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16,702
A Generative Model of a Pronunciation Lexicon for Hindi
cs.CL
Voice browser applications in Text-to- Speech (TTS) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems crucially depend on a pronunciation lexicon. The present paper describes the model of pronunciation lexicon of Hindi developed to automatically generate the output forms of Hindi at two levels, the <phoneme> and the <PS> ...
computer science
16,703
Generating Memorable Mnemonic Encodings of Numbers
cs.CL
The major system is a mnemonic system that can be used to memorize sequences of numbers. In this work, we present a method to automatically generate sentences that encode a given number. We propose several encoding models and compare the most promising ones in a password memorability study. The results of the study sho...
computer science
16,704
Density Estimation for Geolocation via Convolutional Mixture Density Network
cs.CL
Nowadays, geographic information related to Twitter is crucially important for fine-grained applications. However, the amount of geographic information avail- able on Twitter is low, which makes the pursuit of many applications challenging. Under such circumstances, estimating the location of a tweet is an important go...
computer science
16,705
Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for Machine Comprehension
cs.CL
In this paper, we introduce the Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for machine comprehension (MC) task, which aims to answer a query about a given context document. We propose several novel mechanisms that address critical problems in MC that are not adequately solved by previous works, such as enhancing the capacity of encode...
computer science
16,706
Ontology-Aware Token Embeddings for Prepositional Phrase Attachment
cs.CL
Type-level word embeddings use the same set of parameters to represent all instances of a word regardless of its context, ignoring the inherent lexical ambiguity in language. Instead, we embed semantic concepts (or synsets) as defined in WordNet and represent a word token in a particular context by estimating a distrib...
computer science
16,707
Convolutional Sequence to Sequence Learning
cs.CL
The prevalent approach to sequence to sequence learning maps an input sequence to a variable length output sequence via recurrent neural networks. We introduce an architecture based entirely on convolutional neural networks. Compared to recurrent models, computations over all elements can be fully parallelized during t...
computer science
16,708
Does William Shakespeare REALLY Write Hamlet? Knowledge Representation Learning with Confidence
cs.CL
Knowledge graphs (KGs), which could provide essential relational information between entities, have been widely utilized in various knowledge-driven applications. Since the overall human knowledge is innumerable that still grows explosively and changes frequently, knowledge construction and update inevitably involve au...
computer science
16,709
A Systematic Review of Hindi Prosody
cs.CL
Prosody describes both form and function of a sentence using the suprasegmental features of speech. Prosody phenomena are explored in the domain of higher phonological constituents such as word, phonological phrase and intonational phrase. The study of prosody at the word level is called word prosody and above word lev...
computer science
16,710
Drug-drug Interaction Extraction via Recurrent Neural Network with Multiple Attention Layers
cs.CL
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) is a vital information when physicians and pharmacists intend to co-administer two or more drugs. Thus, several DDI databases are constructed to avoid mistakenly combined use. In recent years, automatically extracting DDIs from biomedical text has drawn researchers' attention. However, the e...
computer science
16,711
Logical Parsing from Natural Language Based on a Neural Translation Model
cs.CL
Semantic parsing has emerged as a significant and powerful paradigm for natural language interface and question answering systems. Traditional methods of building a semantic parser rely on high-quality lexicons, hand-crafted grammars and linguistic features which are limited by applied domain or representation. In this...
computer science
16,712
TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
cs.CL
We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K question-answer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for...
computer science
16,713
A Survey of Deep Learning Methods for Relation Extraction
cs.CL
Relation Extraction is an important sub-task of Information Extraction which has the potential of employing deep learning (DL) models with the creation of large datasets using distant supervision. In this review, we compare the contributions and pitfalls of the various DL models that have been used for the task, to hel...
computer science
16,714
Analysing Data-To-Text Generation Benchmarks
cs.CL
Recently, several data-sets associating data to text have been created to train data-to-text surface realisers. It is unclear however to what extent the surface realisation task exercised by these data-sets is linguistically challenging. Do these data-sets provide enough variety to encourage the development of generic,...
computer science
16,715
A Minimal Span-Based Neural Constituency Parser
cs.CL
In this work, we present a minimal neural model for constituency parsing based on independent scoring of labels and spans. We show that this model is not only compatible with classical dynamic programming techniques, but also admits a novel greedy top-down inference algorithm based on recursive partitioning of the inpu...
computer science
16,716
Learning with Noise: Enhance Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction with Dynamic Transition Matrix
cs.CL
Distant supervision significantly reduces human efforts in building training data for many classification tasks. While promising, this technique often introduces noise to the generated training data, which can severely affect the model performance. In this paper, we take a deep look at the application of distant superv...
computer science
16,717
Content-based Approach for Vietnamese Spam SMS Filtering
cs.CL
Short Message Service (SMS) spam is a serious problem in Vietnam because of the availability of very cheap pre-paid SMS packages. There are some systems to detect and filter spam messages for English, most of which use machine learning techniques to analyze the content of messages and classify them. For Vietnamese, the...
computer science
16,718
Building a Semantic Role Labelling System for Vietnamese
cs.CL
Semantic role labelling (SRL) is a task in natural language processing which detects and classifies the semantic arguments associated with the predicates of a sentence. It is an important step towards understanding the meaning of a natural language. There exists SRL systems for well-studied languages like English, Chin...
computer science
16,719
End-to-end Recurrent Neural Network Models for Vietnamese Named Entity Recognition: Word-level vs. Character-level
cs.CL
This paper demonstrates end-to-end neural network architectures for Vietnamese named entity recognition. Our best model is a combination of bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Conditional Random Field (CRF), using pre-trained word embeddings as input, which achieves an F1...
computer science
16,720
Dynamic Compositional Neural Networks over Tree Structure
cs.CL
Tree-structured neural networks have proven to be effective in learning semantic representations by exploiting syntactic information. In spite of their success, most existing models suffer from the underfitting problem: they recursively use the same shared compositional function throughout the whole compositional proce...
computer science
16,721
Sketching Word Vectors Through Hashing
cs.CL
We propose a new fast word embedding technique using hash functions. The method is a derandomization of a new type of random projections: By disregarding the classic constraint used in designing random projections (i.e., preserving pairwise distances in a particular normed space), our solution exploits extremely sparse...
computer science
16,722
A Deep Reinforced Model for Abstractive Summarization
cs.CL
Attentional, RNN-based encoder-decoder models for abstractive summarization have achieved good performance on short input and output sequences. For longer documents and summaries however these models often include repetitive and incoherent phrases. We introduce a neural network model with a novel intra-attention that a...
computer science
16,723
Reducing Bias in Production Speech Models
cs.CL
Replacing hand-engineered pipelines with end-to-end deep learning systems has enabled strong results in applications like speech and object recognition. However, the causality and latency constraints of production systems put end-to-end speech models back into the underfitting regime and expose biases in the model that...
computer science
16,724
Evaluating vector-space models of analogy
cs.CL
Vector-space representations provide geometric tools for reasoning about the similarity of a set of objects and their relationships. Recent machine learning methods for deriving vector-space embeddings of words (e.g., word2vec) have achieved considerable success in natural language processing. These vector spaces have ...
computer science
16,725
Arc-swift: A Novel Transition System for Dependency Parsing
cs.CL
Transition-based dependency parsers often need sequences of local shift and reduce operations to produce certain attachments. Correct individual decisions hence require global information about the sentence context and mistakes cause error propagation. This paper proposes a novel transition system, arc-swift, that enab...
computer science
16,726
Learning Semantic Correspondences in Technical Documentation
cs.CL
We consider the problem of translating high-level textual descriptions to formal representations in technical documentation as part of an effort to model the meaning of such documentation. We focus specifically on the problem of learning translational correspondences between text descriptions and grounded representatio...
computer science
16,727
Annotating and Modeling Empathy in Spoken Conversations
cs.CL
Empathy, as defined in behavioral sciences, expresses the ability of human beings to recognize, understand and react to emotions, attitudes and beliefs of others. The lack of an operational definition of empathy makes it difficult to measure it. In this paper, we address two related problems in automatic affective beha...
computer science
16,728
Joint Modeling of Content and Discourse Relations in Dialogues
cs.CL
We present a joint modeling approach to identify salient discussion points in spoken meetings as well as to label the discourse relations between speaker turns. A variation of our model is also discussed when discourse relations are treated as latent variables. Experimental results on two popular meeting corpora show t...
computer science
16,729
Winning on the Merits: The Joint Effects of Content and Style on Debate Outcomes
cs.CL
Debate and deliberation play essential roles in politics and government, but most models presume that debates are won mainly via superior style or agenda control. Ideally, however, debates would be won on the merits, as a function of which side has the stronger arguments. We propose a predictive model of debate that es...
computer science
16,730
Representation learning of drug and disease terms for drug repositioning
cs.CL
Drug repositioning (DR) refers to identification of novel indications for the approved drugs. The requirement of huge investment of time as well as money and risk of failure in clinical trials have led to surge in interest in drug repositioning. DR exploits two major aspects associated with drugs and diseases: existenc...
computer science
16,731
Key-Value Retrieval Networks for Task-Oriented Dialogue
cs.CL
Neural task-oriented dialogue systems often struggle to smoothly interface with a knowledge base. In this work, we seek to address this problem by proposing a new neural dialogue agent that is able to effectively sustain grounded, multi-domain discourse through a novel key-value retrieval mechanism. The model is end-to...
computer science
16,732
A Biomedical Information Extraction Primer for NLP Researchers
cs.CL
Biomedical Information Extraction is an exciting field at the crossroads of Natural Language Processing, Biology and Medicine. It encompasses a variety of different tasks that require application of state-of-the-art NLP techniques, such as NER and Relation Extraction. This paper provides an overview of the problems in ...
computer science
16,733
Subregular Complexity and Deep Learning
cs.CL
This paper argues that the judicial use of formal language theory and grammatical inference are invaluable tools in understanding how deep neural networks can and cannot represent and learn long-term dependencies in temporal sequences. Learning experiments were conducted with two types of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN...
computer science
16,734
A Novel Neural Network Model for Joint POS Tagging and Graph-based Dependency Parsing
cs.CL
We present a novel neural network model that learns POS tagging and graph-based dependency parsing jointly. Our model uses bidirectional LSTMs to learn feature representations shared for both POS tagging and dependency parsing tasks, thus handling the feature-engineering problem. Our extensive experiments, on 19 langua...
computer science
16,735
Frame Stacking and Retaining for Recurrent Neural Network Acoustic Model
cs.CL
Frame stacking is broadly applied in end-to-end neural network training like connectionist temporal classification (CTC), and it leads to more accurate models and faster decoding. However, it is not well-suited to conventional neural network based on context-dependent state acoustic model, if the decoder is unchanged. ...
computer science
16,736
Unlabeled Data for Morphological Generation With Character-Based Sequence-to-Sequence Models
cs.CL
We present a semi-supervised way of training a character-based encoder-decoder recurrent neural network for morphological reinflection, the task of generating one inflected word form from another. This is achieved by using unlabeled tokens or random strings as training data for an autoencoding task, adapting a network ...
computer science
16,737
Political Footprints: Political Discourse Analysis using Pre-Trained Word Vectors
cs.CL
In this paper, we discuss how machine learning could be used to produce a systematic and more objective political discourse analysis. Political footprints are vector space models (VSMs) applied to political discourse. Each of their vectors represents a word, and is produced by training the English lexicon on large text...
computer science
16,738
Decoding Sentiment from Distributed Representations of Sentences
cs.CL
Distributed representations of sentences have been developed recently to represent their meaning as real-valued vectors. However, it is not clear how much information such representations retain about the polarity of sentences. To study this question, we decode sentiment from unsupervised sentence representations learn...
computer science
16,739
Information Density as a Factor for Variation in the Embedding of Relative Clauses
cs.CL
In German, relative clauses can be positioned in-situ or extraposed. A potential factor for the variation might be information density. In this study, this hypothesis is tested with a corpus of 17th century German funeral sermons. For each referent in the relative clauses and their matrix clauses, the attention state w...
computer science
16,740
Universal Dependencies Parsing for Colloquial Singaporean English
cs.CL
Singlish can be interesting to the ACL community both linguistically as a major creole based on English, and computationally for information extraction and sentiment analysis of regional social media. We investigate dependency parsing of Singlish by constructing a dependency treebank under the Universal Dependencies sc...
computer science
16,741
ParlAI: A Dialog Research Software Platform
cs.CL
We introduce ParlAI (pronounced "par-lay"), an open-source software platform for dialog research implemented in Python, available at http://parl.ai. Its goal is to provide a unified framework for sharing, training and testing of dialog models, integration of Amazon Mechanical Turk for data collection, human evaluation,...
computer science
16,742
A Lightweight Regression Method to Infer Psycholinguistic Properties for Brazilian Portuguese
cs.CL
Psycholinguistic properties of words have been used in various approaches to Natural Language Processing tasks, such as text simplification and readability assessment. Most of these properties are subjective, involving costly and time-consuming surveys to be gathered. Recent approaches use the limited datasets of psych...
computer science
16,743
Spelling Correction as a Foreign Language
cs.CL
In this paper, we reformulated the spell correction problem as a machine translation task under the encoder-decoder framework. This reformulation enabled us to use a single model for solving the problem that is traditionally formulated as learning a language model and an error model. This model employs multi-layer recu...
computer science
16,744
Recurrent Additive Networks
cs.CL
We introduce recurrent additive networks (RANs), a new gated RNN which is distinguished by the use of purely additive latent state updates. At every time step, the new state is computed as a gated component-wise sum of the input and the previous state, without any of the non-linearities commonly used in RNN transition ...
computer science
16,745
W2VLDA: Almost Unsupervised System for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis
cs.CL
With the increase of online customer opinions in specialised websites and social networks, the necessity of automatic systems to help to organise and classify customer reviews by domain-specific aspect/categories and sentiment polarity is more important than ever. Supervised approaches to Aspect Based Sentiment Analysi...
computer science
16,746
Use of Knowledge Graph in Rescoring the N-Best List in Automatic Speech Recognition
cs.CL
With the evolution of neural network based methods, automatic speech recognition (ASR) field has been advanced to a level where building an application with speech interface is a reality. In spite of these advances, building a real-time speech recogniser faces several problems such as low recognition accuracy, domain c...
computer science
16,747
Latent Human Traits in the Language of Social Media: An Open-Vocabulary Approach
cs.CL
Over the past century, personality theory and research has successfully identified core sets of characteristics that consistently describe and explain fundamental differences in the way people think, feel and behave. Such characteristics were derived through theory, dictionary analyses, and survey research using explic...
computer science
16,748
Local Monotonic Attention Mechanism for End-to-End Speech and Language Processing
cs.CL
Recently, encoder-decoder neural networks have shown impressive performance on many sequence-related tasks. The architecture commonly uses an attentional mechanism which allows the model to learn alignments between the source and the target sequence. Most attentional mechanisms used today is based on a global attention...
computer science
16,749
Question-Answering with Grammatically-Interpretable Representations
cs.CL
We introduce an architecture, the Tensor Product Recurrent Network (TPRN). In our application of TPRN, internal representations learned by end-to-end optimization in a deep neural network performing a textual question-answering (QA) task can be interpreted using basic concepts from linguistic theory. No performance pen...
computer science
16,750
Deep Investigation of Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Methods
cs.CL
This paper is a deep investigation of cross-language plagiarism detection methods on a new recently introduced open dataset, which contains parallel and comparable collections of documents with multiple characteristics (different genres, languages and sizes of texts). We investigate cross-language plagiarism detection ...
computer science
16,751
Parsing with CYK over Distributed Representations: "Classical" Syntactic Parsing in the Novel Era of Neural Networks
cs.CL
Syntactic parsing is a key task in natural language processing which has been dominated by symbolic, grammar-based syntactic parsers. Neural networks, with their distributed representations, are challenging these methods. In this paper, we want to show that existing parsing algorithms can cross the border and be defi...
computer science
16,752
Joint PoS Tagging and Stemming for Agglutinative Languages
cs.CL
The number of word forms in agglutinative languages is theoretically infinite and this variety in word forms introduces sparsity in many natural language processing tasks. Part-of-speech tagging (PoS tagging) is one of these tasks that often suffers from sparsity. In this paper, we present an unsupervised Bayesian mode...
computer science
16,753
Deep Voice 2: Multi-Speaker Neural Text-to-Speech
cs.CL
We introduce a technique for augmenting neural text-to-speech (TTS) with lowdimensional trainable speaker embeddings to generate different voices from a single model. As a starting point, we show improvements over the two state-ofthe-art approaches for single-speaker neural TTS: Deep Voice 1 and Tacotron. We introduce ...
computer science
16,754
Max-Cosine Matching Based Neural Models for Recognizing Textual Entailment
cs.CL
Recognizing textual entailment is a fundamental task in a variety of text mining or natural language processing applications. This paper proposes a simple neural model for RTE problem. It first matches each word in the hypothesis with its most-similar word in the premise, producing an augmented representation of the hy...
computer science
16,755
Jointly Learning Sentence Embeddings and Syntax with Unsupervised Tree-LSTMs
cs.CL
We introduce a neural network that represents sentences by composing their words according to induced binary parse trees. We use Tree-LSTM as our composition function, applied along a tree structure found by a fully differentiable natural language chart parser. Our model simultaneously optimises both the composition fu...
computer science
16,756
Biomedical Event Trigger Identification Using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network Based Models
cs.CL
Biomedical events describe complex interactions between various biomedical entities. Event trigger is a word or a phrase which typically signifies the occurrence of an event. Event trigger identification is an important first step in all event extraction methods. However many of the current approaches either rely on co...
computer science
16,757
Detecting and Explaining Crisis
cs.CL
Individuals on social media may reveal themselves to be in various states of crisis (e.g. suicide, self-harm, abuse, or eating disorders). Detecting crisis from social media text automatically and accurately can have profound consequences. However, detecting a general state of crisis without explaining why has limited ...
computer science
16,758
Semi-Supervised Model Training for Unbounded Conversational Speech Recognition
cs.CL
For conversational large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) tasks, up to about two thousand hours of audio is commonly used to train state of the art models. Collection of labeled conversational audio however, is prohibitively expensive, laborious and error-prone. Furthermore, academic corpora like Fisher...
computer science
16,759
On the relation between dependency distance, crossing dependencies, and parsing. Comment on "Dependency distance: a new perspective on syntactic patterns in natural languages" by Haitao Liu et al
cs.CL
Liu et al. (2017) provide a comprehensive account of research on dependency distance in human languages. While the article is a very rich and useful report on this complex subject, here I will expand on a few specific issues where research in computational linguistics (specifically natural language processing) can info...
computer science
16,760
Understanding Abuse: A Typology of Abusive Language Detection Subtasks
cs.CL
As the body of research on abusive language detection and analysis grows, there is a need for critical consideration of the relationships between different subtasks that have been grouped under this label. Based on work on hate speech, cyberbullying, and online abuse we propose a typology that captures central similari...
computer science
16,761
Listen, Interact and Talk: Learning to Speak via Interaction
cs.CL
One of the long-term goals of artificial intelligence is to build an agent that can communicate intelligently with human in natural language. Most existing work on natural language learning relies heavily on training over a pre-collected dataset with annotated labels, leading to an agent that essentially captures the s...
computer science
16,762
Neural Semantic Parsing by Character-based Translation: Experiments with Abstract Meaning Representations
cs.CL
We evaluate the character-level translation method for neural semantic parsing on a large corpus of sentences annotated with Abstract Meaning Representations (AMRs). Using a sequence-to-sequence model, and some trivial preprocessing and postprocessing of AMRs, we obtain a baseline accuracy of 53.1 (F-score on AMR-tripl...
computer science
16,763
Subject Specific Stream Classification Preprocessing Algorithm for Twitter Data Stream
cs.CL
Micro-blogging service Twitter is a lucrative source for data mining applications on global sentiment. But due to the omnifariousness of the subjects mentioned in each data item; it is inefficient to run a data mining algorithm on the raw data. This paper discusses an algorithm to accurately classify the entire stream ...
computer science
16,764
Supervised Complementary Entity Recognition with Augmented Key-value Pairs of Knowledge
cs.CL
Extracting opinion targets is an important task in sentiment analysis on product reviews and complementary entities (products) are one important type of opinion targets that may work together with the reviewed product. In this paper, we address the problem of Complementary Entity Recognition (CER) as a supervised seque...
computer science
16,765
Dynamics of core of language vocabulary
cs.CL
Studies of the overall structure of vocabulary and its dynamics became possible due to creation of diachronic text corpora, especially Google Books Ngram. This article discusses the question of core change rate and the degree to which the core words cover the texts. Different periods of the last three centuries and six...
computer science
16,766
An Automatic Contextual Analysis and Clustering Classifiers Ensemble approach to Sentiment Analysis
cs.CL
Products reviews are one of the major resources to determine the public sentiment. The existing literature on reviews sentiment analysis mainly utilizes supervised paradigm, which needs labeled data to be trained on and suffers from domain-dependency. This article addresses these issues by describes a completely automa...
computer science
16,767
Who's to say what's funny? A computer using Language Models and Deep Learning, That's Who!
cs.CL
Humor is a defining characteristic of human beings. Our goal is to develop methods that automatically detect humorous statements and rank them on a continuous scale. In this paper we report on results using a Language Model approach, and outline our plans for using methods from Deep Learning.
computer science
16,768
On the "Calligraphy" of Books
cs.CL
Authorship attribution is a natural language processing task that has been widely studied, often by considering small order statistics. In this paper, we explore a complex network approach to assign the authorship of texts based on their mesoscopic representation, in an attempt to capture the flow of the narrative. Ind...
computer science
16,769
The Importance of Automatic Syntactic Features in Vietnamese Named Entity Recognition
cs.CL
This paper presents a state-of-the-art system for Vietnamese Named Entity Recognition (NER). By incorporating automatic syntactic features with word embeddings as input for bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), our system, although simpler than some deep learning architectures, achieves a much better result f...
computer science
16,770
A Low Dimensionality Representation for Language Variety Identification
cs.CL
Language variety identification aims at labelling texts in a native language (e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, English) with its specific variation (e.g. Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Spain; Brazil, Portugal; UK, US). In this work we propose a low dimensionality representation (LDR) to address this task with five different ...
computer science
16,771
Character Composition Model with Convolutional Neural Networks for Dependency Parsing on Morphologically Rich Languages
cs.CL
We present a transition-based dependency parser that uses a convolutional neural network to compose word representations from characters. The character composition model shows great improvement over the word-lookup model, especially for parsing agglutinative languages. These improvements are even better than using pre-...
computer science
16,772
Does the Geometry of Word Embeddings Help Document Classification? A Case Study on Persistent Homology Based Representations
cs.CL
We investigate the pertinence of methods from algebraic topology for text data analysis. These methods enable the development of mathematically-principled isometric-invariant mappings from a set of vectors to a document embedding, which is stable with respect to the geometry of the document in the selected metric space...
computer science
16,773
Analysis of the Effect of Dependency Information on Predicate-Argument Structure Analysis and Zero Anaphora Resolution
cs.CL
This paper investigates and analyzes the effect of dependency information on predicate-argument structure analysis (PASA) and zero anaphora resolution (ZAR) for Japanese, and shows that a straightforward approach of PASA and ZAR works effectively even if dependency information was not available. We constructed an analy...
computer science
16,774
Learning When to Attend for Neural Machine Translation
cs.CL
In the past few years, attention mechanisms have become an indispensable component of end-to-end neural machine translation models. However, previous attention models always refer to some source words when predicting a target word, which contradicts with the fact that some target words have no corresponding source word...
computer science
16,775
Are distributional representations ready for the real world? Evaluating word vectors for grounded perceptual meaning
cs.CL
Distributional word representation methods exploit word co-occurrences to build compact vector encodings of words. While these representations enjoy widespread use in modern natural language processing, it is unclear whether they accurately encode all necessary facets of conceptual meaning. In this paper, we evaluate h...
computer science
16,776
Semantic Refinement GRU-based Neural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems
cs.CL
Natural language generation (NLG) plays a critical role in spoken dialogue systems. This paper presents a new approach to NLG by using recurrent neural networks (RNN), in which a gating mechanism is applied before RNN computation. This allows the proposed model to generate appropriate sentences. The RNN-based generator...
computer science
16,777
Natural Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue System using RNN Encoder-Decoder Networks
cs.CL
Natural language generation (NLG) is a critical component in a spoken dialogue system. This paper presents a Recurrent Neural Network based Encoder-Decoder architecture, in which an LSTM-based decoder is introduced to select, aggregate semantic elements produced by an attention mechanism over the input elements, and to...
computer science
16,778
Polish Read Speech Corpus for Speech Tools and Services
cs.CL
This paper describes the speech processing activities conducted at the Polish consortium of the CLARIN project. The purpose of this segment of the project was to develop specific tools that would allow for automatic and semi-automatic processing of large quantities of acoustic speech data. The tools include the followi...
computer science
16,779
Using of heterogeneous corpora for training of an ASR system
cs.CL
The paper summarizes the development of the LVCSR system built as a part of the Pashto speech-translation system at the SCALE (Summer Camp for Applied Language Exploration) 2015 workshop on "Speech-to-text-translation for low-resource languages". The Pashto language was chosen as a good "proxy" low-resource language, e...
computer science
16,780
Morph-fitting: Fine-Tuning Word Vector Spaces with Simple Language-Specific Rules
cs.CL
Morphologically rich languages accentuate two properties of distributional vector space models: 1) the difficulty of inducing accurate representations for low-frequency word forms; and 2) insensitivity to distinct lexical relations that have similar distributional signatures. These effects are detrimental for language ...
computer science
16,781
NMTPY: A Flexible Toolkit for Advanced Neural Machine Translation Systems
cs.CL
In this paper, we present nmtpy, a flexible Python toolkit based on Theano for training Neural Machine Translation and other neural sequence-to-sequence architectures. nmtpy decouples the specification of a network from the training and inference utilities to simplify the addition of a new architecture and reduce the a...
computer science
16,782
Machine Assisted Analysis of Vowel Length Contrasts in Wolof
cs.CL
Growing digital archives and improving algorithms for automatic analysis of text and speech create new research opportunities for fundamental research in phonetics. Such empirical approaches allow statistical evaluation of a much larger set of hypothesis about phonetic variation and its conditioning factors (among them...
computer science
16,783
Function Assistant: A Tool for NL Querying of APIs
cs.CL
In this paper, we describe Function Assistant, a lightweight Python-based toolkit for querying and exploring source code repositories using natural language. The toolkit is designed to help end-users of a target API quickly find information about functions through high-level natural language queries and descriptions. F...
computer science
16,784
Morphological Embeddings for Named Entity Recognition in Morphologically Rich Languages
cs.CL
In this work, we present new state-of-the-art results of 93.59,% and 79.59,% for Turkish and Czech named entity recognition based on the model of (Lample et al., 2016). We contribute by proposing several schemes for representing the morphological analysis of a word in the context of named entity recognition. We show th...
computer science
16,785
Attentive Convolutional Neural Network based Speech Emotion Recognition: A Study on the Impact of Input Features, Signal Length, and Acted Speech
cs.CL
Speech emotion recognition is an important and challenging task in the realm of human-computer interaction. Prior work proposed a variety of models and feature sets for training a system. In this work, we conduct extensive experiments using an attentive convolutional neural network with multi-view learning objective fu...
computer science
16,786
Prosodic Event Recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks with Context Information
cs.CL
This paper demonstrates the potential of convolutional neural networks (CNN) for detecting and classifying prosodic events on words, specifically pitch accents and phrase boundary tones, from frame-based acoustic features. Typical approaches use not only feature representations of the word in question but also its surr...
computer science
16,787
Concept Transfer Learning for Adaptive Language Understanding
cs.CL
Semantic transfer is an important problem of the language understanding (LU), which is about how the recognition pattern of a semantic concept benefits other associated concepts. In this paper, we propose a new semantic representation based on combinatory concepts. Semantic slot is represented as a composition of diffe...
computer science
16,788
CRNN: A Joint Neural Network for Redundancy Detection
cs.CL
This paper proposes a novel framework for detecting redundancy in supervised sentence categorisation. Unlike traditional singleton neural network, our model incorporates character-aware convolutional neural network (Char-CNN) with character-aware recurrent neural network (Char-RNN) to form a convolutional recurrent neu...
computer science
16,789
One-step and Two-step Classification for Abusive Language Detection on Twitter
cs.CL
Automatic abusive language detection is a difficult but important task for online social media. Our research explores a two-step approach of performing classification on abusive language and then classifying into specific types and compares it with one-step approach of doing one multi-class classification for detecting...
computer science
16,790
Language Generation with Recurrent Generative Adversarial Networks without Pre-training
cs.CL
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown great promise recently in image generation. Training GANs for language generation has proven to be more difficult, because of the non-differentiable nature of generating text with recurrent neural networks. Consequently, past work has either resorted to pre-training wit...
computer science
16,791
Acquisition of Translation Lexicons for Historically Unwritten Languages via Bridging Loanwords
cs.CL
With the advent of informal electronic communications such as social media, colloquial languages that were historically unwritten are being written for the first time in heavily code-switched environments. We present a method for inducing portions of translation lexicons through the use of expert knowledge in these set...
computer science
16,792
Text Summarization using Abstract Meaning Representation
cs.CL
With an ever increasing size of text present on the Internet, automatic summary generation remains an important problem for natural language understanding. In this work we explore a novel full-fledged pipeline for text summarization with an intermediate step of Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). The pipeline propos...
computer science
16,793
A Frame Tracking Model for Memory-Enhanced Dialogue Systems
cs.CL
Recently, resources and tasks were proposed to go beyond state tracking in dialogue systems. An example is the frame tracking task, which requires recording multiple frames, one for each user goal set during the dialogue. This allows a user, for instance, to compare items corresponding to different goals. This paper pr...
computer science
16,794
A General-Purpose Tagger with Convolutional Neural Networks
cs.CL
We present a general-purpose tagger based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), used for both composing word vectors and encoding context information. The CNN tagger is robust across different tagging tasks: without task-specific tuning of hyper-parameters, it achieves state-of-the-art results in part-of-speech taggi...
computer science
16,795
Label-Dependencies Aware Recurrent Neural Networks
cs.CL
In the last few years, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have proved effective on several NLP tasks. Despite such great success, their ability to model \emph{sequence labeling} is still limited. This lead research toward solutions where RNNs are combined with models which already proved effective in this domain, such as...
computer science
16,796
Assessing the Linguistic Productivity of Unsupervised Deep Neural Networks
cs.CL
Increasingly, cognitive scientists have demonstrated interest in applying tools from deep learning. One use for deep learning is in language acquisition where it is useful to know if a linguistic phenomenon can be learned through domain-general means. To assess whether unsupervised deep learning is appropriate, we firs...
computer science
16,797
Learning Paraphrastic Sentence Embeddings from Back-Translated Bitext
cs.CL
We consider the problem of learning general-purpose, paraphrastic sentence embeddings in the setting of Wieting et al. (2016b). We use neural machine translation to generate sentential paraphrases via back-translation of bilingual sentence pairs. We evaluate the paraphrase pairs by their ability to serve as training da...
computer science
16,798
Synergistic Union of Word2Vec and Lexicon for Domain Specific Semantic Similarity
cs.CL
Semantic similarity measures are an important part in Natural Language Processing tasks. However Semantic similarity measures built for general use do not perform well within specific domains. Therefore in this study we introduce a domain specific semantic similarity measure that was created by the synergistic union of...
computer science
16,799
Question Answering and Question Generation as Dual Tasks
cs.CL
We study the problem of joint question answering (QA) and question generation (QG) in this paper. Our intuition is that QA and QG have intrinsic connections and these two tasks could improve each other. On one side, the QA model judges whether the generated question of a QG model is relevant to the answer. On the...
computer science
16,800
Macquarie University at BioASQ 5b -- Query-based Summarisation Techniques for Selecting the Ideal Answers
cs.CL
Macquarie University's contribution to the BioASQ challenge (Task 5b Phase B) focused on the use of query-based extractive summarisation techniques for the generation of the ideal answers. Four runs were submitted, with approaches ranging from a trivial system that selected the first $n$ snippets, to the use of deep le...
computer science
16,801
Insights into Analogy Completion from the Biomedical Domain
cs.CL
Analogy completion has been a popular task in recent years for evaluating the semantic properties of word embeddings, but the standard methodology makes a number of assumptions about analogies that do not always hold, either in recent benchmark datasets or when expanding into other domains. Through an analysis of analo...
computer science