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8,000
Fixing Weight Decay Regularization in Adam
cs.LG
L$_2$ regularization and weight decay regularization are equivalent for standard stochastic gradient descent (when rescaled by the learning rate), but as we demonstrate this is \emph{not} the case for adaptive gradient algorithms, such as Adam. While common deep learning frameworks of these algorithms implement L$_2$ r...
computer science
8,001
Chipmunk: A Systolically Scalable 0.9 mm${}^2$, 3.08 Gop/s/mW @ 1.2 mW Accelerator for Near-Sensor Recurrent Neural Network Inference
cs.DC
Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are state-of-the-art in voice awareness/understanding and speech recognition. On-device computation of RNNs on low-power mobile and wearable devices would be key to applications such as zero-latency voice-based human-machine interfaces. Here we present Chipmunk, a small (<1 mm${}^2$) ha...
computer science
8,002
Exploring Speech Enhancement with Generative Adversarial Networks for Robust Speech Recognition
cs.SD
We investigate the effectiveness of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for speech enhancement, in the context of improving noise robustness of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Prior work demonstrates that GANs can effectively suppress additive noise in raw waveform speech signals, improving perceptual qu...
computer science
8,003
Classification of postoperative surgical site infections from blood measurements with missing data using recurrent neural networks
cs.NE
Clinical measurements that can be represented as time series constitute an important fraction of the electronic health records and are often both uncertain and incomplete. Recurrent neural networks are a special class of neural networks that are particularly suitable to process time series data but, in their original f...
computer science
8,004
An Elementary Analysis of the Probability That a Binomial Random Variable Exceeds Its Expectation
math.PR
We give an elementary proof of the fact that a binomial random variable $X$ with parameters $n$ and $0.29/n \le p < 1$ with probability at least $1/4$ strictly exceeds its expectation. We also show that for $1/n \le p < 1 - 1/n$, $X$ exceeds its expectation by more than one with probability at least $0.0370$. Both prob...
computer science
8,005
Mitigating Asymmetric Nonlinear Weight Update Effects in Hardware Neural Network based on Analog Resistive Synapse
cs.LG
Asymmetric nonlinear weight update is considered as one of the major obstacles for realizing hardware neural networks based on analog resistive synapses because it significantly compromises the online training capability. This paper provides new solutions to this critical issue through co-optimization with the hardware...
computer science
8,006
Dendritic error backpropagation in deep cortical microcircuits
cs.LG
Animal behaviour depends on learning to associate sensory stimuli with the desired motor command. Understanding how the brain orchestrates the necessary synaptic modifications across different brain areas has remained a longstanding puzzle. Here, we introduce a multi-area neuronal network model in which synaptic plasti...
computer science
8,007
Bridging the Gap Between Neural Networks and Neuromorphic Hardware with A Neural Network Compiler
cs.NE
Different from developing neural networks (NNs) for general-purpose processors, the development for NN chips usually faces with some hardware-specific restrictions, such as limited precision of network signals and parameters, constrained computation scale, and limited types of non-linear functions. This paper propose...
computer science
8,008
An Implementation of Back-Propagation Learning on GF11, a Large SIMD Parallel Computer
cs.LG
Current connectionist simulations require huge computational resources. We describe a neural network simulator for the IBM GF11, an experimental SIMD machine with 566 processors and a peak arithmetic performance of 11 Gigaflops. We present our parallel implementation of the backpropagation learning algorithm, technique...
computer science
8,009
Mobile Machine Learning Hardware at ARM: A Systems-on-Chip (SoC) Perspective
cs.LG
Machine learning is playing an increasingly significant role in emerging mobile application domains such as AR/VR, ADAS, etc. Accordingly, hardware architects have designed customized hardware for machine learning algorithms, especially neural networks, to improve compute efficiency. However, machine learning is typica...
computer science
8,010
CMSIS-NN: Efficient Neural Network Kernels for Arm Cortex-M CPUs
cs.NE
Deep Neural Networks are becoming increasingly popular in always-on IoT edge devices performing data analytics right at the source, reducing latency as well as energy consumption for data communication. This paper presents CMSIS-NN, efficient kernels developed to maximize the performance and minimize the memory footpri...
computer science
8,011
Mixed Precision Training of Convolutional Neural Networks using Integer Operations
cs.NE
The state-of-the-art (SOTA) for mixed precision training is dominated by variants of low precision floating point operations, and in particular, FP16 accumulating into FP32 Micikevicius et al. (2017). On the other hand, while a lot of research has also happened in the domain of low and mixed-precision Integer training,...
computer science
8,012
Biological Mechanisms for Learning: A Computational Model of Olfactory Learning in the Manduca sexta Moth, with Applications to Neural Nets
cs.LG
The insect olfactory system, which includes the antennal lobe (AL), mushroom body (MB), and ancillary structures, is a relatively simple neural system capable of learning. Its structural features, which are widespread in biological neural systems, process olfactory stimuli through a cascade of networks where large dime...
computer science
8,013
ThUnderVolt: Enabling Aggressive Voltage Underscaling and Timing Error Resilience for Energy Efficient Deep Neural Network Accelerators
cs.NE
Hardware accelerators are being increasingly deployed to boost the performance and energy efficiency of deep neural network (DNN) inference. In this paper we propose Thundervolt, a new framework that enables aggressive voltage underscaling of high-performance DNN accelerators without compromising classification accurac...
computer science
8,014
Three levels of neural reuse through the dynamical lens: structural network, autonomous dynamics and transient dynamics
cs.NE
The brain in conjunction with the body is able to adapt to new environments and perform multiple behaviors through reuse of neural resources and transfer of existing behavioral traits. Although mechanisms that underlie this ability are not well known, they are largely attributed to neuromodulation. In this work, we dem...
computer science
8,015
Deep Learning for Decoding of Linear Codes - A Syndrome-Based Approach
cs.IT
We present a novel framework for applying deep neural networks (DNN) to soft decoding of linear codes at arbitrary block lengths. Unlike other approaches, our framework allows unconstrained DNN design, enabling the free application of powerful designs that were developed in other contexts. Our method is robust to overf...
computer science
8,016
Exploring Hidden Dimensions in Parallelizing Convolutional Neural Networks
cs.LG
The past few years have witnessed growth in the size and computational requirements for training deep convolutional neural networks. Current approaches parallelize the training process onto multiple devices by applying a single parallelization strategy (e.g., data or model parallelism) to all layers in a network. Altho...
computer science
8,017
Convolutional Neural Networks over Control Flow Graphs for Software Defect Prediction
cs.SE
Existing defects in software components is unavoidable and leads to not only a waste of time and money but also many serious consequences. To build predictive models, previous studies focus on manually extracting features or using tree representations of programs, and exploiting different machine learning algorithms. H...
computer science
8,018
Putting a bug in ML: The moth olfactory network learns to read MNIST
cs.LG
We seek to (i) characterize the learning architectures exploited in biological neural networks for training on very few samples, and (ii) port these algorithmic structures to a machine learning context. The Moth Olfactory Network is among the simplest biological neural systems that can learn, and its architecture inclu...
computer science
8,019
The Mechanics of n-Player Differentiable Games
cs.LG
The cornerstone underpinning deep learning is the guarantee that gradient descent on an objective converges to local minima. Unfortunately, this guarantee fails in settings, such as generative adversarial nets, where there are multiple interacting losses. The behavior of gradient-based methods in games is not well unde...
computer science
8,020
Behavioral Learning of Aircraft Landing Sequencing Using a Society of Probabilistic Finite State Machines
cs.NE
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a complex safety critical environment. A tower controller would be making many decisions in real-time to sequence aircraft. While some optimization tools exist to help the controller in some airports, even in these situations, the real sequence of the aircraft adopted by the controller is s...
computer science
8,021
A multi-instance deep neural network classifier: application to Higgs boson CP measurement
cs.LG
We investigate properties of a classifier applied to the measurements of the CP state of the Higgs boson in $H\rightarrow\tau\tau$ decays. The problem is framed as binary classifier applied to individual instances. Then the prior knowledge that the instances belong to the same class is used to define the multi-instance...
computer science
8,022
Artificial neural network based modelling approach for municipal solid waste gasification in a fluidized bed reactor
cs.LG
In this paper, multi-layer feed forward neural networks are used to predict the lower heating value of gas (LHV), lower heating value of gasification products including tars and entrained char (LHVp) and syngas yield during gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) during gasification in a fluidized bed reactor. Thes...
computer science
8,023
Technical Note: Bias and the Quantification of Stability
cs.LG
Research on bias in machine learning algorithms has generally been concerned with the impact of bias on predictive accuracy. We believe that there are other factors that should also play a role in the evaluation of bias. One such factor is the stability of the algorithm; in other words, the repeatability of the results...
computer science
8,024
A Theory of Cross-Validation Error
cs.LG
This paper presents a theory of error in cross-validation testing of algorithms for predicting real-valued attributes. The theory justifies the claim that predicting real-valued attributes requires balancing the conflicting demands of simplicity and accuracy. Furthermore, the theory indicates precisely how these confli...
computer science
8,025
Theoretical Analyses of Cross-Validation Error and Voting in Instance-Based Learning
cs.LG
This paper begins with a general theory of error in cross-validation testing of algorithms for supervised learning from examples. It is assumed that the examples are described by attribute-value pairs, where the values are symbolic. Cross-validation requires a set of training examples and a set of testing examples. The...
computer science
8,026
Types of Cost in Inductive Concept Learning
cs.LG
Inductive concept learning is the task of learning to assign cases to a discrete set of classes. In real-world applications of concept learning, there are many different types of cost involved. The majority of the machine learning literature ignores all types of cost (unless accuracy is interpreted as a type of cost me...
computer science
8,027
Exploiting Context When Learning to Classify
cs.LG
This paper addresses the problem of classifying observations when features are context-sensitive, specifically when the testing set involves a context that is different from the training set. The paper begins with a precise definition of the problem, then general strategies are presented for enhancing the performance o...
computer science
8,028
The Management of Context-Sensitive Features: A Review of Strategies
cs.LG
In this paper, we review five heuristic strategies for handling context-sensitive features in supervised machine learning from examples. We discuss two methods for recovering lost (implicit) contextual information. We mention some evidence that hybrid strategies can have a synergetic effect. We then show how the work o...
computer science
8,029
The Identification of Context-Sensitive Features: A Formal Definition of Context for Concept Learning
cs.LG
A large body of research in machine learning is concerned with supervised learning from examples. The examples are typically represented as vectors in a multi-dimensional feature space (also known as attribute-value descriptions). A teacher partitions a set of training examples into a finite number of classes. The task...
computer science
8,030
Robust Classification with Context-Sensitive Features
cs.LG
This paper addresses the problem of classifying observations when features are context-sensitive, especially when the testing set involves a context that is different from the training set. The paper begins with a precise definition of the problem, then general strategies are presented for enhancing the performance of ...
computer science
8,031
Manifold Learning with Geodesic Minimal Spanning Trees
cs.CV
In the manifold learning problem one seeks to discover a smooth low dimensional surface, i.e., a manifold embedded in a higher dimensional linear vector space, based on a set of measured sample points on the surface. In this paper we consider the closely related problem of estimating the manifold's intrinsic dimension ...
computer science
8,032
A Numerical Example on the Principles of Stochastic Discrimination
cs.CV
Studies on ensemble methods for classification suffer from the difficulty of modeling the complementary strengths of the components. Kleinberg's theory of stochastic discrimination (SD) addresses this rigorously via mathematical notions of enrichment, uniformity, and projectability of an ensemble. We explain these conc...
computer science
8,033
Self-Organised Factorial Encoding of a Toroidal Manifold
cs.LG
It is shown analytically how a neural network can be used optimally to encode input data that is derived from a toroidal manifold. The case of a 2-layer network is considered, where the output is assumed to be a set of discrete neural firing events. The network objective function measures the average Euclidean error th...
computer science
8,034
A kernel method for canonical correlation analysis
cs.LG
Canonical correlation analysis is a technique to extract common features from a pair of multivariate data. In complex situations, however, it does not extract useful features because of its linearity. On the other hand, kernel method used in support vector machine is an efficient approach to improve such a linear metho...
computer science
8,035
Bayesian Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis Using Random Fields
cs.CV
We propose a novel model for nonlinear dimension reduction motivated by the probabilistic formulation of principal component analysis. Nonlinearity is achieved by specifying different transformation matrices at different locations of the latent space and smoothing the transformation using a Markov random field type pri...
computer science
8,036
Learning Graph Matching
cs.CV
As a fundamental problem in pattern recognition, graph matching has applications in a variety of fields, from computer vision to computational biology. In graph matching, patterns are modeled as graphs and pattern recognition amounts to finding a correspondence between the nodes of different graphs. Many formulations o...
computer science
8,037
Robust Near-Isometric Matching via Structured Learning of Graphical Models
cs.CV
Models for near-rigid shape matching are typically based on distance-related features, in order to infer matches that are consistent with the isometric assumption. However, real shapes from image datasets, even when expected to be related by "almost isometric" transformations, are actually subject not only to noise but...
computer science
8,038
A Theoretical Analysis of Joint Manifolds
cs.LG
The emergence of low-cost sensor architectures for diverse modalities has made it possible to deploy sensor arrays that capture a single event from a large number of vantage points and using multiple modalities. In many scenarios, these sensors acquire very high-dimensional data such as audio signals, images, and video...
computer science
8,039
On the Dual Formulation of Boosting Algorithms
cs.LG
We study boosting algorithms from a new perspective. We show that the Lagrange dual problems of AdaBoost, LogitBoost and soft-margin LPBoost with generalized hinge loss are all entropy maximization problems. By looking at the dual problems of these boosting algorithms, we show that the success of boosting algorithms ca...
computer science
8,040
Boosting through Optimization of Margin Distributions
cs.LG
Boosting has attracted much research attention in the past decade. The success of boosting algorithms may be interpreted in terms of the margin theory. Recently it has been shown that generalization error of classifiers can be obtained by explicitly taking the margin distribution of the training data into account. Most...
computer science
8,041
Information Distance in Multiples
cs.CV
Information distance is a parameter-free similarity measure based on compression, used in pattern recognition, data mining, phylogeny, clustering, and classification. The notion of information distance is extended from pairs to multiples (finite lists). We study maximal overlap, metricity, universality, minimal overlap...
computer science
8,042
Isometric Multi-Manifolds Learning
cs.LG
Isometric feature mapping (Isomap) is a promising manifold learning method. However, Isomap fails to work on data which distribute on clusters in a single manifold or manifolds. Many works have been done on extending Isomap to multi-manifolds learning. In this paper, we first proposed a new multi-manifolds learning alg...
computer science
8,043
Biogeography based Satellite Image Classification
cs.CV
Biogeography is the study of the geographical distribution of biological organisms. The mindset of the engineer is that we can learn from nature. Biogeography Based Optimization is a burgeoning nature inspired technique to find the optimal solution of the problem. Satellite image classification is an important task bec...
computer science
8,044
Gesture Recognition with a Focus on Important Actions by Using a Path Searching Method in Weighted Graph
cs.CV
This paper proposes a method of gesture recognition with a focus on important actions for distinguishing similar gestures. The method generates a partial action sequence by using optical flow images, expresses the sequence in the eigenspace, and checks the feature vector sequence by applying an optimum path-searching m...
computer science
8,045
Synthesis of supervised classification algorithm using intelligent and statistical tools
cs.CV
A fundamental task in detecting foreground objects in both static and dynamic scenes is to take the best choice of color system representation and the efficient technique for background modeling. We propose in this paper a non-parametric algorithm dedicated to segment and to detect objects in color images issued from a...
computer science
8,046
Fusion of Multiple Matchers using SVM for Offline Signature Identification
cs.CV
This paper uses Support Vector Machines (SVM) to fuse multiple classifiers for an offline signature system. From the signature images, global and local features are extracted and the signatures are verified with the help of Gaussian empirical rule, Euclidean and Mahalanobis distance based classifiers. SVM is used to fu...
computer science
8,047
Intrinsic dimension estimation of data by principal component analysis
cs.CV
Estimating intrinsic dimensionality of data is a classic problem in pattern recognition and statistics. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a powerful tool in discovering dimensionality of data sets with a linear structure; it, however, becomes ineffective when data have a nonlinear structure. In this paper, we propo...
computer science
8,048
Handwritten Bangla Basic and Compound character recognition using MLP and SVM classifier
cs.CV
A novel approach for recognition of handwritten compound Bangla characters, along with the Basic characters of Bangla alphabet, is presented here. Compared to English like Roman script, one of the major stumbling blocks in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of handwritten Bangla script is the large number of complex s...
computer science
8,049
Supervised Classification Performance of Multispectral Images
cs.LG
Nowadays government and private agencies use remote sensing imagery for a wide range of applications from military applications to farm development. The images may be a panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral or even ultraspectral of terra bytes. Remote sensing image classification is one amongst the most significan...
computer science
8,050
Facial Expression Representation and Recognition Using 2DHLDA, Gabor Wavelets, and Ensemble Learning
cs.CV
In this paper, a novel method for representation and recognition of the facial expressions in two-dimensional image sequences is presented. We apply a variation of two-dimensional heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis (2DHLDA) algorithm, as an efficient dimensionality reduction technique, to Gabor representation...
computer science
8,051
Recognizing Combinations of Facial Action Units with Different Intensity Using a Mixture of Hidden Markov Models and Neural Network
cs.CV
Facial Action Coding System consists of 44 action units (AUs) and more than 7000 combinations. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) classifier has been used successfully to recognize facial action units (AUs) and expressions due to its ability to deal with AU dynamics. However, a separate HMM is necessary for each single AU and...
computer science
8,052
Multilinear Biased Discriminant Analysis: A Novel Method for Facial Action Unit Representation
cs.CV
In this paper a novel efficient method for representation of facial action units by encoding an image sequence as a fourth-order tensor is presented. The multilinear tensor-based extension of the biased discriminant analysis (BDA) algorithm, called multilinear biased discriminant analysis (MBDA), is first proposed. The...
computer science
8,053
Extended Two-Dimensional PCA for Efficient Face Representation and Recognition
cs.CV
In this paper a novel method called Extended Two-Dimensional PCA (E2DPCA) is proposed which is an extension to the original 2DPCA. We state that the covariance matrix of 2DPCA is equivalent to the average of the main diagonal of the covariance matrix of PCA. This implies that 2DPCA eliminates some covariance informatio...
computer science
8,054
A new embedding quality assessment method for manifold learning
cs.CV
Manifold learning is a hot research topic in the field of computer science. A crucial issue with current manifold learning methods is that they lack a natural quantitative measure to assess the quality of learned embeddings, which greatly limits their applications to real-world problems. In this paper, a new embedding ...
computer science
8,055
Learning image transformations without training examples
cs.LG
The use of image transformations is essential for efficient modeling and learning of visual data. But the class of relevant transformations is large: affine transformations, projective transformations, elastic deformations, ... the list goes on. Therefore, learning these transformations, rather than hand coding them, i...
computer science
8,056
Dictionary Learning for Deblurring and Digital Zoom
cs.LG
This paper proposes a novel approach to image deblurring and digital zooming using sparse local models of image appearance. These models, where small image patches are represented as linear combinations of a few elements drawn from some large set (dictionary) of candidates, have proven well adapted to several image res...
computer science
8,057
Robust Image Analysis by L1-Norm Semi-supervised Learning
cs.CV
This paper presents a novel L1-norm semi-supervised learning algorithm for robust image analysis by giving new L1-norm formulation of Laplacian regularization which is the key step of graph-based semi-supervised learning. Since our L1-norm Laplacian regularization is defined directly over the eigenvectors of the normal...
computer science
8,058
Autonomous Cleaning of Corrupted Scanned Documents - A Generative Modeling Approach
cs.CV
We study the task of cleaning scanned text documents that are strongly corrupted by dirt such as manual line strokes, spilled ink etc. We aim at autonomously removing dirt from a single letter-size page based only on the information the page contains. Our approach, therefore, has to learn character representations with...
computer science
8,059
Learning Random Kernel Approximations for Object Recognition
cs.CV
Approximations based on random Fourier features have recently emerged as an efficient and formally consistent methodology to design large-scale kernel machines. By expressing the kernel as a Fourier expansion, features are generated based on a finite set of random basis projections, sampled from the Fourier transform o...
computer science
8,060
A New Fuzzy Stacked Generalization Technique and Analysis of its Performance
cs.LG
In this study, a new Stacked Generalization technique called Fuzzy Stacked Generalization (FSG) is proposed to minimize the difference between N -sample and large-sample classification error of the Nearest Neighbor classifier. The proposed FSG employs a new hierarchical distance learning strategy to minimize the error ...
computer science
8,061
Analysis Operator Learning and Its Application to Image Reconstruction
cs.LG
Exploiting a priori known structural information lies at the core of many image reconstruction methods that can be stated as inverse problems. The synthesis model, which assumes that images can be decomposed into a linear combination of very few atoms of some dictionary, is now a well established tool for the design of...
computer science
8,062
Brain tumor MRI image classification with feature selection and extraction using linear discriminant analysis
cs.CV
Feature extraction is a method of capturing visual content of an image. The feature extraction is the process to represent raw image in its reduced form to facilitate decision making such as pattern classification. We have tried to address the problem of classification MRI brain images by creating a robust and more acc...
computer science
8,063
A Comparative Study of Efficient Initialization Methods for the K-Means Clustering Algorithm
cs.LG
K-means is undoubtedly the most widely used partitional clustering algorithm. Unfortunately, due to its gradient descent nature, this algorithm is highly sensitive to the initial placement of the cluster centers. Numerous initialization methods have been proposed to address this problem. In this paper, we first present...
computer science
8,064
A Complete System for Candidate Polyps Detection in Virtual Colonoscopy
cs.CV
Computer tomographic colonography, combined with computer-aided detection, is a promising emerging technique for colonic polyp analysis. We present a complete pipeline for polyp detection, starting with a simple colon segmentation technique that enhances polyps, followed by an adaptive-scale candidate polyp delineation...
computer science
8,065
Learning Graphical Model Parameters with Approximate Marginal Inference
cs.LG
Likelihood based-learning of graphical models faces challenges of computational-complexity and robustness to model mis-specification. This paper studies methods that fit parameters directly to maximize a measure of the accuracy of predicted marginals, taking into account both model and inference approximations at train...
computer science
8,066
Auto-pooling: Learning to Improve Invariance of Image Features from Image Sequences
cs.CV
Learning invariant representations from images is one of the hardest challenges facing computer vision. Spatial pooling is widely used to create invariance to spatial shifting, but it is restricted to convolutional models. In this paper, we propose a novel pooling method that can learn soft clustering of features from ...
computer science
8,067
Learnable Pooling Regions for Image Classification
cs.CV
Biologically inspired, from the early HMAX model to Spatial Pyramid Matching, pooling has played an important role in visual recognition pipelines. Spatial pooling, by grouping of local codes, equips these methods with a certain degree of robustness to translation and deformation yet preserving important spatial inform...
computer science
8,068
Information Theoretic Learning with Infinitely Divisible Kernels
cs.LG
In this paper, we develop a framework for information theoretic learning based on infinitely divisible matrices. We formulate an entropy-like functional on positive definite matrices based on Renyi's axiomatic definition of entropy and examine some key properties of this functional that lead to the concept of infinite ...
computer science
8,069
Big Neural Networks Waste Capacity
cs.LG
This article exposes the failure of some big neural networks to leverage added capacity to reduce underfitting. Past research suggest diminishing returns when increasing the size of neural networks. Our experiments on ImageNet LSVRC-2010 show that this may be due to the fact there are highly diminishing returns for cap...
computer science
8,070
Regularized Discriminant Embedding for Visual Descriptor Learning
cs.CV
Images can vary according to changes in viewpoint, resolution, noise, and illumination. In this paper, we aim to learn representations for an image, which are robust to wide changes in such environmental conditions, using training pairs of matching and non-matching local image patches that are collected under various e...
computer science
8,071
Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfer
cs.CV
This work introduces a model that can recognize objects in images even if no training data is available for the objects. The only necessary knowledge about the unseen categories comes from unsupervised large text corpora. In our zero-shot framework distributional information in language can be seen as spanning a semant...
computer science
8,072
Discriminative Recurrent Sparse Auto-Encoders
cs.LG
We present the discriminative recurrent sparse auto-encoder model, comprising a recurrent encoder of rectified linear units, unrolled for a fixed number of iterations, and connected to two linear decoders that reconstruct the input and predict its supervised classification. Training via backpropagation-through-time ini...
computer science
8,073
Why Size Matters: Feature Coding as Nystrom Sampling
cs.LG
Recently, the computer vision and machine learning community has been in favor of feature extraction pipelines that rely on a coding step followed by a linear classifier, due to their overall simplicity, well understood properties of linear classifiers, and their computational efficiency. In this paper we propose a nov...
computer science
8,074
A Fast Semidefinite Approach to Solving Binary Quadratic Problems
cs.CV
Many computer vision problems can be formulated as binary quadratic programs (BQPs). Two classic relaxation methods are widely used for solving BQPs, namely, spectral methods and semidefinite programming (SDP), each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Spectral relaxation is simple and easy to implement, but it...
computer science
8,075
Kernel Reconstruction ICA for Sparse Representation
cs.CV
Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is an effective unsupervised tool to learn statistically independent representation. However, ICA is not only sensitive to whitening but also difficult to learn an over-complete basis. Consequently, ICA with soft Reconstruction cost(RICA) was presented to learn sparse representation...
computer science
8,076
Bayesian crack detection in ultra high resolution multimodal images of paintings
cs.CV
The preservation of our cultural heritage is of paramount importance. Thanks to recent developments in digital acquisition techniques, powerful image analysis algorithms are developed which can be useful non-invasive tools to assist in the restoration and preservation of art. In this paper we propose a semi-supervised ...
computer science
8,077
Deterministic Initialization of the K-Means Algorithm Using Hierarchical Clustering
cs.LG
K-means is undoubtedly the most widely used partitional clustering algorithm. Unfortunately, due to its gradient descent nature, this algorithm is highly sensitive to the initial placement of the cluster centers. Numerous initialization methods have been proposed to address this problem. Many of these methods, however,...
computer science
8,078
Discriminative Parameter Estimation for Random Walks Segmentation: Technical Report
cs.CV
The Random Walks (RW) algorithm is one of the most e - cient and easy-to-use probabilistic segmentation methods. By combining contrast terms with prior terms, it provides accurate segmentations of medical images in a fully automated manner. However, one of the main drawbacks of using the RW algorithm is that its parame...
computer science
8,079
Faster and better: a machine learning approach to corner detection
cs.CV
The repeatability and efficiency of a corner detector determines how likely it is to be useful in a real-world application. The repeatability is importand because the same scene viewed from different positions should yield features which correspond to the same real-world 3D locations [Schmid et al 2000]. The efficiency...
computer science
8,080
Median K-flats for hybrid linear modeling with many outliers
cs.CV
We describe the Median K-Flats (MKF) algorithm, a simple online method for hybrid linear modeling, i.e., for approximating data by a mixture of flats. This algorithm simultaneously partitions the data into clusters while finding their corresponding best approximating l1 d-flats, so that the cumulative l1 error is minim...
computer science
8,081
Extension of Path Probability Method to Approximate Inference over Time
cs.LG
There has been a tremendous growth in publicly available digital video footage over the past decade. This has necessitated the development of new techniques in computer vision geared towards efficient analysis, storage and retrieval of such data. Many mid-level computer vision tasks such as segmentation, object detecti...
computer science
8,082
Modelling Distributed Shape Priors by Gibbs Random Fields of Second Order
cs.CV
We analyse the potential of Gibbs Random Fields for shape prior modelling. We show that the expressive power of second order GRFs is already sufficient to express simple shapes and spatial relations between them simultaneously. This allows to model and recognise complex shapes as spatial compositions of simpler parts.
computer science
8,083
Weakly Supervised Learning of Foreground-Background Segmentation using Masked RBMs
cs.LG
We propose an extension of the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) that allows the joint shape and appearance of foreground objects in cluttered images to be modeled independently of the background. We present a learning scheme that learns this representation directly from cluttered images with only very weak supervisio...
computer science
8,084
Spatial-Aware Dictionary Learning for Hyperspectral Image Classification
cs.CV
This paper presents a structured dictionary-based model for hyperspectral data that incorporates both spectral and contextual characteristics of a spectral sample, with the goal of hyperspectral image classification. The idea is to partition the pixels of a hyperspectral image into a number of spatial neighborhoods cal...
computer science
8,085
Discriminative Parameter Estimation for Random Walks Segmentation
cs.CV
The Random Walks (RW) algorithm is one of the most e - cient and easy-to-use probabilistic segmentation methods. By combining contrast terms with prior terms, it provides accurate segmentations of medical images in a fully automated manner. However, one of the main drawbacks of using the RW algorithm is that its parame...
computer science
8,086
A kernel for time series based on global alignments
cs.CV
We propose in this paper a new family of kernels to handle times series, notably speech data, within the framework of kernel methods which includes popular algorithms such as the Support Vector Machine. These kernels elaborate on the well known Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) family of distances by considering the same set ...
computer science
8,087
Feature Selection By KDDA For SVM-Based MultiView Face Recognition
cs.CV
Applications such as face recognition that deal with high-dimensional data need a mapping technique that introduces representation of low-dimensional features with enhanced discriminatory power and a proper classifier, able to classify those complex features. Most of traditional Linear Discriminant Analysis suffer from...
computer science
8,088
Face Detection Using Adaboosted SVM-Based Component Classifier
cs.CV
Recently, Adaboost has been widely used to improve the accuracy of any given learning algorithm. In this paper we focus on designing an algorithm to employ combination of Adaboost with Support Vector Machine as weak component classifiers to be used in Face Detection Task. To obtain a set of effective SVM-weaklearner Cl...
computer science
8,089
Adaboost with "Keypoint Presence Features" for Real-Time Vehicle Visual Detection
cs.CV
We present promising results for real-time vehicle visual detection, obtained with adaBoost using new original ?keypoints presence features?. These weak-classifiers produce a boolean response based on presence or absence in the tested image of a ?keypoint? (~ a SURF interest point) with a descriptor sufficiently simila...
computer science
8,090
Introducing New AdaBoost Features for Real-Time Vehicle Detection
cs.CV
This paper shows how to improve the real-time object detection in complex robotics applications, by exploring new visual features as AdaBoost weak classifiers. These new features are symmetric Haar filters (enforcing global horizontal and vertical symmetry) and N-connexity control points. Experimental evaluation on a c...
computer science
8,091
Visual object categorization with new keypoint-based adaBoost features
cs.CV
We present promising results for visual object categorization, obtained with adaBoost using new original ?keypoints-based features?. These weak-classifiers produce a boolean response based on presence or absence in the tested image of a ?keypoint? (a kind of SURF interest point) with a descriptor sufficiently similar (...
computer science
8,092
Local and global approaches of affinity propagation clustering for large scale data
cs.LG
Recently a new clustering algorithm called 'affinity propagation' (AP) has been proposed, which efficiently clustered sparsely related data by passing messages between data points. However, we want to cluster large scale data where the similarities are not sparse in many cases. This paper presents two variants of AP fo...
computer science
8,093
Positive Semidefinite Metric Learning with Boosting
cs.CV
The learning of appropriate distance metrics is a critical problem in image classification and retrieval. In this work, we propose a boosting-based technique, termed \BoostMetric, for learning a Mahalanobis distance metric. One of the primary difficulties in learning such a metric is to ensure that the Mahalanobis matr...
computer science
8,094
An Unsupervised Algorithm For Learning Lie Group Transformations
cs.CV
We present several theoretical contributions which allow Lie groups to be fit to high dimensional datasets. Transformation operators are represented in their eigen-basis, reducing the computational complexity of parameter estimation to that of training a linear transformation model. A transformation specific "blurring"...
computer science
8,095
An Explicit Nonlinear Mapping for Manifold Learning
cs.CV
Manifold learning is a hot research topic in the field of computer science and has many applications in the real world. A main drawback of manifold learning methods is, however, that there is no explicit mappings from the input data manifold to the output embedding. This prohibits the application of manifold learning m...
computer science
8,096
SVM-based Multiview Face Recognition by Generalization of Discriminant Analysis
cs.CV
Identity verification of authentic persons by their multiview faces is a real valued problem in machine vision. Multiview faces are having difficulties due to non-linear representation in the feature space. This paper illustrates the usability of the generalization of LDA in the form of canonical covariate for face rec...
computer science
8,097
Fast Inference in Sparse Coding Algorithms with Applications to Object Recognition
cs.CV
Adaptive sparse coding methods learn a possibly overcomplete set of basis functions, such that natural image patches can be reconstructed by linearly combining a small subset of these bases. The applicability of these methods to visual object recognition tasks has been limited because of the prohibitive cost of the opt...
computer science
8,098
Local Component Analysis for Nonparametric Bayes Classifier
cs.CV
The decision boundaries of Bayes classifier are optimal because they lead to maximum probability of correct decision. It means if we knew the prior probabilities and the class-conditional densities, we could design a classifier which gives the lowest probability of error. However, in classification based on nonparametr...
computer science
8,099
Support vector machines/relevance vector machine for remote sensing classification: A review
cs.CV
Kernel-based machine learning algorithms are based on mapping data from the original input feature space to a kernel feature space of higher dimensionality to solve a linear problem in that space. Over the last decade, kernel based classification and regression approaches such as support vector machines have widely bee...
computer science