red Hot Chili Peppers received a joint deal with EMI America and Enigma Records. Hillel Slovak and Jack Irons decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and stay with What Is This? as the latter was their primary musical\",\n \"title\": \"What Is This?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2890494\",\n \"text\": \"and near Yonge and Eglinton, along with a children's-focused library on Mount Pleasant. There are two community centres in North Toronto; Central Eglinton Community Centre, at Eglinton and Redpath, offers a wide variety of programs and services for caregivers & young children, adults. and people 50+. North Toronto Memorial Community Centre is located at Eglinton Park (Eglinton Avenue and Oriole Parkway). What was once North America's largest bridge club, Kate Buckman's, was on Mount Pleasant near Eglinton for many years until its closure in 2007; the Toronto Bridge Club is on St. Clair near Yonge. The Toronto Camera Club finds\",\n \"title\": \"North Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10424358\",\n \"text\": \"the music videos for Xzibit's songs \\\"Paparazzi\\\" and \\\"The Foundation\\\". The music video peaked at 1 during 6 weeks at BET's \\\"Rap City\\\". 12\\\" Promo What U See Is What U Get \\\"What U See Is What U Get\\\" is the first single from Xzibit's second album, \\\"40 Dayz & 40 Nightz\\\". In its first week the song peaked at #50 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, being Xzibit's highest charting single. It peaked at #3 on Hot Rap Singles, his highest on that chart. A music video directed by Gregory Dark was filmed in Los Angeles. The deceptively simplistic premise\",\n \"title\": \"What U See Is What U Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7728588\",\n \"text\": \"All\\\", \\\"Mystical One\\\" and \\\"Pisces Fish\\\". Joshua Greene, another religious academic, identifies the song as part of its parent album's \\\"intimately detailed account of a spiritual journey\\\": where \\\"Awaiting on You All\\\" shows Harrison \\\"convinced of his union with God\\\", \\\"What Is Life\\\" reveals him to be \\\"uncertain that he deserved such divine favor\\\". The song's second verse repeats what Inglis refers to as the \\\"somewhat confusing promise\\\" from Harrison (in lines 3 and 4) should his love be \\\"rejected\\\": Musically, Simon Leng describes \\\"What Is Life\\\" as \\\"Motown-spiced\\\" and a comparatively rare example of its composer's willingness to embrace\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2936961\",\n \"text\": \"identified as serving \\\"Buffalo/Toronto,\\\" and also have sales offices in the city. More than half of WNED's members live in Toronto. Most of Canada's over-the-air and cable television networks also have national operations based in Toronto; for more information, see List of Canadian television channels. Numerous radio stations licensed to communities outside the City of Toronto are also marketed to the City of Toronto proper, as well as the rest of the Greater Toronto Area. This includes one American station. Please see former City of Toronto radio stations at the Canadian Communications Foundation. Metroland Media Group is a subsidiary of\",\n \"title\": \"Media in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11998263\",\n \"text\": \"survive. The first prominent hotel to serve what was then York, Upper Canada was the York Hotel located at King Street East and Berkeley, today the site of the Toronto Sun Building. Built in 1805, it was a central social venue for the city's elite. When the legislature was burned by the Americans during the War of 1812, it was at the York that the assembly met for a year while awaiting the construction of a new building. The York Hotel was demolished in 1846. Nearby another important early hotel was Frank's Hotel, on nearby Market Square. It is most\",\n \"title\": \"Hotels in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15237572\",\n \"text\": \"What Is a Nation? \\\"What is a Nation?\\\" (\\\"Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?\\\") is an 1882 lecture by French historian Ernest Renan (1823–1892), known for the statements that a nation is \\\"a daily referendum\\\", and that nations are based as much on what the people jointly forget, as what they remember. It is frequently quoted or anthologized in works of history or political science pertaining to nationalism and national identity. Renan wrote \\\"What is a Nation\\\" in order to symbolize the nationalism which was born in France as a result of the French Revolution of 1789. Renan begins his essay by noting\",\n \"title\": \"What Is a Nation?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16662826\",\n \"text\": \"The physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, writing in \\\"Fashionable Nonsense\\\" (1997), state that \\\"What is Philosophy\\\" became a best-seller in France in 1991. They argue that in attempting to show how philosophy and science are distinct, Deleuze and Guattari use scientific terms such as \\\"chaos\\\" in incorrect or misleading ways, and that while in some passages they seem to discuss serious problems in the philosophy of science and mathematics, these passages prove to be largely meaningless on close inspection. The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in \\\"Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left\\\" (2016), criticized \\\"What is Philosophy?\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11998273\",\n \"text\": \"recent years a booming real estate market, especially in downtown Toronto, has led to a number of new hotel projects, often in combination with condominium projects. An unprecedented number of major hotel projects were completed in central Toronto, including The Adelaide Hotel, the Ritz-Carlton, Living Shangri-La, and a new Four Seasons. Suburban hotels in Toronto are primarily discount variety and is a cross of hotel and motel concept. Since the 1990s they have been marketed as business hotels. A list of chains operating in Toronto: Hotels in Toronto Hotels in Toronto have been some of the most prominent buildings in\",\n \"title\": \"Hotels in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11998261\",\n \"text\": \"Hotels in Toronto Hotels in Toronto have been some of the most prominent buildings in the city and the hotel industry is one of the city's most important. The Greater Toronto Area has 183 hotels with a total of almost 36,000 rooms. In 2010, there were 8.9 million room nights sold. Toronto is a popular tourist destination, with it having the 6th highest room occupancy rate in North America, but about two thirds of rooms are taken by commercial, government, or convention travellers. Toronto hotels are found in different clusters. The downtown core and financial district has a wide array\",\n \"title\": \"Hotels in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966217\",\n \"text\": \"band, with no contributions from either Levene or bassist Pete Jones (who contributed to several tracks on \\\"Commercial Zone\\\"). The song \\\"The Order of Death\\\" appears in the 1990 science fiction-horror film \\\"Hardware\\\" and on the soundtrack to the 1999 horror film \\\"The Blair Witch Project\\\". It was also featured in the \\\"Miami Vice\\\" episode \\\"Little Miss Dangerous\\\" and the \\\"Mr. Robot\\\" episode \\\"eps2.7_init_5.fve\\\". \\\"This is Not a Love Song\\\" appears in the film \\\"Waltz With Bashir\\\". The line \\\"This is what you want... This is what you get\\\" appears in both \\\"Bad Life\\\" and \\\"The Order of Death\\\". All\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10056610\",\n \"text\": \"demographics; Toronto is a multicultural city with a large immigrant population that has long-established roots with the game. Toronto has had teams in a number of first division soccer leagues of the United States. The Toronto Greenbacks were members of the North American Soccer Football League for its two years of existence in 1946-47. In 1967, two rival leagues began play: the United Soccer Association (USA) and National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). Both leagues had Toronto-based clubs with Toronto City (owned by future owner of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment Steve Stavro) joining the USA and the Toronto Falcons in\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10056576\",\n \"text\": \"farm team, the St. John's Maple Leafs, from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador to Toronto as the Toronto Marlies in 2005. Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the 1972 and 1974 Summit Series; parts of the 1976 and 1991 Canada Cups; parts of the 2004 World Cup of Hockey & all of the 2016 edition; and parts of the 2015 & 2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. Participation in minor hockey is very popular. The Greater Toronto Area is home to the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world,\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6786062\",\n \"text\": \"the official festival. There is also a Fashion Film Festival. Toronto has one of the highest count of film festivals in the world, most famously the Toronto International Film Festival, which opened a new headquarters in 2010 called the TIFF Bell Lightbox, which houses film screenings (mostly Canadian, art-house, international, etc. films), restaurants, and exhibition and gallery spaces. The city also has Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Inside Out Toronto Lesbian and Gay Film and Video Festival, ReelHeART International Film Festival, Toronto After Dark Film Festival, Toronto Reel Asian International Film Festival, and WILDsound Film Festival. Toronto also has\",\n \"title\": \"Culture in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8404605\",\n \"text\": \"What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? (\\\"Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme\\\" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity and dismiss false notions about the doctrine. It is not intended as an initiation and is not seen\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Spiritism?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8404608\",\n \"text\": \"notably: This chapter introduces some new doctrine that would be further elaborated on The Gospel According to Spiritism. What Is Spiritism? What Is Spiritism? (\\\"Qu'Est-ce Que le Spiritisme\\\" in French) is a brief introduction to Spiritism written by Allan Kardec in 1859, which is about a quarter of the length of The Spirits Book. Modern editions are augmented by a brief biography of the author, written by Henri Sausse, in 1896 which is mostly focused on his role in the History of Spiritism. The book is structured as a series of conferences about Spiritism, intended to quench the public curiosity\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Spiritism?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5665926\",\n \"text\": \"causing a net increase in disorder in the Universe. In order to increase the complexity on Earth—as life does—free energy is needed and in this case is provided by the Sun. What Is Life? What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell is a 1944 science book written for the lay reader by physicist Erwin Schrödinger. The book was based on a course of public lectures delivered by Schrödinger in February 1943, under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at Trinity College, Dublin. The lectures attracted an audience of about 400, who were warned \\\"that\",\n \"title\": \"What Is Life?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15100888\",\n \"text\": \"to another zoo in 2018, till then they will reside in the Toronto Zoo. The High Park Zoo is also located in Toronto. It comprises 399 acres of land which includes animals like peacocks, deers, sheep and many more. More than 250,000 people visit the High Park Zoo every year. Various Farms are also present in Toronto, which include substantial amount of farm animals. Furthermore, Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is an attraction that is located in downtown Toronto. It is Canada's largest indoor aquarium which means that it is easily accessible not only in the summer but also in the\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Toronto\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18069390\",\n \"text\": \"Newman Centre, Toronto Newman Centre is the Roman Catholic university chaplaincy for the University of Toronto. It is housed in what was the home of Wilmot Deloui Matthews. It is located at the corner of Hoskin Avenue and St. George Street, across from the Robarts Library on the University of Toronto campus. It is under the direction of the Archdiocese of Toronto and is associated with the neighbouring St. Thomas Aquinas Parish Church. The structure was built in 1890-1891 by the Canadian businessman \\\"The Barley King of Canada\\\" Wilmot Deloui Matthews. It is constructed of red clay, terra-cotta bricks, plum-coloured\",\n \"title\": \"Newman Centre, Toronto\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["ontario"],"string":"[\n \"ontario\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1698,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where did the loma prieta earthquake occur?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1902445","text":"earthquake precursor, more recent studies have cast doubt on the connection, attributing the Corralitos signals to either unrelated magnetic disturbance or, even more simply, to sensor-system malfunction. The earthquake caused severe damage in some very specific locations in the San Francisco Bay Area, most notably on unstable soil in San Francisco and Oakland. Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the earthquake until a US$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was completed in 1995. Many other communities sustained severe damage throughout the region located in Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara, San Benito, Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. Major property damage","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902445\",\n \"text\": \"earthquake precursor, more recent studies have cast doubt on the connection, attributing the Corralitos signals to either unrelated magnetic disturbance or, even more simply, to sensor-system malfunction. The earthquake caused severe damage in some very specific locations in the San Francisco Bay Area, most notably on unstable soil in San Francisco and Oakland. Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the earthquake until a US$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was completed in 1995. Many other communities sustained severe damage throughout the region located in Alameda, San Mateo, Santa Clara, San Benito, Santa Cruz and Monterey counties. Major property damage\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1902422","text":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at local time (1989-10-18 00:04 UTC). The shock was centered in The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park approximately northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (\"Violent\"), the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries. The Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been relatively inactive","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902434","text":"the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he exited a building through a window and fell five stories. The Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. The duration of the heaviest shaking in the Santa Cruz Mountains was about 15 seconds, but strong ground motion recordings revealed that the duration of shaking was not uniform throughout the affected area (due to different types and thicknesses of soil). At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902427","text":"its aftershocks occurred within a recognized seismic gap) but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. Since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Between 1910 and 1989 there were 20 widely varying forecasts that were announced, with some that were highly specific, covering multiple aspects of an event, while others were less complete and vague. With a M6.5 event on","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"16550857","text":"Loma Prieta (band) Loma Prieta (translates to \"Dark Hill\") is an American hardcore punk band that formed in 2005. The group is based in San Francisco, California and derived their name from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Most of the group's early material was released on their own record label named Discos Huelga. Loma Prieta has toured the US, Mexico, Canada, Europe and Japan. They share members with Punch. Their often dark and emotionally charged music blends a range of styles, most prominently screamo and powerviolence. In June 2011, Loma Prieta recorded music for their fourth studio album with Jack","title":"Loma Prieta (band)"},{"psg_id":"1902472","text":"3 was held in San Francisco on October 27 and Game 4 the following afternoon as the A's swept the Giants, four games to none. It is likely that the World Series game saved many lives, as Bay Area residents who would have normally been on the freeways were at home ready to watch the game when the earthquake hit. It is a rough estimate that thousands of people may have otherwise been on the Cypress Structure during the 5:00 p.m. rush-hour, as the structure was said to have carried 195,000 vehicles a day. Sources 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake The","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902443","text":"the normally crowded freeways contained unusually light traffic. If traffic had been normal for a Tuesday rush hour, injuries and deaths would certainly have been higher. The initial media reports failed to take into account the game's effect on traffic and initially estimated the death toll at 300, a number that was corrected to 63 in the days after the earthquake. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred, a group led by Antony C. Fraser-Smith of Stanford University reported that the event was preceded by disturbances in background magnetic field noise as measured by a sensor placed in Corralitos, California,","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902670","text":"Periodic Comet Machholz 1 96P/Machholz on May 12, 1986. The first official West Coast Messier marathon was conducted from this site in March 1979. The epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was near the mountain. The mountain was the longtime site for the transmitter tower of San Jose television station KNTV (from 1955 to 2005). It moved its transmitter northwest to San Bruno Mountain in September 2005, after it became the Bay Area's NBC affiliate. Loma Prieta is the tallest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains and it is common to see snow on the mountain during the winter.","title":"Loma Prieta"},{"psg_id":"1902428","text":"the San Juan Bautista segment, or an M7 event on the San Francisco Peninsula segment, United States Geological Survey (USGS) seismologist Allan Lindh's 1983 forecasted rupture length of (starting near Pajaro Gap, and continuing to the northwest) for the San Juan Bautista segment nearly matched the actual rupture length of the 1989 event. An updated forecast was presented in 1988, at which time Lindh took the opportunity to assign a new name to the San Juan Bautista segment – the Loma Prieta segment. In early 1988, the Working Group for California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) made several statements regarding their forecasts","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"16550859","text":"with Raein in 2013. On October 2, 2015, Loma Prieta released their fifth full-length studio album titled \"Self Portrait\". The album was described as being a more \"literal\" and positive album lyrically as opposed to being more \"opaque\" and angry on previous albums, while sonically Loma Prieta incorporates more melody while retaining the same level of hardcore intensity. To promote the album, the band released a single for the album's opening track \"Love\" backed with and exclusive B-side titled \"Trilogy 0 (Debris)\". They also released a music video for \"Love\" in September 2015. Current Former Loma Prieta (band) Loma Prieta","title":"Loma Prieta (band)"},{"psg_id":"1902671","text":"Loma Prieta Loma Prieta (from Spanish \"loma\" -hill, \"prieta\" -dark) is high and is the highest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Northern California. The peak is on private property about west of Morgan Hill in Santa Clara County. The dirt road to the summit is gated, but the tower maintainers generally do not mind hikers. From 1976 through 1990 amateur astronomer Donald Machholz set up his telescope an average of 120 times a year on the south slope of this mountain to search for comets. From this site he discovered three new comets that bear his name, including","title":"Loma Prieta"},{"psg_id":"1902669","text":"Loma Prieta Loma Prieta (from Spanish \"loma\" -hill, \"prieta\" -dark) is high and is the highest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Northern California. The peak is on private property about west of Morgan Hill in Santa Clara County. The dirt road to the summit is gated, but the tower maintainers generally do not mind hikers. From 1976 through 1990 amateur astronomer Donald Machholz set up his telescope an average of 120 times a year on the south slope of this mountain to search for comets. From this site he discovered three new comets that bear his name, including","title":"Loma Prieta"},{"psg_id":"1768347","text":"location to only central California; the magnitude remained the same. A figure they presented had two more revisions, for M ≥ 7.0 quakes in central California. The five-year time window for one ended in July 1989, and so missed the Loma Prieta event; the second revision extended to 1990, and so included Loma Prieta. When discussing success or failure of prediction for the Loma Prieta earthquake, some scientists argue that it did not occur on the San Andreas fault (the focus of most of the forecasts), and involved dip-slip (vertical) movement rather than strike-slip (horizontal) movement, and so was not","title":"Earthquake prediction"},{"psg_id":"1902437","text":"Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events. Near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical. The 1989 event's oblique-slip rupture was at 10 km and below on a fault plane that dipped 70° to the southwest. Because much of the slip in 1989 occurred at depth and the rupture propagated up dip, Beroza proposed that the overlying San Andreas Fault actually inhibited further rupture and also maintains that the occurrence of an event at the location that was forecast","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902431","text":"oblique reverse faults and were within of the M6.9 Loma Prieta mainshock epicenter, near the intersection of the San Andreas and Sargent faults. Total displacement for these shocks was relatively small (approximately of strike-slip and substantially less reverse-slip) and although they occurred on separate faults and well before the mainshock, a group of seismologists considered these to be foreshocks due to their location in space and time relative to the main event. Each event's aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that the shocks affected the mainshock's rupture process. Following the August 8,","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"19023411","text":"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album) Self Portrait is the fifth studio album by the American hardcore punk band Loma Prieta. The Jack Shirley-produced album was released on CD, cassette and digital platforms through Deathwish Inc. on October 2, 2015, followed by a vinyl release on November 13 also through Deathwish. In a press release, \"Self Portrait\" was described as featuring \"unorthodox melodies amid a tangle of pensive, despondent vocals\" inspired by the California hardcore bands Funeral Diner and Mohinder, among others. Loma Prieta promoted \"Self Portrait\" with a 7\" single for the opening track \"Love\" backed with the exclusive B-side","title":"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album)"},{"psg_id":"19023413","text":"its total power, visually and sonically.\" Loma Prieta also helped promote \"Self Portrait\" with an online stream of the song \"Never Remember\". Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album) Self Portrait is the fifth studio album by the American hardcore punk band Loma Prieta. The Jack Shirley-produced album was released on CD, cassette and digital platforms through Deathwish Inc. on October 2, 2015, followed by a vinyl release on November 13 also through Deathwish. In a press release, \"Self Portrait\" was described as featuring \"unorthodox melodies amid a tangle of pensive, despondent vocals\" inspired by the California hardcore bands Funeral Diner and","title":"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album)"},{"psg_id":"12753108","text":"of the movie centres on the political and social fallout following the earthquake, and Winslow's attempts to reunite with her family (from whom she had become separated). The movie was aired over a two-night period on NBC during November 1990. There had been some public interest in earthquakes following the Loma Prieta earthquake which rocked San Francisco in October 1989, and in addition seismologists at the time were predicting a massive earthquake to strike along the New Madrid Fault line, which runs along the Mississippi River, an event which ultimately did not occur. (A real earthquake would eventually strike Los","title":"The Great Los Angeles Earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1768350","text":"site of three very large earthquakes in 1811–12, which he coupled with the date of 3 December 1990. Browning's reputation and perceived credibility were boosted when he claimed in various promotional flyers and advertisements to have predicted (among various other events) the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. The National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council (NEPEC) formed an Ad Hoc Working Group (AHWG) to evaluate Browning's prediction. Its report (issued 18 October 1990) specifically rejected the claim of a successful prediction of the Loma Prieta earthquake. A transcript of his talk in San Francisco on 10 October showed he had","title":"Earthquake prediction"},{"psg_id":"1768348","text":"predicted. Other scientists argue that it did occur in the San Andreas fault \"zone\", and released much of the strain accumulated since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; therefore several of the forecasts were correct. Hough states that \"most seismologists\" do not believe this quake was \"predicted\" \"per se\". In a strict sense there were no predictions, only forecasts, which were only partially successful. Iben Browning claimed to have predicted the Loma Prieta event, but (as will be seen in the next section) this claim has been rejected. Dr. Iben Browning (a scientist with a Ph.D. degree in zoology and training","title":"Earthquake prediction"},{"psg_id":"17119825","text":"is for 2010–11. Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District is a public school district based in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Residents of this school district are zoned to high schools in the Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District. The District operates one elementary school and one middle school. The District has no operating charter schools. Both schools are located at the single campus in rural Los Gatos. Use the mapping tool at left or click on the Earth symbols below to see a map showing all seven locations. Note:","title":"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District"},{"psg_id":"17119824","text":"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District is a public school district based in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Residents of this school district are zoned to high schools in the Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District. The District operates one elementary school and one middle school. The District has no operating charter schools. Both schools are located at the single campus in rural Los Gatos. Use the mapping tool at left or click on the Earth symbols below to see a map showing all seven locations. Note: school enrollment data","title":"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District"},{"psg_id":"5394473","text":"should be prevented. Reinforced concrete column burst at Northridge earthquake due to insufficient shear reinforcement mode which allows main reinforcement to buckle outwards. The deck unseated at the hinge and failed in shear. As a result, the La Cienega-Venice underpass section of the 10 Freeway collapsed. Loma Prieta earthquake: side view of reinforced concrete support-columns failure which triggered the upper deck collapse onto the lower deck of the two-level Cypress viaduct of Interstate Highway 880, Oakland, CA. Retaining wall failure at Loma Prieta earthquake in Santa Cruz Mountains area: prominent northwest-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide","title":"Earthquake engineering"},{"psg_id":"5394471","text":"a landslide to occur though in this case there was another contributing factor which affected the original slope stability: the landslide required an \"earthquake trigger\" before being released. Pounding against adjacent building. This is a photograph of the collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph's Seminary, Los Altos, California which resulted in one fatality. During Loma Prieta earthquake, the tower pounded against the independently vibrating adjacent building behind. A possibility of pounding depends on both buildings' lateral displacements which should be accurately estimated and accounted for. At Northridge earthquake, the Kaiser Permanente concrete frame office building had joints completely shattered, revealing inadequate","title":"Earthquake engineering"},{"psg_id":"16550858","text":"Shirley. Their signing to Deathwish Inc. was announced in October 2011, and released their fourth studio album, titled \"I.V.\", through their new label on January 17, 2012. The album received positive reviews from AbsolutePunk, \"Alternative Press\", and \"Exclaim!\". Two music videos, for the songs \"Fly by Night\" and \"Trilogy 4 - Momentary\", have been released to promote \"I.V.\" In support of \"I.V.\", Loma Prieta toured New Zealand and Australia in January 2012, the United States with Birds in Row in March 2012 and North America with Converge and Git Some in April 2012. The band recorded and released a split","title":"Loma Prieta (band)"},{"psg_id":"1902430","text":"the State office of Emergency Services issued (for the first time in Bay Area history) short term advisories for a possible large earthquake, which meant there was \"a slightly increased likelihood of an M6.5 event on the Santa Cruz Mountains segment of the San Andreas fault\". The advisories following the two Lake Elsman events were issued in part because of the statements made by WGCEP and because they were two of the three largest shocks to occur along the 1906 earthquake's rupture zone since 1914. The 5.3 June 1988 and the 5.4 August 1989 events also occurred on previously unknown","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902424","text":"significant issue, especially in the heavily damaged Marina District of San Francisco, but its effects were also seen in the East Bay, and near the shore of Monterey Bay, where a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. Due to the sports coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television (and is sometimes referred to as the \"World Series earthquake\" as a result). Rush-hour traffic on the Bay Area freeways was lighter than normal because the game was about to begin, and this may have prevented a","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902441","text":"directly caused by the earthquake; six further fatalities were ruled to have been caused indirectly. In addition, there were 3,757 injuries as a result of the earthquake, 400 of which were serious. The highest number of fatalities, 42, occurred in Oakland because of the Cypress Street Viaduct collapse on the Nimitz Freeway (Interstate 880), where the upper level of a double-deck portion of the freeway collapsed, crushing the cars on the lower level, and causing crashes on the upper level. One section of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also collapsed, leading to a single fatality, Anamafi Moala, a 23-year-old woman.","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902459","text":"was built on was filled marshland, and half was somewhat more stable alluvium. Because of new highway structure design guidelines—the requirement of ductile construction elements—instituted following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, a limited degree of earthquake reinforcement was retrofitted to the Cypress Viaduct in 1977. The added elements were longitudinal restraints at transverse expansion joints in the box girder spans, but no studies were made of possible failure modes specific to the Cypress Viaduct. When the earthquake hit, the shaking was amplified on the former marshland, and soil liquefaction occurred. During the earthquake, the freeway buckled and twisted before the","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902470","text":"wave-like manner over a distance of several feet. When electrical power to the stadium was lost, someone drove a police car onto the field, where an officer used the car's public address system to advise that the game had been postponed. After the shaking subsided, many of the players on both teams immediately searched for, and gathered, family and friends from the stands before evacuating the facility. The October 18, 1989 edition of NBC's \"Today\" that covered the earthquake ran until noon Eastern Time. Bryant Gumbel, Jane Pauley and Deborah Norville anchored from Chicago (where they had planned to originally","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"20951544","text":"Buried rupture earthquake A buried rupture earthquake, or blind earthquake (c.f., surface rupture earthquake) is an earthquake with non-visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault does not affect the Earth's surface. See also blind thrust earthquake, a close concept. Recorded ground motions of large surface-rupture earthquakes are weaker than the ground motions from buried rupture earthquakes. The asperity for a buried rupture earthquakes is in area deeper than roughly . Examples are the Loma Prieta earthquake, Northridge earthquake, and the Noto Hanto earthquake. Uplifted water outside the fault plane in the buried rupture case,","title":"Buried rupture earthquake"},{"psg_id":"20951545","text":"as compared to the seabed surface rupture case, makes for large tsunami waves. Buried rupture earthquake A buried rupture earthquake, or blind earthquake (c.f., surface rupture earthquake) is an earthquake with non-visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault does not affect the Earth's surface. See also blind thrust earthquake, a close concept. Recorded ground motions of large surface-rupture earthquakes are weaker than the ground motions from buried rupture earthquakes. The asperity for a buried rupture earthquakes is in area deeper than roughly . Examples are the Loma Prieta earthquake, Northridge earthquake, and the Noto","title":"Buried rupture earthquake"},{"psg_id":"20062730","text":"Road. As with most of the Santa Cruz Mountain region, wildfires periodically occur in the area. The area is primarily serviced by state and regional fire departments, as well as by local volunteer fire brigades. The Croy Fire of 2002 originated on the hillsides facing Uvas Canyon County Park, and burned through the southeastern part of the area. The fire was caused by sparks from an unpermitted solar array. The Loma Fire of 2016 originated near the eastern base of Loma Prieta, and caused extensive damage to many homes and properties in the area. The fire was caused by sparks","title":"Loma Chiquita, California"},{"psg_id":"1768307","text":"of having observed such phenomena prior to an earthquake, no such phenomena has been shown to be an actual precursor. A 2011 review found the \"most convincing\" electromagnetic precursors to be ULF magnetic anomalies, such as the Corralitos event (discussed below) recorded before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. However, it is now believed that observation was a system malfunction. Study of the closely monitored 2004 Parkfield earthquake found no evidence of precursory electromagnetic signals of any type; further study showed that earthquakes with magnitudes less than 5 do not produce significant transient signals. The \"International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for","title":"Earthquake prediction"},{"psg_id":"1902439","text":"vary from event to event. And lastly, the 1989 event did not occur on the San Andreas Fault. While the effects of a four-year drought limited the potential of landslides, the steep terrain near the epicenter was prone to movement, and up to 4,000 landslides may have occurred during the event. The majority of landslides occurred to the southwest of the epicenter, especially along road cuts in the Santa Cruz Mountains and in the Summit Road area, but also along the bluffs of the Pacific Coast, and as far north as the Marin Peninsula. Highway 17 was blocked for several","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902452","text":"included ground floor garages, which engineers refer to as a soft story building. In Santa Cruz, the Pacific Garden Mall was severely damaged, with falling debris killing three people, half of the six earthquake deaths in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. Some 31 buildings were damaged enough to warrant demolition, seven of which had been listed in the Santa Cruz Historic Building Survey. The four oldest were built in 1894, the five oldest withstood the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Immediately, a number of civilians began to free victims from the rubble of Ford's Department Store and the Santa Cruz Coffee","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902450","text":"dust while trapped for an hour inside their collapsed apartment. The Marina district was built on a landfill made of a mixture of sand, dirt, rubble, waste and other materials containing a high percentage of groundwater. Some of the fill was rubble dumped into San Francisco Bay after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but most was sand and debris laid down in preparation for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, a celebration of San Francisco's ability to rebound after its catastrophe in 1906. After the Exposition, apartment buildings were erected on the landfill. In the 1989 earthquake, the water-saturated unconsolidated mud,","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902444","text":"about from the epicenter. From October 5, they reported that a substantial increase in noise was measured in the frequency range 0.01–10 Hz. The measurement instrument was a single-axis search-coil magnetometer that was being used for low frequency research. Precursor increases of noise apparently started a few days before the earthquake, with noise in the range 0.01–0.5 Hz rising to exceptionally high levels about three hours before the earthquake. Though this pattern gave scientists new ideas for research into potential precursors to earthquakes, and the Fraser-Smith et al. report remains one of the most frequently cited examples of a specific","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1768312","text":"\"resoundingly debunked\". Probably the most celebrated seismo-electromagnetic event ever, and one of the most frequently cited examples of a possible earthquake precursor, is the 1989 Corralitos anomaly. In the month prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake measurements of the earth's magnetic field at ultra-low frequencies by a magnetometer in Corralitos, California, just 7 km from the epicenter of the impending earthquake, started showing anomalous increases in amplitude. Just three hours before the quake the measurements soared to about thirty times greater than normal, with amplitudes tapering off after the quake. Such amplitudes had not been seen in two years","title":"Earthquake prediction"},{"psg_id":"18234497","text":"location. At least twelve aftershocks followed, including one of magnitude 3.9. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in the Bay Area since the magnitude 6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency due to the severe damage and the possibility of aftershocks. President Obama declared a major disaster for Napa and Solano counties. Several older commercial buildings in downtown Napa showed signs of extensive external damage even though many had been retrofitted for earthquake safety protection. The Goodman Library, Napa County Courthouse Plaza, Sam Kee Laundry Building, Downtown U.S. Post Office, Alexandria Hotel and Annex,","title":"2014 South Napa earthquake"},{"psg_id":"359051","text":"during earthquakes, and most of the major damage close to the Bay in the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 occurred to structures on these areas. The Marina District of San Francisco, hard hit by the 1989 earthquake, was built on fill that had been placed there for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, although liquefaction did not occur on a large scale. In the 1990s, San Francisco International Airport proposed filling in hundreds more acres to extend its overcrowded international runways in exchange for purchasing other parts of the bay and converting them back to wetlands. The idea was, and remains, controversial.","title":"San Francisco Bay"},{"psg_id":"2928619","text":"after the Field Act, and damage and cleanup costs there totaled $42,000. Gas lines were broken and separation of the buildings' porches was due to lateral displacement of up to six inches. Following many of California's major earthquakes, lawmakers have acted quickly to develop legislation related to seismic safety. After the M6.4 1933 Long Beach earthquake the Field Act was passed the following month, and after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act and Senate Bill 1953 (hospital safety requirements) were established. Following the San Fernando event, earthquake engineers and seismologists from established scientific organizations, as well","title":"1971 San Fernando earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1927854","text":"shuttle buses to and from the university. Universal Studios Hollywood shut down the attraction, based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster, \"Earthquake\". It was closed for the second time since the Loma Prieta earthquake. Angel Stadium of Anaheim (then known as Anaheim Stadium) suffered some damage when the scoreboard fell into the seats. The theme parks Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections, since all were designed with earthquakes in mind. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and now-gone Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena suffered minor damage. The major","title":"1994 Northridge earthquake"},{"psg_id":"7588143","text":"Seismic Hazards Mapping Act The Seismic Hazard Mapping Act (\"The Act\") was enacted by the California legislature in 1990 following the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. The Act requires the California State Geologist to create maps delineating zones where data suggest amplified ground shaking, liquefaction, or earthquake-induced landsliding may occur (\"seismic hazard zones\"). The Act requires responsible agencies to approve only projects within seismic hazard zones following a site-specific investigation to determine if the hazard is present and inclusion of appropriate mitigation(s) if so. The Act also requires disclosure by real estate sellers and agents at the time of sale","title":"Seismic Hazards Mapping Act"},{"psg_id":"18295773","text":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"1902458","text":"removed and replaced the collapsed section, and re-opened the bridge on November 18. The worst disaster of the earthquake was the collapse of the two-level Cypress Street Viaduct of Interstate 880 in West Oakland. The failure of a section of the viaduct, also known as the \"Cypress Structure\" and the \"Cypress Freeway\", killed 42 and injured many more. Built in the late 1950s, the Cypress Street Viaduct, a stretch of Interstate 880, was a double-deck freeway section made of nonductile reinforced concrete that was constructed above and astride Cypress Street in Oakland. Roughly half of the land the Cypress Viaduct","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902426","text":"is the most studied fault on Earth. Andrew Lawson, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley, had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake (prior to the occurrence of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake) and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for a length of during the 1906 shock, both to the north of San Francisco and to the south in the Santa Cruz Mountains region. Several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 (the event and","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902425","text":"larger loss of life, as several of the Bay Area's major transportation structures suffered catastrophic failures. The collapse of a section of the double-deck Nimitz Freeway in Oakland was the site of the largest number of casualties for the event, but the collapse of man-made structures and other related accidents contributed to casualties occurring in San Francisco, Los Altos, and Santa Cruz. The history of earthquake investigations in California has been largely focused on the San Andreas Fault System, due to its strong influence in the state as the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate; it","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902469","text":"than half of the more than 62,000 fans had reached their seats by the time of the quake, and the load on the structure of the stadium was lower than maximum. There had also been a seismic-strengthening project previously completed on the upper deck concrete windscreen that may have prevented large numbers of injuries in the event of serious damage or even a catastrophic collapse. Fans reported that the stadium moved in an articulated manner as the earthquake wave passed through it, that the light standards swayed by many feet, and that the concrete upper deck windscreen moved in a","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902442","text":"Three people were killed in the collapse of buildings along the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz, and five people were killed in the collapse of a brick wall on Bluxome Street in San Francisco. When the earthquake hit, the third game of the 1989 World Series baseball championship was about to begin. Because of the unusual circumstance that both of the World Series teams (the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics) were based in the affected area, many people had left work early or were staying late to participate in after work group viewings and parties. As a consequence","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902432","text":"1989, shock, in anticipation of an upcoming large earthquake, staff at the University of California, Santa Cruz deployed four accelerometers in the area, which were positioned at the UCSC campus, two residences in Santa Cruz, and a home in Los Gatos. Unlike other nearby (high gain) seismographs that were overwhelmed (driven off scale) by the large magnitude mainshock, the four accelerometers captured a useful record of the main event and more than half an hour of the early aftershock activity. The June 27, 1988, shock occurred with a maximum intensity of VI (\"Strong\"). Its effects included broken windows in Los","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902464","text":"trains and buses were stalled in place—half of Muni's transport capability was lost for 12 hours. Muni relied on diesel buses to continue abbreviated service until electric power was restored later that night, and electric units could be inspected and readied for service on the morning of October 18. After 78 hours, 96 percent of Muni services were back in operation, including the cable cars. Amtrak intercity rail service into Oakland from the \"California Zephyr\" continued, but the \"Coast Starlight\" was temporarily suspended north of Salinas because of damage to the Southern Pacific's Coast Line. The earthquake changed the Bay","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902455","text":"large number of damaged buildings that held no victims. The quake claimed one life in Watsonville: a driver who collided with panicked horses after they escaped their collapsed corral. In other Santa Cruz and Monterey county locations such as Boulder Creek and Moss Landing, a number of structures were damaged, with some knocked off of their foundations. Many residents slept outside their homes out of concern for further damage from aftershocks, of which there were 51 with magnitudes greater than 3.0 in the following 24 hours, and 16 more the second day. The earthquake damaged several historic buildings in the","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902449","text":"12,000 customers had their power restored within two days. The quake caused an estimated $6 billion in property damage, becoming one of the most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history at the time. Private donations poured into aid relief efforts and on October 26, President George H. W. Bush signed a $1.1 billion earthquake relief package for California. Four people died in San Francisco's Marina District, four buildings were destroyed by fire, and seven buildings collapsed. Another 63 damaged structures were judged too dangerous to live in. Among the four deaths, one family lost their infant son who choked on","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"12449257","text":"Diablo Range and Mount Diablo. These \"hidden\" faults, which are not as well known, pose a significant earthquake hazard. Among the more well-understood faults, scientists estimate a 63% probability of a magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurring along either the Hayward, Rogers Creek, or San Andreas fault, with an earthquake more likely to occur in the East Bay. Two of the largest earthquakes in recent history were the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The Bay Area is home to a complex network of watersheds, marshes, rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and bays that predominantly drain into the San Francisco","title":"San Francisco Bay Area"},{"psg_id":"16286697","text":"earthquakes. After the Loma Prieta earthquake Stanford implemented an expensive capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses. On January 17, 1994 California State University at Northridge was also devastated after the Northridge earthquake. The epicenter of the destructive earthquake was only two miles away resulting in the campus suffering heavy damage to many buildings and the collapse of a parking structure. The earthquake caused more than $400 million in damages, which at the time was the largest amount of damage done to an American University. There are several types of flooding that can occur","title":"Emergency management in American universities"},{"psg_id":"1902457","text":"way they had come. Eastbound drivers stuck on the lower deck between the collapse and Yerba Buena Island were routed up to the upper deck and westward back to San Francisco. A miscommunication made by emergency workers at Yerba Buena Island routed some drivers the wrong way; they were directed to the upper deck where they drove eastward toward the collapse site. One of these drivers did not see the open gap in time; the car plunged over the edge and smashed onto the collapsed roadbed. The driver, Anamafi Moala, died, and the passenger, her brother, was seriously injured. Caltrans","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"20062731","text":"from a portable generator. Loma Chiquita, California Loma Chiquita is an unincorporated rural area along the ridge leading to Loma Chiquita summit in southwest Santa Clara County, California. The area covers the associated ridgeline and hillsides, from the eastern base of Loma Prieta, towards the west near the intersection with upper Little Uvas Road. The northern part faces the Mountain Home area, and the southern part overlaps with Uvas Canyon. The western half of the region lies within the Los Gatos Mountains zip code 95033, and the eastern half lies within the Morgan Hill zip code 95037. The telephone area","title":"Loma Chiquita, California"},{"psg_id":"20062727","text":"Loma Chiquita, California Loma Chiquita is an unincorporated rural area along the ridge leading to Loma Chiquita summit in southwest Santa Clara County, California. The area covers the associated ridgeline and hillsides, from the eastern base of Loma Prieta, towards the west near the intersection with upper Little Uvas Road. The northern part faces the Mountain Home area, and the southern part overlaps with Uvas Canyon. The western half of the region lies within the Los Gatos Mountains zip code 95033, and the eastern half lies within the Morgan Hill zip code 95037. The telephone area codes are 408 and","title":"Loma Chiquita, California"},{"psg_id":"4517314","text":"of freedom (translation along and rotation about three axes). As-designed, the joints allow movement of up to along the tube's axis and up to vertically or laterally. The Tube has required earthquake retrofitting, both on its exterior and interior. The total cost of seismic retrofits was estimated at in 2004. A 1991 study, commissioned at the recommendation of the Governor's Board of Inquiry in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, found the seismic joints would \"likely remain intact and functional after the next earthquake.\" However, settling of the Tube within its trench and the Loma Prieta quake had","title":"Transbay Tube"},{"psg_id":"20062728","text":"669. The Loma Chiquita ridge ranges from a peak of approximately near the base of Loma Prieta to above Little Uvas Valley. The ridge divides the upper Llagas and Uvas creek watersheds, which provide water to the Chesbro and Uvas reservoirs, respectively. Native vegetation consists of mixed conifer-oak woodland along the mountain ridge, to chaparral and coastal scrub along the slopes. The area has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. In Spanish, \"Loma Chiquita\" means \"little ridge\". The ridgeline is relatively flat and gently sloping along its five-mile descent into the Little Uvas Valley. Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in","title":"Loma Chiquita, California"},{"psg_id":"12449267","text":"There are some city streets in San Francisco where gaps occur in the freeway system, partly the result of the Freeway Revolt, which prevented a freeway-only thoroughfare through San Francisco between the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the western terminus of Interstate 80, and the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge (U.S. Route 101). Additional damage that occurred in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in freeway segments being removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt, leading to the revitalization of neighborhoods such as San Francisco's Embarcadero and Hayes Valley. The greater Bay Area contains the three","title":"San Francisco Bay Area"},{"psg_id":"4775709","text":"was used in place of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California. The film focuses on the survival of three victims who survived the collapse of the similarly designed two-level I-880 freeway during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. In the science fiction alternative-history novel \"The Man in the High Castle\" by Philip K. Dick, the sight of the Embarcadero Freeway deeply rattles a character who has apparently stumbled into a different reality. The following is an exit list of the former Embarcadero Freeway prior to the Loma Prieta earthquake and subsequent demolition. California State Route 480 State Route 480 (SR","title":"California State Route 480"},{"psg_id":"18295781","text":"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\" seeks","title":"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go"},{"psg_id":"20105634","text":"were markedly smaller; only the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake covered a larger area than that of the 1898 event. The isoseismals for intensity V, VII, and VIII were also compared for additional calibration, and 6.7 was presented as the magnitude of the event, which was presumed to have occurred on the southern Rogers Creek Fault. This estimate was later reduced to M6.4 in . Bakun 1999 also analyzed intensity details to resolve for magnitude and location, resulting in M6.3 and a location at the northeast end of San Pablo Bay. A technique called Bayesian inference used by Wesson, Bakun, &","title":"1898 Mare Island earthquake"},{"psg_id":"4339494","text":"and in 2006 she ran for reelection and easily won the seat. As a Supervisor, Alioto-Pier is committed to the preservation of St. Brigid's Church, which was once slated for demolition. Another top priority for Alioto-Pier is earthquake preparedness, especially important for her district, hit hard by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Alioto-Pier explains: As the district representative for a community that was really hit in Loma Prieta, It is my responsibility to make sure if something like that happens again that we know what we're doing. As a San Francisco moderate, Alioto-Pier has been attacked by San Francisco progressives","title":"Michela Alioto-Pier"},{"psg_id":"1902448","text":"electrical substations. Many San Francisco radio and television stations were temporarily knocked off the air. KRON-TV was off the air for about half an hour, while KGO-AM was off the air for about 40 minutes. About an hour and 40 minutes after the quake, KTVU resumed broadcasting, with their news anchors reporting from the station's parking lot. KCBS-AM switched immediately to backup power and managed to stay on air despite a subsequent generator failure. KCBS later won a Peabody Award for their news coverage, as did KGO-TV. Power was restored to most of San Francisco by midnight, and all but","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1658866","text":"Mountains, north of Half Moon Bay Road (SR 92), is known as Montara Mountain; the middle portion is the Sierra Morena, which includes a summit called Sierra Morena, and extends south to a gap at Lexington Reservoir; south of the gap, the mountain range is known as the Sierra Azul. The highest point in the range is Loma Prieta Peak, 11 miles west of Morgan Hill, with a height of , near which is the epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Other major peaks include Mount Umunhum at , Mount Bielawski at , El Sombroso at , Eagle Rock","title":"Santa Cruz Mountains"},{"psg_id":"1902440","text":"weeks due to a large slide and one person was killed by a rockfall along the coast. Other areas with certain soil conditions were susceptible to site amplification due to the effects of liquefaction, especially near the shore of San Francisco Bay (where its effects were severe in the Marina District) and to the west of the epicenter near rivers and other bodies of water. Minor lateral spreading was also seen along the shores of San Francisco Bay and to the south near Monterey Bay. Other ground effects included downslope movement, slumps, and ground cracks. Fifty-seven of the deaths were","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"1902433","text":"Gatos, and other light damage in Holy City, where increased flow was observed at a water well. Farther away from the Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a parking structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center, a two-level shopping mall in Santa Clara County. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8, 1989, shock (intensity VII, \"Very strong\") when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino, Los Gatos, and Redwood Estates. Other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At the office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also been broken in","title":"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake"},{"psg_id":"20055410","text":"control of Mexico's oil, historically opening up the nation to private companies and foreign investments after decades of nationalized oil. While project managers hail this pipeline as the bringer of clean and low-cost energy, Loma de Bácum (the Yaqui holdout community) remain skeptical. Yaqui territory is protected by the Mexican constitution and law which guarantees indigenous community land rights. Mexico, along with other Latin American countries, are signatories to the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention, which guards their rights and makes an informed consultation obligatory in the case of projects that affect their territories. The Agua Prieta pipeline will cross","title":"Agua Prieta pipeline"},{"psg_id":"10292420","text":"1989, after the Loma Prieta earthquake, C.C. Myers, Inc. crews working near the Cypress Freeway were some of the first people on the scene of the collapsed freeway. They assisted in shoring up the structure while rescue efforts were underway for people trapped in the collapsed section of freeway. The company was awarded an emergency contract by the California Department of Transportation Caltrans in the aftermath of the earthquake to rebuild a section of Highway 1 where it crosses Struve Slough. This was the beginning of C.C. Myers, Inc.'s reputation as an emergency contractor. In 1994, the Northridge earthquake in","title":"C. C. Myers"},{"psg_id":"641338","text":"described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1868, and 1891. The Daly City Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. The other faults near San Jose are the Monte Vista Fault and the Hayward Fault Zone. San Jose's expansion was made by the design of \"Dutch\" Hamann, the City Manager from 1950 to 1969. During his administration, with his staff referred to as \"Dutch's Panzer Division\", the city annexed property 1,389 times, growing the city from , absorbing the","title":"San Jose, California"},{"psg_id":"8139567","text":"Key System; however, the Key System only served the station with a surface line on 16th Street, and did not use the elevated platforms. Amtrak took over intercity passenger rail services in 1971. The station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but continued serving trains at an adjacent building. In the 1990s, the adjacent railroad tracks were moved west during the construction of Interstate 880 (to replace the earthquake-destroyed Cypress Street Viaduct), which isolated the station from the tracks. Amtrak service to 16th Street station ended on August 5, 1994; Oakland passengers used a bus connection from","title":"16th Street station (Oakland)"},{"psg_id":"4752939","text":"was expedited, and most demolition work and debris removal was completed by the Tuesday following the accident. For a historic comparison, Caltrans did successfully replace a single damaged upper deck panel of the Bay Bridge (after the Loma Prieta earthquake) and the collapsed portion of the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles (after the Northridge earthquake) in roughly one month by expediting its internal approval process and offering an incentive program for the contractors. On May 7, 2007, the I-880 connector reopened at 4:30 am to traffic. Substantial work was done to retrofit the strength of the structure, which","title":"MacArthur Maze"},{"psg_id":"1760890","text":"of magnitude 7 would be ten times stronger than a 6, a hundred times stronger than a 5, and a thousand times stronger than a 4. (The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that shook San Francisco was magnitude 6.9.) The Richter scale was published in 1935 and immediately became the standard measure of earthquake intensity. Richter did not seem concerned that Gutenberg's name was not included at first; but in later years, after Gutenberg was already dead, Richter began to insist for his colleague to be recognized for expanding the scale to apply to earthquakes all over the globe, not just","title":"Charles Francis Richter"},{"psg_id":"8308723","text":"Rangergirl takes on a more surreal western environment where there is a rattlesnake sphinx, a scorpion oracle, menacing natives, and the eternally evil Outlaw. Recently, a college student from the east coast, named Jonathan, had rented the upstairs room located in Genius Loci because he is interested in the murals depicted within the coffee shop. The murals were painted by Garamond Ray, who was an interesting artist but went missing the day of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; Jonathan is looking into doing his graduate thesis on the works of Garamond and these murals were his last pieces. Lindsey, Marzi's","title":"The Strange Adventures of Rangergirl"},{"psg_id":"5068310","text":"section was composed of a double balanced cantilever span, five through-truss spans, and a truss causeway. The original spans of the bridge east of Yerba Buena Island became the subject of concern after a section collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989. The replacement span is engineered to withstand the largest earthquake expected over a 1500-year period, and it is expected to last at least 150 years with proper maintenance. It had been known for over 30 years that a major earthquake on either of two nearby faults (the San Andreas and the Hayward) could destroy the","title":"Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge"},{"psg_id":"4983739","text":"property in 1989 because of declining market shares and vineyard yields, and the costs of seismically retrofitting Greystone. The Heublein Company of Canada purchased the property and marketing rights to the Christian Brothers' brands in 1990, shortly after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred. The earthquake damaged the Greystone Cellars building, rendering the northern portion of the building unusable. In 1993, Heublein sold the property at about 10 percent of its $14 million ($ in ) valuation, $1.68 million ($ in ), to the Culinary Institute of America, which used $15 million ($ in ) to renovate the building and","title":"The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone"},{"psg_id":"10273072","text":"frequency will be similar to observed frequency to date. Extrapolation from the Parkfield earthquakes of 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966 led to a forecast of an earthquake around 1988, or before 1993 at the latest (at the 95% confidence interval), based on the characteristic earthquake model. Instrumentation was put in place in hopes of detecting precursors of the anticipated earthquake. However, forecasted earthquake did not occur until 2004. The failure of the Parkfield prediction experiment has raised doubt as to the validity of the characteristic earthquake model itself. At the contact where two tectonic plates slip past each","title":"Earthquake forecasting"},{"psg_id":"8416325","text":"the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Marina district of San Francisco was one of the most damaged areas, though it was nearly 100 km from the epicenter. Geological structures were also significant, such as where seismic waves passing under the south end of San Francisco Bay reflected off the base of the Earth's crust towards San Francisco and Oakland. A similar effect channeled seismic waves between the other major faults in the area. An earthquake radiates energy in the form of different kinds of seismic waves, whose characteristics reflect the nature of both the rupture and the earth's crust the","title":"Seismic magnitude scales"},{"psg_id":"742229","text":"better understand fault behavior . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just","title":"San Andreas Fault"},{"psg_id":"3526224","text":"Sacramento bureau, where he was allowed to choose most of his own stories. As part of \"The Mercury News\" team that covered the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Webb and his colleague Pete Carey wrote a story examining the reasons for the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct. \"The Mercury News\" coverage of the earthquake won its staff the Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting in 1990. Webb began researching \"Dark Alliance\" in July 1995. The series was published in \"The Mercury News\" in three parts, from August 18–20, 1996, with one long article and one or two shorter articles appearing","title":"Gary Webb"},{"psg_id":"13589131","text":"Quake (film) Quake, also known as Aftershock and The Stalker, is a United States Suspense thriller TV movie, released on June 23, 1992. The film starred Steve Railsback and Erika Anderson. The film was directed by Louis Morneau. Set around the events of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, a young couple, Jenny (Erika Anderson) and David (Eb Lottimer), experience the horror of being terrorized by a psychotic neighbor, Kyle (Steve Railsback), in a city where panic and fear is the order of the day. A sexy female lawyer played by Erika Anderson is knocked unconscious during the earthquake. She is","title":"Quake (film)"},{"psg_id":"19788963","text":"engines could fight fires in neighborhoods where the earthquake broke underground pipes. Most of the vessel's $11.8 million construction cost was paid for from a port security grant from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Senator Dianne Feinstein attended the vessel's christening. According to the \"San Francisco Chronicle\", Feinstein was largely responsible for securing $8 million in federal funds to pay for the vessel. Feinstein reflected on how, during her time as San Francisco's mayor, some fiscal conservatives wanted to retire the city's last fireboat, \"Phoenix\" and how that vessel proved its worth during the Loma Prieta earthquake, when she","title":"St. Francis (fireboat)"},{"psg_id":"5068311","text":"major cantilever span. Little was done to address this problem until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The earthquake measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale and while the epicenter was distant from the bridge, a 50-foot (15 m) section of the upper deck of the eastern truss viaduct portion of the bridge collapsed onto the deck below, indirectly causing one death at the point of collapse. The bridge was closed for a month as construction crews removed and reconstructed the fallen section. It reopened on November 18, 1989, with a new stronger retrofit in place. The failure was at the","title":"Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge"},{"psg_id":"2850194","text":"and it may be observed to flow like a liquid (hence 'liquefaction'). Although the effects of liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Niigata earthquake and 1964 Alaska earthquake. It was a major factor in the destruction in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and in Port of Kobe during the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake. More recently liquefaction was largely responsible for extensive damage to residential properties in the eastern suburbs and satellite townships of Christchurch, New Zealand during the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and more extensively again following the Christchurch earthquakes","title":"Soil liquefaction"},{"psg_id":"8051878","text":"6.5 that occurred in 1911 in the Morgan Hill area. The most recent of these was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake near Morgan Hill in 1984. A magnitude 5.6 earthquake occurred on the Calaveras Fault on October 30, 2007 at 20:04 PDT (October 31, at 03:04 UTC), near Alum Rock. Prior to the 2014 South Napa earthquake, it was the most powerful quake to hit the Bay Area since the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, and the largest on the Calaveras Fault since 1984. Although it has been known for some time that the Calaveras and Hayward faults merge in the","title":"Calaveras Fault"},{"psg_id":"16286696","text":"first affected by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which destroyed much of the original construction on campus. Two of the buildings most badly damaged by the 1906 earthquake were the Old Gymnasium and campus library, these two elaborate buildings had been damaged before they were occupied so Standford officials decided to demolish them completely. In 1989 Stanford sustained further damage after the Loma Prieta earthquake, which caused them to permanently close the Old Chemistry Building which had been commissioned before the 1906 earthquake occurred. Many of the campuses historical buildings that had been damaged by both the 1906 and 1989","title":"Emergency management in American universities"},{"psg_id":"641337","text":"and California City). San Jose lies between the San Andreas Fault, the source of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the Calaveras Fault. San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton. The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as","title":"San Jose, California"},{"psg_id":"2574959","text":"of the Central Subway. The Broadway Tunnel was completed in 1952 and was intended to serve as a connection between the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. These plans did not materialize due to the highway revolts at the time. The tunnel currently serves to connect Chinatown with Russian Hill and Van Ness Avenue to the west. In the 1980s, Chinatown merchants were opposed to the removal of the Embarcadero Freeway, but these objections were overturned after it was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, activist Rose Pak then \"almost single-handedly persuaded the","title":"Chinatown, San Francisco"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902422\",\n \"text\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at local time (1989-10-18 00:04 UTC). The shock was centered in The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park approximately northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andreas Fault System and was named for the nearby Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains. With a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (\\\"Violent\\\"), the shock was responsible for 63 deaths and 3,757 injuries. The Loma Prieta segment of the San Andreas Fault System had been relatively inactive\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902434\",\n \"text\": \"the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he exited a building through a window and fell five stories. The Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. The duration of the heaviest shaking in the Santa Cruz Mountains was about 15 seconds, but strong ground motion recordings revealed that the duration of shaking was not uniform throughout the affected area (due to different types and thicknesses of soil). At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902427\",\n \"text\": \"its aftershocks occurred within a recognized seismic gap) but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. Since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Between 1910 and 1989 there were 20 widely varying forecasts that were announced, with some that were highly specific, covering multiple aspects of an event, while others were less complete and vague. With a M6.5 event on\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16550857\",\n \"text\": \"Loma Prieta (band) Loma Prieta (translates to \\\"Dark Hill\\\") is an American hardcore punk band that formed in 2005. The group is based in San Francisco, California and derived their name from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Most of the group's early material was released on their own record label named Discos Huelga. Loma Prieta has toured the US, Mexico, Canada, Europe and Japan. They share members with Punch. Their often dark and emotionally charged music blends a range of styles, most prominently screamo and powerviolence. In June 2011, Loma Prieta recorded music for their fourth studio album with Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902472\",\n \"text\": \"3 was held in San Francisco on October 27 and Game 4 the following afternoon as the A's swept the Giants, four games to none. It is likely that the World Series game saved many lives, as Bay Area residents who would have normally been on the freeways were at home ready to watch the game when the earthquake hit. It is a rough estimate that thousands of people may have otherwise been on the Cypress Structure during the 5:00 p.m. rush-hour, as the structure was said to have carried 195,000 vehicles a day. Sources 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake The\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902443\",\n \"text\": \"the normally crowded freeways contained unusually light traffic. If traffic had been normal for a Tuesday rush hour, injuries and deaths would certainly have been higher. The initial media reports failed to take into account the game's effect on traffic and initially estimated the death toll at 300, a number that was corrected to 63 in the days after the earthquake. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred, a group led by Antony C. Fraser-Smith of Stanford University reported that the event was preceded by disturbances in background magnetic field noise as measured by a sensor placed in Corralitos, California,\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902670\",\n \"text\": \"Periodic Comet Machholz 1 96P/Machholz on May 12, 1986. The first official West Coast Messier marathon was conducted from this site in March 1979. The epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake was near the mountain. The mountain was the longtime site for the transmitter tower of San Jose television station KNTV (from 1955 to 2005). It moved its transmitter northwest to San Bruno Mountain in September 2005, after it became the Bay Area's NBC affiliate. Loma Prieta is the tallest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains and it is common to see snow on the mountain during the winter.\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902428\",\n \"text\": \"the San Juan Bautista segment, or an M7 event on the San Francisco Peninsula segment, United States Geological Survey (USGS) seismologist Allan Lindh's 1983 forecasted rupture length of (starting near Pajaro Gap, and continuing to the northwest) for the San Juan Bautista segment nearly matched the actual rupture length of the 1989 event. An updated forecast was presented in 1988, at which time Lindh took the opportunity to assign a new name to the San Juan Bautista segment – the Loma Prieta segment. In early 1988, the Working Group for California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP) made several statements regarding their forecasts\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16550859\",\n \"text\": \"with Raein in 2013. On October 2, 2015, Loma Prieta released their fifth full-length studio album titled \\\"Self Portrait\\\". The album was described as being a more \\\"literal\\\" and positive album lyrically as opposed to being more \\\"opaque\\\" and angry on previous albums, while sonically Loma Prieta incorporates more melody while retaining the same level of hardcore intensity. To promote the album, the band released a single for the album's opening track \\\"Love\\\" backed with and exclusive B-side titled \\\"Trilogy 0 (Debris)\\\". They also released a music video for \\\"Love\\\" in September 2015. Current Former Loma Prieta (band) Loma Prieta\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902671\",\n \"text\": \"Loma Prieta Loma Prieta (from Spanish \\\"loma\\\" -hill, \\\"prieta\\\" -dark) is high and is the highest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Northern California. The peak is on private property about west of Morgan Hill in Santa Clara County. The dirt road to the summit is gated, but the tower maintainers generally do not mind hikers. From 1976 through 1990 amateur astronomer Donald Machholz set up his telescope an average of 120 times a year on the south slope of this mountain to search for comets. From this site he discovered three new comets that bear his name, including\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902669\",\n \"text\": \"Loma Prieta Loma Prieta (from Spanish \\\"loma\\\" -hill, \\\"prieta\\\" -dark) is high and is the highest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Northern California. The peak is on private property about west of Morgan Hill in Santa Clara County. The dirt road to the summit is gated, but the tower maintainers generally do not mind hikers. From 1976 through 1990 amateur astronomer Donald Machholz set up his telescope an average of 120 times a year on the south slope of this mountain to search for comets. From this site he discovered three new comets that bear his name, including\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1768347\",\n \"text\": \"location to only central California; the magnitude remained the same. A figure they presented had two more revisions, for M ≥ 7.0 quakes in central California. The five-year time window for one ended in July 1989, and so missed the Loma Prieta event; the second revision extended to 1990, and so included Loma Prieta. When discussing success or failure of prediction for the Loma Prieta earthquake, some scientists argue that it did not occur on the San Andreas fault (the focus of most of the forecasts), and involved dip-slip (vertical) movement rather than strike-slip (horizontal) movement, and so was not\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake prediction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902437\",\n \"text\": \"Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events. Near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical. The 1989 event's oblique-slip rupture was at 10 km and below on a fault plane that dipped 70° to the southwest. Because much of the slip in 1989 occurred at depth and the rupture propagated up dip, Beroza proposed that the overlying San Andreas Fault actually inhibited further rupture and also maintains that the occurrence of an event at the location that was forecast\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902431\",\n \"text\": \"oblique reverse faults and were within of the M6.9 Loma Prieta mainshock epicenter, near the intersection of the San Andreas and Sargent faults. Total displacement for these shocks was relatively small (approximately of strike-slip and substantially less reverse-slip) and although they occurred on separate faults and well before the mainshock, a group of seismologists considered these to be foreshocks due to their location in space and time relative to the main event. Each event's aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that the shocks affected the mainshock's rupture process. Following the August 8,\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19023411\",\n \"text\": \"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album) Self Portrait is the fifth studio album by the American hardcore punk band Loma Prieta. The Jack Shirley-produced album was released on CD, cassette and digital platforms through Deathwish Inc. on October 2, 2015, followed by a vinyl release on November 13 also through Deathwish. In a press release, \\\"Self Portrait\\\" was described as featuring \\\"unorthodox melodies amid a tangle of pensive, despondent vocals\\\" inspired by the California hardcore bands Funeral Diner and Mohinder, among others. Loma Prieta promoted \\\"Self Portrait\\\" with a 7\\\" single for the opening track \\\"Love\\\" backed with the exclusive B-side\",\n \"title\": \"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19023413\",\n \"text\": \"its total power, visually and sonically.\\\" Loma Prieta also helped promote \\\"Self Portrait\\\" with an online stream of the song \\\"Never Remember\\\". Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album) Self Portrait is the fifth studio album by the American hardcore punk band Loma Prieta. The Jack Shirley-produced album was released on CD, cassette and digital platforms through Deathwish Inc. on October 2, 2015, followed by a vinyl release on November 13 also through Deathwish. In a press release, \\\"Self Portrait\\\" was described as featuring \\\"unorthodox melodies amid a tangle of pensive, despondent vocals\\\" inspired by the California hardcore bands Funeral Diner and\",\n \"title\": \"Self Portrait (Loma Prieta album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12753108\",\n \"text\": \"of the movie centres on the political and social fallout following the earthquake, and Winslow's attempts to reunite with her family (from whom she had become separated). The movie was aired over a two-night period on NBC during November 1990. There had been some public interest in earthquakes following the Loma Prieta earthquake which rocked San Francisco in October 1989, and in addition seismologists at the time were predicting a massive earthquake to strike along the New Madrid Fault line, which runs along the Mississippi River, an event which ultimately did not occur. (A real earthquake would eventually strike Los\",\n \"title\": \"The Great Los Angeles Earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1768350\",\n \"text\": \"site of three very large earthquakes in 1811–12, which he coupled with the date of 3 December 1990. Browning's reputation and perceived credibility were boosted when he claimed in various promotional flyers and advertisements to have predicted (among various other events) the Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October 1989. The National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council (NEPEC) formed an Ad Hoc Working Group (AHWG) to evaluate Browning's prediction. Its report (issued 18 October 1990) specifically rejected the claim of a successful prediction of the Loma Prieta earthquake. A transcript of his talk in San Francisco on 10 October showed he had\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake prediction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1768348\",\n \"text\": \"predicted. Other scientists argue that it did occur in the San Andreas fault \\\"zone\\\", and released much of the strain accumulated since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; therefore several of the forecasts were correct. Hough states that \\\"most seismologists\\\" do not believe this quake was \\\"predicted\\\" \\\"per se\\\". In a strict sense there were no predictions, only forecasts, which were only partially successful. Iben Browning claimed to have predicted the Loma Prieta event, but (as will be seen in the next section) this claim has been rejected. Dr. Iben Browning (a scientist with a Ph.D. degree in zoology and training\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake prediction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17119825\",\n \"text\": \"is for 2010–11. Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District is a public school district based in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Residents of this school district are zoned to high schools in the Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District. The District operates one elementary school and one middle school. The District has no operating charter schools. Both schools are located at the single campus in rural Los Gatos. Use the mapping tool at left or click on the Earth symbols below to see a map showing all seven locations. Note:\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17119824\",\n \"text\": \"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District is a public school district based in Santa Clara County, California, United States. Residents of this school district are zoned to high schools in the Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District. The District operates one elementary school and one middle school. The District has no operating charter schools. Both schools are located at the single campus in rural Los Gatos. Use the mapping tool at left or click on the Earth symbols below to see a map showing all seven locations. Note: school enrollment data\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta Joint Union Elementary School District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5394473\",\n \"text\": \"should be prevented. Reinforced concrete column burst at Northridge earthquake due to insufficient shear reinforcement mode which allows main reinforcement to buckle outwards. The deck unseated at the hinge and failed in shear. As a result, the La Cienega-Venice underpass section of the 10 Freeway collapsed. Loma Prieta earthquake: side view of reinforced concrete support-columns failure which triggered the upper deck collapse onto the lower deck of the two-level Cypress viaduct of Interstate Highway 880, Oakland, CA. Retaining wall failure at Loma Prieta earthquake in Santa Cruz Mountains area: prominent northwest-trending extensional cracks up to 12 cm (4.7 in) wide\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake engineering\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5394471\",\n \"text\": \"a landslide to occur though in this case there was another contributing factor which affected the original slope stability: the landslide required an \\\"earthquake trigger\\\" before being released. Pounding against adjacent building. This is a photograph of the collapsed five-story tower, St. Joseph's Seminary, Los Altos, California which resulted in one fatality. During Loma Prieta earthquake, the tower pounded against the independently vibrating adjacent building behind. A possibility of pounding depends on both buildings' lateral displacements which should be accurately estimated and accounted for. At Northridge earthquake, the Kaiser Permanente concrete frame office building had joints completely shattered, revealing inadequate\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake engineering\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16550858\",\n \"text\": \"Shirley. Their signing to Deathwish Inc. was announced in October 2011, and released their fourth studio album, titled \\\"I.V.\\\", through their new label on January 17, 2012. The album received positive reviews from AbsolutePunk, \\\"Alternative Press\\\", and \\\"Exclaim!\\\". Two music videos, for the songs \\\"Fly by Night\\\" and \\\"Trilogy 4 - Momentary\\\", have been released to promote \\\"I.V.\\\" In support of \\\"I.V.\\\", Loma Prieta toured New Zealand and Australia in January 2012, the United States with Birds in Row in March 2012 and North America with Converge and Git Some in April 2012. The band recorded and released a split\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Prieta (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902430\",\n \"text\": \"the State office of Emergency Services issued (for the first time in Bay Area history) short term advisories for a possible large earthquake, which meant there was \\\"a slightly increased likelihood of an M6.5 event on the Santa Cruz Mountains segment of the San Andreas fault\\\". The advisories following the two Lake Elsman events were issued in part because of the statements made by WGCEP and because they were two of the three largest shocks to occur along the 1906 earthquake's rupture zone since 1914. The 5.3 June 1988 and the 5.4 August 1989 events also occurred on previously unknown\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902424\",\n \"text\": \"significant issue, especially in the heavily damaged Marina District of San Francisco, but its effects were also seen in the East Bay, and near the shore of Monterey Bay, where a non-destructive tsunami was also observed. Due to the sports coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television (and is sometimes referred to as the \\\"World Series earthquake\\\" as a result). Rush-hour traffic on the Bay Area freeways was lighter than normal because the game was about to begin, and this may have prevented a\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902441\",\n \"text\": \"directly caused by the earthquake; six further fatalities were ruled to have been caused indirectly. In addition, there were 3,757 injuries as a result of the earthquake, 400 of which were serious. The highest number of fatalities, 42, occurred in Oakland because of the Cypress Street Viaduct collapse on the Nimitz Freeway (Interstate 880), where the upper level of a double-deck portion of the freeway collapsed, crushing the cars on the lower level, and causing crashes on the upper level. One section of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also collapsed, leading to a single fatality, Anamafi Moala, a 23-year-old woman.\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902459\",\n \"text\": \"was built on was filled marshland, and half was somewhat more stable alluvium. Because of new highway structure design guidelines—the requirement of ductile construction elements—instituted following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, a limited degree of earthquake reinforcement was retrofitted to the Cypress Viaduct in 1977. The added elements were longitudinal restraints at transverse expansion joints in the box girder spans, but no studies were made of possible failure modes specific to the Cypress Viaduct. When the earthquake hit, the shaking was amplified on the former marshland, and soil liquefaction occurred. During the earthquake, the freeway buckled and twisted before the\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902470\",\n \"text\": \"wave-like manner over a distance of several feet. When electrical power to the stadium was lost, someone drove a police car onto the field, where an officer used the car's public address system to advise that the game had been postponed. After the shaking subsided, many of the players on both teams immediately searched for, and gathered, family and friends from the stands before evacuating the facility. The October 18, 1989 edition of NBC's \\\"Today\\\" that covered the earthquake ran until noon Eastern Time. Bryant Gumbel, Jane Pauley and Deborah Norville anchored from Chicago (where they had planned to originally\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20951544\",\n \"text\": \"Buried rupture earthquake A buried rupture earthquake, or blind earthquake (c.f., surface rupture earthquake) is an earthquake with non-visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault does not affect the Earth's surface. See also blind thrust earthquake, a close concept. Recorded ground motions of large surface-rupture earthquakes are weaker than the ground motions from buried rupture earthquakes. The asperity for a buried rupture earthquakes is in area deeper than roughly . Examples are the Loma Prieta earthquake, Northridge earthquake, and the Noto Hanto earthquake. Uplifted water outside the fault plane in the buried rupture case,\",\n \"title\": \"Buried rupture earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20951545\",\n \"text\": \"as compared to the seabed surface rupture case, makes for large tsunami waves. Buried rupture earthquake A buried rupture earthquake, or blind earthquake (c.f., surface rupture earthquake) is an earthquake with non-visible offset of the ground surface when an earthquake rupture along a fault does not affect the Earth's surface. See also blind thrust earthquake, a close concept. Recorded ground motions of large surface-rupture earthquakes are weaker than the ground motions from buried rupture earthquakes. The asperity for a buried rupture earthquakes is in area deeper than roughly . Examples are the Loma Prieta earthquake, Northridge earthquake, and the Noto\",\n \"title\": \"Buried rupture earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20062730\",\n \"text\": \"Road. As with most of the Santa Cruz Mountain region, wildfires periodically occur in the area. The area is primarily serviced by state and regional fire departments, as well as by local volunteer fire brigades. The Croy Fire of 2002 originated on the hillsides facing Uvas Canyon County Park, and burned through the southeastern part of the area. The fire was caused by sparks from an unpermitted solar array. The Loma Fire of 2016 originated near the eastern base of Loma Prieta, and caused extensive damage to many homes and properties in the area. The fire was caused by sparks\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Chiquita, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1768307\",\n \"text\": \"of having observed such phenomena prior to an earthquake, no such phenomena has been shown to be an actual precursor. A 2011 review found the \\\"most convincing\\\" electromagnetic precursors to be ULF magnetic anomalies, such as the Corralitos event (discussed below) recorded before the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. However, it is now believed that observation was a system malfunction. Study of the closely monitored 2004 Parkfield earthquake found no evidence of precursory electromagnetic signals of any type; further study showed that earthquakes with magnitudes less than 5 do not produce significant transient signals. The \\\"International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake prediction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902439\",\n \"text\": \"vary from event to event. And lastly, the 1989 event did not occur on the San Andreas Fault. While the effects of a four-year drought limited the potential of landslides, the steep terrain near the epicenter was prone to movement, and up to 4,000 landslides may have occurred during the event. The majority of landslides occurred to the southwest of the epicenter, especially along road cuts in the Santa Cruz Mountains and in the Summit Road area, but also along the bluffs of the Pacific Coast, and as far north as the Marin Peninsula. Highway 17 was blocked for several\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902452\",\n \"text\": \"included ground floor garages, which engineers refer to as a soft story building. In Santa Cruz, the Pacific Garden Mall was severely damaged, with falling debris killing three people, half of the six earthquake deaths in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. Some 31 buildings were damaged enough to warrant demolition, seven of which had been listed in the Santa Cruz Historic Building Survey. The four oldest were built in 1894, the five oldest withstood the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Immediately, a number of civilians began to free victims from the rubble of Ford's Department Store and the Santa Cruz Coffee\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902450\",\n \"text\": \"dust while trapped for an hour inside their collapsed apartment. The Marina district was built on a landfill made of a mixture of sand, dirt, rubble, waste and other materials containing a high percentage of groundwater. Some of the fill was rubble dumped into San Francisco Bay after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, but most was sand and debris laid down in preparation for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, a celebration of San Francisco's ability to rebound after its catastrophe in 1906. After the Exposition, apartment buildings were erected on the landfill. In the 1989 earthquake, the water-saturated unconsolidated mud,\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902444\",\n \"text\": \"about from the epicenter. From October 5, they reported that a substantial increase in noise was measured in the frequency range 0.01–10 Hz. The measurement instrument was a single-axis search-coil magnetometer that was being used for low frequency research. Precursor increases of noise apparently started a few days before the earthquake, with noise in the range 0.01–0.5 Hz rising to exceptionally high levels about three hours before the earthquake. Though this pattern gave scientists new ideas for research into potential precursors to earthquakes, and the Fraser-Smith et al. report remains one of the most frequently cited examples of a specific\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1768312\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"resoundingly debunked\\\". Probably the most celebrated seismo-electromagnetic event ever, and one of the most frequently cited examples of a possible earthquake precursor, is the 1989 Corralitos anomaly. In the month prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake measurements of the earth's magnetic field at ultra-low frequencies by a magnetometer in Corralitos, California, just 7 km from the epicenter of the impending earthquake, started showing anomalous increases in amplitude. Just three hours before the quake the measurements soared to about thirty times greater than normal, with amplitudes tapering off after the quake. Such amplitudes had not been seen in two years\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake prediction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18234497\",\n \"text\": \"location. At least twelve aftershocks followed, including one of magnitude 3.9. The earthquake was the largest earthquake in the Bay Area since the magnitude 6.9 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency due to the severe damage and the possibility of aftershocks. President Obama declared a major disaster for Napa and Solano counties. Several older commercial buildings in downtown Napa showed signs of extensive external damage even though many had been retrofitted for earthquake safety protection. The Goodman Library, Napa County Courthouse Plaza, Sam Kee Laundry Building, Downtown U.S. Post Office, Alexandria Hotel and Annex,\",\n \"title\": \"2014 South Napa earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"359051\",\n \"text\": \"during earthquakes, and most of the major damage close to the Bay in the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 occurred to structures on these areas. The Marina District of San Francisco, hard hit by the 1989 earthquake, was built on fill that had been placed there for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, although liquefaction did not occur on a large scale. In the 1990s, San Francisco International Airport proposed filling in hundreds more acres to extend its overcrowded international runways in exchange for purchasing other parts of the bay and converting them back to wetlands. The idea was, and remains, controversial.\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Bay\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2928619\",\n \"text\": \"after the Field Act, and damage and cleanup costs there totaled $42,000. Gas lines were broken and separation of the buildings' porches was due to lateral displacement of up to six inches. Following many of California's major earthquakes, lawmakers have acted quickly to develop legislation related to seismic safety. After the M6.4 1933 Long Beach earthquake the Field Act was passed the following month, and after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act and Senate Bill 1953 (hospital safety requirements) were established. Following the San Fernando event, earthquake engineers and seismologists from established scientific organizations, as well\",\n \"title\": \"1971 San Fernando earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1927854\",\n \"text\": \"shuttle buses to and from the university. Universal Studios Hollywood shut down the attraction, based on the 1974 motion picture blockbuster, \\\"Earthquake\\\". It was closed for the second time since the Loma Prieta earthquake. Angel Stadium of Anaheim (then known as Anaheim Stadium) suffered some damage when the scoreboard fell into the seats. The theme parks Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections, since all were designed with earthquakes in mind. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and now-gone Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena suffered minor damage. The major\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Northridge earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7588143\",\n \"text\": \"Seismic Hazards Mapping Act The Seismic Hazard Mapping Act (\\\"The Act\\\") was enacted by the California legislature in 1990 following the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. The Act requires the California State Geologist to create maps delineating zones where data suggest amplified ground shaking, liquefaction, or earthquake-induced landsliding may occur (\\\"seismic hazard zones\\\"). The Act requires responsible agencies to approve only projects within seismic hazard zones following a site-specific investigation to determine if the hazard is present and inclusion of appropriate mitigation(s) if so. The Act also requires disclosure by real estate sellers and agents at the time of sale\",\n \"title\": \"Seismic Hazards Mapping Act\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295773\",\n \"text\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks to discover where the funds raised for the relief effort after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti really went. Taking\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902458\",\n \"text\": \"removed and replaced the collapsed section, and re-opened the bridge on November 18. The worst disaster of the earthquake was the collapse of the two-level Cypress Street Viaduct of Interstate 880 in West Oakland. The failure of a section of the viaduct, also known as the \\\"Cypress Structure\\\" and the \\\"Cypress Freeway\\\", killed 42 and injured many more. Built in the late 1950s, the Cypress Street Viaduct, a stretch of Interstate 880, was a double-deck freeway section made of nonductile reinforced concrete that was constructed above and astride Cypress Street in Oakland. Roughly half of the land the Cypress Viaduct\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902426\",\n \"text\": \"is the most studied fault on Earth. Andrew Lawson, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley, had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake (prior to the occurrence of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake) and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for a length of during the 1906 shock, both to the north of San Francisco and to the south in the Santa Cruz Mountains region. Several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 (the event and\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902425\",\n \"text\": \"larger loss of life, as several of the Bay Area's major transportation structures suffered catastrophic failures. The collapse of a section of the double-deck Nimitz Freeway in Oakland was the site of the largest number of casualties for the event, but the collapse of man-made structures and other related accidents contributed to casualties occurring in San Francisco, Los Altos, and Santa Cruz. The history of earthquake investigations in California has been largely focused on the San Andreas Fault System, due to its strong influence in the state as the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate; it\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902469\",\n \"text\": \"than half of the more than 62,000 fans had reached their seats by the time of the quake, and the load on the structure of the stadium was lower than maximum. There had also been a seismic-strengthening project previously completed on the upper deck concrete windscreen that may have prevented large numbers of injuries in the event of serious damage or even a catastrophic collapse. Fans reported that the stadium moved in an articulated manner as the earthquake wave passed through it, that the light standards swayed by many feet, and that the concrete upper deck windscreen moved in a\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902442\",\n \"text\": \"Three people were killed in the collapse of buildings along the Pacific Garden Mall in Santa Cruz, and five people were killed in the collapse of a brick wall on Bluxome Street in San Francisco. When the earthquake hit, the third game of the 1989 World Series baseball championship was about to begin. Because of the unusual circumstance that both of the World Series teams (the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics) were based in the affected area, many people had left work early or were staying late to participate in after work group viewings and parties. As a consequence\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902432\",\n \"text\": \"1989, shock, in anticipation of an upcoming large earthquake, staff at the University of California, Santa Cruz deployed four accelerometers in the area, which were positioned at the UCSC campus, two residences in Santa Cruz, and a home in Los Gatos. Unlike other nearby (high gain) seismographs that were overwhelmed (driven off scale) by the large magnitude mainshock, the four accelerometers captured a useful record of the main event and more than half an hour of the early aftershock activity. The June 27, 1988, shock occurred with a maximum intensity of VI (\\\"Strong\\\"). Its effects included broken windows in Los\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902464\",\n \"text\": \"trains and buses were stalled in place—half of Muni's transport capability was lost for 12 hours. Muni relied on diesel buses to continue abbreviated service until electric power was restored later that night, and electric units could be inspected and readied for service on the morning of October 18. After 78 hours, 96 percent of Muni services were back in operation, including the cable cars. Amtrak intercity rail service into Oakland from the \\\"California Zephyr\\\" continued, but the \\\"Coast Starlight\\\" was temporarily suspended north of Salinas because of damage to the Southern Pacific's Coast Line. The earthquake changed the Bay\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902455\",\n \"text\": \"large number of damaged buildings that held no victims. The quake claimed one life in Watsonville: a driver who collided with panicked horses after they escaped their collapsed corral. In other Santa Cruz and Monterey county locations such as Boulder Creek and Moss Landing, a number of structures were damaged, with some knocked off of their foundations. Many residents slept outside their homes out of concern for further damage from aftershocks, of which there were 51 with magnitudes greater than 3.0 in the following 24 hours, and 16 more the second day. The earthquake damaged several historic buildings in the\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902449\",\n \"text\": \"12,000 customers had their power restored within two days. The quake caused an estimated $6 billion in property damage, becoming one of the most expensive natural disasters in U.S. history at the time. Private donations poured into aid relief efforts and on October 26, President George H. W. Bush signed a $1.1 billion earthquake relief package for California. Four people died in San Francisco's Marina District, four buildings were destroyed by fire, and seven buildings collapsed. Another 63 damaged structures were judged too dangerous to live in. Among the four deaths, one family lost their infant son who choked on\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12449257\",\n \"text\": \"Diablo Range and Mount Diablo. These \\\"hidden\\\" faults, which are not as well known, pose a significant earthquake hazard. Among the more well-understood faults, scientists estimate a 63% probability of a magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurring along either the Hayward, Rogers Creek, or San Andreas fault, with an earthquake more likely to occur in the East Bay. Two of the largest earthquakes in recent history were the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The Bay Area is home to a complex network of watersheds, marshes, rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and bays that predominantly drain into the San Francisco\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16286697\",\n \"text\": \"earthquakes. After the Loma Prieta earthquake Stanford implemented an expensive capital improvement plan to retrofit and renovate older buildings for new, up-to-date uses. On January 17, 1994 California State University at Northridge was also devastated after the Northridge earthquake. The epicenter of the destructive earthquake was only two miles away resulting in the campus suffering heavy damage to many buildings and the collapse of a parking structure. The earthquake caused more than $400 million in damages, which at the time was the largest amount of damage done to an American University. There are several types of flooding that can occur\",\n \"title\": \"Emergency management in American universities\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902457\",\n \"text\": \"way they had come. Eastbound drivers stuck on the lower deck between the collapse and Yerba Buena Island were routed up to the upper deck and westward back to San Francisco. A miscommunication made by emergency workers at Yerba Buena Island routed some drivers the wrong way; they were directed to the upper deck where they drove eastward toward the collapse site. One of these drivers did not see the open gap in time; the car plunged over the edge and smashed onto the collapsed roadbed. The driver, Anamafi Moala, died, and the passenger, her brother, was seriously injured. Caltrans\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20062731\",\n \"text\": \"from a portable generator. Loma Chiquita, California Loma Chiquita is an unincorporated rural area along the ridge leading to Loma Chiquita summit in southwest Santa Clara County, California. The area covers the associated ridgeline and hillsides, from the eastern base of Loma Prieta, towards the west near the intersection with upper Little Uvas Road. The northern part faces the Mountain Home area, and the southern part overlaps with Uvas Canyon. The western half of the region lies within the Los Gatos Mountains zip code 95033, and the eastern half lies within the Morgan Hill zip code 95037. The telephone area\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Chiquita, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20062727\",\n \"text\": \"Loma Chiquita, California Loma Chiquita is an unincorporated rural area along the ridge leading to Loma Chiquita summit in southwest Santa Clara County, California. The area covers the associated ridgeline and hillsides, from the eastern base of Loma Prieta, towards the west near the intersection with upper Little Uvas Road. The northern part faces the Mountain Home area, and the southern part overlaps with Uvas Canyon. The western half of the region lies within the Los Gatos Mountains zip code 95033, and the eastern half lies within the Morgan Hill zip code 95037. The telephone area codes are 408 and\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Chiquita, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4517314\",\n \"text\": \"of freedom (translation along and rotation about three axes). As-designed, the joints allow movement of up to along the tube's axis and up to vertically or laterally. The Tube has required earthquake retrofitting, both on its exterior and interior. The total cost of seismic retrofits was estimated at in 2004. A 1991 study, commissioned at the recommendation of the Governor's Board of Inquiry in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, found the seismic joints would \\\"likely remain intact and functional after the next earthquake.\\\" However, settling of the Tube within its trench and the Loma Prieta quake had\",\n \"title\": \"Transbay Tube\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20062728\",\n \"text\": \"669. The Loma Chiquita ridge ranges from a peak of approximately near the base of Loma Prieta to above Little Uvas Valley. The ridge divides the upper Llagas and Uvas creek watersheds, which provide water to the Chesbro and Uvas reservoirs, respectively. Native vegetation consists of mixed conifer-oak woodland along the mountain ridge, to chaparral and coastal scrub along the slopes. The area has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. In Spanish, \\\"Loma Chiquita\\\" means \\\"little ridge\\\". The ridgeline is relatively flat and gently sloping along its five-mile descent into the Little Uvas Valley. Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in\",\n \"title\": \"Loma Chiquita, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12449267\",\n \"text\": \"There are some city streets in San Francisco where gaps occur in the freeway system, partly the result of the Freeway Revolt, which prevented a freeway-only thoroughfare through San Francisco between the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the western terminus of Interstate 80, and the southern terminus of the Golden Gate Bridge (U.S. Route 101). Additional damage that occurred in the wake of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake resulted in freeway segments being removed instead of being reinforced or rebuilt, leading to the revitalization of neighborhoods such as San Francisco's Embarcadero and Hayes Valley. The greater Bay Area contains the three\",\n \"title\": \"San Francisco Bay Area\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4775709\",\n \"text\": \"was used in place of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California. The film focuses on the survival of three victims who survived the collapse of the similarly designed two-level I-880 freeway during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. In the science fiction alternative-history novel \\\"The Man in the High Castle\\\" by Philip K. Dick, the sight of the Embarcadero Freeway deeply rattles a character who has apparently stumbled into a different reality. The following is an exit list of the former Embarcadero Freeway prior to the Loma Prieta earthquake and subsequent demolition. California State Route 480 State Route 480 (SR\",\n \"title\": \"California State Route 480\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18295781\",\n \"text\": \"Best Investigative Documentary •2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary •2013 Women's International Film Festival Best Documentary Short Haiti: Where Did the Money Go Haiti: Where Did the Money Go? is a 2012 Film at Eleven Media production that was produced, written and directed by Michele Mitchell. Shot in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the documentary looks at what really happens with the money donated to help with disaster aid. \\\"Haiti: Where Did The Money Go?\\\" aired on PBS and won the 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award for News Documentary. \\\"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\\\" seeks\",\n \"title\": \"Haiti: Where Did the Money Go\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20105634\",\n \"text\": \"were markedly smaller; only the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake covered a larger area than that of the 1898 event. The isoseismals for intensity V, VII, and VIII were also compared for additional calibration, and 6.7 was presented as the magnitude of the event, which was presumed to have occurred on the southern Rogers Creek Fault. This estimate was later reduced to M6.4 in . Bakun 1999 also analyzed intensity details to resolve for magnitude and location, resulting in M6.3 and a location at the northeast end of San Pablo Bay. A technique called Bayesian inference used by Wesson, Bakun, &\",\n \"title\": \"1898 Mare Island earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4339494\",\n \"text\": \"and in 2006 she ran for reelection and easily won the seat. As a Supervisor, Alioto-Pier is committed to the preservation of St. Brigid's Church, which was once slated for demolition. Another top priority for Alioto-Pier is earthquake preparedness, especially important for her district, hit hard by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Alioto-Pier explains: As the district representative for a community that was really hit in Loma Prieta, It is my responsibility to make sure if something like that happens again that we know what we're doing. As a San Francisco moderate, Alioto-Pier has been attacked by San Francisco progressives\",\n \"title\": \"Michela Alioto-Pier\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902448\",\n \"text\": \"electrical substations. Many San Francisco radio and television stations were temporarily knocked off the air. KRON-TV was off the air for about half an hour, while KGO-AM was off the air for about 40 minutes. About an hour and 40 minutes after the quake, KTVU resumed broadcasting, with their news anchors reporting from the station's parking lot. KCBS-AM switched immediately to backup power and managed to stay on air despite a subsequent generator failure. KCBS later won a Peabody Award for their news coverage, as did KGO-TV. Power was restored to most of San Francisco by midnight, and all but\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1658866\",\n \"text\": \"Mountains, north of Half Moon Bay Road (SR 92), is known as Montara Mountain; the middle portion is the Sierra Morena, which includes a summit called Sierra Morena, and extends south to a gap at Lexington Reservoir; south of the gap, the mountain range is known as the Sierra Azul. The highest point in the range is Loma Prieta Peak, 11 miles west of Morgan Hill, with a height of , near which is the epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Other major peaks include Mount Umunhum at , Mount Bielawski at , El Sombroso at , Eagle Rock\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Cruz Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902440\",\n \"text\": \"weeks due to a large slide and one person was killed by a rockfall along the coast. Other areas with certain soil conditions were susceptible to site amplification due to the effects of liquefaction, especially near the shore of San Francisco Bay (where its effects were severe in the Marina District) and to the west of the epicenter near rivers and other bodies of water. Minor lateral spreading was also seen along the shores of San Francisco Bay and to the south near Monterey Bay. Other ground effects included downslope movement, slumps, and ground cracks. Fifty-seven of the deaths were\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1902433\",\n \"text\": \"Gatos, and other light damage in Holy City, where increased flow was observed at a water well. Farther away from the Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a parking structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center, a two-level shopping mall in Santa Clara County. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8, 1989, shock (intensity VII, \\\"Very strong\\\") when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino, Los Gatos, and Redwood Estates. Other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At the office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also been broken in\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Loma Prieta earthquake\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20055410\",\n \"text\": \"control of Mexico's oil, historically opening up the nation to private companies and foreign investments after decades of nationalized oil. While project managers hail this pipeline as the bringer of clean and low-cost energy, Loma de Bácum (the Yaqui holdout community) remain skeptical. Yaqui territory is protected by the Mexican constitution and law which guarantees indigenous community land rights. Mexico, along with other Latin American countries, are signatories to the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention, which guards their rights and makes an informed consultation obligatory in the case of projects that affect their territories. The Agua Prieta pipeline will cross\",\n \"title\": \"Agua Prieta pipeline\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10292420\",\n \"text\": \"1989, after the Loma Prieta earthquake, C.C. Myers, Inc. crews working near the Cypress Freeway were some of the first people on the scene of the collapsed freeway. They assisted in shoring up the structure while rescue efforts were underway for people trapped in the collapsed section of freeway. The company was awarded an emergency contract by the California Department of Transportation Caltrans in the aftermath of the earthquake to rebuild a section of Highway 1 where it crosses Struve Slough. This was the beginning of C.C. Myers, Inc.'s reputation as an emergency contractor. In 1994, the Northridge earthquake in\",\n \"title\": \"C. C. Myers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"641338\",\n \"text\": \"described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1868, and 1891. The Daly City Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. The other faults near San Jose are the Monte Vista Fault and the Hayward Fault Zone. San Jose's expansion was made by the design of \\\"Dutch\\\" Hamann, the City Manager from 1950 to 1969. During his administration, with his staff referred to as \\\"Dutch's Panzer Division\\\", the city annexed property 1,389 times, growing the city from , absorbing the\",\n \"title\": \"San Jose, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8139567\",\n \"text\": \"Key System; however, the Key System only served the station with a surface line on 16th Street, and did not use the elevated platforms. Amtrak took over intercity passenger rail services in 1971. The station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, but continued serving trains at an adjacent building. In the 1990s, the adjacent railroad tracks were moved west during the construction of Interstate 880 (to replace the earthquake-destroyed Cypress Street Viaduct), which isolated the station from the tracks. Amtrak service to 16th Street station ended on August 5, 1994; Oakland passengers used a bus connection from\",\n \"title\": \"16th Street station (Oakland)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4752939\",\n \"text\": \"was expedited, and most demolition work and debris removal was completed by the Tuesday following the accident. For a historic comparison, Caltrans did successfully replace a single damaged upper deck panel of the Bay Bridge (after the Loma Prieta earthquake) and the collapsed portion of the I-10 Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles (after the Northridge earthquake) in roughly one month by expediting its internal approval process and offering an incentive program for the contractors. On May 7, 2007, the I-880 connector reopened at 4:30 am to traffic. Substantial work was done to retrofit the strength of the structure, which\",\n \"title\": \"MacArthur Maze\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1760890\",\n \"text\": \"of magnitude 7 would be ten times stronger than a 6, a hundred times stronger than a 5, and a thousand times stronger than a 4. (The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that shook San Francisco was magnitude 6.9.) The Richter scale was published in 1935 and immediately became the standard measure of earthquake intensity. Richter did not seem concerned that Gutenberg's name was not included at first; but in later years, after Gutenberg was already dead, Richter began to insist for his colleague to be recognized for expanding the scale to apply to earthquakes all over the globe, not just\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Francis Richter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8308723\",\n \"text\": \"Rangergirl takes on a more surreal western environment where there is a rattlesnake sphinx, a scorpion oracle, menacing natives, and the eternally evil Outlaw. Recently, a college student from the east coast, named Jonathan, had rented the upstairs room located in Genius Loci because he is interested in the murals depicted within the coffee shop. The murals were painted by Garamond Ray, who was an interesting artist but went missing the day of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; Jonathan is looking into doing his graduate thesis on the works of Garamond and these murals were his last pieces. Lindsey, Marzi's\",\n \"title\": \"The Strange Adventures of Rangergirl\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5068310\",\n \"text\": \"section was composed of a double balanced cantilever span, five through-truss spans, and a truss causeway. The original spans of the bridge east of Yerba Buena Island became the subject of concern after a section collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989. The replacement span is engineered to withstand the largest earthquake expected over a 1500-year period, and it is expected to last at least 150 years with proper maintenance. It had been known for over 30 years that a major earthquake on either of two nearby faults (the San Andreas and the Hayward) could destroy the\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4983739\",\n \"text\": \"property in 1989 because of declining market shares and vineyard yields, and the costs of seismically retrofitting Greystone. The Heublein Company of Canada purchased the property and marketing rights to the Christian Brothers' brands in 1990, shortly after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred. The earthquake damaged the Greystone Cellars building, rendering the northern portion of the building unusable. In 1993, Heublein sold the property at about 10 percent of its $14 million ($ in ) valuation, $1.68 million ($ in ), to the Culinary Institute of America, which used $15 million ($ in ) to renovate the building and\",\n \"title\": \"The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10273072\",\n \"text\": \"frequency will be similar to observed frequency to date. Extrapolation from the Parkfield earthquakes of 1857, 1881, 1901, 1922, 1934, and 1966 led to a forecast of an earthquake around 1988, or before 1993 at the latest (at the 95% confidence interval), based on the characteristic earthquake model. Instrumentation was put in place in hopes of detecting precursors of the anticipated earthquake. However, forecasted earthquake did not occur until 2004. The failure of the Parkfield prediction experiment has raised doubt as to the validity of the characteristic earthquake model itself. At the contact where two tectonic plates slip past each\",\n \"title\": \"Earthquake forecasting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8416325\",\n \"text\": \"the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Marina district of San Francisco was one of the most damaged areas, though it was nearly 100 km from the epicenter. Geological structures were also significant, such as where seismic waves passing under the south end of San Francisco Bay reflected off the base of the Earth's crust towards San Francisco and Oakland. A similar effect channeled seismic waves between the other major faults in the area. An earthquake radiates energy in the form of different kinds of seismic waves, whose characteristics reflect the nature of both the rupture and the earth's crust the\",\n \"title\": \"Seismic magnitude scales\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"742229\",\n \"text\": \"better understand fault behavior . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister, through the Santa Cruz Mountains, epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, then up the San Francisco Peninsula, where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895, then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock. This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County. It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland, runs just\",\n \"title\": \"San Andreas Fault\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3526224\",\n \"text\": \"Sacramento bureau, where he was allowed to choose most of his own stories. As part of \\\"The Mercury News\\\" team that covered the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Webb and his colleague Pete Carey wrote a story examining the reasons for the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct. \\\"The Mercury News\\\" coverage of the earthquake won its staff the Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting in 1990. Webb began researching \\\"Dark Alliance\\\" in July 1995. The series was published in \\\"The Mercury News\\\" in three parts, from August 18–20, 1996, with one long article and one or two shorter articles appearing\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Webb\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13589131\",\n \"text\": \"Quake (film) Quake, also known as Aftershock and The Stalker, is a United States Suspense thriller TV movie, released on June 23, 1992. The film starred Steve Railsback and Erika Anderson. The film was directed by Louis Morneau. Set around the events of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, a young couple, Jenny (Erika Anderson) and David (Eb Lottimer), experience the horror of being terrorized by a psychotic neighbor, Kyle (Steve Railsback), in a city where panic and fear is the order of the day. A sexy female lawyer played by Erika Anderson is knocked unconscious during the earthquake. She is\",\n \"title\": \"Quake (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19788963\",\n \"text\": \"engines could fight fires in neighborhoods where the earthquake broke underground pipes. Most of the vessel's $11.8 million construction cost was paid for from a port security grant from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Senator Dianne Feinstein attended the vessel's christening. According to the \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\", Feinstein was largely responsible for securing $8 million in federal funds to pay for the vessel. Feinstein reflected on how, during her time as San Francisco's mayor, some fiscal conservatives wanted to retire the city's last fireboat, \\\"Phoenix\\\" and how that vessel proved its worth during the Loma Prieta earthquake, when she\",\n \"title\": \"St. Francis (fireboat)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5068311\",\n \"text\": \"major cantilever span. Little was done to address this problem until the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The earthquake measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale and while the epicenter was distant from the bridge, a 50-foot (15 m) section of the upper deck of the eastern truss viaduct portion of the bridge collapsed onto the deck below, indirectly causing one death at the point of collapse. The bridge was closed for a month as construction crews removed and reconstructed the fallen section. It reopened on November 18, 1989, with a new stronger retrofit in place. The failure was at the\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2850194\",\n \"text\": \"and it may be observed to flow like a liquid (hence 'liquefaction'). Although the effects of liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Niigata earthquake and 1964 Alaska earthquake. It was a major factor in the destruction in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and in Port of Kobe during the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake. More recently liquefaction was largely responsible for extensive damage to residential properties in the eastern suburbs and satellite townships of Christchurch, New Zealand during the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and more extensively again following the Christchurch earthquakes\",\n \"title\": \"Soil liquefaction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8051878\",\n \"text\": \"6.5 that occurred in 1911 in the Morgan Hill area. The most recent of these was a magnitude 6.2 earthquake near Morgan Hill in 1984. A magnitude 5.6 earthquake occurred on the Calaveras Fault on October 30, 2007 at 20:04 PDT (October 31, at 03:04 UTC), near Alum Rock. Prior to the 2014 South Napa earthquake, it was the most powerful quake to hit the Bay Area since the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, and the largest on the Calaveras Fault since 1984. Although it has been known for some time that the Calaveras and Hayward faults merge in the\",\n \"title\": \"Calaveras Fault\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16286696\",\n \"text\": \"first affected by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake which destroyed much of the original construction on campus. Two of the buildings most badly damaged by the 1906 earthquake were the Old Gymnasium and campus library, these two elaborate buildings had been damaged before they were occupied so Standford officials decided to demolish them completely. In 1989 Stanford sustained further damage after the Loma Prieta earthquake, which caused them to permanently close the Old Chemistry Building which had been commissioned before the 1906 earthquake occurred. Many of the campuses historical buildings that had been damaged by both the 1906 and 1989\",\n \"title\": \"Emergency management in American universities\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"641337\",\n \"text\": \"and California City). San Jose lies between the San Andreas Fault, the source of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the Calaveras Fault. San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton. The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as\",\n \"title\": \"San Jose, California\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2574959\",\n \"text\": \"of the Central Subway. The Broadway Tunnel was completed in 1952 and was intended to serve as a connection between the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. These plans did not materialize due to the highway revolts at the time. The tunnel currently serves to connect Chinatown with Russian Hill and Van Ness Avenue to the west. In the 1980s, Chinatown merchants were opposed to the removal of the Embarcadero Freeway, but these objections were overturned after it was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, activist Rose Pak then \\\"almost single-handedly persuaded the\",\n \"title\": \"Chinatown, San Francisco\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["san francisco bay area"],"string":"[\n \"san francisco bay area\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":1699,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is time zone in new orleans?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2725490","text":"is generically called Mountain Time (MT). Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time (MST) when observing standard time, and Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) when observing daylight saving time. The term refers to how the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this time zone is known as the Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone). In the US and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is to the east of the Pacific Time Zone and to the west of the Central Time Zone. In some areas, starting in","title":"Mountain Time Zone"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2725490\",\n \"text\": \"is generically called Mountain Time (MT). Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time (MST) when observing standard time, and Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) when observing daylight saving time. The term refers to how the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this time zone is known as the Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone). In the US and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is to the east of the Pacific Time Zone and to the west of the Central Time Zone. In some areas, starting in\",\n \"title\": \"Mountain Time Zone\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"6377171","text":"New Orleans Cotton Exchange The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was established in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1871 as a centralized forum for the trade of cotton. It operated in New Orleans until closing in 1964. Occupying several buildings over its history, its final location, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building, is now a National Historic Landmark. The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was conceived and financed by a group of cotton factors at a time when one-third of the entire production of cotton in the United States was sent through New Orleans. The Exchange sought to bring order to what was","title":"New Orleans Cotton Exchange"},{"psg_id":"7627097","text":"During the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) repainted façades, renovated buildings, and improved landscaping in and around the park. In 1971, the pedestrian zone in the vicinity of Jackson Square was created, when three surrounding streets were closed to vehicular traffic — Chartres, St. Peter, and St. Ann. Early French colonial New Orleans was centered on what was then called the ( \"weapons' square\"). Under Spanish colonial administration in the second half of the 18th century, the name was Plaza de Armas. Following the Great New Orleans Fire of 1788, the Spanish officials rebuilt the St. Louis Church (elevated","title":"Jackson Square (New Orleans)"},{"psg_id":"9221008","text":"New Orleans include the Crescent City Rugby Football Club (1976–1979). New Orleans was one of the first cities in the world where modern soccer was played. Beginning in 1858 as a community sport, the sport became popular among many athletic clubs in the late 19th century. A semi-professional league consisting of some of the best players in the world, several of whom later played for first division teams in England and Scotland, briefly used the old grounds on what would become Pelican Stadium. Former professional soccer teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Storm of the USL A-League (1993–1999)","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"14869632","text":"2005, several radio stations, including CKQB-FM and CHEZ-FM, temporarily stopped playing the song out of sensitivity to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, which had devastated the city of New Orleans in early September of that year. New Orleans Is Sinking \"New Orleans Is Sinking\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It was released in November 1989 as the second single from the band's first full-length studio album, \"Up to Here\". The song reached number-one on the \"RPM\" Canadian Content chart. It was also the band's first song to chart in the United States. The song has","title":"New Orleans Is Sinking"},{"psg_id":"8966221","text":"He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: \"Commercial Zone\". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of \"Commercial Zone\" became \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\" in 1984. \"The Order of Death\" is a reference to the film \"Copkiller\", also known as \"The Order of Death\". The line \"This is what you want... This is what you get\", which gives title to the album, appears","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"19585611","text":"sponsored by Jazz at Lincoln Center and The US Department of State. Doreen's Jazz New Orleans has more than 25 albums and five CDs that they record and sell through the private DJNO Records label. Doreen's Jazz New Orleans Doreen's Jazz New Orleans is a Dixieland and Traditional Jazz band run by one of the few female band leaders in New Orleans, clarinetist Doreen Ketchens. The group has toured the world, and performs in the Royal Street Performing Arts zone in the French Quarter of New Orleans, at jazz festivals, fairs, showcases, and concert halls. Videos of the group by","title":"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"18193016","text":"Versailles Apartments in New Orleans East and the other half going to Kingstown Marrero Apartments. Both New Orleans East and the Westbank were settled by the Vietnamese at the same time. In later periods, Vietnamese settlements spread to other parts of the metropolitan New Orleans area including other sections of New Orleans East, Avondale, and the City of Gretna. The New Orleans East section was flooded by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Sara Roahen, the author of \"Gumbo Tales: Finding My Place at the New Orleans Table\", wrote that the Vietnamese had been accustomed to hardship and therefore were not as","title":"Vietnamese in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"2330353","text":"at [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]], Spencer, NC, intended for cosmetic restoration. For a time, it was stored at [[Thomas Built Buses]], the current name of its builder, Perley Thomas Car Co. 959: Now numbered 953 and painted in a unique livery, it is operated at [[Terminal Station (Chattanooga)|Chattanooga Choo Choo]] as a courtesy shuttle service. 966: Owned by [[Seashore Trolley Museum]], Kennebunkport, Maine, and operated at [[Lowell National Historical Park]], Massachusetts. [[Category:Heritage streetcar systems|New Orleans]] [[Category:Streetcars in Louisiana|New Orleans]] [[Category:Transportation in New Orleans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana|New Orleans]] [[Category:5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"19585609","text":"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans Doreen's Jazz New Orleans is a Dixieland and Traditional Jazz band run by one of the few female band leaders in New Orleans, clarinetist Doreen Ketchens. The group has toured the world, and performs in the Royal Street Performing Arts zone in the French Quarter of New Orleans, at jazz festivals, fairs, showcases, and concert halls. Videos of the group by fans, news, and entertainment organizations have been seen by millions of people on the Internet and the group has recorded more than 20 CDs or DVDs of the group's work. The group has been featured","title":"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"11904871","text":"Green Light New Orleans Green Light New Orleans is a nonprofit organization based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The environmentally conscious organization works to reduce carbon emissions through the replacement of traditional, non-environmentally friendly bulbs with compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). Ultimately, the organization aims to remove all of the city's incandescent lights and replace them with CFL lights. New Orleans' low elevation and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico dubs it a high-risk flood zone, susceptible to the major effects of global warming. These risks became reality in summer of 2005, as levee failures compounded the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Local","title":"Green Light New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"19014414","text":"Hondurans in New Orleans As of 2014 the New Orleans metropolitan area has the largest Honduran American community in the United States. As of that year over 103,049 persons of Honduran origin reside in the New Orleans area. The Honduran community originates from the operations of banana and fruit companies such as Standard Fruit Co. and United Fruit Co., which produced bananas in Honduras and had their corporate headquarters in New Orleans. These operations began in the late 1800s. In time many wealthier Hondurans who desired education and healthcare would move to New Orleans. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, there were","title":"Hondurans in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"14869629","text":"New Orleans Is Sinking \"New Orleans Is Sinking\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It was released in November 1989 as the second single from the band's first full-length studio album, \"Up to Here\". The song reached number-one on the \"RPM\" Canadian Content chart. It was also the band's first song to chart in the United States. The song has since become one of the band's signature songs and still receives consistent radio airplay. In 2008, the song was ranked #24 on a CFNY-FM (102.1 \"The Edge\") list of the Top 200 New Rock Songs of","title":"New Orleans Is Sinking"},{"psg_id":"12761200","text":"to solve the case. Nightmare in New Orleans Nightmare in New Orleans is a Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel, published in 1997. The Royal Creole, a Creole restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana, is opened for business by Shelly and Remy Maspero. Nancy Drew heads up there to congratulate her friends, but ends up trying to figure out the strange mishaps that have arisen there. Meanwhile, the Hardys are there too, trying to uncover the facts behind a million-dollar heist in a riverboat casino, and the facts suggest that Remy Maspero is the culprit. With time running out","title":"Nightmare in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"12761199","text":"Nightmare in New Orleans Nightmare in New Orleans is a Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel, published in 1997. The Royal Creole, a Creole restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana, is opened for business by Shelly and Remy Maspero. Nancy Drew heads up there to congratulate her friends, but ends up trying to figure out the strange mishaps that have arisen there. Meanwhile, the Hardys are there too, trying to uncover the facts behind a million-dollar heist in a riverboat casino, and the facts suggest that Remy Maspero is the culprit. With time running out the threesome will have","title":"Nightmare in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7432153","text":"What Time Is Love? \"What Time Is Love?\" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the band The KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker of 2K, in 1997. In its original form, the track was an instrumental techno anthem; subsequent reworkings, with vocals and additional instrumentation, yielded the international hit singles \"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\" (1990) and \"America: What Time Is Love?\" (1991), which respectively reached number 5 and number 4 in the UK Singles Chart and introduced The KLF","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432174","text":"foreign policy and included samples of contemporary Gulf War dialogue, was not included on the US releases. Unlike previous single releases of \"What Time Is Love?\", no commercial remixes of \"America\" were released, although five edits of different lengths were distributed. Key \"What Time Is Love?\" (live at the Trancentral) by The KLF featuring The Children of the Revolution<br> What Time Is Love? \"What Time Is Love?\" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the band The KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"9221011","text":"held in either Lake Pontchartrain or on the Mississippi River. The most commonly held race was the Popeye's Offshore Grand Prix held annually from 1983–1991. Other powerboat races took place in 1980, 1981, 1982, 2002, 2003 and 2008. New Orleans was also the home port for the Popeyes Offshore race team from 1980–90. The race team was formed by Al Copeland Sr., the founder of Popeyes Fried Chicken Restaurants and Copeland's Restaurants. He was a six-time U.S. national champion and world champion in 1985 and 1986. New Orleans is home to the New Orleans Yacht Club and Southern Yacht Club,","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"650289","text":"1980s and 1990s, scientists observed that extensive, rapid, and ongoing erosion of the marshlands and swamp surrounding New Orleans, especially that related to the Mississippi River – Gulf Outlet Canal, had the unintended result of leaving the city more vulnerable than before to hurricane-induced catastrophic storm surges. New Orleans was catastrophically affected by what Raymond B. Seed called \"the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl\", when the Federal levee system failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. By the time the hurricane approached the city at the end of August 2005, most residents had evacuated. As the hurricane passed","title":"New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7871097","text":"Street in the Quarter, between St. Louis and St. Ann Streets, are closed to traffic to create a pedestrian zone. At that time numerous street performers set up. Outstanding, up-and-coming New Orleans jazz musicians can be heard in the vicinity, although performers vary widely. Royal Street also contains restaurants and hotels, notably the Hotel Monteleone, a family-owned high-rise established in the late 19th century. Despite catastrophic effects of 2005's Hurricane Katrina in much of New Orleans, Royal Street was spared the flood, other than in the lower ninth ward. The French Quarter, originally the city itself, was built upon naturally-higher","title":"Royal Street, New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7432167","text":"riff from \"What Time Is Love?\". In 1993 \"What Time Is Love?\" was covered by U.K. based American Noise/Art Rock band The God Machine. The track appeared as a B- side on their limited silver vinyl \"Home\" single and a promo CD. In 1997 a trance cover-version was released by German producer Talla 2XLC and in 1998 Choci and Mark Sinclair released their own hard trance reworking entitled \"What is Love?\". Reviewing Drummond's book \"45\" for \"The Observer\" in 2000, Steven Poole labelled \"What Time Is Love?\" an \"epic pop masterpiece\". \"The Observer\" also described the \"Pure Trance Original\" as","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"14411263","text":"Orleans was opened in 2015 as a partial replacement for Charity Hospital and other closed or deprecated institutions within the city. Healthcare in New Orleans Healthcare in New Orleans includes a combination of hospitals, clinics, and other organization for the residents of New Orleans, Louisiana. L’Hospital des Pauvres de la Charite was opened in 1736 as a charitable institution and was a modest operation then located on the corner of Chartres and Bienville streets. This institution later evolved into Charity Hospital, located on Tulane Avenue, which was constructed in 1939; at the time, it was the second largest hospital in","title":"Healthcare in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"2330354","text":"States]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in New Orleans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans]] [[Category:Town tramway systems by city|New Orleans]] [[Category:600 V DC railway electrification]] Streetcars in New Orleans Streetcars in New Orleans, Louisiana have been an integral part of the city's public transportation network since the first half of the 19th century. The longest of New Orleans' streetcar lines, the St. Charles Avenue line, is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world. Today, the streetcars are operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA). There are currently five operating streetcar lines in New Orleans: The","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"9221001","text":"Sports in New Orleans New Orleans is home to a wide variety of sporting events. Most notable are the home games of the New Orleans Saints (NFL) and the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA), the annual Sugar Bowl, the annual Zurich Classic (PGA Tour) and horse racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course. New Orleans has also occasionally hosted the Super Bowl, College Football Playoff semifinal game and the NCAA college basketball Final Four. Former football teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League (1984) (which became the Portland Breakers), the New Orleans Night","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"432512","text":"offset\" is used here rather than the term \"zone designator\" used by the standard.) The conversion equation can be rearranged to For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC offset=−05:00). In Los Angeles (PST, UTC offset= −08:00) and Delhi (IST, UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time). The table \"Time of day by zone\" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones. Since the 1920s a nautical","title":"Time zone"},{"psg_id":"20891469","text":"I Want to Die in New Orleans I Want to Die in New Orleans is the debut studio album by New Orleans rap group Suicideboys, which was released on September 7, 2018 on Caroline Records and Suicideboys imprint G*59 Records. Released to critical acclaim in the underground rap scene, the album debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200. Originally titled \"I Don't Want to Die in New Orleans\", the album was originally teased by Suicideboys in a February 2017 tweet from member $crim, announcing a December 2017 release date for what would become their debut studio album. They","title":"I Want to Die in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"19996492","text":"6 Central\", or just \"Tonight at 7\". Time in New York The state of New York uses the Eastern Time Zone (UTC-5) with DST (UTC-4). Because the largest city in the state, New York City, is the largest city in the United States, and because the Eastern Time Zone is used in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in addition to the fact that a majority of the nation's population is in that time zone, Eastern Time is the most commonly used time zone for television scheduling. Therefore, if a program airs at 7:00 PM Eastern Time, the network will usually","title":"Time in New York"},{"psg_id":"19996491","text":"Time in New York The state of New York uses the Eastern Time Zone (UTC-5) with DST (UTC-4). Because the largest city in the state, New York City, is the largest city in the United States, and because the Eastern Time Zone is used in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in addition to the fact that a majority of the nation's population is in that time zone, Eastern Time is the most commonly used time zone for television scheduling. Therefore, if a program airs at 7:00 PM Eastern Time, the network will usually advertise it by saying \"Tonight at 7,","title":"Time in New York"},{"psg_id":"2644205","text":"horseback, in wagons, carts, coaches, cars, &c., in rich confusion, up and down the streets, wildly shouting, singing, laughing, drumming, fiddling, fifeing, and all throwing flour broadcast as they wend their reckless way. In 1856 six businessmen gathered at a club room in New Orleans's French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade. They founded New Orleans' first and oldest krewe, the Mystick Krewe of Comus. According to one historian, \"Comus was aggressively English in its celebration of what New Orleans had always considered a French festival. It is hard to think of","title":"Mardi Gras in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"5720602","text":"in New Orleans in 1821. The land now housing the park was a plantation in the colonial and early statehood days. It was used by both the Confederate and the Union armies in the American Civil War, and as a staging area for the Buffalo Soldiers. At the time of its establishment it was the last large undeveloped parcel of what was to become uptown New Orleans. The area was annexed by the City of New Orleans, along with the surrounding communities of Jefferson City and Greenville in 1870, and the following year the city purchased the land. Use as","title":"Audubon Park (New Orleans)"},{"psg_id":"14411262","text":"Healthcare in New Orleans Healthcare in New Orleans includes a combination of hospitals, clinics, and other organization for the residents of New Orleans, Louisiana. L’Hospital des Pauvres de la Charite was opened in 1736 as a charitable institution and was a modest operation then located on the corner of Chartres and Bienville streets. This institution later evolved into Charity Hospital, located on Tulane Avenue, which was constructed in 1939; at the time, it was the second largest hospital in the United States. Charity Hospital was closed in 2005 after significant damage was caused by Hurricane Katrina. University Medical Center New","title":"Healthcare in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7432170","text":"song on their sixteenth album \"Music for a Big Night Out\". In 2006, English electronic musician Max Tundra released a single as that included a recording from 1989 doing a cover of \"What Time Is Love?\" The three reworkings of the track were written and produced by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Cauty also receives credit for playing electric guitar, bass, drums and keyboards on \"America...\", and Drummond for playing Gibson 330 on that version. Additional contributors to \"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\" and \"America: What Time Is Love?\" included: As a central track in The KLF's canon,","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432172","text":"TVT label, including a live version taken from \"The \"What Time is Love?\" Story\". The KLF's \"Pure Trance\" series was originally envisaged as comprising five \"Original\" 12\" singles and five \"Remix\" 12\"s. The \"Pure Trance Remix\" single of \"What Time Is Love?\" was released on 24 July 1989. KLF 004T was re-released in the UK on 15 July 1991, during the peak of The KLF's chart success, along with both \"Pure Trance\" mixes of \"3 a.m. Eternal\". Key \"What Time Is Love? (Live from Trancentral)\" was released on 30 July 1990, and the single of remixes \"(Remodelled & Remixed)\" followed","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432160","text":"The KLF to an international mainstream audience, reaching No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. It is a pop-house reworking of the Pure Trance Original, adding vocal samples, a new bassline, a new house rhythm and a self-proclaiming rap (performed by Isaac Bello). The \"Trancentral\" in the subtitle refers to The KLF's recording studio. Although crowd noise features on the mix, it is in fact a purely studio-based creation and a characteristic of the \"Stadium House\" recordings. An LP version of this mix appears on the album \"The White Room\". A remix 12\", \"What Time Is Love? (Remodelled & Remixed)\"","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432159","text":"sound-alikes, entitled \"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story\". \"What Time Is Love?\"'s European acclaim also contributed towards The KLF's change of musical direction following their abortive film project, \"The White Room\". As Drummond had predicted, the \"Pure Trance\" release received little attention from the music press. However, upon the release of \"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story\", \"Q Magazine\" hailed the track as \"a whirling house stomper ... not so much of a tune but a good beat\". A 1990 version subtitled \"Live at Trancentral\" was the first of The KLF's upbeat \"Stadium House Trilogy\" and the single that introduced","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"3892467","text":"time. Atlantic Time Zone The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in . During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to result in . The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are in","title":"Atlantic Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"6436029","text":"several feet of water, vehicles were flooded, and water entered some structures. It was later revealed that 16 of New Orleans' 148 drainage pumps and 3 of 5 turbines which provide power to the pumping system were out of service, severely reducing pumping capacity during the rain event. Notes Bibliography Drainage in New Orleans Drainage in New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century, remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today. The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans (New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner) is fairly unusual in that","title":"Drainage in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"18193020","text":"Orleans-area restaurants have two soups of the day, with one being a gumbo and the other being a \"pho\". The pickled vegetables seen in banh mi are now available as fillings for po boys in traditional po boy restaurants. Many New Orleans restaurants also have chayote (mirliton) spring rolls. The Vietnamese New Year (Tet) is celebrated in New Orleans East. Vietnamese in New Orleans As of 2012 Greater New Orleans has over 14,000 Vietnamese Americans and other people of Vietnamese origins. Large waves of Vietnamese arrived in New Orleans beginning around 1975 after the Fall of Saigon. One reason why","title":"Vietnamese in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"3892463","text":"Atlantic Time Zone The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in . During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to result in . The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are in this","title":"Atlantic Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"6436005","text":"Drainage in New Orleans Drainage in New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century, remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today. The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans (New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner) is fairly unusual in that it is almost completely surrounded by water: Lake Pontchartrain to the north, Lake Borgne to the east, wetlands to the east and west, and the Mississippi River to the south. Much of the land area between these bodies of water is at or below sea level, and no longer has","title":"Drainage in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"19014416","text":"New Orleans area. Within a year of Hurricane Katrina in 2003, over 10,000 Hondurans and Mexicans moved to New Orleans to do work rebuilding the city. At the time the George W. Bush administration suspended some labor laws on a temporary basis, and several federal contractors aired Spanish-language television advertisements promising work to the illegal immigrants without the possibility of deportation. By 2014 several of the immigrants were criticizing officials who were trying to deport them. By 2014 many Honduran children fleeing crime and violence in their native country were resettled in New Orleans. The government of Honduras maintains a","title":"Hondurans in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"18240445","text":"by September of 1881 at a cost of only forty dollars per person. \"Little Palermo\" was established by recent immigrants in the lower French Quarter. So many Italians settled here that some suggested the area should be renamed as \"The Sicilian Quarter\" in the early 20th century. As time passed and they became established, many Italian-Americans moved out of New Orleans and to the suburbs. Historically many corner stores in New Orleans were owned by Italians. Progresso Foods originated as a New Orleans Italian-American business. The business established by the Vaccaro brothers later became Standard Fruit. After they first arrived,","title":"Italians in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"18193019","text":"and/or raised in the United States. In New Orleans \"banh mi\" are called \"Vietnamese poboys\". Crystal hot sauce is served with \"pho\" in New Orleans restaurants. Crawfish became a common element with both the native New Orleans cuisine and the Vietnamese cuisine. Elizabeth M. Williams, author of \"New Orleans: A Food Biography\", wrote that \"there is little need for Asian Cajun restaurants\" due to the fact that \"spicy crawfish boils are so easy to find in New Orleans\". Williams wrote that many Vietnamese easily learned how to make king cakes since baguettes are a part of Vietnamese cuisine. Many New","title":"Vietnamese in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"432525","text":"That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions","title":"Time zone"},{"psg_id":"2330328","text":"made their first appearance in New Orleans on the Carrollton line on February 1, 1893. The line was also extended out Carrollton Avenue and renamed St. Charles. Other companies followed suit. Over the next few years, almost all the streetcar lines of all six companies were electrified, including the West End steam line; the few lines that remained animal powered, such as the Girod and Poydras, were discontinued. Also, operations of the six companies began to be consolidated at this time, beginning with formation of the New Orleans Traction Co., which took over operation of the New Orleans City and","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"9221012","text":"both of which are located at West End on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain. Southern Yacht Club was established in 1849 and is the second oldest yacht club in the United States. Regattas include: Sports in New Orleans New Orleans is home to a wide variety of sporting events. Most notable are the home games of the New Orleans Saints (NFL) and the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA), the annual Sugar Bowl, the annual Zurich Classic (PGA Tour) and horse racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course. New Orleans has also occasionally hosted the Super Bowl, College Football Playoff semifinal game","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7071347","text":"developed until the last third of the 20th century, is often referred to as Eastern New Orleans (or \"New Orleans East,\" although that term usually refers to a smaller subset of the area). Neighborhoods in New Orleans In 1980 the New Orleans City Planning Commission divided the city into 13 planning districts and 72 distinct neighborhoods. See Orleans Parish neighborhood map While most of these assigned boundaries match with traditional local designations, some others differ from common traditional use. This is a result of the City Planning Commission's wish to divide the city into sections for governmental planning and zoning","title":"Neighborhoods in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"10416332","text":"Some seminal New Orleans artists from No Limit included Mystikal, Master P, Soulja Slim, C-Murder, and Silkk the Shocker. Cash Money likewise signed and released albums by several New Orleans artists including BG, Juvenile, Turk, Big Tymers, and Lil' Wayne. The city is also the birthplace of bounce music which is gaining popularity. Former Cash Money in-house producer Mannie Fresh is often credited for much of the popularity for Bounce outside of New Orleans. Drake, also signed to Cash Money recently collaborated with New Orleans Bounce producer Blaqnmild on his international hits \"Nice For What\" and \"In My Feelings\". Jay","title":"Music of New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"6436007","text":"described as in the first hour of rainfall followed by per hour afterward. The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain. The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground, along the river. In the 1960s, floodwalls and man-made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, a large portion of New Orleans is at or below","title":"Drainage in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"3345628","text":"to the Mississippi River, including portions of what are now Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. St. Tammany Parish is the most affluent parish in metropolitan New Orleans and is also the most politically conservative. The term \"River Parishes\" refers to those parishes along the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The three River Parishes nearest to New Orleans are St. Charles (including the cities of Destrehan, Luling, St. Rose and Hahnville), St. John the Baptist (including the cities of Laplace and Reserve) and St. James (including towns of Lutcher, and Gramercy). Greater New Orleans is home to one of","title":"New Orleans metropolitan area"},{"psg_id":"18240448","text":"they were unable to join other Krewes in the Mardi Gras. In 1936 the krewes crowned their first queen, Marguerite Piazza, who worked in the New Orleans Metropolitan Opera. Italians in New Orleans brought with them many dishes from Sicilian cuisine and broader Italian cuisines, which influenced the Cuisine of New Orleans. Many food businesses and restaurants were started by Italians in New Orleans. Progresso, now a large Italian food brand, was started by Sicilian immigrants to New Orleans. Angelo Brocato's an Italian Ice Cream parlor and bakery, established in 1905 by a Sicilian immigrant, is still in existence today.","title":"Italians in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"2330316","text":"Streetcars in New Orleans Streetcars in New Orleans, Louisiana have been an integral part of the city's public transportation network since the first half of the 19th century. The longest of New Orleans' streetcar lines, the St. Charles Avenue line, is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world. Today, the streetcars are operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA). There are currently five operating streetcar lines in New Orleans: The St. Charles Avenue Line, the Riverfront Line, the Canal Street Line (which has two branches), and the Loyola Avenue Line and Rampart/St. Claude Line (which","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"650293","text":"for the city upward, to 336,644. Most recently, by July 2015, the population was back up to 386,617 — 80% of what it was in 2000. Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Large conventions returned. College bowl games returned for the 2006–2007 season. The New Orleans Saints returned that season. The New Orleans Hornets (now named the Pelicans) returned to the city for the 2007–2008 season. New Orleans hosted the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Additionally, the city hosted Super Bowl XLVII. Major annual events such as Mardi Gras, Voodoo Experience, and the","title":"New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"5210735","text":"time zones to two time zones. The areas east of Yakutat set clocks back two hours to change from Pacific Daylight Time to what had been Yukon Standard Time, UTC-9, and the time zone was named Alaska Standard Time at the end of November. Yakutat only set clocks back one hour on that date. Most of the remaining longitudes of Alaska left their clocks unchanged on that date, changing from Alaska-Hawaii Daylight Time (UTC-9) to the new Alaska Standard Time (UTC-9). Some areas that had been on Bering Time (UTC-11 in winter, UTC-10 in summer) such as Nome set their","title":"Yukon Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"2330329","text":"Lake RR (an 1883 renaming of the New Orleans City RR) and the Crescent City RR in 1892. New Orleans Traction became the New Orleans City RR in 1899, the second company to use that name. The Canal and Claiborne company was merged into the New Orleans and Carrollton in 1899. Then in 1902, New Orleans Railways Co. took over operation of all city streetcars, and in 1905 the operating company became New Orleans Railway and Light Co. Final consolidation of ownership as well as operation finally became reality in 1922 with the formation of New Orleans Public Service Incorporated","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"18193015","text":"Vietnamese in New Orleans As of 2012 Greater New Orleans has over 14,000 Vietnamese Americans and other people of Vietnamese origins. Large waves of Vietnamese arrived in New Orleans beginning around 1975 after the Fall of Saigon. One reason why many Vietnamese settled in New Orleans was because of the climate similar to that of Vietnam. In addition, many Vietnamese fleeing were Catholic, and Catholic Charities brought them specifically to New Orleans. The first groups settled in Section 8 properties in the Versailles area of New Orleans East. The first 200 families trickled into New Orleans, half going to the","title":"Vietnamese in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"9221002","text":"of the Arena Football League (1991–1992), the New Orleans Thunder of the Regional Football League (1999), the New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (2004–2005, 2007-2008, and 2010–2015), the Louisiana Jazz of the Women's Football Alliance (2002–2014), New Orleans Krewe of the US Women's Football League (2016) and the New Orleans Jazz football club of the Stars Football League (2011). Former college football teams in New Orleans include the Dillard Bleu Devils (1935–1965), the Loyola Wolf Pack (1921–1939) and the Xavier Gold Rush (1925–1960). Former professional basketball teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Jazz of the NBA","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"16986024","text":"for urban youth living in the Gentilly, Eastern New Orleans and St. Bernard Parish areas of the Greater New Orleans Metro Area. It has since evolved into a club structure that mirrors what you find throughout the world to include beginner training for youths as young as 4 years old to Adults recreational and Semi-Professional competition. On June 13, 2012, the NPSL accepted FC New Orleans as an expansion club for their 2012 season. However, the club was made a provisional member after registering past the league deadline for the 2012 season. FC New Orleans played one season and finished","title":"FC New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"2330319","text":"2007, the Regional Transit Authority (RTA) extended service from Napoleon Avenue to the end of historic St. Charles Avenue (the \"Riverbend\"). On June 22, 2008 service was restored to the end of the line at South Carrollton Avenue & South Claiborne Avenue. The definitive history of New Orleans streetcars is found in Louis Hennick and Harper Charlton, \"The Streetcars of New Orleans,\" Pelican Press, which is the source for this summary of New Orleans streetcar history. On April 23, 1831, the Pontchartrain Railroad Company (PRR) established the first rail service in New Orleans along a five-mile line running north on","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"11353228","text":"at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Although most of the music created for \"New Orleans\" was truncated in the film's release version, a soundtrack issued in 1983 made the full versions of the songs available, with additional music cut from the final release. Songs include \"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?\" New Orleans (1947 film) New Orleans is a 1947 American musical romance film featuring Billie Holiday as a singing maid and Louis Armstrong as a bandleader; supporting players Holiday and Armstrong perform together and portray a couple becoming romantically involved. During one song, Armstrong's","title":"New Orleans (1947 film)"},{"psg_id":"6726796","text":"and the Port of South Louisiana combined form one of the largest port systems in the world by bulk tonnage and among the top ten in the world by annual volume handled. In 1946 a foreign trade zone was established in the port. The Port of New Orleans is located at the center of the Lower Mississippi River port complex in Louisiana. Connected to America's heartland by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Port of New Orleans handles a wide range of cargoes, including rubber, coffee, steel, containers, coal, and manufactured goods. Some 6,000 vessels and 500 million tons","title":"Port of New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"10416330","text":"mid-1950s, he regularly appeared with another New Orleans musician, saxophonist Sam Butera. A new style came out of New Orleans after World War II. Prominent musicians such as Fats Domino helped shape what was first widely known as \"rhythm and blues\", which was an important ancestor of rock and roll, if not the first form of the music. In addition to the local talent, early rockers from elsewhere recorded many of their early hits in New Orleans using bands of New Orleans musicians. In 1949, New Orleans jazz musician, and Fats Domino producer Dave Bartholomew brought the tresillo directly from","title":"Music of New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"5543670","text":"What Time Is It? (album) What Time Is It? is a 1982 album by The Time. The album was recorded at Sunset Sound and Prince's home studio in the Minneapolis suburbs. The title of the album comes from an exclamation by Morris Day that became associated with the band's on-stage theatrics, appearing frequently on the band's debut album as well. Showcasing a denser and more inventive Minneapolis sound, \"What Time Is It?\" produced three singles: \"777-9311\", \"The Walk\" and \"Gigolos Get Lonely Too\". The album produced three singles was released before the album, 777-9311, Gigolos Get Lonely Too and The","title":"What Time Is It? (album)"},{"psg_id":"9221003","text":"(1974–1980) (which became the Utah Jazz) and the New Orleans Buccaneers of the American Basketball Association (c. 1967–1970) (which became the Memphis Pros). Other professional basketball teams include the New Orleans Hurricanes of the Professional Basketball League of America (1947), New Orleans Sports of the Southern Basketball League (1948–1949) and New Orleans Pride of the Women's Professional Basketball League (1979–1981). Baseball was first played in New Orleans as early as 1859. In that year, amateur baseball leagues played games on the grounds of Delachaise Estates in Uptown New Orleans and the Lone Star Base Ball Club was organized. There were","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"6223255","text":"in the year of 1840, and when the dress was found, the people of New Orleans assumed that the bride had committed suicide by throwing herself into the river. This is how the story begins, and then we find out what really happened, as the story of Claire Ledux is revealed. When Claire arrives in New Orleans for the first time in her life she has a strong ambition to become Mrs Charles Giraud - a very rich and renowned banker. She gets her opening one night at the opera, when she manages to bet the seat next to the","title":"The Flame of New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7432155","text":"for sampling\", and suggested \"We might put out a couple of 12-inch records under the name The K.L.F., these will be rap free just pure dance music, so don't expect to see them reviewed in the music papers.\" The first incarnation of \"What Time Is Love?\" followed. \"What Time Is Love?\" became one of The KLF's central tracks, dubbed their \"three-note warhorse of a signature tune\" by Bill Drummond, in reference to the three-note bassline which, together with a high-pitched refrain on two notes (B bending to F#) characterises the song. The bassline is very similar to the one used","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"6946799","text":"13 hours 45 minutes ahead of UTC, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT). Currently daylight saving time runs from the last Sunday in September to the first Sunday in April. Chatham Standard Time Zone The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a geographic region that keeps time by adding twelve hours and forty-five minutes to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in . The Chatham Standard Time Zone is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, located in the South Pacific Ocean at 43°53′54″S, 176°31′44″W. It is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from","title":"Chatham Standard Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"9221007","text":"from 2011–2015. The Allstate Sugar Bowl High School Lacrosse Classic first held in 2007 has been played at multiple locations in the New Orleans metropolitan area such as City Park, Lafreniere Park, LaSalle Park and Pan American Stadium. The NOLA Motorsports Park is a road race track in Avondale, Louisiana, approximately twenty minutes from downtown New Orleans. The north track circuit and kart circuit opened in 2011. New Orleans has hosted several auto races: Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR), a professional bull riding organization held competitions in the New Orleans Arena in 2000–2003, 2007 and 2010. Former rugby clubs in","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7432171","text":"\"What Time Is Love?\" was given international commercial releases on many occasions and in many forms between 1988 and 1992. The following lists detail most of these, but are not exhaustive. \"What Time Is Love? (Pure Trance Original)\" (catalogue number KLF 004T) was first released on 17 October 1988, and deleted following initially low UK media interest and sales. The reaction from continental Europe's clubbers and DJs led to further European releases in 1989 and 1990. In late 1989, a US edition of \"Pure Trance 1\" (sea-green writing on a black sleeve, and slightly different typography) was issued on the","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"6004586","text":"New Orleans in fiction New Orleans is featured in a number of works of fiction. This article in an ongoing effort to list the books, movies, television shows, and comics that are set or filmed, in whole or part, in New Orleans. Authors who have repeatedly or frequently used New Orleans as a setting for their fiction include James Lee Burke, Poppy Z. Brite, Truman Capote, Nancy A. Collins, Barbara Hambly, Lafcadio Hearn, Frances Parkinson Keyes, Caitlín R. Kiernan, Anne Rice, James Sallis, Julie Smith, and Alexandrea Weis. The most significant novel featuring the city may be the Pulitzer Prize-winning","title":"New Orleans in fiction"},{"psg_id":"7432156","text":"by Anne Clark the electronic musician in her 1984 song \"Our Darkness\" and to the guitar introduction to the song \"Heaven On Their Minds\" from the musical Jesus Christ Superstar In common with the singles \"3 a.m. Eternal\", \"Last Train to Trancentral\" and \"Justified and Ancient\", \"What Time Is Love?\" evolved through substantial reworkings, each new version taking elements of its predecessors and placing them in the context of a different musical genre. There were three main versions, released in 1988, 1990 and 1991, shifting The KLF's sound from acid house through pop into heavy rock-oriented electronica. In 1997, the","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432173","text":"on 20 August 1990. The main B-side accompaniment of \"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\" was the \"Techno Gate Mix\" of the track, which retained the title track's rhythm and bass as a backdrop to extensive samples of Jimi Hendrix's \"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\". Another UK 12\" featured instead the \"Wandaful Mix\", which sampled from Wanda Dee's \"To the Bone\". Key \"America: What Time Is Love?\" was released in the US during October 1991, four months before its release in the UK and elsewhere (24 February 1992). The B-side \"America No More\", which featured anti-war sentiments directed at US","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432165","text":"guitars, austere brass and a pipe band, set against the backdrop of artillery noise and the recorded words of US politicians, commentators and evangelists speaking either about or during major 20th century US military conflicts. According to Drummond, it was the final track to be recorded by The KLF. Evangelists feature elsewhere in The KLF's music (\"Chill Out\", \"What Time Is Love? (Remodelled & Remixed)\" and \"Fuck the Millennium\"), as does gunfire (in the three \"Stadium House\" singles). Reviewing \"America: What Time Is Love?\", \"Melody Maker\" found that \"the whole bizarre concoction's brilliantly bonkers\", but questioned The KLF's strategy of","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"7432157","text":"original \"What Time Is Love?\" was covered by the Williams Fairey Band, a brass band which under the stewardship of British artist Jeremy Deller pioneered the Acid Brass concept. Inspired by an Acid Brass concert, Drummond and Cauty collaborated with Deller, incorporating an Acid Brass version of \"What Time Is Love?\" into their single \"Fuck the Millennium\". The original 1988 12\" single release launched The KLF's minimalist \"Pure Trance\" series of singles. The \"Pure Trance\" version is a synthesiser composition based around an acid house riff on three low-pitched notes and one minor chord (B minor). The subtle progression of","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"6128644","text":"New Orleans Brass The New Orleans Brass was a hockey team in the ECHL from 1997 to 2002. The team was at one time affiliated with the San Jose Sharks. Home games were played first at the New Orleans Municipal Auditorium (until October 29, 1999) and then at the New Orleans Arena. In 2002, the NBA's Charlotte Hornets moved to New Orleans and became the primary tenant in the arena. The New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) pressured the state of Louisiana, which owns the arena, into demanding that the Brass bear the expense of converting the arena","title":"New Orleans Brass"},{"psg_id":"5923120","text":"factors impeding the Guardsmen from securing the situation in New Orleans. Before Hurricane Katrina, the murder rate in New Orleans was ten times higher than the U.S. average. After the situation in New Orleans was brought under control, criminal activity in New Orleans dropped significantly. In response to the increase in criminal activity in New Orleans, makeshift prisons were constructed to house prisoners for short periods of time. Camp Greyhound was a temporary prison that housed more than 200 suspected looters in New Orleans until they could be transferred to other institutions. With room for 700 prisoners, the facility was","title":"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"9561453","text":"Chamorro Time Zone The Chamorro Time Zone, formerly the Guam Time Zone, is a United States time zone which observes standard time ten hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 150th meridian east of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes the U.S. territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where the Chamorro people are the original inhabitants. Since Daylight Saving Time (DST) is not observed anywhere in this zone, the time is always known as Chamorro Standard Time (ChST). The zone is two hours","title":"Chamorro Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"7432168","text":"a \"juddering rave anthem\". On 14 July 2002, the \"Pure Trance Original\" was incorporated into DJ John Digweed's set at Fatboy Slim's free Brighton beach show, where it was played to a live audience of approximately 150,000 people and relayed to viewers of television channel E4. Digweed's set showcased the origins of trance music, with \"What Time Is Love?\" used alongside Underworld's \"Dark & Long\" and Paul Oakenfold's \"Perfecto Mix\" of U2's \"Even Better Than the Real Thing\". British band Kaiser Chiefs covered \"What Time Is Love?\" on 14 February 2006 on BBC Radio 1. At the end of the","title":"What Time Is Love?"},{"psg_id":"11082679","text":"ended up relocating to places like Austin, Memphis or New York, all have a desire to see New Orleans come back. The theme of the film is that Katrina will not be allowed to destroy the musical and cultural heritage of New Orleans. New Orleans Music in Exile New Orleans Music in Exile is a documentary and music film that was made in 2006 and released on DVD on August 7, 2007. It was directed by Robert Mugge. Essentially, this film tells the story of several New Orleans based musicians during and following the events caused by Hurricane Katrina. Mixed","title":"New Orleans Music in Exile"},{"psg_id":"2799753","text":"Pacific Time Zone The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (). During daylight saving time, a time offset of is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the \"Pacific Time Zone\". Specifically, time in this zone is referred to as \"Pacific Standard Time\" (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and \"Pacific Daylight Time\" (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to","title":"Pacific Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"10416315","text":"as \"hot music\" and \"ratty music\". The local New Orleans dance music style was already distinctive in the 19th century. When this style became what was later known as \"jazz\" remains a matter of debate and definition, although most New Orleans music historians believe what became known as New Orleans style jazz was the product of a series of developments, probably reaching its famous form no earlier than the 1890s and no later than the mid 1910s. By the 1890s a man by the name of Poree hired a band led by cornetist Buddy Bolden, many of whose contemporaries as","title":"Music of New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"9221005","text":"1889, issuing \"rain checks\" for rained out games using a perforated ticket stub was invented in New Orleans by Abner Powell. Former baseball teams with the longest tenure in New Orleans include: Former baseball teams in New Orleans include: New Orleans has long been home to boxing events. New Orleans has produced many championship teams at the LHSAA and national levels. Schools have earned high national rankings in football, basketball, baseball and soccer. The annual Louisiana Prep Classic state championship football games organized by the Louisiana High School Athletic Association have been held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome since 1981. New","title":"Sports in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"5923101","text":"news networks citing blogs like Interdictor and Gulfsails for reports of what was happening in the city. Amateur radio provided tactical and emergency communications and handled health-and-welfare enquiries. By September 4, a temporary communications hub was set up at the Hyatt Hotel in downtown New Orleans. The first television pictures out of New Orleans shown on national TV were from Houston's ABC owned and operated KTRK which flew its helicopter to New Orleans in the days after the storm. Most of the city's major roads were damaged. The only route out of the city was east to the east bank","title":"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"7526859","text":"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story is a compilation album by British electronic music duo The KLF, comprising six versions of their techno track \"What Time Is Love?\". By 1989 (see 1989 in music), the popularity of the \"Pure Trance Original\" of \"What Time Is Love?\" in European clubs had reportedly spawned eighteen unauthorised cover versions and sound-alikes. In a novel move, some of these were collated by The Orb's Alex Paterson at The KLF's behest, and released as a compilation album entitled \"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story\", which was sold commercially for","title":"The \"What Time Is Love?\" Story"},{"psg_id":"9561455","text":"1986, and still remains in the book today despite federal overlap. Chamorro Time Zone The Chamorro Time Zone, formerly the Guam Time Zone, is a United States time zone which observes standard time ten hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 150th meridian east of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes the U.S. territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where the Chamorro people are the original inhabitants. Since Daylight Saving Time (DST) is not observed anywhere in this zone, the time is always","title":"Chamorro Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"2799755","text":"Only one Canadian territory is entirely in the Pacific Time Zone: One Canadian province and one territory are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: In Mexico, the \"Zona Noroeste\", which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes: Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Alaska Time Zone: Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−8) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−7) at 02:00 LST","title":"Pacific Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"8966218","text":"songs by John Lydon, Keith Levene, and Martin Atkins except * by John Lydon and Martin Atkins Five songs on \"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\" are re-recordings of tracks which originally appeared on \"Commercial Zone\": \"Bad Life\" (originally titled \"Mad Max\"), \"This Is Not a Love Song\" (originally titled \"Love Song\"), \"Solitaire\" (entitled \"Young Brits\" on the second pressing of \"Commercial Zone\"), \"The Order of Death\" (originally titled \"The Slab\"), and \"Where Are You?\" (originally titled \"Lou Reed Part 2\"). Four songs from \"Commercial Zone\", \"Bad Night\", \"Lou Reed Part 1\", \"Blue Water\" and \"Miller Hi-Life\",","title":"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get"},{"psg_id":"3992315","text":"New Orleans Central Business District The Central Business District (CBD) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. A subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD area, its boundaries, as defined by the City Planning Commission, are Iberville, Decatur and Canal Streets to the north; the Mississippi River to the east; the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, Julia and Magazine Streets, and the Pontchartrain Expressway to the south; and South Claiborne Avenue, Cleveland Street, and South and North Derbigny Streets to the west. It is the equivalent of what many cities call their downtown, although in New Orleans","title":"New Orleans Central Business District"},{"psg_id":"6004591","text":"system, clashes between police and Mardi Gras Indians, and the struggle to regain the tourism industry after the storm. The show is filmed on location in New Orleans and features both local actors in several roles in addition to a number of notable New Orleanians who appear as themselves. CBS series (2014–present) starring Scott Bakula and Lucas Black. Many television series have referenced the city: New Orleans in fiction New Orleans is featured in a number of works of fiction. This article in an ongoing effort to list the books, movies, television shows, and comics that are set or filmed,","title":"New Orleans in fiction"},{"psg_id":"8691242","text":"East Carrollton, New Orleans East Carrollton is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Uptown/Carrollton Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Spruce Street to the northeast, Lowerline Street to the southeast, St. Charles Avenue to the southwest and South Carrollton Avenue to the northwest. This was a portion of what was the city of Carrollton, Louisiana, before it was annexed to the city of New Orleans in the 19th century. Landmarks include the Maple Street commercial district and Lusher School. East Carrollton is located at and has an elevation of","title":"East Carrollton, New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"2799757","text":"In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates. Pacific Time Zone The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (). During daylight saving time, a time offset of is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the \"Pacific Time Zone\".","title":"Pacific Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"11528491","text":"heart-breaking loss, New Orleans fell to 6–6. Coming off a heartbreaking loss to Tampa Bay, the New Orleans Saints returned home to host the Atlanta Falcons. The Falcons appeared to be on the move on their first drive, but they came up empty after Saints cornerback Jason David intercepted Falcons rookie quarterback Matt Ryan at the Saints' 26-yard line. From there, it took New Orleans only three plays to get into the end zone as Reggie Bush ran for 43 yards and then caught a 5-yard touchdown pass from Drew Brees for the only score of the quarter. In the","title":"2008 New Orleans Saints season"},{"psg_id":"20533273","text":"clearing-by-mail plan.\" Among the companies on the New Orleans exchange at the time were the department store D. H. Holmes, Standard Fruit, New Orleans Public Service, Gulf States Utilities, and others. New Orleans Stock Exchange The New Orleans Stock Exchange, or the New-Orleans Stock Exchange, was a regional stock exchange based in New Orleans, Louisiana. As early as 1880, the exchange's sales of stock reached a reported total of $7,891,300. The exchange moved into a new building in 1906, described as the most expensive and artistic structure of its size in the city. At the time, membership was limited to","title":"New Orleans Stock Exchange"},{"psg_id":"9848355","text":"the New Orleans Fairgrounds. The house where Edgar Degas stayed during his time in New Orleans is in this section. Just past Carrollton Avenue is the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art. Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans Esplanade Avenue is a historic street in New Orleans, Louisiana. It runs northwest from the Mississippi River to Beauregard Circle at the entrance to City Park. Esplanade Avenue was an important 18th-century portage route of trade between Bayou St. John, which linked to Lake Pontchartrain, and the River. Many 19th-century mansions still line the street; it functioned as a \"millionaires row\" for","title":"Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"6946798","text":"Chatham Standard Time Zone The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a geographic region that keeps time by adding twelve hours and forty-five minutes to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in . The Chatham Standard Time Zone is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, located in the South Pacific Ocean at 43°53′54″S, 176°31′44″W. It is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from UTC, the others being Nepal Time () and the unofficial Australian Central Western Time (). During summer daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) is","title":"Chatham Standard Time Zone"},{"psg_id":"432529","text":"for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session. While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has","title":"Time zone"},{"psg_id":"2330326","text":"operated: A number of experiments were tried out over the next few decades in an attempt to find a better method than horses or mules for propulsion of streetcars. These included an overhead cable car system (an underground cable, such as was eventually developed in San Francisco, was impossible because of the high water table under New Orleans); a walking beam system; peneumatic propulsion; an ammonia locomotive; a \"Thermo-specific\" system using super-heated water; and the Lamm Fireless engine. Lamm engines were actually adopted and used for a time on the New Orleans and Carrollton line, which had previously used steam","title":"Streetcars in New Orleans"},{"psg_id":"650350","text":"of 2017 was Mitch Landrieu. The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The Criminal Sheriff, Marlin Gusman, maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for the New Orleans Police Department on an as-needed basis. An ordinance in 2006 established an Office of Inspector General to review city government activities. The city and the parish of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government. The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city","title":"New Orleans"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6377171\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans Cotton Exchange The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was established in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1871 as a centralized forum for the trade of cotton. It operated in New Orleans until closing in 1964. Occupying several buildings over its history, its final location, the New Orleans Cotton Exchange Building, is now a National Historic Landmark. The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was conceived and financed by a group of cotton factors at a time when one-third of the entire production of cotton in the United States was sent through New Orleans. The Exchange sought to bring order to what was\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Cotton Exchange\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7627097\",\n \"text\": \"During the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) repainted façades, renovated buildings, and improved landscaping in and around the park. In 1971, the pedestrian zone in the vicinity of Jackson Square was created, when three surrounding streets were closed to vehicular traffic — Chartres, St. Peter, and St. Ann. Early French colonial New Orleans was centered on what was then called the ( \\\"weapons' square\\\"). Under Spanish colonial administration in the second half of the 18th century, the name was Plaza de Armas. Following the Great New Orleans Fire of 1788, the Spanish officials rebuilt the St. Louis Church (elevated\",\n \"title\": \"Jackson Square (New Orleans)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221008\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans include the Crescent City Rugby Football Club (1976–1979). New Orleans was one of the first cities in the world where modern soccer was played. Beginning in 1858 as a community sport, the sport became popular among many athletic clubs in the late 19th century. A semi-professional league consisting of some of the best players in the world, several of whom later played for first division teams in England and Scotland, briefly used the old grounds on what would become Pelican Stadium. Former professional soccer teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Storm of the USL A-League (1993–1999)\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14869632\",\n \"text\": \"2005, several radio stations, including CKQB-FM and CHEZ-FM, temporarily stopped playing the song out of sensitivity to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, which had devastated the city of New Orleans in early September of that year. New Orleans Is Sinking \\\"New Orleans Is Sinking\\\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It was released in November 1989 as the second single from the band's first full-length studio album, \\\"Up to Here\\\". The song reached number-one on the \\\"RPM\\\" Canadian Content chart. It was also the band's first song to chart in the United States. The song has\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Is Sinking\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966221\",\n \"text\": \"He then flew over to London and presented them to Richard Branson as the finished new PiL album for Virgin Records: \\\"Commercial Zone\\\". For his part, John Lydon decided to completely abandon the tapes and re-record the whole album from scratch with session musicians. This new version of \\\"Commercial Zone\\\" became \\\"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\\\" in 1984. \\\"The Order of Death\\\" is a reference to the film \\\"Copkiller\\\", also known as \\\"The Order of Death\\\". The line \\\"This is what you want... This is what you get\\\", which gives title to the album, appears\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19585611\",\n \"text\": \"sponsored by Jazz at Lincoln Center and The US Department of State. Doreen's Jazz New Orleans has more than 25 albums and five CDs that they record and sell through the private DJNO Records label. Doreen's Jazz New Orleans Doreen's Jazz New Orleans is a Dixieland and Traditional Jazz band run by one of the few female band leaders in New Orleans, clarinetist Doreen Ketchens. The group has toured the world, and performs in the Royal Street Performing Arts zone in the French Quarter of New Orleans, at jazz festivals, fairs, showcases, and concert halls. Videos of the group by\",\n \"title\": \"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18193016\",\n \"text\": \"Versailles Apartments in New Orleans East and the other half going to Kingstown Marrero Apartments. Both New Orleans East and the Westbank were settled by the Vietnamese at the same time. In later periods, Vietnamese settlements spread to other parts of the metropolitan New Orleans area including other sections of New Orleans East, Avondale, and the City of Gretna. The New Orleans East section was flooded by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Sara Roahen, the author of \\\"Gumbo Tales: Finding My Place at the New Orleans Table\\\", wrote that the Vietnamese had been accustomed to hardship and therefore were not as\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330353\",\n \"text\": \"at [[North Carolina Transportation Museum]], Spencer, NC, intended for cosmetic restoration. For a time, it was stored at [[Thomas Built Buses]], the current name of its builder, Perley Thomas Car Co. 959: Now numbered 953 and painted in a unique livery, it is operated at [[Terminal Station (Chattanooga)|Chattanooga Choo Choo]] as a courtesy shuttle service. 966: Owned by [[Seashore Trolley Museum]], Kennebunkport, Maine, and operated at [[Lowell National Historical Park]], Massachusetts. [[Category:Heritage streetcar systems|New Orleans]] [[Category:Streetcars in Louisiana|New Orleans]] [[Category:Transportation in New Orleans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana|New Orleans]] [[Category:5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19585609\",\n \"text\": \"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans Doreen's Jazz New Orleans is a Dixieland and Traditional Jazz band run by one of the few female band leaders in New Orleans, clarinetist Doreen Ketchens. The group has toured the world, and performs in the Royal Street Performing Arts zone in the French Quarter of New Orleans, at jazz festivals, fairs, showcases, and concert halls. Videos of the group by fans, news, and entertainment organizations have been seen by millions of people on the Internet and the group has recorded more than 20 CDs or DVDs of the group's work. The group has been featured\",\n \"title\": \"Doreen's Jazz New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11904871\",\n \"text\": \"Green Light New Orleans Green Light New Orleans is a nonprofit organization based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The environmentally conscious organization works to reduce carbon emissions through the replacement of traditional, non-environmentally friendly bulbs with compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). Ultimately, the organization aims to remove all of the city's incandescent lights and replace them with CFL lights. New Orleans' low elevation and proximity to the Gulf of Mexico dubs it a high-risk flood zone, susceptible to the major effects of global warming. These risks became reality in summer of 2005, as levee failures compounded the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Local\",\n \"title\": \"Green Light New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19014414\",\n \"text\": \"Hondurans in New Orleans As of 2014 the New Orleans metropolitan area has the largest Honduran American community in the United States. As of that year over 103,049 persons of Honduran origin reside in the New Orleans area. The Honduran community originates from the operations of banana and fruit companies such as Standard Fruit Co. and United Fruit Co., which produced bananas in Honduras and had their corporate headquarters in New Orleans. These operations began in the late 1800s. In time many wealthier Hondurans who desired education and healthcare would move to New Orleans. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, there were\",\n \"title\": \"Hondurans in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14869629\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans Is Sinking \\\"New Orleans Is Sinking\\\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip. It was released in November 1989 as the second single from the band's first full-length studio album, \\\"Up to Here\\\". The song reached number-one on the \\\"RPM\\\" Canadian Content chart. It was also the band's first song to chart in the United States. The song has since become one of the band's signature songs and still receives consistent radio airplay. In 2008, the song was ranked #24 on a CFNY-FM (102.1 \\\"The Edge\\\") list of the Top 200 New Rock Songs of\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Is Sinking\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12761200\",\n \"text\": \"to solve the case. Nightmare in New Orleans Nightmare in New Orleans is a Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel, published in 1997. The Royal Creole, a Creole restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana, is opened for business by Shelly and Remy Maspero. Nancy Drew heads up there to congratulate her friends, but ends up trying to figure out the strange mishaps that have arisen there. Meanwhile, the Hardys are there too, trying to uncover the facts behind a million-dollar heist in a riverboat casino, and the facts suggest that Remy Maspero is the culprit. With time running out\",\n \"title\": \"Nightmare in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12761199\",\n \"text\": \"Nightmare in New Orleans Nightmare in New Orleans is a Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys Supermystery crossover novel, published in 1997. The Royal Creole, a Creole restaurant in New Orleans, Louisiana, is opened for business by Shelly and Remy Maspero. Nancy Drew heads up there to congratulate her friends, but ends up trying to figure out the strange mishaps that have arisen there. Meanwhile, the Hardys are there too, trying to uncover the facts behind a million-dollar heist in a riverboat casino, and the facts suggest that Remy Maspero is the culprit. With time running out the threesome will have\",\n \"title\": \"Nightmare in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432153\",\n \"text\": \"What Time Is Love? \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the band The KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker of 2K, in 1997. In its original form, the track was an instrumental techno anthem; subsequent reworkings, with vocals and additional instrumentation, yielded the international hit singles \\\"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\\\" (1990) and \\\"America: What Time Is Love?\\\" (1991), which respectively reached number 5 and number 4 in the UK Singles Chart and introduced The KLF\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432174\",\n \"text\": \"foreign policy and included samples of contemporary Gulf War dialogue, was not included on the US releases. Unlike previous single releases of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\", no commercial remixes of \\\"America\\\" were released, although five edits of different lengths were distributed. Key \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" (live at the Trancentral) by The KLF featuring The Children of the Revolution<br> What Time Is Love? \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the band The KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221011\",\n \"text\": \"held in either Lake Pontchartrain or on the Mississippi River. The most commonly held race was the Popeye's Offshore Grand Prix held annually from 1983–1991. Other powerboat races took place in 1980, 1981, 1982, 2002, 2003 and 2008. New Orleans was also the home port for the Popeyes Offshore race team from 1980–90. The race team was formed by Al Copeland Sr., the founder of Popeyes Fried Chicken Restaurants and Copeland's Restaurants. He was a six-time U.S. national champion and world champion in 1985 and 1986. New Orleans is home to the New Orleans Yacht Club and Southern Yacht Club,\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"650289\",\n \"text\": \"1980s and 1990s, scientists observed that extensive, rapid, and ongoing erosion of the marshlands and swamp surrounding New Orleans, especially that related to the Mississippi River – Gulf Outlet Canal, had the unintended result of leaving the city more vulnerable than before to hurricane-induced catastrophic storm surges. New Orleans was catastrophically affected by what Raymond B. Seed called \\\"the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl\\\", when the Federal levee system failed during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. By the time the hurricane approached the city at the end of August 2005, most residents had evacuated. As the hurricane passed\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7871097\",\n \"text\": \"Street in the Quarter, between St. Louis and St. Ann Streets, are closed to traffic to create a pedestrian zone. At that time numerous street performers set up. Outstanding, up-and-coming New Orleans jazz musicians can be heard in the vicinity, although performers vary widely. Royal Street also contains restaurants and hotels, notably the Hotel Monteleone, a family-owned high-rise established in the late 19th century. Despite catastrophic effects of 2005's Hurricane Katrina in much of New Orleans, Royal Street was spared the flood, other than in the lower ninth ward. The French Quarter, originally the city itself, was built upon naturally-higher\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Street, New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432167\",\n \"text\": \"riff from \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\". In 1993 \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" was covered by U.K. based American Noise/Art Rock band The God Machine. The track appeared as a B- side on their limited silver vinyl \\\"Home\\\" single and a promo CD. In 1997 a trance cover-version was released by German producer Talla 2XLC and in 1998 Choci and Mark Sinclair released their own hard trance reworking entitled \\\"What is Love?\\\". Reviewing Drummond's book \\\"45\\\" for \\\"The Observer\\\" in 2000, Steven Poole labelled \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" an \\\"epic pop masterpiece\\\". \\\"The Observer\\\" also described the \\\"Pure Trance Original\\\" as\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14411263\",\n \"text\": \"Orleans was opened in 2015 as a partial replacement for Charity Hospital and other closed or deprecated institutions within the city. Healthcare in New Orleans Healthcare in New Orleans includes a combination of hospitals, clinics, and other organization for the residents of New Orleans, Louisiana. L’Hospital des Pauvres de la Charite was opened in 1736 as a charitable institution and was a modest operation then located on the corner of Chartres and Bienville streets. This institution later evolved into Charity Hospital, located on Tulane Avenue, which was constructed in 1939; at the time, it was the second largest hospital in\",\n \"title\": \"Healthcare in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330354\",\n \"text\": \"States]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in New Orleans]] [[Category:National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans]] [[Category:Town tramway systems by city|New Orleans]] [[Category:600 V DC railway electrification]] Streetcars in New Orleans Streetcars in New Orleans, Louisiana have been an integral part of the city's public transportation network since the first half of the 19th century. The longest of New Orleans' streetcar lines, the St. Charles Avenue line, is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world. Today, the streetcars are operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA). There are currently five operating streetcar lines in New Orleans: The\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221001\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in New Orleans New Orleans is home to a wide variety of sporting events. Most notable are the home games of the New Orleans Saints (NFL) and the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA), the annual Sugar Bowl, the annual Zurich Classic (PGA Tour) and horse racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course. New Orleans has also occasionally hosted the Super Bowl, College Football Playoff semifinal game and the NCAA college basketball Final Four. Former football teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League (1984) (which became the Portland Breakers), the New Orleans Night\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"432512\",\n \"text\": \"offset\\\" is used here rather than the term \\\"zone designator\\\" used by the standard.) The conversion equation can be rearranged to For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC offset=−05:00). In Los Angeles (PST, UTC offset= −08:00) and Delhi (IST, UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at These calculations become more complicated near a daylight saving boundary (because the UTC offset for zone X is a function of the UTC time). The table \\\"Time of day by zone\\\" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones. Since the 1920s a nautical\",\n \"title\": \"Time zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20891469\",\n \"text\": \"I Want to Die in New Orleans I Want to Die in New Orleans is the debut studio album by New Orleans rap group Suicideboys, which was released on September 7, 2018 on Caroline Records and Suicideboys imprint G*59 Records. Released to critical acclaim in the underground rap scene, the album debuted at number 9 on the US Billboard 200. Originally titled \\\"I Don't Want to Die in New Orleans\\\", the album was originally teased by Suicideboys in a February 2017 tweet from member $crim, announcing a December 2017 release date for what would become their debut studio album. They\",\n \"title\": \"I Want to Die in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19996492\",\n \"text\": \"6 Central\\\", or just \\\"Tonight at 7\\\". Time in New York The state of New York uses the Eastern Time Zone (UTC-5) with DST (UTC-4). Because the largest city in the state, New York City, is the largest city in the United States, and because the Eastern Time Zone is used in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in addition to the fact that a majority of the nation's population is in that time zone, Eastern Time is the most commonly used time zone for television scheduling. Therefore, if a program airs at 7:00 PM Eastern Time, the network will usually\",\n \"title\": \"Time in New York\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19996491\",\n \"text\": \"Time in New York The state of New York uses the Eastern Time Zone (UTC-5) with DST (UTC-4). Because the largest city in the state, New York City, is the largest city in the United States, and because the Eastern Time Zone is used in the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in addition to the fact that a majority of the nation's population is in that time zone, Eastern Time is the most commonly used time zone for television scheduling. Therefore, if a program airs at 7:00 PM Eastern Time, the network will usually advertise it by saying \\\"Tonight at 7,\",\n \"title\": \"Time in New York\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2644205\",\n \"text\": \"horseback, in wagons, carts, coaches, cars, &c., in rich confusion, up and down the streets, wildly shouting, singing, laughing, drumming, fiddling, fifeing, and all throwing flour broadcast as they wend their reckless way. In 1856 six businessmen gathered at a club room in New Orleans's French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade. They founded New Orleans' first and oldest krewe, the Mystick Krewe of Comus. According to one historian, \\\"Comus was aggressively English in its celebration of what New Orleans had always considered a French festival. It is hard to think of\",\n \"title\": \"Mardi Gras in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5720602\",\n \"text\": \"in New Orleans in 1821. The land now housing the park was a plantation in the colonial and early statehood days. It was used by both the Confederate and the Union armies in the American Civil War, and as a staging area for the Buffalo Soldiers. At the time of its establishment it was the last large undeveloped parcel of what was to become uptown New Orleans. The area was annexed by the City of New Orleans, along with the surrounding communities of Jefferson City and Greenville in 1870, and the following year the city purchased the land. Use as\",\n \"title\": \"Audubon Park (New Orleans)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14411262\",\n \"text\": \"Healthcare in New Orleans Healthcare in New Orleans includes a combination of hospitals, clinics, and other organization for the residents of New Orleans, Louisiana. L’Hospital des Pauvres de la Charite was opened in 1736 as a charitable institution and was a modest operation then located on the corner of Chartres and Bienville streets. This institution later evolved into Charity Hospital, located on Tulane Avenue, which was constructed in 1939; at the time, it was the second largest hospital in the United States. Charity Hospital was closed in 2005 after significant damage was caused by Hurricane Katrina. University Medical Center New\",\n \"title\": \"Healthcare in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432170\",\n \"text\": \"song on their sixteenth album \\\"Music for a Big Night Out\\\". In 2006, English electronic musician Max Tundra released a single as that included a recording from 1989 doing a cover of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" The three reworkings of the track were written and produced by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Cauty also receives credit for playing electric guitar, bass, drums and keyboards on \\\"America...\\\", and Drummond for playing Gibson 330 on that version. Additional contributors to \\\"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\\\" and \\\"America: What Time Is Love?\\\" included: As a central track in The KLF's canon,\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432172\",\n \"text\": \"TVT label, including a live version taken from \\\"The \\\"What Time is Love?\\\" Story\\\". The KLF's \\\"Pure Trance\\\" series was originally envisaged as comprising five \\\"Original\\\" 12\\\" singles and five \\\"Remix\\\" 12\\\"s. The \\\"Pure Trance Remix\\\" single of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" was released on 24 July 1989. KLF 004T was re-released in the UK on 15 July 1991, during the peak of The KLF's chart success, along with both \\\"Pure Trance\\\" mixes of \\\"3 a.m. Eternal\\\". Key \\\"What Time Is Love? (Live from Trancentral)\\\" was released on 30 July 1990, and the single of remixes \\\"(Remodelled & Remixed)\\\" followed\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432160\",\n \"text\": \"The KLF to an international mainstream audience, reaching No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart. It is a pop-house reworking of the Pure Trance Original, adding vocal samples, a new bassline, a new house rhythm and a self-proclaiming rap (performed by Isaac Bello). The \\\"Trancentral\\\" in the subtitle refers to The KLF's recording studio. Although crowd noise features on the mix, it is in fact a purely studio-based creation and a characteristic of the \\\"Stadium House\\\" recordings. An LP version of this mix appears on the album \\\"The White Room\\\". A remix 12\\\", \\\"What Time Is Love? (Remodelled & Remixed)\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432159\",\n \"text\": \"sound-alikes, entitled \\\"The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story\\\". \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\"'s European acclaim also contributed towards The KLF's change of musical direction following their abortive film project, \\\"The White Room\\\". As Drummond had predicted, the \\\"Pure Trance\\\" release received little attention from the music press. However, upon the release of \\\"The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story\\\", \\\"Q Magazine\\\" hailed the track as \\\"a whirling house stomper ... not so much of a tune but a good beat\\\". A 1990 version subtitled \\\"Live at Trancentral\\\" was the first of The KLF's upbeat \\\"Stadium House Trilogy\\\" and the single that introduced\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3892467\",\n \"text\": \"time. Atlantic Time Zone The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in . During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to result in . The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are in\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6436029\",\n \"text\": \"several feet of water, vehicles were flooded, and water entered some structures. It was later revealed that 16 of New Orleans' 148 drainage pumps and 3 of 5 turbines which provide power to the pumping system were out of service, severely reducing pumping capacity during the rain event. Notes Bibliography Drainage in New Orleans Drainage in New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century, remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today. The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans (New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner) is fairly unusual in that\",\n \"title\": \"Drainage in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18193020\",\n \"text\": \"Orleans-area restaurants have two soups of the day, with one being a gumbo and the other being a \\\"pho\\\". The pickled vegetables seen in banh mi are now available as fillings for po boys in traditional po boy restaurants. Many New Orleans restaurants also have chayote (mirliton) spring rolls. The Vietnamese New Year (Tet) is celebrated in New Orleans East. Vietnamese in New Orleans As of 2012 Greater New Orleans has over 14,000 Vietnamese Americans and other people of Vietnamese origins. Large waves of Vietnamese arrived in New Orleans beginning around 1975 after the Fall of Saigon. One reason why\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3892463\",\n \"text\": \"Atlantic Time Zone The Atlantic Time Zone is a geographical region that keeps standard time—called Atlantic Standard Time (AST)—by subtracting four hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), resulting in . During part of the year, some portions of the zone observe daylight saving time, referred to as Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), by moving their clocks forward one hour to result in . The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In Canada, the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are in this\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6436005\",\n \"text\": \"Drainage in New Orleans Drainage in New Orleans, Louisiana, has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century, remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today. The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans (New Orleans/Metairie/Kenner) is fairly unusual in that it is almost completely surrounded by water: Lake Pontchartrain to the north, Lake Borgne to the east, wetlands to the east and west, and the Mississippi River to the south. Much of the land area between these bodies of water is at or below sea level, and no longer has\",\n \"title\": \"Drainage in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19014416\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans area. Within a year of Hurricane Katrina in 2003, over 10,000 Hondurans and Mexicans moved to New Orleans to do work rebuilding the city. At the time the George W. Bush administration suspended some labor laws on a temporary basis, and several federal contractors aired Spanish-language television advertisements promising work to the illegal immigrants without the possibility of deportation. By 2014 several of the immigrants were criticizing officials who were trying to deport them. By 2014 many Honduran children fleeing crime and violence in their native country were resettled in New Orleans. The government of Honduras maintains a\",\n \"title\": \"Hondurans in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18240445\",\n \"text\": \"by September of 1881 at a cost of only forty dollars per person. \\\"Little Palermo\\\" was established by recent immigrants in the lower French Quarter. So many Italians settled here that some suggested the area should be renamed as \\\"The Sicilian Quarter\\\" in the early 20th century. As time passed and they became established, many Italian-Americans moved out of New Orleans and to the suburbs. Historically many corner stores in New Orleans were owned by Italians. Progresso Foods originated as a New Orleans Italian-American business. The business established by the Vaccaro brothers later became Standard Fruit. After they first arrived,\",\n \"title\": \"Italians in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18193019\",\n \"text\": \"and/or raised in the United States. In New Orleans \\\"banh mi\\\" are called \\\"Vietnamese poboys\\\". Crystal hot sauce is served with \\\"pho\\\" in New Orleans restaurants. Crawfish became a common element with both the native New Orleans cuisine and the Vietnamese cuisine. Elizabeth M. Williams, author of \\\"New Orleans: A Food Biography\\\", wrote that \\\"there is little need for Asian Cajun restaurants\\\" due to the fact that \\\"spicy crawfish boils are so easy to find in New Orleans\\\". Williams wrote that many Vietnamese easily learned how to make king cakes since baguettes are a part of Vietnamese cuisine. Many New\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"432525\",\n \"text\": \"That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone. There is also an option in newer versions\",\n \"title\": \"Time zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330328\",\n \"text\": \"made their first appearance in New Orleans on the Carrollton line on February 1, 1893. The line was also extended out Carrollton Avenue and renamed St. Charles. Other companies followed suit. Over the next few years, almost all the streetcar lines of all six companies were electrified, including the West End steam line; the few lines that remained animal powered, such as the Girod and Poydras, were discontinued. Also, operations of the six companies began to be consolidated at this time, beginning with formation of the New Orleans Traction Co., which took over operation of the New Orleans City and\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221012\",\n \"text\": \"both of which are located at West End on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain. Southern Yacht Club was established in 1849 and is the second oldest yacht club in the United States. Regattas include: Sports in New Orleans New Orleans is home to a wide variety of sporting events. Most notable are the home games of the New Orleans Saints (NFL) and the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA), the annual Sugar Bowl, the annual Zurich Classic (PGA Tour) and horse racing at the Fair Grounds Race Course. New Orleans has also occasionally hosted the Super Bowl, College Football Playoff semifinal game\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7071347\",\n \"text\": \"developed until the last third of the 20th century, is often referred to as Eastern New Orleans (or \\\"New Orleans East,\\\" although that term usually refers to a smaller subset of the area). Neighborhoods in New Orleans In 1980 the New Orleans City Planning Commission divided the city into 13 planning districts and 72 distinct neighborhoods. See Orleans Parish neighborhood map While most of these assigned boundaries match with traditional local designations, some others differ from common traditional use. This is a result of the City Planning Commission's wish to divide the city into sections for governmental planning and zoning\",\n \"title\": \"Neighborhoods in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10416332\",\n \"text\": \"Some seminal New Orleans artists from No Limit included Mystikal, Master P, Soulja Slim, C-Murder, and Silkk the Shocker. Cash Money likewise signed and released albums by several New Orleans artists including BG, Juvenile, Turk, Big Tymers, and Lil' Wayne. The city is also the birthplace of bounce music which is gaining popularity. Former Cash Money in-house producer Mannie Fresh is often credited for much of the popularity for Bounce outside of New Orleans. Drake, also signed to Cash Money recently collaborated with New Orleans Bounce producer Blaqnmild on his international hits \\\"Nice For What\\\" and \\\"In My Feelings\\\". Jay\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6436007\",\n \"text\": \"described as in the first hour of rainfall followed by per hour afterward. The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain. The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground, along the river. In the 1960s, floodwalls and man-made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, a large portion of New Orleans is at or below\",\n \"title\": \"Drainage in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3345628\",\n \"text\": \"to the Mississippi River, including portions of what are now Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. St. Tammany Parish is the most affluent parish in metropolitan New Orleans and is also the most politically conservative. The term \\\"River Parishes\\\" refers to those parishes along the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The three River Parishes nearest to New Orleans are St. Charles (including the cities of Destrehan, Luling, St. Rose and Hahnville), St. John the Baptist (including the cities of Laplace and Reserve) and St. James (including towns of Lutcher, and Gramercy). Greater New Orleans is home to one of\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans metropolitan area\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18240448\",\n \"text\": \"they were unable to join other Krewes in the Mardi Gras. In 1936 the krewes crowned their first queen, Marguerite Piazza, who worked in the New Orleans Metropolitan Opera. Italians in New Orleans brought with them many dishes from Sicilian cuisine and broader Italian cuisines, which influenced the Cuisine of New Orleans. Many food businesses and restaurants were started by Italians in New Orleans. Progresso, now a large Italian food brand, was started by Sicilian immigrants to New Orleans. Angelo Brocato's an Italian Ice Cream parlor and bakery, established in 1905 by a Sicilian immigrant, is still in existence today.\",\n \"title\": \"Italians in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330316\",\n \"text\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans Streetcars in New Orleans, Louisiana have been an integral part of the city's public transportation network since the first half of the 19th century. The longest of New Orleans' streetcar lines, the St. Charles Avenue line, is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world. Today, the streetcars are operated by the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA). There are currently five operating streetcar lines in New Orleans: The St. Charles Avenue Line, the Riverfront Line, the Canal Street Line (which has two branches), and the Loyola Avenue Line and Rampart/St. Claude Line (which\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"650293\",\n \"text\": \"for the city upward, to 336,644. Most recently, by July 2015, the population was back up to 386,617 — 80% of what it was in 2000. Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Large conventions returned. College bowl games returned for the 2006–2007 season. The New Orleans Saints returned that season. The New Orleans Hornets (now named the Pelicans) returned to the city for the 2007–2008 season. New Orleans hosted the 2008 NBA All-Star Game. Additionally, the city hosted Super Bowl XLVII. Major annual events such as Mardi Gras, Voodoo Experience, and the\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5210735\",\n \"text\": \"time zones to two time zones. The areas east of Yakutat set clocks back two hours to change from Pacific Daylight Time to what had been Yukon Standard Time, UTC-9, and the time zone was named Alaska Standard Time at the end of November. Yakutat only set clocks back one hour on that date. Most of the remaining longitudes of Alaska left their clocks unchanged on that date, changing from Alaska-Hawaii Daylight Time (UTC-9) to the new Alaska Standard Time (UTC-9). Some areas that had been on Bering Time (UTC-11 in winter, UTC-10 in summer) such as Nome set their\",\n \"title\": \"Yukon Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330329\",\n \"text\": \"Lake RR (an 1883 renaming of the New Orleans City RR) and the Crescent City RR in 1892. New Orleans Traction became the New Orleans City RR in 1899, the second company to use that name. The Canal and Claiborne company was merged into the New Orleans and Carrollton in 1899. Then in 1902, New Orleans Railways Co. took over operation of all city streetcars, and in 1905 the operating company became New Orleans Railway and Light Co. Final consolidation of ownership as well as operation finally became reality in 1922 with the formation of New Orleans Public Service Incorporated\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18193015\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnamese in New Orleans As of 2012 Greater New Orleans has over 14,000 Vietnamese Americans and other people of Vietnamese origins. Large waves of Vietnamese arrived in New Orleans beginning around 1975 after the Fall of Saigon. One reason why many Vietnamese settled in New Orleans was because of the climate similar to that of Vietnam. In addition, many Vietnamese fleeing were Catholic, and Catholic Charities brought them specifically to New Orleans. The first groups settled in Section 8 properties in the Versailles area of New Orleans East. The first 200 families trickled into New Orleans, half going to the\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221002\",\n \"text\": \"of the Arena Football League (1991–1992), the New Orleans Thunder of the Regional Football League (1999), the New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (2004–2005, 2007-2008, and 2010–2015), the Louisiana Jazz of the Women's Football Alliance (2002–2014), New Orleans Krewe of the US Women's Football League (2016) and the New Orleans Jazz football club of the Stars Football League (2011). Former college football teams in New Orleans include the Dillard Bleu Devils (1935–1965), the Loyola Wolf Pack (1921–1939) and the Xavier Gold Rush (1925–1960). Former professional basketball teams in New Orleans include the New Orleans Jazz of the NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16986024\",\n \"text\": \"for urban youth living in the Gentilly, Eastern New Orleans and St. Bernard Parish areas of the Greater New Orleans Metro Area. It has since evolved into a club structure that mirrors what you find throughout the world to include beginner training for youths as young as 4 years old to Adults recreational and Semi-Professional competition. On June 13, 2012, the NPSL accepted FC New Orleans as an expansion club for their 2012 season. However, the club was made a provisional member after registering past the league deadline for the 2012 season. FC New Orleans played one season and finished\",\n \"title\": \"FC New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330319\",\n \"text\": \"2007, the Regional Transit Authority (RTA) extended service from Napoleon Avenue to the end of historic St. Charles Avenue (the \\\"Riverbend\\\"). On June 22, 2008 service was restored to the end of the line at South Carrollton Avenue & South Claiborne Avenue. The definitive history of New Orleans streetcars is found in Louis Hennick and Harper Charlton, \\\"The Streetcars of New Orleans,\\\" Pelican Press, which is the source for this summary of New Orleans streetcar history. On April 23, 1831, the Pontchartrain Railroad Company (PRR) established the first rail service in New Orleans along a five-mile line running north on\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11353228\",\n \"text\": \"at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Although most of the music created for \\\"New Orleans\\\" was truncated in the film's release version, a soundtrack issued in 1983 made the full versions of the songs available, with additional music cut from the final release. Songs include \\\"Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?\\\" New Orleans (1947 film) New Orleans is a 1947 American musical romance film featuring Billie Holiday as a singing maid and Louis Armstrong as a bandleader; supporting players Holiday and Armstrong perform together and portray a couple becoming romantically involved. During one song, Armstrong's\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans (1947 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6726796\",\n \"text\": \"and the Port of South Louisiana combined form one of the largest port systems in the world by bulk tonnage and among the top ten in the world by annual volume handled. In 1946 a foreign trade zone was established in the port. The Port of New Orleans is located at the center of the Lower Mississippi River port complex in Louisiana. Connected to America's heartland by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Port of New Orleans handles a wide range of cargoes, including rubber, coffee, steel, containers, coal, and manufactured goods. Some 6,000 vessels and 500 million tons\",\n \"title\": \"Port of New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10416330\",\n \"text\": \"mid-1950s, he regularly appeared with another New Orleans musician, saxophonist Sam Butera. A new style came out of New Orleans after World War II. Prominent musicians such as Fats Domino helped shape what was first widely known as \\\"rhythm and blues\\\", which was an important ancestor of rock and roll, if not the first form of the music. In addition to the local talent, early rockers from elsewhere recorded many of their early hits in New Orleans using bands of New Orleans musicians. In 1949, New Orleans jazz musician, and Fats Domino producer Dave Bartholomew brought the tresillo directly from\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5543670\",\n \"text\": \"What Time Is It? (album) What Time Is It? is a 1982 album by The Time. The album was recorded at Sunset Sound and Prince's home studio in the Minneapolis suburbs. The title of the album comes from an exclamation by Morris Day that became associated with the band's on-stage theatrics, appearing frequently on the band's debut album as well. Showcasing a denser and more inventive Minneapolis sound, \\\"What Time Is It?\\\" produced three singles: \\\"777-9311\\\", \\\"The Walk\\\" and \\\"Gigolos Get Lonely Too\\\". The album produced three singles was released before the album, 777-9311, Gigolos Get Lonely Too and The\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is It? (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221003\",\n \"text\": \"(1974–1980) (which became the Utah Jazz) and the New Orleans Buccaneers of the American Basketball Association (c. 1967–1970) (which became the Memphis Pros). Other professional basketball teams include the New Orleans Hurricanes of the Professional Basketball League of America (1947), New Orleans Sports of the Southern Basketball League (1948–1949) and New Orleans Pride of the Women's Professional Basketball League (1979–1981). Baseball was first played in New Orleans as early as 1859. In that year, amateur baseball leagues played games on the grounds of Delachaise Estates in Uptown New Orleans and the Lone Star Base Ball Club was organized. There were\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6223255\",\n \"text\": \"in the year of 1840, and when the dress was found, the people of New Orleans assumed that the bride had committed suicide by throwing herself into the river. This is how the story begins, and then we find out what really happened, as the story of Claire Ledux is revealed. When Claire arrives in New Orleans for the first time in her life she has a strong ambition to become Mrs Charles Giraud - a very rich and renowned banker. She gets her opening one night at the opera, when she manages to bet the seat next to the\",\n \"title\": \"The Flame of New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432155\",\n \"text\": \"for sampling\\\", and suggested \\\"We might put out a couple of 12-inch records under the name The K.L.F., these will be rap free just pure dance music, so don't expect to see them reviewed in the music papers.\\\" The first incarnation of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" followed. \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" became one of The KLF's central tracks, dubbed their \\\"three-note warhorse of a signature tune\\\" by Bill Drummond, in reference to the three-note bassline which, together with a high-pitched refrain on two notes (B bending to F#) characterises the song. The bassline is very similar to the one used\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6946799\",\n \"text\": \"13 hours 45 minutes ahead of UTC, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT). Currently daylight saving time runs from the last Sunday in September to the first Sunday in April. Chatham Standard Time Zone The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a geographic region that keeps time by adding twelve hours and forty-five minutes to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in . The Chatham Standard Time Zone is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, located in the South Pacific Ocean at 43°53′54″S, 176°31′44″W. It is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from\",\n \"title\": \"Chatham Standard Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221007\",\n \"text\": \"from 2011–2015. The Allstate Sugar Bowl High School Lacrosse Classic first held in 2007 has been played at multiple locations in the New Orleans metropolitan area such as City Park, Lafreniere Park, LaSalle Park and Pan American Stadium. The NOLA Motorsports Park is a road race track in Avondale, Louisiana, approximately twenty minutes from downtown New Orleans. The north track circuit and kart circuit opened in 2011. New Orleans has hosted several auto races: Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR), a professional bull riding organization held competitions in the New Orleans Arena in 2000–2003, 2007 and 2010. Former rugby clubs in\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432171\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" was given international commercial releases on many occasions and in many forms between 1988 and 1992. The following lists detail most of these, but are not exhaustive. \\\"What Time Is Love? (Pure Trance Original)\\\" (catalogue number KLF 004T) was first released on 17 October 1988, and deleted following initially low UK media interest and sales. The reaction from continental Europe's clubbers and DJs led to further European releases in 1989 and 1990. In late 1989, a US edition of \\\"Pure Trance 1\\\" (sea-green writing on a black sleeve, and slightly different typography) was issued on the\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6004586\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans in fiction New Orleans is featured in a number of works of fiction. This article in an ongoing effort to list the books, movies, television shows, and comics that are set or filmed, in whole or part, in New Orleans. Authors who have repeatedly or frequently used New Orleans as a setting for their fiction include James Lee Burke, Poppy Z. Brite, Truman Capote, Nancy A. Collins, Barbara Hambly, Lafcadio Hearn, Frances Parkinson Keyes, Caitlín R. Kiernan, Anne Rice, James Sallis, Julie Smith, and Alexandrea Weis. The most significant novel featuring the city may be the Pulitzer Prize-winning\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans in fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432156\",\n \"text\": \"by Anne Clark the electronic musician in her 1984 song \\\"Our Darkness\\\" and to the guitar introduction to the song \\\"Heaven On Their Minds\\\" from the musical Jesus Christ Superstar In common with the singles \\\"3 a.m. Eternal\\\", \\\"Last Train to Trancentral\\\" and \\\"Justified and Ancient\\\", \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" evolved through substantial reworkings, each new version taking elements of its predecessors and placing them in the context of a different musical genre. There were three main versions, released in 1988, 1990 and 1991, shifting The KLF's sound from acid house through pop into heavy rock-oriented electronica. In 1997, the\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432173\",\n \"text\": \"on 20 August 1990. The main B-side accompaniment of \\\"What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)\\\" was the \\\"Techno Gate Mix\\\" of the track, which retained the title track's rhythm and bass as a backdrop to extensive samples of Jimi Hendrix's \\\"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\\\". Another UK 12\\\" featured instead the \\\"Wandaful Mix\\\", which sampled from Wanda Dee's \\\"To the Bone\\\". Key \\\"America: What Time Is Love?\\\" was released in the US during October 1991, four months before its release in the UK and elsewhere (24 February 1992). The B-side \\\"America No More\\\", which featured anti-war sentiments directed at US\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432165\",\n \"text\": \"guitars, austere brass and a pipe band, set against the backdrop of artillery noise and the recorded words of US politicians, commentators and evangelists speaking either about or during major 20th century US military conflicts. According to Drummond, it was the final track to be recorded by The KLF. Evangelists feature elsewhere in The KLF's music (\\\"Chill Out\\\", \\\"What Time Is Love? (Remodelled & Remixed)\\\" and \\\"Fuck the Millennium\\\"), as does gunfire (in the three \\\"Stadium House\\\" singles). Reviewing \\\"America: What Time Is Love?\\\", \\\"Melody Maker\\\" found that \\\"the whole bizarre concoction's brilliantly bonkers\\\", but questioned The KLF's strategy of\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432157\",\n \"text\": \"original \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" was covered by the Williams Fairey Band, a brass band which under the stewardship of British artist Jeremy Deller pioneered the Acid Brass concept. Inspired by an Acid Brass concert, Drummond and Cauty collaborated with Deller, incorporating an Acid Brass version of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" into their single \\\"Fuck the Millennium\\\". The original 1988 12\\\" single release launched The KLF's minimalist \\\"Pure Trance\\\" series of singles. The \\\"Pure Trance\\\" version is a synthesiser composition based around an acid house riff on three low-pitched notes and one minor chord (B minor). The subtle progression of\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6128644\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans Brass The New Orleans Brass was a hockey team in the ECHL from 1997 to 2002. The team was at one time affiliated with the San Jose Sharks. Home games were played first at the New Orleans Municipal Auditorium (until October 29, 1999) and then at the New Orleans Arena. In 2002, the NBA's Charlotte Hornets moved to New Orleans and became the primary tenant in the arena. The New Orleans Hornets (now the New Orleans Pelicans) pressured the state of Louisiana, which owns the arena, into demanding that the Brass bear the expense of converting the arena\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Brass\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923120\",\n \"text\": \"factors impeding the Guardsmen from securing the situation in New Orleans. Before Hurricane Katrina, the murder rate in New Orleans was ten times higher than the U.S. average. After the situation in New Orleans was brought under control, criminal activity in New Orleans dropped significantly. In response to the increase in criminal activity in New Orleans, makeshift prisons were constructed to house prisoners for short periods of time. Camp Greyhound was a temporary prison that housed more than 200 suspected looters in New Orleans until they could be transferred to other institutions. With room for 700 prisoners, the facility was\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9561453\",\n \"text\": \"Chamorro Time Zone The Chamorro Time Zone, formerly the Guam Time Zone, is a United States time zone which observes standard time ten hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 150th meridian east of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes the U.S. territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where the Chamorro people are the original inhabitants. Since Daylight Saving Time (DST) is not observed anywhere in this zone, the time is always known as Chamorro Standard Time (ChST). The zone is two hours\",\n \"title\": \"Chamorro Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7432168\",\n \"text\": \"a \\\"juddering rave anthem\\\". On 14 July 2002, the \\\"Pure Trance Original\\\" was incorporated into DJ John Digweed's set at Fatboy Slim's free Brighton beach show, where it was played to a live audience of approximately 150,000 people and relayed to viewers of television channel E4. Digweed's set showcased the origins of trance music, with \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" used alongside Underworld's \\\"Dark & Long\\\" and Paul Oakenfold's \\\"Perfecto Mix\\\" of U2's \\\"Even Better Than the Real Thing\\\". British band Kaiser Chiefs covered \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" on 14 February 2006 on BBC Radio 1. At the end of the\",\n \"title\": \"What Time Is Love?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11082679\",\n \"text\": \"ended up relocating to places like Austin, Memphis or New York, all have a desire to see New Orleans come back. The theme of the film is that Katrina will not be allowed to destroy the musical and cultural heritage of New Orleans. New Orleans Music in Exile New Orleans Music in Exile is a documentary and music film that was made in 2006 and released on DVD on August 7, 2007. It was directed by Robert Mugge. Essentially, this film tells the story of several New Orleans based musicians during and following the events caused by Hurricane Katrina. Mixed\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Music in Exile\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2799753\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Time Zone The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (). During daylight saving time, a time offset of is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the \\\"Pacific Time Zone\\\". Specifically, time in this zone is referred to as \\\"Pacific Standard Time\\\" (PST) when standard time is being observed (early November to mid-March), and \\\"Pacific Daylight Time\\\" (PDT) when daylight saving time (mid-March to\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10416315\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"hot music\\\" and \\\"ratty music\\\". The local New Orleans dance music style was already distinctive in the 19th century. When this style became what was later known as \\\"jazz\\\" remains a matter of debate and definition, although most New Orleans music historians believe what became known as New Orleans style jazz was the product of a series of developments, probably reaching its famous form no earlier than the 1890s and no later than the mid 1910s. By the 1890s a man by the name of Poree hired a band led by cornetist Buddy Bolden, many of whose contemporaries as\",\n \"title\": \"Music of New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9221005\",\n \"text\": \"1889, issuing \\\"rain checks\\\" for rained out games using a perforated ticket stub was invented in New Orleans by Abner Powell. Former baseball teams with the longest tenure in New Orleans include: Former baseball teams in New Orleans include: New Orleans has long been home to boxing events. New Orleans has produced many championship teams at the LHSAA and national levels. Schools have earned high national rankings in football, basketball, baseball and soccer. The annual Louisiana Prep Classic state championship football games organized by the Louisiana High School Athletic Association have been held at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome since 1981. New\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5923101\",\n \"text\": \"news networks citing blogs like Interdictor and Gulfsails for reports of what was happening in the city. Amateur radio provided tactical and emergency communications and handled health-and-welfare enquiries. By September 4, a temporary communications hub was set up at the Hyatt Hotel in downtown New Orleans. The first television pictures out of New Orleans shown on national TV were from Houston's ABC owned and operated KTRK which flew its helicopter to New Orleans in the days after the storm. Most of the city's major roads were damaged. The only route out of the city was east to the east bank\",\n \"title\": \"Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7526859\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story is a compilation album by British electronic music duo The KLF, comprising six versions of their techno track \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\". By 1989 (see 1989 in music), the popularity of the \\\"Pure Trance Original\\\" of \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" in European clubs had reportedly spawned eighteen unauthorised cover versions and sound-alikes. In a novel move, some of these were collated by The Orb's Alex Paterson at The KLF's behest, and released as a compilation album entitled \\\"The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story\\\", which was sold commercially for\",\n \"title\": \"The \\\"What Time Is Love?\\\" Story\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9561455\",\n \"text\": \"1986, and still remains in the book today despite federal overlap. Chamorro Time Zone The Chamorro Time Zone, formerly the Guam Time Zone, is a United States time zone which observes standard time ten hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 150th meridian east of the Greenwich Observatory. The zone includes the U.S. territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, where the Chamorro people are the original inhabitants. Since Daylight Saving Time (DST) is not observed anywhere in this zone, the time is always\",\n \"title\": \"Chamorro Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2799755\",\n \"text\": \"Only one Canadian territory is entirely in the Pacific Time Zone: One Canadian province and one territory are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: In Mexico, the \\\"Zona Noroeste\\\", which corresponds to Pacific Time in the United States and Canada, includes: Two states are fully contained in the Pacific Time Zone: Three states are split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: One state is split between the Pacific Time Zone and the Alaska Time Zone: Through 2006, the local time (PST, UTC−8) changed to daylight time (PDT, UTC−7) at 02:00 LST\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8966218\",\n \"text\": \"songs by John Lydon, Keith Levene, and Martin Atkins except * by John Lydon and Martin Atkins Five songs on \\\"This Is What You Want...This Is What You Get\\\" are re-recordings of tracks which originally appeared on \\\"Commercial Zone\\\": \\\"Bad Life\\\" (originally titled \\\"Mad Max\\\"), \\\"This Is Not a Love Song\\\" (originally titled \\\"Love Song\\\"), \\\"Solitaire\\\" (entitled \\\"Young Brits\\\" on the second pressing of \\\"Commercial Zone\\\"), \\\"The Order of Death\\\" (originally titled \\\"The Slab\\\"), and \\\"Where Are You?\\\" (originally titled \\\"Lou Reed Part 2\\\"). Four songs from \\\"Commercial Zone\\\", \\\"Bad Night\\\", \\\"Lou Reed Part 1\\\", \\\"Blue Water\\\" and \\\"Miller Hi-Life\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"This Is What You Want... This Is What You Get\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3992315\",\n \"text\": \"New Orleans Central Business District The Central Business District (CBD) is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. A subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD area, its boundaries, as defined by the City Planning Commission, are Iberville, Decatur and Canal Streets to the north; the Mississippi River to the east; the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, Julia and Magazine Streets, and the Pontchartrain Expressway to the south; and South Claiborne Avenue, Cleveland Street, and South and North Derbigny Streets to the west. It is the equivalent of what many cities call their downtown, although in New Orleans\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Central Business District\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6004591\",\n \"text\": \"system, clashes between police and Mardi Gras Indians, and the struggle to regain the tourism industry after the storm. The show is filmed on location in New Orleans and features both local actors in several roles in addition to a number of notable New Orleanians who appear as themselves. CBS series (2014–present) starring Scott Bakula and Lucas Black. Many television series have referenced the city: New Orleans in fiction New Orleans is featured in a number of works of fiction. This article in an ongoing effort to list the books, movies, television shows, and comics that are set or filmed,\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans in fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8691242\",\n \"text\": \"East Carrollton, New Orleans East Carrollton is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. A subdistrict of the Uptown/Carrollton Area, its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Spruce Street to the northeast, Lowerline Street to the southeast, St. Charles Avenue to the southwest and South Carrollton Avenue to the northwest. This was a portion of what was the city of Carrollton, Louisiana, before it was annexed to the city of New Orleans in the 19th century. Landmarks include the Maple Street commercial district and Lusher School. East Carrollton is located at and has an elevation of\",\n \"title\": \"East Carrollton, New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2799757\",\n \"text\": \"In Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates. Pacific Time Zone The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico. Places in this zone observe standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time (). During daylight saving time, a time offset of is used. In the United States and Canada, this time zone is generically called the \\\"Pacific Time Zone\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Pacific Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11528491\",\n \"text\": \"heart-breaking loss, New Orleans fell to 6–6. Coming off a heartbreaking loss to Tampa Bay, the New Orleans Saints returned home to host the Atlanta Falcons. The Falcons appeared to be on the move on their first drive, but they came up empty after Saints cornerback Jason David intercepted Falcons rookie quarterback Matt Ryan at the Saints' 26-yard line. From there, it took New Orleans only three plays to get into the end zone as Reggie Bush ran for 43 yards and then caught a 5-yard touchdown pass from Drew Brees for the only score of the quarter. In the\",\n \"title\": \"2008 New Orleans Saints season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20533273\",\n \"text\": \"clearing-by-mail plan.\\\" Among the companies on the New Orleans exchange at the time were the department store D. H. Holmes, Standard Fruit, New Orleans Public Service, Gulf States Utilities, and others. New Orleans Stock Exchange The New Orleans Stock Exchange, or the New-Orleans Stock Exchange, was a regional stock exchange based in New Orleans, Louisiana. As early as 1880, the exchange's sales of stock reached a reported total of $7,891,300. The exchange moved into a new building in 1906, described as the most expensive and artistic structure of its size in the city. At the time, membership was limited to\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Stock Exchange\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9848355\",\n \"text\": \"the New Orleans Fairgrounds. The house where Edgar Degas stayed during his time in New Orleans is in this section. Just past Carrollton Avenue is the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art. Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans Esplanade Avenue is a historic street in New Orleans, Louisiana. It runs northwest from the Mississippi River to Beauregard Circle at the entrance to City Park. Esplanade Avenue was an important 18th-century portage route of trade between Bayou St. John, which linked to Lake Pontchartrain, and the River. Many 19th-century mansions still line the street; it functioned as a \\\"millionaires row\\\" for\",\n \"title\": \"Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6946798\",\n \"text\": \"Chatham Standard Time Zone The Chatham Standard Time Zone is a geographic region that keeps time by adding twelve hours and forty-five minutes to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) resulting in . The Chatham Standard Time Zone is used exclusively in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, located in the South Pacific Ocean at 43°53′54″S, 176°31′44″W. It is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from UTC, the others being Nepal Time () and the unofficial Australian Central Western Time (). During summer daylight saving time is observed and clocks are advanced one hour. Chatham Daylight Time (CHADT) is\",\n \"title\": \"Chatham Standard Time Zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"432529\",\n \"text\": \"for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session. While most application software will use the underlying operating system for timezone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has\",\n \"title\": \"Time zone\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2330326\",\n \"text\": \"operated: A number of experiments were tried out over the next few decades in an attempt to find a better method than horses or mules for propulsion of streetcars. These included an overhead cable car system (an underground cable, such as was eventually developed in San Francisco, was impossible because of the high water table under New Orleans); a walking beam system; peneumatic propulsion; an ammonia locomotive; a \\\"Thermo-specific\\\" system using super-heated water; and the Lamm Fireless engine. Lamm engines were actually adopted and used for a time on the New Orleans and Carrollton line, which had previously used steam\",\n \"title\": \"Streetcars in New Orleans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"650350\",\n \"text\": \"of 2017 was Mitch Landrieu. The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The Criminal Sheriff, Marlin Gusman, maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for the New Orleans Police Department on an as-needed basis. An ordinance in 2006 established an Office of Inspector General to review city government activities. The city and the parish of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government. The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["central time zone"],"string":"[\n \"central time zone\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":16,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":2457,"offset":1600,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSIsImtpZCI6IjVHZDBvd0g5MTM2eDZjc1FvbE1zcktNWUZoRVFoUm5PVVVybEpjOUhaUEEifQ.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc4NjE3MTg0MCwianRpIjoiZmQwNDgzNmUtZTZjNi00NGNkLTk0ZGEtOTM5MTFhODliZmJhIiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3ZzZWFyY2gvd2VicSIsImV4cCI6MTc4NjE3NTQ0MCwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.l-4ej4e9UBJlP8apLRqzZcDNJJWIjO43UXLQ54PRXDIrdwOCAeAhzXWkYAo3B2r7bcgJSf2ZKYRcPqvp0iTgAA","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":2457,"numBytesParquet":78323682},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":278,"numBytesParquet":8786475},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":2032,"numBytesParquet":124921}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
question stringlengths 16 81 | positive_ctxs list | negative_ctxs list | hard_negative_ctxs list | answers list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
where did roger moore live? | [
{
"psg_id": "1489188",
"text": "unearned income. Moore said in 2011 that his decision to live abroad was \"not about tax. That's a serious part of it. I come back to England often enough not to miss it, to see the changes, to find some of the changes good...I paid my taxes at the time that I was earning a d... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1489140",
"text": "Roger Moore Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor. He is best known for having played Ian Fleming's fictional British secret agent James Bond in seven feature films from 1973 to 1985. Moore took over the role of Bond from Sean Connery in ... | [
"england"
] |
who's the oakland raiders head coach? | [
{
"psg_id": "17738462",
"text": "their first win against their Bay Area rivals since 2000. Source: Recap, Gamebook With the loss, the Raiders ended their season 3–13. 2014 Oakland Raiders season The Oakland Raiders season was the franchise's 45th season in the National Football League and the 55th overall. ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12317088",
"text": "to advance to their first Super Bowl since 1984, where they were blown out by the Buccaneers who were led by former Raider head coach Jon Gruden. 2003 Oakland Raiders season The 2003 Oakland Raiders season was the 44th season of professional football for the Oakland Raiders ... | [
"dennis allen"
] |
where is portuguese language spoken? | [
{
"psg_id": "324496",
"text": "is a descendant of the Galician-Portuguese group, such as La Alamedilla, Cedillo (\"Cedilho\"), Herrera de Alcántara (\"Ferreira d'Alcântara\") and Olivenza (\"Olivença\"), but in these municipalities, what is spoken is actually Portuguese, not disputed as such in the mainstre... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20016629",
"text": "language]] is a sign of prestige and social status: one who speaks Portuguese is considered to come from a good family. Currently, the Portuguese is spoken and learned as a second language for a small section of the Goans. [[Category:Culture of Goa]] [[Category:Portuguese di... | [
"brazil",
"canada",
"angola",
"portugal",
"macau",
"cape verde",
"andorra",
"timor-leste",
"guinea-bissau",
"mozambique"
] |
who is married to garth brooks? | [
{
"psg_id": "19374201",
"text": "five concerts in two days. He was accompanied by wife Trisha Yearwood, who performed as well. The second concert of the series was broadcast live on CBS, with on-screen information available for viewers to donate to the charity. This set list is representative of the second ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5656943",
"text": "Garth Brooks (album) Garth Brooks is the debut studio album of American country music artist Garth Brooks, released on April 12, 1989 through Capitol Nashville. It was both a critical and chart success, peaking at #13 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and at #2 on the Top Country Albu... | [
"trisha yearwood"
] |
what political party was hitler the leader of? | [
{
"psg_id": "3844649",
"text": "on 11 November 1923. Fearing \"left-wing\" members of the Nazi Party might try to seize leadership from him during his incarceration, Hitler quickly appointed Alfred Rosenberg temporary leader. Beginning in February 1924, Hitler was tried for high treason before the special P... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19794332",
"text": "Leader of the Reformed Political Party The Leader of the Reformed Political Party is the most senior politician within the Reformed Political Party (, SGP) in the Netherlands. The post is currently held by Kees van der Staaij, who succeeded Bas van der Vlies in 2010. The Lea... | [
"nazi party"
] |
who did plaxico burress sign with 2012? | [
{
"psg_id": "3994225",
"text": "Plaxico Burress Plaxico Antonio Burress (born August 12, 1977) is a former American football wide receiver of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers eighth overall in the 2000 NFL Draft and also played for the New York Giants and the New York ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3994252",
"text": "School in Virginia Beach, Virginia in 1996 and spent a post-graduate year at Fork Union Military Academy in Fork Union, Virginia. He lives in Totowa, New Jersey. He co-wrote the book \"Giant: The Road to the Super Bowl\" (), published July 1, 2008 by It Books, about his Super... | [
"pittsburgh steelers"
] |
who does zach galifianakis play in the hangover? | [
{
"psg_id": "3103712",
"text": "questions and comments. Galifianakis won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short-Format Live-Action Entertainment Program as a producer of the show at the 66th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. Galifianakis played Alan Garner in the hit comedy \"The Hangover\" and e... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3103703",
"text": "Zach Galifianakis Zachary Knight Galifianakis (; born October 1, 1969) is an American actor, comedian and writer who came to prominence with his \"Comedy Central Presents\" special in 2001 and presented his own show called \"Late World with Zach\" on VH1 the following year. H... | [
"alan garner"
] |
who plays lois in family guy? | [
{
"psg_id": "13238341",
"text": "Family Guy (season 7) \"Family Guy\" seventh season first aired on the Fox network in sixteen episodes from September 28, 2008 to May 17, 2009 before being released as two DVD box sets and syndicated. The animated television series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family (f... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12774947",
"text": "Family Guy (season 5) \"Family Guy\" fifth season first aired on the Fox network in eighteen episodes from September 10, 2006 to May 20, 2007 before being released as two DVD box sets and in syndication. It premiered with the episode \"Stewie Loves Lois\" and finished with \... | [
"alex borstein"
] |
what state did dwight d. eisenhower live in? | [
{
"psg_id": "13364826",
"text": "also picnic areas, playground, camp sites and nature trails. Wildlife such as white-tail deer, armadillos, raccoons, skunks and others live in the park. It is also popular for bird watching. Dwight D. Eisenhower Park (San Antonio) Dwight D. Eisenhower Park, also known as Eis... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6826764",
"text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial is a United States presidential memorial under construction, honoring Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II and the 34th President of the United States. On... | [
"pennsylvania",
"texas"
] |
what are 2 inventions benjamin franklin is credited with creating? | [
{
"psg_id": "46840",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, sta... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13109408",
"text": "Benjamin Franklin Burch Benjamin Franklin Burch (May 2, 1825 – March 24, 1893) was an American farmer, soldier, and politician in what became the state of Oregon. A native of Missouri, he moved to the Oregon Country in 1845 and served in the Cayuse and Yakima wars. A Democra... | [
"lightning rod",
"franklin stove",
"bifocals",
"glass harmonica"
] |
where did carmen electra grow up? | [
{
"psg_id": "12281327",
"text": "Movie\", \"Epic Movie\", \"Meet the Spartans\", and \"Disaster Movie\". Electra has also appeared as a model in \"Playboy\" magazine, and worked as a dancer with the Pussycat Dolls. Carmen Electra was born Tara Leigh Patrick on April 20, 1972 in Sharonville, Ohio, to Harry P... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4550861",
"text": "Carmen Electra (album) Carmen Electra is the self-titled debut album by Carmen Electra, released in 1993. The album was a project designed by Prince to promote Electra, his latest protégée at the time, as a sexy female rapper. The album features music written by Prince with s... | [
"sharonville"
] |
what band does adam levine sing for? | [
{
"psg_id": "3938358",
"text": "to the lobby and do a line of cocaine on the floor, it's OK\". In an official statement to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", UMPG described the allegations as \"absurd\". Adam Levine Adam Noah Levine (born March 18, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is the lead ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6321384",
"text": "that the Plame affair was not a priority for Rove at the time and therefore easily forgotten by Rove. Adam Levine (press aide) Adam Levine (born January 15, 1969) is a former political adviser who was a White House deputy press secretary in President George W. Bush's administ... | [
"maroon 5"
] |
where did brian williams go to college? | [
{
"psg_id": "9261978",
"text": "University of America and then George Washington University. He did not graduate, and instead interned with the administration of President Jimmy Carter. He later called leaving college one of his \"great regrets.\" Williams first worked in broadcasting in 1981 at KOAM-TV in ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13279845",
"text": "\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop s... | [
"george washington university",
"brookdale community college",
"the catholic university of america",
"mater dei high school"
] |
where did robert hooke get his education? | [
{
"psg_id": "605880",
"text": "less able. This was exemplified in the person of George Hooper, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, whom Busby described as \"the best scholar, the finest gentleman and will make the completest bishop that ever was educated at Westminster School\". In 1653, Hooke (who had also under... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "605876",
"text": "his education and join the Church. John Hooke also was in charge of a local school, and so was able to teach Robert, at least partly at home perhaps due to the boy's frail health. He was a Royalist and almost certainly a member of a group who went to pay their respects to Char... | [
"wadham college, oxford",
"christ church, oxford",
"university of oxford",
"westminster school"
] |
what is language in argentina? | [
{
"psg_id": "2989404",
"text": "birth of Israel. A majority of Sephardi Jews migrated to Argentina because of both groups speaking the Spanish language. However, after the creation of Israel, Sephardi tensions amongst Muslims in Latin American countries began to rise resulting in the remaining Sephardi popu... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20760415",
"text": "In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly importan... | [
"yiddish language",
"italian language",
"spanish language"
] |
which island in greece? | [
{
"psg_id": "18728395",
"text": "Cricket in Greece Cricket is a sport relatively unknown to most Greeks. However, it is believed that this sport or one similar was played in ancient Greece. This conclusion is drawn from an ancient relief that depicts athletes with clubs and ball. In modern era the cricket i... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7148841",
"text": "Ministry of Shipping and Island Policy (Greece) The Ministry of Shipping and Island Policy is a government department of Greece. It was founded as the Mercantile Marine Ministry (Υπουργείο Εμπορικής Ναυτιλίας) in 1936. On 19 September 2007, it was merged with the Ministry for... | [
"ionian islands"
] |
what time is kansas in? | [
{
"psg_id": "16596095",
"text": "2 zones for Kansas as given by zone.tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked * are from the zone.tab. Time in Kansas Time in Kansas is divided into two time zones. The Central Time Zone contains 101 of the states 105 counties. Only four counties do not fall into th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7432153",
"text": "What Time Is Love? \"What Time Is Love?\" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the band The KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker of 2K, in 1997. In its original form, the track was an... | [
"mountain time zone",
"central time zone",
"utc−07:00",
"utc−06:00"
] |
when did hurricane irene hit ct? | [
{
"psg_id": "15853222",
"text": "Hurricane Irene Hurricane Irene was a large and destructive tropical cyclone which affected much of the Caribbean and East Coast of the United States during late August 2011. The ninth named storm, first hurricane, and first major hurricane of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane sea... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6585517",
"text": "Cuban government issued a Hurricane Watch for Pinar del Río Province, Havana, Havana Province, and Isla de la Juventud 21 hours before Irene hit. These areas, along with Matanzas Province, were upgraded to a Hurricane Warning 15 hours before Irene hit the area. Initially, for... | [
"2011 atlantic hurricane season"
] |
who did michael jackson play in the wiz? | [
{
"psg_id": "2490489",
"text": "old for the part. However, she contacted Rob Cohen of Universal Pictures, who offered to have them finance the film if she were to play Dorothy, at which point he acquiesced. The resulting film version of \"The Wiz\" also starred former Motown star Michael Jackson as the Scar... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19181216",
"text": "with newcomer Shanice Williams reprising Ross' role of Dorothy (originally played by Stephanie Mills in the original Broadway play) in the television special that was seen by 11.5 million viewers on NBC. \"All songs written by Charlie Smalls, unless otherwise noted.\" Diana ... | [
"scarecrow"
] |
what is osama bin laden race? | [
{
"psg_id": "300473",
"text": "Osama bin Laden Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (, '; March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011), also rendered Usama bin Ladin, was a founder of the pan-Islamic militant organization . He was a Saudi Arabian until 1994 (stateless thereafter), a member of the wealthy bin Laden family... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "300478",
"text": "pronunciation also used in Afghanistan, where bin Laden spent many years. Osama bin Laden's full name, Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden, means \"Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awad, son of Laden\". \"Mohammed\" refers to bin Laden's father Mohammed bin Laden; \"Awad\" ref... | [
"saudi arabia"
] |
what drugs does charlie sheen do? | [
{
"psg_id": "1965114",
"text": "On May 20, 1998, Sheen suffered a stroke after overdosing while using cocaine and was hospitalized. Sheen was found in his seaside home by a friend, after which paramedics had to give emergency life-saving treatment and rushed him to Las Robles hospital. He was described as b... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1965125",
"text": "important role in the failure of the marriage. Richards said in an interview in 2008, \"When I vaccinated Sam, he accused me of poisoning her. And I knew when he said that that the marriage wasn't going to work.\" Charlie Sheen Carlos Irwin Estévez (born September 3, 1965), k... | [
"cannabis",
"lsd",
"cocaine",
"ethanol"
] |
what is the capital city of assyrian empire? | [
{
"psg_id": "10865411",
"text": "Assyrian pantheon in Mesopotamian religion, worshipped mainly in Upper Mesopotamia which constituted old Assyria. Ashur was a deified form of the city of Assur, which dates from c. 2600 BC and was the capital city of the Old Assyrian Empire. During the various periods of Ass... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19406472",
"text": "in Ashur began deteriorating, Tukulti-Ninurta built a new capital city; Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. He stretched the Assyrian Empire further south than before, conquering Dilmun, a \"pre-Arab\" civilisation of the Arabian Peninsula that encompassed modern Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and... | [
"assur"
] |
which countries speak english? | [
{
"psg_id": "20266030",
"text": "to turn right. Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries This is a comparison of road signs in countries that speak majorly English, including major ones where it is an official language and widely understood (and as a lingua franca). Botswana, Eswatini (Swaz... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2910915",
"text": "the learning of Standard English. Speak Good English Movement The Speak Good English Movement (SGEM) is a Singapore Government campaign to \"encourage Singaporeans to speak grammatically correct English that is universally understood\". It was launched by then-Prime Minister ... | [
"canada",
"australia",
"south africa",
"zambia",
"united kingdom",
"zimbabwe",
"uganda",
"new zealand",
"turks and caicos islands",
"tanzania"
] |
what is julia gillard party? | [
{
"psg_id": "2783185",
"text": "the house in Fitzroy. Slater & Gordon investigated Gillard's conduct and concluded that Gillard had no case to answer. Gillard has denied any wrongdoing. A subsequent Royal Commission into union corruption found that Gillard had not committed or known of any criminal activity... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2783112",
"text": "challenges, and it's Julia who has seen through fixing a lot of those problems.\" On 17 July 2010, 23 days after becoming prime minister and after receiving the agreement of the Governor-General Quentin Bryce, Gillard announced the next federal election would be held on 21 Au... | [
"queensland labor party",
"australian labor party"
] |
what is isaac newton famous for? | [
{
"psg_id": "191866",
"text": "Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a \"natural philosopher\") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all tim... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14715871",
"text": "Isaac Newton Watt Isaac Newton Watt (1821–1886) was a soldier, merchant and a Member of Parliament in Taranaki, New Zealand, in the mid to late 19th century. He was born in London some time in 1821, the son of Isaac Watt the land surveyor and Susanna Dunlop. His father Isaac... | [
"physicist"
] |
what is considered eastern canada? | [
{
"psg_id": "13284897",
"text": "formed above a mantle plume associated with the Canary or Azores hotspots in the Atlantic Ocean, based on the existence of older seamounts to the northwest and younger seamounts to the southeast. The existence of flat-topped seamounts throughout the Fogo Seamount chain indic... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5195166",
"text": "Eastern Canada Eastern Canada (also the Eastern provinces) is generally considered to be the region of Canada east of Manitoba, consisting of the following provinces: Ontario and Quebec define Central Canada, while the other provinces constitute Atlantic Canada. New Brunswick... | [
"newfoundland"
] |
where did barack obama went to school? | [
{
"psg_id": "2826867",
"text": "on the South Side of Chicago. Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (; born August 4, 1961) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11664620",
"text": "Barack II. She divorced him three years later. The elder Obama later went to Harvard University for graduate school, where he earned an M.A. in economics, and returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when he was about ten. In late 1964, Obama Sr. married R... | [
"occidental college",
"harvard law school",
"noelani elementary school",
"punahou school",
"state elementary school menteng 01",
"st. francis of assisi catholic school",
"columbia university"
] |
what did ron howard direct? | [
{
"psg_id": "696121",
"text": "Ron Howard Ronald William Howard (born March 1, 1954) is an American filmmaker and actor. Howard is best known for playing two high-profile roles in television sitcoms in his youth and directing a number of successful feature films later in his career. Howard first came to pro... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15367318",
"text": "Memorial Coliseum. Howard, who led the Mad Ants to the 2014 D-League Championship and was Co-MVP of the league, is the first player to be bestowed the honor. Howard is the son of Lorri Howard and Isom Bearden. Ron Howard (basketball) Ron Howard (born November 14, 1982) is an... | [
"return to mayberry",
"the smith family",
"happy days",
"the andy griffith show",
"arrested development",
"the fonz and the happy days gang"
] |
what kind of alcohol is bacardi silver? | [
{
"psg_id": "58972",
"text": "while servicing a palletizer machine. After conducting an investigation, the U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) determined that Bacardi was in violation of several safety regulations, including two willful violations. Bacardi Bottlin... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4424364",
"text": "Bacardi 151 Bacardi 151 is a discontinued brand of highly alcoholic rum made by Bacardi Limited of Hamilton, Bermuda. It is named for its alcohol proof level of 151, that is, 75.5% alcohol by volume. This is much higher than typical rum at 35%–40%. Bacardi 151 was sold in the... | [
"bacardi rum"
] |
who are shakespeare's siblings? | [
{
"psg_id": "9029488",
"text": "Richard Shakespeare Richard Shakespeare (1490 – before 10 February 1561) was a husbandman of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, north-northeast of Stratford-upon-Avon, the father of John Shakespeare and the grandfather of William Shakespeare. He was most likely born around the Rowin... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15133170",
"text": "Shakespeare (album) Shakespeare is the debut album by comedian Anthony Jeselnik released digitally on September 21, 2010 by Comedy Central Records. A bonus track released separately and used to help promote the album. It features Anthony berating an audience member who inter... | [
"joan shakespeare",
"gilbert shakespeare",
"margaret shakespeare",
"richard shakespeare",
"anne shakespeare",
"edmund shakespeare"
] |
what team did albert pujols play for? | [
{
"psg_id": "3261025",
"text": "Albert Pujols José Alberto Pujols Alcántara (born January 16, 1980) is a Dominican-American professional baseball first baseman and designated hitter for the Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played 11 seasons for the St. Louis Cardinals, with w... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3261098",
"text": "resources to open an office and hire staff. In 2009, the Albert Pujols Wellness Center for Adults with Down Syndrome opened in Chesterfield, Missouri; Pujols was present at the opening on November 18. Pujols has taken several trips to the Dominican Republic, by taking supplie... | [
"scottsdale scorpions",
"los angeles angels of anaheim",
"st. louis cardinals"
] |
where do ba fly to from london city airport? | [
{
"psg_id": "1803814",
"text": "Authority. London City Airport has a single long runway, and a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P728) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flight training (but only for training necessary for the operation of aircraft at the airport). Only... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14704203",
"text": "of 300 per month. At that time there were 12 aircraft based at this airport, all single-engine. Fly for Fun Airport Fly for Fun Airport is a privately owned, public use airport located four nautical miles (5 mi, 7 km) northeast of the central business district of Vancouver, ... | [
"london"
] |
what is the predominant language in south africa? | [
{
"psg_id": "17790281",
"text": "in fact there is only one. A very different form of manually coded language is cued speech, an aid to lipreading which has been developed for Afrikaans, South African English, and Setswana. Manually coded language in South Africa In South Africa, manually coded language is u... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17790279",
"text": "Manually coded language in South Africa In South Africa, manually coded language is used in education, as a bridge between South African Sign Language (SASL) and the eleven official oral languages of the country. These codes apply the signs of SASL to the grammar of the oral... | [
"south african english"
] |
where does the oklahoma city thunder practice? | [
{
"psg_id": "12159624",
"text": "Oklahoma City Thunder The Oklahoma City Thunder is an American professional basketball team based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Thunder competes in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. The team plays i... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12159629",
"text": "\"Thunder\" was chosen in reference to Oklahoma's location in Tornado Alley and Oklahoma City as the home of the U.S. Army's 45th Infantry Division, the Thunderbirds. The Thunder participated in the Orlando Pro Summer League featuring their second-year players, potential fre... | [
"chesapeake energy arena"
] |
what is the language called in turkey? | [
{
"psg_id": "18512872",
"text": "second language. The Turkish public sometimes uses the name \"Laz\" generally to refer to all inhabitants of Turkey's Black Sea provinces east of Samsun, and the word is often associated with certain social stereotypes. However, the Laz themselves are increasingly keen to di... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4434716",
"text": "What Is This Thing Called Love? \"What Is This Thing Called Love?\" is a 1929 popular song written by Cole Porter, for the musical \"Wake Up and Dream\". It was first performed by Elsie Carlisle in March 1929. The song has become a popular jazz standard and one of Porter's mo... | [
"arabic language",
"kurdish language",
"zazaki language",
"ladino language",
"turkish language"
] |
who was theodore roosevelt's vice president? | [
{
"psg_id": "12951763",
"text": "Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt The second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt as President of the United States, took place on Saturday, March 4, 1905. The inauguration marked the beginning of the second (only full) term of Theodore Roosevelt as President and the o... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17455909",
"text": "in both offices. The Theodore Roosevelt desk remained in storage from December 1929 to 1945. President Harry S. Truman was the first to place the desk in the modern Oval Office. President Dwight Eisenhower, also used it as his Oval Office desk. President John F. Kennedy used... | [
"charles w. fairbanks"
] |
what college did charles richard drew go to? | [
{
"psg_id": "11828807",
"text": "structure covered with wood clapboards and topped with a gabled roof. Originally a four-room house, the house was expanded with a two-room two-story addition during Drew's ownership. The house is arranged around a side stair hall, which is also the entry. From front to back ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11828809",
"text": "generation of African-American doctors. Charles Richard Drew House The Charles Richard Drew House is a historic house at 2505 1st Street in Arlington, Virginia. A vernacular early 20th-century dwelling, it is of national significance as the home from 1920 to 1939 of Charles ... | [
"amherst college"
] |
what nationality is jermaine paul? | [
{
"psg_id": "6173047",
"text": "Jermaine Stewart William Jermaine Stewart (September 7, 1957 – March 17, 1997) was an American male R&B singer best known for his 1986 hit single \"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off\", which reached number 2 in both the UK and Canada. It also reached number 5 on the US \"... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "10454600",
"text": "Jermaine Paul Jermaine Paul (born July 26, 1979) is an American singer. He was the winner of the second season of \"The Voice\". Prior to his \"The Voice\" stint, he was co-nominated at the 48th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, in a colla... | [
"united states of america"
] |
where did the oakland raiders move from? | [
{
"psg_id": "10600250",
"text": "1980 Oakland Raiders season The 1980 Oakland Raiders season began with the team trying to improve on their 9–7 record from 1979. It was the 20th anniversary of the Oakland Raiders franchise and ended with their second Super Bowl victory. Prior to the start of the season, Al ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "305569",
"text": "cleats in 2014. After splitting the first home season between Kezar Stadium and Candlestick, the Raiders moved exclusively to Candlestick Park in 1961, where total attendance for the season was about 50,000, and finished 2–12. Valley threatened to move the Raiders out of the a... | [
"los angeles"
] |
who played nba last night? | [
{
"psg_id": "6477269",
"text": "2002 NBA Finals The 2002 NBA Finals was the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s championship series for the 2001–02 season. The best-of-seven playoff was contested between the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers (who were also two-time defending NBA champions),... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11281828",
"text": "consuming it, experiences some bizarre hallucinations (mostly involving the bar's waitress (played by Therese Kablan) who is depicted as the man's girlfriend, a nurse, and a series of creatures) before he suffers an apparent accident and is last seen falling down a void of c... | [
"phoenix suns",
"golden state warriors",
"los angeles lakers",
"cleveland cavaliers",
"houston rockets",
"charlotte bobcats",
"detroit pistons",
"indiana pacers",
"utah jazz",
"orlando magic"
] |
who were mary shelley's parents? | [
{
"psg_id": "14692257",
"text": "biography of the poet were published. In 1826, Percy Florence became the legal heir of the Shelley estate after the death of his half-brother Charles Shelley, his father's son by Harriet Shelley. Sir Timothy raised Mary's allowance from £100 a year to £250 but remained as di... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19012945",
"text": "Mary Shelley (Doctor Who) Mary Shelley, the English writer best known for her Gothic novel \"Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus\", has been featured in the fictional universe of the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\" on a number of occ... | [
"mary wollstonecraft",
"william godwin"
] |
who played hannah montana best friend? | [
{
"psg_id": "14819796",
"text": "song \"Wherever I Go\" was added to the station after the series finale of \"Hannah Montana\". Wherever I Go was added as the Bonus Track on the US iTunes store. A duet of the song was recorded with Emily Osment, which can be heard in the series finale episode of the show. T... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6931468",
"text": "future \"Gossip Girl\" actress Taylor Momsen and pop and R&B singer JoJo (who rejected the role). Miley Cyrus originally auditioned for the role of the \"best friend\" Lilly Truscott, but they thought she would be better for the main character, so she tried out for Chloe Stew... | [
"emily osment"
] |
what are some of the religions in australia? | [
{
"psg_id": "7932498",
"text": "God in Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are sometimes called Abrahamic religions because they all accept the tradition of a god, Yahweh, that revealed himself to the prophet Abraham. The theological traditions of all Abrahamic religions are thus to some ex... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14702132",
"text": "Jacob Bryant, Paul Henri Mallet, and perhaps other founders of what has become the comparative study of religion, to argue for the existence of a universal and supra-rational 'Poetic Genius' that expresses itself through the shared (though ever various) forms of all religion... | [
"catholicism",
"buddhism",
"islam",
"anglicanism"
] |
what is the capital city of south carolina? | [
{
"psg_id": "5586172",
"text": "Capital City Stadium Capital City Stadium is a stadium in Columbia, South Carolina, United States. Originally built in 1927, it is primarily used for baseball and was the home for more than 20 years of the Capital City Bombers. It is situated in the Olympia section, near the ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18851097",
"text": "Capital punishment in South Carolina Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It has executed 43 people since 1976. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung ju... | [
"columbia"
] |
what type of political system is headed by queen elizabeth ii? | [
{
"psg_id": "11683704",
"text": "States headed by Elizabeth II The number of states headed by Queen Elizabeth II has varied during her years on the throne, altogether seeing her as sovereign of a total of 32 independent countries during this period. In her capacity as Queen of the United Kingdom (including ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11683705",
"text": "government of the unrecognised state of Rhodesia proclaimed its allegiance to Elizabeth II as queen of Rhodesia from 1965 to 1970. However, she did not accept either the role or the title and it was not accepted or recognised by any other state. Fiji became a republic throug... | [
"monarch"
] |
what are some of the awards taylor swift has won? | [
{
"psg_id": "18227436",
"text": "Video of the Year at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards with \"Blank Space\" also winning Best Female Video. An app, \"American Express Unstaged: Taylor Swift Experience\", was released alongside the \"Blank Space\" video as a 360° experience. The app won the Emmy for Original ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20416049",
"text": "lyric video has garnered over 55 million views. Swift performed an acoustic version of \"Call It What You Want\" during a SiriusXM Fishbowl session on November 10, 2017. A day later, Swift performed an acoustic version of the song again during an episode of the 43rd season o... | [
"people's choice award for favorite country artist",
"academy of country music entertainer of the year",
"people's choice award for favorite female music performer",
"academy of country music video of the year",
"grammy award for best country solo performance",
"billboard artist of the year award",
"aca... |
where did chris cuomo go? | [
{
"psg_id": "5666443",
"text": "Chris Cuomo Christopher Charles Cuomo (; born August 9, 1970) is an American television journalist who currently works at CNN, where he presents \"Cuomo Prime Time\", a regular weeknight CNN show. Cuomo has previously been the ABC News chief law and justice correspondent and ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5666451",
"text": "about this, you're learning from us.\" Some legal experts contested his assertions. In 2001, Cuomo married \"Gotham\" magazine editor Cristina Greeven in a Roman Catholic ceremony in Southampton, New York. They reside in Manhattan with their three children. Cuomo also owns a ... | [
"queens"
] |
where did gary coleman live when he died? | [
{
"psg_id": "156548",
"text": "the set of \"The Insider\" television program. On May 26, 2010, Coleman was admitted to Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo, Utah, in critical condition after falling down the stairs at his home in Santaquin and hitting his head, possibly after another seizure, and su... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "156530",
"text": "Gary Coleman Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 – May 28, 2010) was an American actor, comedian, and writer best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in \"Diff'rent Strokes\" (1978–1986). After a successful childhood acting career, Coleman struggled financially later in life... | [
"provo"
] |
what is there to do in palm springs? | [
{
"psg_id": "16790028",
"text": "of production or performance.\" One of the first significant films shot in Palm Springs was Frank Capra's 1937 \"Lost Horizon\", with scenes filmed in Tahquitz Canyon. For a list of movies and television programs filmed in Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley area, see: Lis... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12068601",
"text": "Palm Springs (band) Palm Springs is a Brighton-based independent British rock band. Established in 2004 with \"a firm DIY ethic – put off today what you can do tomorrow and persevere without instructions or guidance,\" the band writes, records and releases records through th... | [
"the fabulous palm springs follies",
"palm springs air museum",
"living desert zoo and gardens",
"palm springs walk of stars",
"the palm springs art museum",
"knott's soak city",
"tahquitz canyon",
"palm springs aerial tramway",
"moorten botanical garden and cactarium",
"san jacinto mountains"
] |
where was ronald reagan born and raised? | [
{
"psg_id": "7381503",
"text": "Route 26 to Ohio, Illinois where it branches to Tampico, Illinois on Illinois Route 92 and Dixon, Illinois on Illinois 26. This segment has the following attractions: U.S. Route 34 merely connects Galesburg to Princeton to complete the trail. Ronald Reagan Trail The Ronald Re... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "342792",
"text": "Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Prior to the presidency, he was a Hollywood actor and union leader before serving as the 33rd Governor of Cal... | [
"tampico"
] |
what county is morristown tn in? | [
{
"psg_id": "1153708",
"text": "Morristown, New Jersey Morristown is a town and the county seat of Morris County, New Jersey, United States. Morristown has been called \"the military capital of the American Revolution\" because of its strategic role in the war for independence from Great Britain. Today this... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1335617",
"text": "Morristown, Tennessee Morristown is a city in and the county seat of Hamblen County, Tennessee, United States. Morristown also extends into Jefferson County on the west and southern ends. The population was 29,137 at the 2010 United States Census. It is the principal city of ... | [
"morris county"
] |
where do the houston rockets play basketball? | [
{
"psg_id": "803505",
"text": "Houston Rockets The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston, Texas. The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference Southwest Division. The team plays its home games at the T... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13115301",
"text": "moved the team to Houston. The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas, and the team's nickname of \"Rockets\" took on even greater relevance after the move since Houston is home to NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Upon their arrival, many were in disbelief that t... | [
"toyota center"
] |
who was the president of the united states during ww2? | [
{
"psg_id": "12744721",
"text": "Weekly Radio Address of the President of the United States The Weekly Address of the President of the United States (also known as the Weekly (Radio) Address or Your Weekly Address) is the weekly speech by the President of the United States to the nation. Franklin D. Rooseve... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1732715",
"text": "underwent colon cancer surgery while under anesthesia. Vice President George H. W. Bush discharged the powers and duties of the presidency during his incapacity, serving as acting president until later that day, when Reagan reclaimed his authority. The next to do so was Georg... | [
"franklin d. roosevelt"
] |
which states does the connecticut river flow through? | [
{
"psg_id": "9479824",
"text": "Black River (Connecticut River tributary) The Black River is a river in the U.S. state of Vermont, and a tributary of the Connecticut River. The watershed, or drainage basin, consists of some in southeastern Vermont, almost all of which lies in Windsor County. The Black River... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11132539",
"text": "composing protest songs. For Shelton, who noted the promotional photo for \"Watching the River Flow\" depicting Dylan looking through a camera, the track expressed Dylan's wish just to be an observer, and not a political activist. Author Seth Rogovoy similarly interpreted th... | [
"vermont",
"connecticut",
"new hampshire",
"massachusetts"
] |
what are the biggest cities in illinois? | [
{
"psg_id": "18923398",
"text": "which are in Chicago. Outside of Chicago exist 8 congregations in 7 cities, and numerous dispersed Jews that are members of the Jewish Federation of Southern Illinois. There are an estimated 300,000 Jewish inhabitants of Illinois, three-fourths of those living in Chicago. Pe... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18489917",
"text": "had bid on being the host of Illinois State University but ultimately lost to Normal. The University of Illinois has a satellite office in St. Charles. Nearby colleges include: Batavia and Geneva are both served by Waubonsee Community College. St. Charles is served by Elgin ... | [
"chicago"
] |
what continent do the falkland islands belong to? | [
{
"psg_id": "8981691",
"text": "Falkland Islands The Falkland Islands (; , ) is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about east of South America's southern Patagonian coast, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of , comprises Eas... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9202281",
"text": "Falkland Islands official football team The Falkland Islands official football team is a representative football team of the Falkland Islands, organised by the Falkland Islands Football League. The Falkland Islands Football League does not belong to the CONMEBOL, as its membe... | [
"south america"
] |
what language do russian people speak? | [
{
"psg_id": "16945145",
"text": "large part of the employers for knowledge of the Russian language has become more explicit in recent years\" and noted instances of discrimination against people who do not speak Russian, \"especially in cases when the Russian language proficiency becomes a priority for recr... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "342686",
"text": "Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In Kazakhstan, Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The... | [
"yiddish language",
"chuvash language",
"russian language",
"tatar language",
"ukrainian language"
] |
which states touch canadian soil? | [
{
"psg_id": "11181451",
"text": "hickory and basswood, plus spring wildflowers such as white trillium and mayapple. Guelph soil Guelph soil series is the name given to a well drained or moderately well drained medium-textured soil which has developed on calcareous glacial till in parts of Michigan, Ohio in ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9155939",
"text": "Canadian system of soil classification The Canadian System of Soil Classification is more closely related to the American system than any other, but they differ in several ways. The Canadian system is designed to cover only Canadian soils. The Canadian system dispenses with t... | [
"michigan"
] |
who has tim howard played for? | [
{
"psg_id": "2499057",
"text": "hero\", adding that the book has \"exciting recollections\" and that Howard is a \"gracious narrator, though here and there he engages in mild score-settling\". In September 2018, he became part owner of English fifth tier club Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. Howard, Tim (2014): Th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17718274",
"text": "the Erie County Law and Order Party. In 2017, Howard was reelected, narrowly defeating Democratic challenger Bernie Tolbert. Sheriff Howard lives in South Wales, New York with his wife, Susan. He comes from a family of law enforcement officials, ranging from municipal judges... | [
"manchester united f.c.",
"new york red bulls",
"north jersey imperials",
"everton f.c.",
"united states men's national soccer team"
] |
where does portuguese originate? | [
{
"psg_id": "4823815",
"text": "Portuguese Americans Portuguese Americans (portugueses-americanos), also known as Luso-Americans (luso-americanos), are American citizens and residents of the United States who are connected to the country of Portugal by birth, ancestry or citizenship. Americans and others wh... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17432271",
"text": "Where Does This Door Go Where Does This Door Go is the third studio album by American singer Mayer Hawthorne. It was released on July 16, 2013, by Republic Records. \"Where Does This Door Go\" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a n... | [
"portugal"
] |
what currency in dominican republic should i bring? | [
{
"psg_id": "105482",
"text": "Azúcar, CEA), Grupo Vicini, and Central Romana Corporation. According to the 2016 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 104,800 people are enslaved in the modern day Dominican Republic, or 1.00% of the population. Some slaves in the Dominican Republic are held on sugar plantation... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18136391",
"text": "1895 Dominican Republic arbitration referendum A four-part referendum on arbitration over a border dispute with Haiti was held in the Dominican Republic on 2 June 1895. Voters were asked whether an arbitration tribunal should be established, whether the Pope would be an appr... | [
"dominican peso"
] |
who did howie long married? | [
{
"psg_id": "4172061",
"text": "his football career, Long became known for his use of a popular stock sound effect in the movie \"Broken Arrow\". During his death scene, the sound effect is used, which became known as the Howie scream. Long married Diane Addonizio in 1982, and has three sons. His eldest, Ch... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18170231",
"text": "his fourth wife. This marriage would be the one that lasted, and Howie remained married to her until his death in 1990. Howie Stange left a positive, long-lasting impression on men and women across America. Two men in particular owe much in their life to Howie: Dave Cook and... | [
"diane addonizio"
] |
what region of the world is north america in? | [
{
"psg_id": "6390018",
"text": "Interamerican Scout Region (World Organization of the Scout Movement) The Interamerican Region is the divisional office of the World Scout Bureau of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, headquartered in Ciudad del Saber, Panama. The Interamerican Region services Scou... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13752196",
"text": "World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America Under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme, there are 302 biosphere reserves recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America (as of April 2016). These are distri... | [
"northern hemisphere",
"western hemisphere",
"americas"
] |
who is the current governor of georgia 2011? | [
{
"psg_id": "13253357",
"text": "Attorney General of Georgia The Attorney General of Georgia is the chief law enforcement officer and lawyer for the U.S. state of Georgia. The officeholder is elected to a four-year term at the same time as elections are held for Governor of Georgia and other offices. The cu... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6808336",
"text": "office. The office of Lieutenant Governor was created by a state constitutional revision in 1945. Prior to that time, Georgia did not have such an office. Elected in 1946 (for a term to begin in 1947) to be Georgia's first Lieutenant Governor, Melvin Thompson became involved ... | [
"nathan deal"
] |
where do navajo indians live? | [
{
"psg_id": "15828775",
"text": "great deal to establish proof of the historical occupancy rights of the Hopi and Navajo Indians from earliest times. Richard was also involved in many other projects benefiting the Navajo Nation. He analyzed boundary line disputes, was influential in the Governmental decisio... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6323372",
"text": "people: Earth People and Holy People. The Navajo people believe they passed through three worlds before arriving in this world, the Fourth World or the Glittering World. As Earth People, the Diné must do everything within their power to maintain the balance between Mother Ear... | [
"arizona",
"utah",
"southwestern united states",
"navajo nation",
"california",
"new mexico"
] |
what to do in panama city beach for spring break? | [
{
"psg_id": "1032167",
"text": "city is also home to the U.S. Navy's Naval Support Activity Panama City which is home to various research and training projects. The main retail centers are now the Panama City Mall in town and Pier Park on the beach across the Hathaway Bridge spanning St. Andrew Bay. The two... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1032170",
"text": "Panama City Beach, Florida Panama City Beach is a resort city in Bay County, Florida, United States, on the Gulf of Mexico coast. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 12,018. The city is often referred to under the umbrella term of \"Panama City\". Panama City Beach's... | [
"thunder beach motorcycle rally",
"club la vela",
"man in the sea museum",
"camp helen state park",
"pier park",
"shipwreck island",
"latimer cabin",
"st. andrews state park",
"miracle strip at pier park"
] |
what instrument does ringo starr play? | [
{
"psg_id": "16671650",
"text": "Oh My My (Ringo Starr song) \"Oh My My\" is a song by English musician Ringo Starr from his 1973 album \"Ringo\". It was also issued as the third single from the album, becoming a top-five hit in the United States and Canada. The recording was produced by Richard Perry and i... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "349753",
"text": "played together as a double-drumming team on some of Harrison's recordings during the 1970s, on \"Ringo\" and other albums by Starr, and on the early All-Starr Band tours. For \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" in 1976, Starr coined a term to describe their percussive combination, credit... | [
"drums"
] |
who are china's trading partners? | [
{
"psg_id": "11116488",
"text": "trading partners, behind South Africa and Portugal. China has also become a major buyer of Mozambican timber; despite local regulations forbidding the export of unprocessed logs, which aim to force foreign countries hoping to gain access to Mozambican resources to invest in ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12618507",
"text": "1999. The China Financial Futures Exchange (CFFEX), the country's first financial futures exchange, was inaugurated in October 2006. The long-awaited CSI300, the first mainland stock index futures, will be traded on this bourse, which is working to the launch. Commodity trad... | [
"angola",
"sudan",
"united states of america",
"wellington",
"mozambique",
"laos",
"yemen"
] |
what character did stan lee create? | [
{
"psg_id": "9168630",
"text": "character's respective comic. Special issue in which Lee meets Professor X and Magneto (\"X-Men: The Unlikely Saga of Xavier, Magneto and Stan\") was included with the DVD edition of \"\". Stan Lee Meets... Stan Lee Meets... was a limited series published by Marvel Comics in ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13750530",
"text": "Stan Lee Media productions Some of Stan Lee Media's most important projects included the animated Web series \"The 7th Portal\" (where Stan Lee himself voiced the character Izayus), \"The Drifter\", and \"The Accuser\". \"The 7th Portal\" characters were licensed to an inter... | [
"executioner",
"awesome android",
"mac gargan",
"professor x",
"sentry",
"death-stalker",
"wong",
"blob",
"shellshock",
"plantman"
] |
what disease did anne frank get? | [
{
"psg_id": "3416017",
"text": "1944, she kept a diary she had received as a birthday present, and wrote in it regularly. Following their arrest, the Franks were transported to concentration camps. In October or November 1944, Anne and her sister, Margot, were transferred from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen con... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17962897",
"text": "scrupulous realism.\" The book received an honourable mention in the Sophie Brody Award 2013. What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank is a 2012 short story collection by the American writer Nathan Englander. It was fi... | [
"typhus"
] |
who is paul mccartney's current wife? | [
{
"psg_id": "13564241",
"text": "Personal relationships of Paul McCartney The English musician Paul McCartney had numerous relationships during his early life in Liverpool and during his time with the Beatles. He was engaged to Dot Rhone and actress Jane Asher, and he married three times: to Linda Eastman, ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20847459",
"text": "of a woman played by Stone visiting a psychiatrist played by McCartney. Who Cares (Paul McCartney song) \"Who Cares\" (sometimes credited as \"Who Cares? I Do!\") is a song by English musician Paul McCartney, released as the third single from \"Egypt Station\" on 17 December... | [
"nancy shevell"
] |
what channel is anderson cooper talk show on? | [
{
"psg_id": "3081333",
"text": "Anderson Cooper Anderson Hays Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist, television personality, and author. He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show \"Anderson Cooper 360°\". The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio; however, Cooper o... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4210024",
"text": "Bhutan on WB Channel. It has aired in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan on WB Channel. Conan (talk show) Conan is a late-night talk show airing each Monday through Thursday at 11:00 p.m. eastern time on TBS in the United States. The hour-long show premier... | [
"cnn"
] |
who did warren moon play for? | [
{
"psg_id": "1582154",
"text": "Warren Moon Harold Warren Moon (born November 18, 1956) is a former American and Canadian football quarterback who played professionally for 23 seasons. He spent the majority of his career with the Houston Oilers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Edmonton Eskimos ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6289700",
"text": "Brisbane) first XI. Moon is known for his passion and technical genius. Warren Moon is a coach at Anglican Church Grammar School. Warren Moon (footballer) Warren Moon (born 27 May 1982) is an Australian footballer. Moon completed his schooling at Marist College Rosalie in Bri... | [
"seattle seahawks",
"washington huskies football",
"houston oilers",
"minnesota vikings",
"kansas city chiefs"
] |
what brand of guitar does steve vai play? | [
{
"psg_id": "1905673",
"text": "200 chart. In 1989, following the successful Skyscraper Tour, Vai departed from the band. He was replaced by Cacophony guitarist Jason Becker. In 1985, after having joined Roth's band, Vai designed the JEM guitar, a unique instrument that incorporated a series of groundbreaki... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1905692",
"text": "\"Steve Vai Guitar Techniques\" course, which Vai helped to construct. In April 2011, Vai (along with music and technology entrepreneur Andy Alt) announced the launch of GuitarTV, an online streaming website dedicated to bringing free guitar-related content to the community o... | [
"ibanez",
"ibanez universe",
"ibanez jem"
] |
what do hungarian people speak? | [
{
"psg_id": "9782484",
"text": "sketch starring Beck Bennett titled \"World Peace Rap\", broadcast 7th May 2017. On 20 June 2012, Speak announced on his website that he would be supporting Australian rap duet Hilltop Hoods and DJ Debris on their upcoming UK tour. Speak (Hungarian rapper) Tamás Deák (born Ma... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5665719",
"text": "Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way o... | [
"hungarian"
] |
what is bethenny frankel husband name? | [
{
"psg_id": "6734503",
"text": "series \"The Real Housewives of New York City\". In June 2010, Frankel starred in the Bravo reality TV show \"Bethenny Getting Married?\", which documented her engagement and marriage to Jason Hoppy, and the birth of their daughter. At the time of its premiere, the series was... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6734500",
"text": "Bethenny Frankel Bethenny Frankel (born November 4, 1970) is an American television personality, entrepreneur, and author. She was a contestant on the reality game show \"\", in which she was the runner-up, in 2005. Frankel received wider notice after being cast on the Bravo ... | [
"jason hoppy"
] |
who speaks stewie on family guy? | [
{
"psg_id": "19943940",
"text": "in Stewie, Please\"), and Brian and Stewie solve a mystery in a \"Sherlock Holmes\" parody (\"V Is for Mystery\"). <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Family Guy (season 16) \"Family Guy\" sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12110143",
"text": "highly choreographed. \"Lois Kills Stewie\" was voted #9, and \"Stewie Kills Lois\" was voted #8 on BBC Three's list of Top Ten Family Guy Episodes. Stewie Kills Lois and Lois Kills Stewie \"Stewie Kills Lois\" and \"Lois Kills Stewie\" is a two-part episode of the sixth sea... | [
"seth macfarlane"
] |
who influenced arthur conan doyle? | [
{
"psg_id": "14787639",
"text": "Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography Arthur Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (1859–1930) was a Scottish writer and physician. In addition to the series of stories chronicling the activities of Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr John Watson for which he is well-known, Doyle wrote on a wide ran... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12362887",
"text": "soldier Brigadier Gerard, as well as plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels. One of Doyle's early short stories, \"J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement\", helped to popularise the mystery of the \"Mary Celeste\". Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan D... | [
"robert louis stevenson",
"edgar allan poe",
"joseph bell",
"jules verne",
"walter scott",
"ibn-e-safi"
] |
what are the new york giants home colors? | [
{
"psg_id": "13724720",
"text": "the blue background used by the Dodgers, would be adopted by the Mets, honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue. History of the New York Giants (baseball) The San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball originated in New York City... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "289048",
"text": "New York Giants The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area. The Giants compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team plays its... | [
"blue"
] |
who played bob ewell in to kill a mockingbird? | [
{
"psg_id": "7501669",
"text": "At the trial, it is undisputed that Tom came to Mayella's home at her request to help with the chopping up of a chifforobe, and that Mayella showed signs of having been beaten around that time. Among Atticus' chief arguments is that Tom has a crippled left arm, yet the suppos... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "808843",
"text": "Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men, as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society, can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one ... | [
"james anderson"
] |
what instrument does fela kuti play? | [
{
"psg_id": "2101921",
"text": "was a feminist activist in the anti-colonial movement; his father, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, an Anglican minister and school principal, was the first president of the Nigeria Union of Teachers. His brothers, Beko Ransome-Kuti and Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, both medica... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2101920",
"text": "Fela Kuti Fela Anikulapo Kuti (15 October 1938 – 2 August 1997), also professionally known as Fela Kuti, or simply Fela, was a Nigerian multi-instrumentalist, musician, composer, pioneer of the Afrobeat music genre and human rights activist. At the height of his popularity, h... | [
"guitar",
"trumpet",
"saxophone",
"drums",
"keyboard"
] |
who was charlemagne's wife? | [
{
"psg_id": "6675710",
"text": "sections of the slope where the snow melted first and ordered that grapevines be planted on that slope. His orders were followed and the hill of Corton was planted first entirely with red grape varieties. A couple decades later, Charlemagne's fourth wife Luitgard was said to ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16424519",
"text": "their inheritance by their father. Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne Bertha (c. 780 – after 11 March 824) was the seventh child and third daughter of Charlemagne, King of the Franks, by his second wife, Hildegard of the Vinzgau. Bertha was raised with her brothers and sisters ... | [
"fastrada",
"luitgard",
"hildegard of savoy",
"desiderata of the lombards",
"himiltrude"
] |
where did woodrow wilson go to school? | [
{
"psg_id": "2585607",
"text": "activities. Nearly all full-time Woodrow Wilson School faculty members have dual appointments with other departments at the University. The School also has visiting professors, lecturers, and practitioners from the world of public and international affairs that teach. Faculty... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6448476",
"text": "Lyons of \"Texas Monthly\" stated in 1979 that \"In short, everything that has been happening demographically within the DISD and, by extension, within U.S. big-city high schools has been happening to Woodrow Wilson.\" In 1976 federal judge William M. Taylor wrote a school in... | [
"johns hopkins university",
"davidson college",
"princeton university",
"university of virginia school of law"
] |
who is lamar odom married too? | [
{
"psg_id": "3120011",
"text": "father, who became drug-free; however, he remains closer to his high school coach, Jerry DeGregorio, who he calls [his] \"white dad\". DeGregorio is the godfather to Destiny and Lamar Jr. In September 2009, Odom married Khloé Kardashian after a month of dating. He had met her... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3120017",
"text": "Trends list for living people, which measures the highest spikes in traffic over a sustained period compared to the previous year. Lamar Odom Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player. As a member of the Los Angeles Lakers... | [
"khloé kardashian"
] |
where can you buy amazon kindle? | [
{
"psg_id": "15516967",
"text": "Kindle Direct Publishing Kindle Direct Publishing is Amazon.com's e-book publishing unit launched in November 2007, concurrently with the first Amazon Kindle device. Amazon launched Kindle Direct Publishing (KDP), originally called Digital Text Platform, to be used by author... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11191227",
"text": "her account and her purchased e-books. The event serves to remind Kindle users that even when a user clicks buy, the user only holds a license to view works that can be revoked by Amazon at any time for violating the terms of service. Richard Stallman criticized the Kindle, ... | [
"amazon.com"
] |
who is angelina jolie's husband? | [
{
"psg_id": "8172030",
"text": "review, \"Variety\"s Justin Chang noted the film's \"impeccable craftsmanship and sober restraint\", but deemed it \"an extraordinary story told in dutiful, unexceptional terms.\" Financially, \"Unbroken\" far outperformed industry expectations in its opening weekend, eventua... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8172078",
"text": "beauty\", with her full lips remaining the most imitated celebrity feature well into the 2010s. After a 2011 repeat survey by \"Allure\" found that Jolie most represented the American beauty ideal, compared to model Christie Brinkley in 1991, writer Elizabeth Angell credited ... | [
"brad pitt"
] |
what kind of money do they use in aruba? | [
{
"psg_id": "9715890",
"text": "Central Bank of Aruba The Central Bank of Aruba () is the central bank in Aruba responsible for implementation of monetary policy of the Aruban florin. The Centrale Bank van Aruba (the Bank) started its operations on January 1, 1986, when Aruba obtained its status as an auton... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "19429189",
"text": "What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am) \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)\" is a song written by Loretta Lynn and Teddy Wilburn that was also recorded by Loretta Lynn. It was released as a single in August 1967 via Decca Records. \"What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I... | [
"aruban florin"
] |
what wars did robert e lee lead? | [
{
"psg_id": "10031505",
"text": "Robert E. Lee Jr. Robert Edward \"Rob\" Lee Jr. (October 27, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was the youngest of three sons of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis, and the sixth of their seven children. He became a soldier during the American Civil War, ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17772752",
"text": "Robert E. Lee Monument (Richmond, Virginia) The Robert E. Lee Monument was the first and is the largest of Monument Avenue's monuments in Richmond, Virginia. In 1876 the Lee Monument Association commissioned the adaption of a painting done by artist Adalbert Volck into a lit... | [
"mexican–american war",
"american civil war",
"battle of chancellorsville"
] |
what language do native american indians speak? | [
{
"psg_id": "5665720",
"text": "States, the documentary was broadcast in several parts on PBS. The companion book () was co-authored by MacNeil and William Cran. Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17230642",
"text": "humanity and nature, internal self-discipline, and appreciation of the present while the future is received in its own time. These are partly in response to the varied degrees of acculturation Native American individuals present. Garrett describes some possible degrees of ac... | [
"french language",
"spanish language",
"english language",
"american english"
] |
where did tennessee williams live? | [
{
"psg_id": "551676",
"text": "as the Tennessee Williams Welcome Center. Williams's literary legacy is represented by the literary agency headed by Georges Borchardt. In 1985, French author-composer Michel Berger wrote a song dedicated to Tennessee Williams, \"Quelque chose de Tennessee\" (Something of Tenn... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3230284",
"text": "and served as vice president of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a separate, Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. John Williams was the great-grandfather of Admiral Richmond P. Hobson, and the great-great-grandfather of noted playwright, Tennessee Willi... | [
"st. louis",
"columbus",
"new orleans",
"clarksdale",
"mississippi"
] |
what was king louis xiv religion? | [
{
"psg_id": "564784",
"text": "by Louis XIV of France. Intolerance remained the norm until Louis XVI, who signed the Edict of Versailles (1787), then the constitutional text of 24 December 1789, granting civilian rights to Protestants. The French Revolution then abolished state religion and confiscated all ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17409896",
"text": "Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV (Bernini) The Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV is a late sculpture designed and partially executed by the Italian artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Bernini first discussed the project while in France in the mid-1660s, but it did not start un... | [
"catholicism"
] |
what language do they in belgium? | [
{
"psg_id": "10605450",
"text": "Disagreement over the country's language policy continued. Some segments of French-speaking Wallonia were concerned that current practices could result in Belgium becoming a bilingual country, with French and Dutch being recognised as official languages everywhere. This led ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7657272",
"text": "Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\" is a... | [
"french language",
"german language",
"dutch language"
] |
who plays walter in fringe? | [
{
"psg_id": "12583521",
"text": "Walter Bishop (Fringe) Walter Harold Bishop, Ph.D. is a fictional character on the Fox television series \"Fringe\". He is portrayed by John Noble. Noble also plays Walter's counterpart in the show's parallel universe, who is referred to in the show as Walternate. Walter Bis... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12583533",
"text": "he had begun to look to Olivia like his own daughter. Thankfully, she regained consciousness, and Walter learned that the person who tried to kill her was a shape-shifting assassin from the Other Side. By now, Fringe Division is aware of the alternate universe, and just as t... | [
"john noble"
] |
where is port st lucie florida on the map? | [
{
"psg_id": "1036792",
"text": "of Port St. Lucie is the setting for \"JoJo's Bizarre Adventure\" Part 6: Stone Ocean. Port St. Lucie, Florida Port St. Lucie is a city in St. Lucie County, Florida, United States. It is the most populous municipality in the county with a population of 164,603 at the 2010 cen... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1036786",
"text": "temperatures in the 70s. The average yearly precipitation is around 53.5 in. Port St. Lucie was hit directly by Hurricane Frances (as a Category 2 hurricane) on September 4, 2004, and by Hurricane Jeanne (as a Category 3 hurricane) on September 26, 2004. On October 24, 2005 P... | [
"florida",
"united states of america",
"st. lucie county"
] |
what countries are the mediterranean? | [
{
"psg_id": "13518204",
"text": "are awarded three points for a win and one for a draw. No points are awarded for a defeat. The top sides in each group will advance to the semi-finals. \"All times local : CET (UTC+1)\" Football at the 1997 Mediterranean Games The 1997 Mediterranean Games football tournament... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13011022",
"text": "partner countries and improve the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership's visibility. With the purpose of guaranteeing the co-ownership of the Union for the Mediterranean, the Heads of State and Government decided in Paris that two countries, one from the EU and one from the Medite... | [
"italy",
"spain",
"france"
] |
who juan ponce de leon? | [
{
"psg_id": "9862007",
"text": "Ponce de Leon Avenue Ponce de Leon Avenue ( ), often simply called Ponce, provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia. It was named for Ponce de Leon Springs, in turn from explorer Juan Ponce de León, but is not pronounced as in Spanish. S... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15229000",
"text": "Ponce de Leon Springs (Atlanta) Ponce de Leon Springs were natural springs located on the site of Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) in Atlanta, where Ponce de Leon Avenue crosses the BeltLine, and where the Old Fourth Ward, Virginia Highlan... | [
"explorer"
] |
in what years did the new york yankees win the world series? | [
{
"psg_id": "8998685",
"text": "Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award. The Yankees finished first for the third consecutive year, and faced the Giants again in the 1923 World Series. Giants outfielder Casey Stengel hit game-winning home runs in two of the first three games of the World Series, but Ruth's three h... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8998748",
"text": "Award voting and Rivera posted an 8–3 record and 2.09 ERA as the club won a division title. New York reached the 1996 World Series, where they lost the first two games at home to the Atlanta Braves by a combined score of 16–1. But New York won three straight contests in Atlan... | [
"1941 world series",
"1939 world series",
"1932 world series",
"1928 world series",
"1936 world series",
"1923 world series",
"1927 world series",
"1937 world series",
"1938 world series",
"1943 world series"
] |
what state is toronto in? | [
{
"psg_id": "7671545",
"text": "CFB Toronto Canadian Forces Base Toronto (also CFB Toronto) is a former Canadian Forces base in Toronto, Ontario. The airfield is currently operated as Toronto/Downsview Airport. The Downsview Lands were part of an extensive land parcel acquired by the British Crown in 1787 f... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11248075",
"text": "Here Is What Is Here Is What Is is the fifth studio album by Canadian songwriter and record producer Daniel Lanois. It was first released in December 2007 as a high-quality download, and later released on CD on March 18, 2008. The album is the result of the same project that... | [
"ontario"
] |
where did the loma prieta earthquake occur? | [
{
"psg_id": "1902445",
"text": "earthquake precursor, more recent studies have cast doubt on the connection, attributing the Corralitos signals to either unrelated magnetic disturbance or, even more simply, to sensor-system malfunction. The earthquake caused severe damage in some very specific locations in ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1902422",
"text": "1989 Loma Prieta earthquake The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at local time (1989-10-18 00:04 UTC). The shock was centered in The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park approximately northeast of Santa Cruz on a section of the San Andrea... | [
"san francisco bay area"
] |
what is time zone in new orleans? | [
{
"psg_id": "2725490",
"text": "is generically called Mountain Time (MT). Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time (MST) when observing standard time, and Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) when observing daylight saving time. The term refers to how the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6377171",
"text": "New Orleans Cotton Exchange The New Orleans Cotton Exchange was established in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1871 as a centralized forum for the trade of cotton. It operated in New Orleans until closing in 1964. Occupying several buildings over its history, its final location, t... | [
"central time zone"
] |
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