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Associative Adversarial Networks
cs.LG
We propose a higher-level associative memory for learning adversarial networks. Generative adversarial network (GAN) framework has a discriminator and a generator network. The generator (G) maps white noise (z) to data samples while the discriminator (D) maps data samples to a single scalar. To do so, G learns how to m...
computer science
4,901
Variational Intrinsic Control
cs.LG
In this paper we introduce a new unsupervised reinforcement learning method for discovering the set of intrinsic options available to an agent. This set is learned by maximizing the number of different states an agent can reliably reach, as measured by the mutual information between the set of options and option termin...
computer science
4,902
Multiscale Inverse Reinforcement Learning using Diffusion Wavelets
cs.LG
This work presents a multiscale framework to solve an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) problem for continuous-time/state stochastic systems. We take advantage of a diffusion wavelet representation of the associated Markov chain to abstract the state space. This not only allows for effectively handling the large (an...
computer science
4,903
Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks for Knowledge Tracing
cs.AI
Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a task of tracing evolving knowledge state of students with respect to one or more concepts as they engage in a sequence of learning activities. One important purpose of KT is to personalize the practice sequence to help students learn knowledge concepts efficiently. However, existing methods ...
computer science
4,904
Improving Policy Gradient by Exploring Under-appreciated Rewards
cs.LG
This paper presents a novel form of policy gradient for model-free reinforcement learning (RL) with improved exploration properties. Current policy-based methods use entropy regularization to encourage undirected exploration of the reward landscape, which is ineffective in high dimensional spaces with sparse rewards. W...
computer science
4,905
C-RNN-GAN: Continuous recurrent neural networks with adversarial training
cs.AI
Generative adversarial networks have been proposed as a way of efficiently training deep generative neural networks. We propose a generative adversarial model that works on continuous sequential data, and apply it by training it on a collection of classical music. We conclude that it generates music that sounds better ...
computer science
4,906
Unit Commitment using Nearest Neighbor as a Short-Term Proxy
cs.LG
We devise the Unit Commitment Nearest Neighbor (UCNN) algorithm to be used as a proxy for quickly approximating outcomes of short-term decisions, to make tractable hierarchical long-term assessment and planning for large power systems. Experimental results on updated versions of IEEE-RTS79 and IEEE-RTS96 show high accu...
computer science
4,907
The observer-assisted method for adjusting hyper-parameters in deep learning algorithms
cs.LG
This paper presents a concept of a novel method for adjusting hyper-parameters in Deep Learning (DL) algorithms. An external agent-observer monitors a performance of a selected Deep Learning algorithm. The observer learns to model the DL algorithm using a series of random experiments. Consequently, it may be used for p...
computer science
4,908
Reinforcement Learning via Recurrent Convolutional Neural Networks
cs.LG
Deep Reinforcement Learning has enabled the learning of policies for complex tasks in partially observable environments, without explicitly learning the underlying model of the tasks. While such model-free methods achieve considerable performance, they often ignore the structure of task. We present a natural representa...
computer science
4,909
Agent-Agnostic Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
Providing Reinforcement Learning agents with expert advice can dramatically improve various aspects of learning. Prior work has developed teaching protocols that enable agents to learn efficiently in complex environments; many of these methods tailor the teacher's guidance to agents with a particular representation or ...
computer science
4,910
Near Optimal Behavior via Approximate State Abstraction
cs.LG
The combinatorial explosion that plagues planning and reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can be moderated using state abstraction. Prohibitively large task representations can be condensed such that essential information is preserved, and consequently, solutions are tractably computable. However, exact abstractions...
computer science
4,911
Vulnerability of Deep Reinforcement Learning to Policy Induction Attacks
cs.LG
Deep learning classifiers are known to be inherently vulnerable to manipulation by intentionally perturbed inputs, named adversarial examples. In this work, we establish that reinforcement learning techniques based on Deep Q-Networks (DQNs) are also vulnerable to adversarial input perturbations, and verify the transfer...
computer science
4,912
Thompson Sampling For Stochastic Bandits with Graph Feedback
cs.LG
We present a novel extension of Thompson Sampling for stochastic sequential decision problems with graph feedback, even when the graph structure itself is unknown and/or changing. We provide theoretical guarantees on the Bayesian regret of the algorithm, linking its performance to the underlying properties of the graph...
computer science
4,913
Efficient Rank Aggregation via Lehmer Codes
cs.LG
We propose a novel rank aggregation method based on converting permutations into their corresponding Lehmer codes or other subdiagonal images. Lehmer codes, also known as inversion vectors, are vector representations of permutations in which each coordinate can take values not restricted by the values of other coordina...
computer science
4,914
Similarity Preserving Representation Learning for Time Series Analysis
cs.AI
A considerable amount of machine learning algorithms take instance-feature matrices as their inputs. As such, they cannot directly analyze time series data due to its temporal nature, usually unequal lengths, and complex properties. This is a great pity since many of these algorithms are effective, robust, efficient, a...
computer science
4,915
Is Big Data Sufficient for a Reliable Detection of Non-Technical Losses?
cs.LG
Non-technical losses (NTL) occur during the distribution of electricity in power grids and include, but are not limited to, electricity theft and faulty meters. In emerging countries, they may range up to 40% of the total electricity distributed. In order to detect NTLs, machine learning methods are used that learn irr...
computer science
4,916
Efficient Multi-task Feature and Relationship Learning
cs.LG
In this paper we propose a multi-convex framework for multi-task learning that improves predictions by learning relationships both between tasks and between features. Our framework is a generalization of related methods in multi-task learning, that either learn task relationships, or feature relationships, but not both...
computer science
4,917
On the Discrepancy Between Kleinberg's Clustering Axioms and $k$-Means Clustering Algorithm Behavior
cs.LG
This paper investigates the validity of Kleinberg's axioms for clustering functions with respect to the quite popular clustering algorithm called $k$-means. While Kleinberg's axioms have been discussed heavily in the past, we concentrate here on the case predominantly relevant for $k$-means algorithm, that is behavior ...
computer science
4,918
A Spacetime Approach to Generalized Cognitive Reasoning in Multi-scale Learning
cs.AI
In modern machine learning, pattern recognition replaces realtime semantic reasoning. The mapping from input to output is learned with fixed semantics by training outcomes deliberately. This is an expensive and static approach which depends heavily on the availability of a very particular kind of prior raining data to ...
computer science
4,919
Linear Time Computation of Moments in Sum-Product Networks
cs.LG
Bayesian online algorithms for Sum-Product Networks (SPNs) need to update their posterior distribution after seeing one single additional instance. To do so, they must compute moments of the model parameters under this distribution. The best existing method for computing such moments scales quadratically in the size of...
computer science
4,920
Beating the World's Best at Super Smash Bros. with Deep Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
There has been a recent explosion in the capabilities of game-playing artificial intelligence. Many classes of RL tasks, from Atari games to motor control to board games, are now solvable by fairly generic algorithms, based on deep learning, that learn to play from experience with minimal knowledge of the specific doma...
computer science
4,921
Sample Efficient Policy Search for Optimal Stopping Domains
cs.AI
Optimal stopping problems consider the question of deciding when to stop an observation-generating process in order to maximize a return. We examine the problem of simultaneously learning and planning in such domains, when data is collected directly from the environment. We propose GFSE, a simple and flexible model-fre...
computer science
4,922
Causal Inference by Stochastic Complexity
cs.LG
The algorithmic Markov condition states that the most likely causal direction between two random variables X and Y can be identified as that direction with the lowest Kolmogorov complexity. Due to the halting problem, however, this notion is not computable. We hence propose to do causal inference by stochastic comple...
computer science
4,923
Criticality & Deep Learning I: Generally Weighted Nets
cs.AI
Motivated by the idea that criticality and universality of phase transitions might play a crucial role in achieving and sustaining learning and intelligent behaviour in biological and artificial networks, we analyse a theoretical and a pragmatic experimental set up for critical phenomena in deep learning. On the theore...
computer science
4,924
Reinforcement Learning with Deep Energy-Based Policies
cs.LG
We propose a method for learning expressive energy-based policies for continuous states and actions, which has been feasible only in tabular domains before. We apply our method to learning maximum entropy policies, resulting into a new algorithm, called soft Q-learning, that expresses the optimal policy via a Boltzmann...
computer science
4,925
PMLB: A Large Benchmark Suite for Machine Learning Evaluation and Comparison
cs.LG
The selection, development, or comparison of machine learning methods in data mining can be a difficult task based on the target problem and goals of a particular study. Numerous publicly available real-world and simulated benchmark datasets have emerged from different sources, but their organization and adoption as st...
computer science
4,926
A Laplacian Framework for Option Discovery in Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
Representation learning and option discovery are two of the biggest challenges in reinforcement learning (RL). Proto-value functions (PVFs) are a well-known approach for representation learning in MDPs. In this paper we address the option discovery problem by showing how PVFs implicitly define options. We do it by intr...
computer science
4,927
Stochastic Separation Theorems
cs.LG
The problem of non-iterative one-shot and non-destructive correction of unavoidable mistakes arises in all Artificial Intelligence applications in the real world. Its solution requires robust separation of samples with errors from samples where the system works properly. We demonstrate that in (moderately) high dimensi...
computer science
4,928
Multi-step Reinforcement Learning: A Unifying Algorithm
cs.AI
Unifying seemingly disparate algorithmic ideas to produce better performing algorithms has been a longstanding goal in reinforcement learning. As a primary example, TD($\lambda$) elegantly unifies one-step TD prediction with Monte Carlo methods through the use of eligibility traces and the trace-decay parameter $\lambd...
computer science
4,929
Memory Enriched Big Bang Big Crunch Optimization Algorithm for Data Clustering
cs.AI
Cluster analysis plays an important role in decision making process for many knowledge-based systems. There exist a wide variety of different approaches for clustering applications including the heuristic techniques, probabilistic models, and traditional hierarchical algorithms. In this paper, a novel heuristic approac...
computer science
4,930
Combining Bayesian Approaches and Evolutionary Techniques for the Inference of Breast Cancer Networks
cs.LG
Gene and protein networks are very important to model complex large-scale systems in molecular biology. Inferring or reverseengineering such networks can be defined as the process of identifying gene/protein interactions from experimental data through computational analysis. However, this task is typically complicated ...
computer science
4,931
Learning the Probabilistic Structure of Cumulative Phenomena with Suppes-Bayes Causal Networks
cs.LG
One of the critical issues when adopting Bayesian networks (BNs) to model dependencies among random variables is to "learn" their structure, given the huge search space of possible solutions, i.e., all the possible direct acyclic graphs. This is a well-known NP-hard problem, which is also complicated by known pitfalls ...
computer science
4,932
Learning Gradient Descent: Better Generalization and Longer Horizons
cs.LG
Training deep neural networks is a highly nontrivial task, involving carefully selecting appropriate training algorithms, scheduling step sizes and tuning other hyperparameters. Trying different combinations can be quite labor-intensive and time consuming. Recently, researchers have tried to use deep learning algorithm...
computer science
4,933
Task-based End-to-end Model Learning in Stochastic Optimization
cs.LG
With the increasing popularity of machine learning techniques, it has become common to see prediction algorithms operating within some larger process. However, the criteria by which we train these algorithms often differ from the ultimate criteria on which we evaluate them. This paper proposes an end-to-end approach fo...
computer science
4,934
Particle Value Functions
cs.LG
The policy gradients of the expected return objective can react slowly to rare rewards. Yet, in some cases agents may wish to emphasize the low or high returns regardless of their probability. Borrowing from the economics and control literature, we review the risk-sensitive value function that arises from an exponentia...
computer science
4,935
Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting by Incremental Moment Matching
cs.LG
Catastrophic forgetting is a problem of neural networks that loses the information of the first task after training the second task. Here, we propose a method, i.e. incremental moment matching (IMM), to resolve this problem. IMM incrementally matches the moment of the posterior distribution of the neural network which ...
computer science
4,936
Multiagent Bidirectionally-Coordinated Nets: Emergence of Human-level Coordination in Learning to Play StarCraft Combat Games
cs.AI
Many artificial intelligence (AI) applications often require multiple intelligent agents to work in a collaborative effort. Efficient learning for intra-agent communication and coordination is an indispensable step towards general AI. In this paper, we take StarCraft combat game as a case study, where the task is to co...
computer science
4,937
Enter the Matrix: A Virtual World Approach to Safely Interruptable Autonomous Systems
cs.AI
Robots and autonomous systems that operate around humans will likely always rely on kill switches that stop their execution and allow them to be remote-controlled for the safety of humans or to prevent damage to the system. It is theoretically possible for an autonomous system with sufficient sensor and effector capabi...
computer science
4,938
Multi-Label Learning with Global and Local Label Correlation
cs.LG
It is well-known that exploiting label correlations is important to multi-label learning. Existing approaches either assume that the label correlations are global and shared by all instances; or that the label correlations are local and shared only by a data subset. In fact, in the real-world applications, both cases m...
computer science
4,939
Deep Q-learning from Demonstrations
cs.AI
Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved several high profile successes in difficult decision-making problems. However, these algorithms typically require a huge amount of data before they reach reasonable performance. In fact, their performance during learning can be extremely poor. This may be acceptable for a s...
computer science
4,940
Deep API Programmer: Learning to Program with APIs
cs.AI
We present DAPIP, a Programming-By-Example system that learns to program with APIs to perform data transformation tasks. We design a domain-specific language (DSL) that allows for arbitrary concatenations of API outputs and constant strings. The DSL consists of three family of APIs: regular expression-based APIs, looku...
computer science
4,941
Effective Warm Start for the Online Actor-Critic Reinforcement Learning based mHealth Intervention
cs.LG
Online reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly popular for the personalized mobile health (mHealth) intervention. It is able to personalize the type and dose of interventions according to user's ongoing statuses and changing needs. However, at the beginning of online learning, there are usually too few samples to s...
computer science
4,942
Investigating Recurrence and Eligibility Traces in Deep Q-Networks
cs.AI
Eligibility traces in reinforcement learning are used as a bias-variance trade-off and can often speed up training time by propagating knowledge back over time-steps in a single update. We investigate the use of eligibility traces in combination with recurrent networks in the Atari domain. We illustrate the benefits of...
computer science
4,943
Time Series Prediction for Graphs in Kernel and Dissimilarity Spaces
cs.AI
Graph models are relevant in many fields, such as distributed computing, intelligent tutoring systems or social network analysis. In many cases, such models need to take changes in the graph structure into account, i.e. a varying number of nodes or edges. Predicting such changes within graphs can be expected to yield i...
computer science
4,944
Leveraging Patient Similarity and Time Series Data in Healthcare Predictive Models
cs.AI
Patient time series classification faces challenges in high degrees of dimensionality and missingness. In light of patient similarity theory, this study explores effective temporal feature engineering and reduction, missing value imputation, and change point detection methods that can afford similarity-based classifica...
computer science
4,945
PPMF: A Patient-based Predictive Modeling Framework for Early ICU Mortality Prediction
cs.LG
To date, developing a good model for early intensive care unit (ICU) mortality prediction is still challenging. This paper presents a patient based predictive modeling framework (PPMF) to improve the performance of ICU mortality prediction using data collected during the first 48 hours of ICU admission. PPMF consists o...
computer science
4,946
Towards well-specified semi-supervised model-based classifiers via structural adaptation
cs.LG
Semi-supervised learning plays an important role in large-scale machine learning. Properly using additional unlabeled data (largely available nowadays) often can improve the machine learning accuracy. However, if the machine learning model is misspecified for the underlying true data distribution, the model performance...
computer science
4,947
Analyzing Knowledge Transfer in Deep Q-Networks for Autonomously Handling Multiple Intersections
cs.LG
We analyze how the knowledge to autonomously handle one type of intersection, represented as a Deep Q-Network, translates to other types of intersections (tasks). We view intersection handling as a deep reinforcement learning problem, which approximates the state action Q function as a deep neural network. Using a traf...
computer science
4,948
Lifelong Metric Learning
cs.LG
The state-of-the-art online learning approaches are only capable of learning the metric for predefined tasks. In this paper, we consider lifelong learning problem to mimic "human learning", i.e., endowing a new capability to the learned metric for a new task from new online samples and incorporating previous experience...
computer science
4,949
Metacontrol for Adaptive Imagination-Based Optimization
cs.LG
Many machine learning systems are built to solve the hardest examples of a particular task, which often makes them large and expensive to run---especially with respect to the easier examples, which might require much less computation. For an agent with a limited computational budget, this "one-size-fits-all" approach m...
computer science
4,950
A First Empirical Study of Emphatic Temporal Difference Learning
cs.AI
In this paper we present the first empirical study of the emphatic temporal-difference learning algorithm (ETD), comparing it with conventional temporal-difference learning, in particular, with linear TD(0), on on-policy and off-policy variations of the Mountain Car problem. The initial motivation for developing ETD wa...
computer science
4,951
Repeated Inverse Reinforcement Learning
cs.AI
We introduce a novel repeated Inverse Reinforcement Learning problem: the agent has to act on behalf of a human in a sequence of tasks and wishes to minimize the number of tasks that it surprises the human by acting suboptimally with respect to how the human would have acted. Each time the human is surprised, the agent...
computer science
4,952
Evolving Ensemble Fuzzy Classifier
cs.LG
The concept of ensemble learning offers a promising avenue in learning from data streams under complex environments because it addresses the bias and variance dilemma better than its single model counterpart and features a reconfigurable structure, which is well suited to the given context. While various extensions of ...
computer science
4,953
Online learnability of Statistical Relational Learning in anomaly detection
cs.LG
Statistical Relational Learning (SRL) methods for anomaly detection are introduced via a security-related application. Operational requirements for online learning stability are outlined and compared to mathematical definitions as applied to the learning process of a representative SRL method - Bayesian Logic Programs ...
computer science
4,954
Feature Control as Intrinsic Motivation for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
The problem of sparse rewards is one of the hardest challenges in contemporary reinforcement learning. Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) tackles this problem by using a set of temporally-extended actions, or options, each of which has its own subgoal. These subgoals are normally handcrafted for specific tasks. ...
computer science
4,955
Learning to Factor Policies and Action-Value Functions: Factored Action Space Representations for Deep Reinforcement learning
cs.LG
Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) methods have performed well in an increasing numbering of high-dimensional visual decision making domains. Among all such visual decision making problems, those with discrete action spaces often tend to have underlying compositional structure in the said action space. Such action space...
computer science
4,956
Learning to Mix n-Step Returns: Generalizing lambda-Returns for Deep Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
Reinforcement Learning (RL) can model complex behavior policies for goal-directed sequential decision making tasks. A hallmark of RL algorithms is Temporal Difference (TD) learning: value function for the current state is moved towards a bootstrapped target that is estimated using next state's value function. $\lambda$...
computer science
4,957
Selective Classification for Deep Neural Networks
cs.LG
Selective classification techniques (also known as reject option) have not yet been considered in the context of deep neural networks (DNNs). These techniques can potentially significantly improve DNNs prediction performance by trading-off coverage. In this paper we propose a method to construct a selective classifier ...
computer science
4,958
Principled Hybrids of Generative and Discriminative Domain Adaptation
cs.LG
We propose a probabilistic framework for domain adaptation that blends both generative and discriminative modeling in a principled way. Under this framework, generative and discriminative models correspond to specific choices of the prior over parameters. This provides us a very general way to interpolate between gener...
computer science
4,959
Human Trajectory Prediction using Spatially aware Deep Attention Models
cs.LG
Trajectory Prediction of dynamic objects is a widely studied topic in the field of artificial intelligence. Thanks to a large number of applications like predicting abnormal events, navigation system for the blind, etc. there have been many approaches to attempt learning patterns of motion directly from data using a wi...
computer science
4,960
Taste or Addiction?: Using Play Logs to Infer Song Selection Motivation
cs.AI
Online music services are increasing in popularity. They enable us to analyze people's music listening behavior based on play logs. Although it is known that people listen to music based on topic (e.g., rock or jazz), we assume that when a user is addicted to an artist, s/he chooses the artist's songs regardless of top...
computer science
4,961
Good Semi-supervised Learning that Requires a Bad GAN
cs.LG
Semi-supervised learning methods based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) obtained strong empirical results, but it is not clear 1) how the discriminator benefits from joint training with a generator, and 2) why good semi-supervised classification performance and a good generator cannot be obtained at the same t...
computer science
4,962
Bayesian Unification of Gradient and Bandit-based Learning for Accelerated Global Optimisation
cs.AI
Bandit based optimisation has a remarkable advantage over gradient based approaches due to their global perspective, which eliminates the danger of getting stuck at local optima. However, for continuous optimisation problems or problems with a large number of actions, bandit based approaches can be hindered by slow lea...
computer science
4,963
Deep Learning for Ontology Reasoning
cs.AI
In this work, we present a novel approach to ontology reasoning that is based on deep learning rather than logic-based formal reasoning. To this end, we introduce a new model for statistical relational learning that is built upon deep recursive neural networks, and give experimental evidence that it can easily compete ...
computer science
4,964
Multi-Labelled Value Networks for Computer Go
cs.AI
This paper proposes a new approach to a novel value network architecture for the game Go, called a multi-labelled (ML) value network. In the ML value network, different values (win rates) are trained simultaneously for different settings of komi, a compensation given to balance the initiative of playing first. The ML v...
computer science
4,965
Knowledge Base Completion: Baselines Strike Back
cs.LG
Many papers have been published on the knowledge base completion task in the past few years. Most of these introduce novel architectures for relation learning that are evaluated on standard datasets such as FB15k and WN18. This paper shows that the accuracy of almost all models published on the FB15k can be outperforme...
computer science
4,966
Semi-Supervised Learning for Detecting Human Trafficking
cs.LG
Human trafficking is one of the most atrocious crimes and among the challenging problems facing law enforcement which demands attention of global magnitude. In this study, we leverage textual data from the website "Backpage"- used for classified advertisement- to discern potential patterns of human trafficking activiti...
computer science
4,967
Generalized Value Iteration Networks: Life Beyond Lattices
cs.LG
In this paper, we introduce a generalized value iteration network (GVIN), which is an end-to-end neural network planning module. GVIN emulates the value iteration algorithm by using a novel graph convolution operator, which enables GVIN to learn and plan on irregular spatial graphs. We propose three novel differentiabl...
computer science
4,968
Setting Players' Behaviors in World of Warcraft through Semi-Supervised Learning
cs.AI
Digital games are one of the major and most important fields on the entertainment domain, which also involves cinema and music. Numerous attempts have been done to improve the quality of the games including more realistic artistic production and computer science. Assessing the player's behavior, a task known as player ...
computer science
4,969
ACCNet: Actor-Coordinator-Critic Net for "Learning-to-Communicate" with Deep Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
cs.AI
Communication is a critical factor for the big multi-agent world to stay organized and productive. Typically, most previous multi-agent "learning-to-communicate" studies try to predefine the communication protocols or use technologies such as tabular reinforcement learning and evolutionary algorithm, which can not gene...
computer science
4,970
Target Curricula via Selection of Minimum Feature Sets: a Case Study in Boolean Networks
cs.AI
We consider the effect of introducing a curriculum of targets when training Boolean models on supervised Multi Label Classification (MLC) problems. In particular, we consider how to order targets in the absence of prior knowledge, and how such a curriculum may be enforced when using meta-heuristics to train discrete no...
computer science
4,971
Device Placement Optimization with Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
The past few years have witnessed a growth in size and computational requirements for training and inference with neural networks. Currently, a common approach to address these requirements is to use a heterogeneous distributed environment with a mixture of hardware devices such as CPUs and GPUs. Importantly, the decis...
computer science
4,972
Zero-Shot Task Generalization with Multi-Task Deep Reinforcement Learning
cs.AI
As a step towards developing zero-shot task generalization capabilities in reinforcement learning (RL), we introduce a new RL problem where the agent should learn to execute sequences of instructions after learning useful skills that solve subtasks. In this problem, we consider two types of generalizations: to previous...
computer science
4,973
Structured Best Arm Identification with Fixed Confidence
cs.LG
We study the problem of identifying the best action among a set of possible options when the value of each action is given by a mapping from a number of noisy micro-observables in the so-called fixed confidence setting. Our main motivation is the application to the minimax game search, which has been a major topic of i...
computer science
4,974
Learning Hierarchical Information Flow with Recurrent Neural Modules
cs.LG
We propose ThalNet, a deep learning model inspired by neocortical communication via the thalamus. Our model consists of recurrent neural modules that send features through a routing center, endowing the modules with the flexibility to share features over multiple time steps. We show that our model learns to route infor...
computer science
4,975
VAIN: Attentional Multi-agent Predictive Modeling
cs.LG
Multi-agent predictive modeling is an essential step for understanding physical, social and team-play systems. Recently, Interaction Networks (INs) were proposed for the task of modeling multi-agent physical systems, INs scale with the number of interactions in the system (typically quadratic or higher order in the num...
computer science
4,976
Policy Gradient Methods for Reinforcement Learning with Function Approximation and Action-Dependent Baselines
cs.AI
We show how an action-dependent baseline can be used by the policy gradient theorem using function approximation, originally presented with action-independent baselines by (Sutton et al. 2000).
computer science
4,977
Gradient Episodic Memory for Continual Learning
cs.LG
One major obstacle towards AI is the poor ability of models to solve new problems quicker, and without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. To better understand this issue, we study the problem of continual learning, where the model observes, once and one by one, examples concerning a sequence of tasks. First, we ...
computer science
4,978
Providing Effective Real-time Feedback in Simulation-based Surgical Training
cs.AI
Virtual reality simulation is becoming popular as a training platform in surgical education. However, one important aspect of simulation-based surgical training that has not received much attention is the provision of automated real-time performance feedback to support the learning process. Performance feedback is acti...
computer science
4,979
Bridging the Gap between Probabilistic and Deterministic Models: A Simulation Study on a Variational Bayes Predictive Coding Recurrent Neural Network Model
cs.AI
The current paper proposes a novel variational Bayes predictive coding RNN model, which can learn to generate fluctuated temporal patterns from exemplars. The model learns to maximize the lower bound of the weighted sum of the regularization and reconstruction error terms. We examined how this weighting can affect deve...
computer science
4,980
Teacher-Student Curriculum Learning
cs.LG
We propose Teacher-Student Curriculum Learning (TSCL), a framework for automatic curriculum learning, where the Student tries to learn a complex task and the Teacher automatically chooses subtasks from a given set for the Student to train on. We describe a family of Teacher algorithms that rely on the intuition that th...
computer science
4,981
Unsupervised Submodular Rank Aggregation on Score-based Permutations
cs.LG
Unsupervised rank aggregation on score-based permutations, which is widely used in many applications, has not been deeply explored yet. This work studies the use of submodular optimization for rank aggregation on score-based permutations in an unsupervised way. Specifically, we propose an unsupervised approach based on...
computer science
4,982
Towards an automated method based on Iterated Local Search optimization for tuning the parameters of Support Vector Machines
cs.AI
We provide preliminary details and formulation of an optimization strategy under current development that is able to automatically tune the parameters of a Support Vector Machine over new datasets. The optimization strategy is a heuristic based on Iterated Local Search, a modification of classic hill climbing which ite...
computer science
4,983
Similarity Search Over Graphs Using Localized Spectral Analysis
cs.AI
This paper provides a new similarity detection algorithm. Given an input set of multi-dimensional data points, where each data point is assumed to be multi-dimensional, and an additional reference data point for similarity finding, the algorithm uses kernel method that embeds the data points into a low dimensional mani...
computer science
4,984
Value Prediction Network
cs.AI
This paper proposes a novel deep reinforcement learning (RL) architecture, called Value Prediction Network (VPN), which integrates model-free and model-based RL methods into a single neural network. In contrast to typical model-based RL methods, VPN learns a dynamics model whose abstract states are trained to make opti...
computer science
4,985
A Brief Study of In-Domain Transfer and Learning from Fewer Samples using A Few Simple Priors
cs.AI
Domain knowledge can often be encoded in the structure of a network, such as convolutional layers for vision, which has been shown to increase generalization and decrease sample complexity, or the number of samples required for successful learning. In this study, we ask whether sample complexity can be reduced for syst...
computer science
4,986
Normalized Gradient with Adaptive Stepsize Method for Deep Neural Network Training
cs.LG
In this paper, we propose a generic and simple algorithmic framework for first order optimization. The framework essentially contains two consecutive steps in each iteration: 1) computing and normalizing the mini-batch stochastic gradient; 2) selecting adaptive step size to update the decision variable (parameter) towa...
computer science
4,987
Efficient Architecture Search by Network Transformation
cs.LG
Techniques for automatically designing deep neural network architectures such as reinforcement learning based approaches have recently shown promising results. However, their success is based on vast computational resources (e.g. hundreds of GPUs), making them difficult to be widely used. A noticeable limitation is tha...
computer science
4,988
TensorLog: Deep Learning Meets Probabilistic DBs
cs.AI
We present an implementation of a probabilistic first-order logic called TensorLog, in which classes of logical queries are compiled into differentiable functions in a neural-network infrastructure such as Tensorflow or Theano. This leads to a close integration of probabilistic logical reasoning with deep-learning infr...
computer science
4,989
RAIL: Risk-Averse Imitation Learning
cs.LG
Imitation learning algorithms learn viable policies by imitating an expert's behavior when reward signals are not available. Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL) is a state-of-the-art algorithm for learning policies when the expert's behavior is available as a fixed set of trajectories. We evaluate in terms...
computer science
4,990
Likelihood Estimation for Generative Adversarial Networks
cs.LG
We present a simple method for assessing the quality of generated images in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). The method can be applied in any kind of GAN without interfering with the learning procedure or affecting the learning objective. The central idea is to define a likelihood function that correlates with t...
computer science
4,991
A Survey on Multi-Task Learning
cs.LG
Multi-Task Learning (MTL) is a learning paradigm in machine learning and its aim is to leverage useful information contained in multiple related tasks to help improve the generalization performance of all the tasks. In this paper, we give a survey for MTL. First, we classify different MTL algorithms into several catego...
computer science
4,992
Identification of Probabilities
cs.LG
Within psychology, neuroscience and artificial intelligence, there has been increasing interest in the proposal that the brain builds probabilistic models of sensory and linguistic input: that is, to infer a probabilistic model from a sample. The practical problems of such inference are substantial: the brain has limit...
computer science
4,993
Intrinsically Motivated Goal Exploration Processes with Automatic Curriculum Learning
cs.AI
Intrinsically motivated spontaneous exploration is a key enabler of autonomous lifelong learning in human children. It allows them to discover and acquire large repertoires of skills through self-generation, self-selection, self-ordering and self-experimentation of learning goals. We present the unsupervised multi-goal...
computer science
4,994
Distance and Similarity Measures Effect on the Performance of K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier - A Review
cs.LG
The K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier is one of the simplest and most common classifiers, yet its performance competes with the most complex classifiers in the literature. The core of this classifier depends mainly on measuring the distance or similarity between the tested example and the training examples. This rais...
computer science
4,995
StarCraft II: A New Challenge for Reinforcement Learning
cs.LG
This paper introduces SC2LE (StarCraft II Learning Environment), a reinforcement learning environment based on the StarCraft II game. This domain poses a new grand challenge for reinforcement learning, representing a more difficult class of problems than considered in most prior work. It is a multi-agent problem with m...
computer science
4,996
Induction of Decision Trees based on Generalized Graph Queries
cs.LG
Usually, decision tree induction algorithms are limited to work with non relational data. Given a record, they do not take into account other objects attributes even though they can provide valuable information for the learning task. In this paper we present GGQ-ID3, a multi-relational decision tree learning algorithm ...
computer science
4,997
Reinforcement Learning in POMDPs with Memoryless Options and Option-Observation Initiation Sets
cs.AI
Many real-world reinforcement learning problems have a hierarchical nature, and often exhibit some degree of partial observability. While hierarchy and partial observability are usually tackled separately (for instance by combining recurrent neural networks and options), we show that addressing both problems simultaneo...
computer science
4,998
Anytime Neural Network: a Versatile Trade-off Between Computation and Accuracy
cs.LG
Anytime predictors first produce crude results quickly, and then continuously refine them until the test-time computational budget is depleted. Such predictors are used in real-time vision systems and streaming-data processing to efficiently utilize varying test-time budgets, and to reduce average prediction cost via e...
computer science
4,999
On Relaxing Determinism in Arithmetic Circuits
cs.AI
The past decade has seen a significant interest in learning tractable probabilistic representations. Arithmetic circuits (ACs) were among the first proposed tractable representations, with some subsequent representations being instances of ACs with weaker or stronger properties. In this paper, we provide a formal basis...
computer science